

































































































































































































































































































































































































































Inventer of the Telegraph 








































FOUR THOUSAND TEARS 

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS 

FROM THE EARLY AGES 

TO THE PRESENT TIME. 


EMBRACING 

NEARLY EVERY BRANCH OF INDUSTRY, 

Intention, Education, Art, Science, etc. 

INFORMATION ON THE ANCIENT CONDITION OF THE SUBJECTS TREATED OF, 

OBTAINED FROM A THOROUGH RESEARCH AMONG THE VOLUMES OF THE ASTOR LIBRARY. 
THE PRESENT CONDITION, PRINCIPALLY FROM A CAREFUL INSPECTION OF 
ALL THE EXHIBITS, AND PERSONAL CONSULTATION WITH 
EXHIBITORS AND OFFICIALS OF 

Cbe Interactional fetritrition of 1876, 

WITH VALUABLE STATISTICS OF INDIVIDUALS, CORPORATIONS, AND GOVERNMENTS. 


b 'y' 

SAMUEL J. BURR, A. M., 

First Secretary of the U. S. Society of Science and Mechanism , Author of “ Our Local Factories ,” 

AND 



S. DE VERE BURR, 

\ 

ASSISTED BY 

CHARLES T. HOLLINGSWORTH, and Miss MARY L. SHERMAN. 


200 ILLUSTRATIONS 

BY THE FIRST ARTISTS OF THE COUNTRY. 


HARTFORD, CONN. : 

PUBLISHED BY L. STEBBINS. 

1 8 7 8 . 

O 





Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1877, by 

L. STEBBINS, 

AND 

SAMUEL. J BURR, 

In the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington. 



The Case, Lockwood & Brainard Co.,1 

PRINTERS, 

Hartford, Conn. 




PREFACE 


In various histories, here and there, generally at the conclusion of a chap¬ 
ter of crime, brief notices are occasionally found of a scientific discovery or 
some invention. It has been our effort to rescue these items from more 
than a thousand different authors. Our main dependence in our researches 
was that great and useful magazine of historic lore, the Astor Library. There 
we have delved week after week among its richly-loaded shelves and pondered 
upon the mighty collection. Confined to a single branch, we have sought par¬ 
ticular gems hidden in out-of-the-way places, and read incredible fable or revolt¬ 
ing crime, to find some little fact of useful knowledge concealed therein. 
Notwitlistanding our prolonged diligence, many may have escaped our view. 

We have therefore compiled a new history of the world, and one never 
before written. We offer no new philosophies, but simple facts relating to na¬ 
tional industries—those results of thought and time that, since creation, have 
steadily contended against power; and gradually accomplished the civilization 
that now adorns the world. 

Husbandry was undoubtedly the original employment—it had been that of 
Adam, Cain, and Abel; so was it also of Noah and his sons. Man could not exist 
without cultivating the earth, and, in many instances, it was the engrossing occu¬ 
pation. The reader will be surprised to learn of the avidity with which men seized 
upon agricultural aggrandisement, and yet how slow they were in the introduc¬ 
tion of methodical implements. Even their carts, used by thousands, were such 
as a boy of this generation would not accept as a toy, if presented to him in 
miniature. 

The crudest agricultural implements were considered sufficient, and yet the 
tiller of the earth always ranked first of the social and polite circles. But, given 
to war, the ancients were not backward in their weapons of destruction—slaves 
to princes, they were earnest in adorning thrones. Besides weapons of war, they 
made personal armor at very early dates, and those were of superb finish, and 
of such delicate construction as not to cumber the bodies they protected. The 
soldier was not so daintily armed. The Roman “ heavy-armed ” carried into 
battle from forty to sixty pounds, beside his own natural weight. The Greeks 
were lighter armed, but still burdened. The cavalry were the only light-armed, 
and even they were well weighted when in battle. 

In textiles the ancients were early proficient; they had their distaffs, looms, 
dyes, and mordaunts. They spun and wove long before the days of Noah; and 
had their garments and tents. After the Flood these were enlarged and improved. 



4 


PREFACE. 


They dyed red, blue, and scarlet, in great perfection, and with most brilliant and 
durable colors. 

In Art the people were early advanced. The sons of Lamech, by the line 
of Cain, taught the arts, as well as general industries. After the Deluge the 
Chaldeans appear to have been the early and general instructors, and they and 
the Egyptians practised the manufacture of artistic wares. It is also surmised 
by many that Aaron was at first an artificer in the temple at On; was skilled 
in Egyptian metallurgy; and that Miriam, the prophetess, was employed in the 
same temple as a copyist. The small golden calves of Apis were cast in a sub¬ 
terranean chamber, in which eighty men were employed, under the supervision 
of Aaron, who gave directions for, and kept an accurate account of the various 
alloys. The larger images were cast in foundries in the vicinity of Dendera. 
The Greeks followed, and the Etruscans became famous in that line. The 
Romans do not appear to have been distinguished as artists. 

About 2284 b. c., the Cushites or Chaldeans rose to prominence. They 
developed art, industry, and commerce; but above all, the sciences of astronomy 
and astrology. They determined the lunar periods, and the equinoctial and 

solstitial points; divided the ecliptic into twelve equal parts, and the days into 

* 

hours, and determined the signs, names, and figures of the zodiac. Most of the 
early improvements appear to have originated with that people. The Assyrians 
calculated the golden cycle of two hundred and twenty-three lunations, after 
which the order of the eclipses is repeated. They fixed the period at eighteen 
years and ten days, and were within eight hours of the true time. 

Calisthenes, who accompanied Alexander in his expedition to Persia, 832 
B. c., sent to Aristotle a collection of astronomical observations made by the 
Chaldeans, in the temple of Belus (where was their observatory), running back 
1903 years— i. e ., 2235 b. c. 

Asshur-bani-pal, supposed to be Sardanapalus, reigned in Assyria, 667 to 
660 b. c. (some think it 647), and was a great patron of art and literature. In 
his palace at Koyunjik were found three chambers, the floors of which were cov¬ 
ered one foot deep with tablets of clay of all dimensions, from one to nine inches. 
These contained inscriptions so minute that they can only be read by a magni¬ 
fying glass. The letters had been punched into the clay and afterward burnt. 
The letters were the cuneiform character, and contained the annals of his reign. 
The Egyptians, Persians, and Babylonians were skilled in inlaying gold and 
ivory, with which they adorned chariots, thrones, crowns, and scepters. They 
and, later, the Etruscans, made the most elegant bijoutry—works of chased 
gold and silver, with precious stones elegantly polished. The signet-rings, ear¬ 
rings, brooches, etc., forming the Castellani collection attest their proficiency in 
delicate works of art. 

In Machinery the ancients were deficient. Their implements were such 
only as absolute necessity suggested, and were almost entirely confined to what 
we would call hand-tools. The only advance they made appears to have been 
confined to water-wheels, and contrivances for irrigation. Their canals were 




PREFACE. 


made early, but not much utilized for want of proper machines. The saw, axe, 
hammer, etc., were their tools; simple derricks, capstans, blocks, and tackles, 
their principal machinery. 

Our work is written by nations, and, as far as possible, by classes; and 
nearly every class is supplemented by an account of its corresponding exhibit in 
the International Exhibition, held at Philadelphia during the summer of 1876. 
The reason for this is obvious—that display was the latest, largest, and most 
complete that the world ever saw, and the grounds contained arrays from more 
countries than ever before had national representatives within a space of similar 
dimensions ; while the articles were the best, finest, richest, and most artistic 
and useful that each country could produce. The arrangement was the most 
perfect, and the receipts the largest of any world’s fair yet held. 

Of all these matters we have written. Our aim has been to cull from thous¬ 
ands of volumes, items tending to show the growth of those pursuits that have 
battled against power, brutality, and vice ; and have lifted man from slavery by 
the development of civilization. Our enterprising publisher had no desire to 
spread before the people the world’s crimes, but to give them an account of the 
general, steady, and continuous progress of the centuries in art, science, mech¬ 
anism, and manufactures—the reclaiming and refining forces of the world. His 
object was to improve the human mind by showing what nations have accom¬ 
plished, quietly, unobtrusively, amid strife, tyranny, oppression, and the destruc¬ 
tion of empires; and to show how the great engines of intellectual power have 
overcome the barriers of prejudice. And he hoped to instill a more earnest 
desire to persist in lines of study that, coupled with a fervent Christianity, might 
add new courage, new hope, new enterprise, to the large enlightenment of the 
nineteenth century. 

Our acknowledgments and grateful thanks are due to the courteous librarian 
of the Astor Library, and his ever-ready and attentive assistants. They quietly and 
promptly attended to our many requisitions with uniform urbanity that made us 
quite at home among the lore of ages. Most gratefully do we remember the 
many courtesies received at the hands of Gen. Joseph R. Hawley, President of 
the Centennial Commission ; A. T. Goshorn, Director-General; Gen. Daniel J. 
Morrell, Chairman of the Executive Committee; and all the members of the 
Commission ; also, Frederick Fraley, Secretary of the Finance Board. We 
would also acknowledge the courtesies shown by all the foreign commissioners, 
who greatly aided us by catalogues and letters—several of them going with us 
in person through their displays. 

The article upon Horticultural Hall was prepared by Miss Mary Gay Robinson, 
whose sprightly letters during the Centennial season adorned the columns of the 
New York Daily Witness. That upon the Woman’s Pavilion is from the pen 
of the talented editor of the New Century for Women , Miss Mary L. Sher¬ 
man, of Clyde, New York. That upon the Government Building is from the 
careful and methodical student, Charles T. Hollingsworth, of the Evening Tele¬ 
graph , of Philadelphia. 











































✓ 













































V 






















TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


Page 


UNITED STATES. 

MAIN BUILDING—UNITED STATES... 

Silver Ware... 

Clocks and Watches. 

Chemicals. 

Oils, Paints, Varnishes, &c. 

Soaps, &c. 

Inks, &c........ 

Mineral Waters. 

Furniture. 

Stone Manufactures. 

China and Porcelain. 

Musical Instruments. 

Iron, &c. 

Wire Ware. 

Cutlery, &c. 

Safes. 

Fire-Arms. 

Philosophical and other Instruments. 

Artificial Limbs. 

Crutches. 

Hardware. 

Lamp and Gas Fixtures. 

American Publishers and Stationers.. 

American Carpets. 

Oil Cloths. 

Cottons. 

Woolens. 

Silks. 

Wearing Apparel. 

Ancient Education. 

U. S. Educational Exhibition. 

Miscellaneous. 

GREAT BRITAIN. 

Jewelry. 

Metals. 

Hardware. 

Pins and Needles. 

Safes. 


27 

28 
29 
36 
42 
45 
50 
53 
57 
61 
66 
69 
72 
85 
88 

89 

90 
93 

100 

102 

102 

105 

108 

111 

114 

117 

117 

120 

122 

123 

127 

129 

131 

131 

132 
135 

135 

136 
136 


Page 


Chemicals. 137 

Chronometers, Watches, &c.137 

Furniture.137 

Books, Stationery, &c. 138 

London Graphic. 138 

Glass. 139 

Leather. 139 

Music. 139 

Whips, &c. 139 

Carpets.139 

General Textile Fabrics, Woolens. 140 

Silks, &c.140 

Cottons.140 

Linens. 140 

Porcelain, Stone Ware, &c. 145 

Guns, Pistols, &c.145 

DOMINION OF CANADA.... 146 

Furs.146 

Leather.146 

Mining Products. 147 

Sewing Machines. 147 

Organs. 147 

Furniture, &c.147 

Education.148 

INDIA. 148 

JAMAICA. 149 

THE BERMUDAS. 150 

AUSTRALIA. 150 

QUEENSLAND. 153 

TASMANIA. 154 

NEW ZEALAND. 155 

CAPE OF GOOD HOPE.155 

THE GOLD COAST. 156 

TRINIDAD. 156 

FRANCE. 156 

Porcelain. ^7 

Terra Cotta. 1^7 

Bronzes, &c. 

Carpets. 

















































































Vlll 


TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


Pago 

Lyons Silks. 15d 

Chemicals.159 

Carriages. 159 

Education. 159 

Musical Instruments. 160 

Philosophical, Astronomical, and other Instru¬ 
ments . 160 

Hardware and Cutlery.160 

Glass. 160 

Jewelry. 161 

Leather. 162 

Eoots and Shoes. 162 

Religious Statuary, &c. 162 

Ladies’ and Children’s Wear. 162 

GERMANY. 163 

Porcelain. 163 

Glass Ware. 164 

Gold and Silvet Ware. 164 

Bronze Ware. 164 

Ivory Ware. 165 

Ores. 165 

Iron and Steel Wares. 165 

Mathematical Instruments, &c... 165 

Clocks, &c. 165 

Gold Leaf and Bronze Powders. 166 

Musical Instruments. 166 

Furniture... 166 

Chemicals. 167 

Anilines, Textile Fabrics. 167 

Printing and Publishing. 168 

Blank Books, Paper, &c. 168 

AUSTRIA. 169 

Glass and Porcelain. 170 

Meerschaum and Amber. 171 

Textile Fabrics. 171 

Bronze Articles. 171 

Iron. 171 

Jewelry. 171 

Musical Instruments. 172 

Leather and Gloves. 172 

Fancy Leather Articles. 172 

Furniture. 172 

Wood Carvings.172 

Scientific Instruments. 175 

Minerals. 175 

Chemicals. 175 


Page 

BELGIUM.175 

Brussels Lace. 175 

Woolens. 17G 

Cotton, Silk, and Linen. 17G 

Flax and Grass. 176 

School-House Model. 176 

Books and Stationery. 176 

Carved Work. 177 

Chemicals. 177 

Mineral and Iron Work. 177 

Leather. 178 

Inlaid Work. 178 

Miscellaneous. 178 

NETHERLANDS. 178 

Public Works. 179 

Collective Exhibits. 179 

Carpets. 17g 

Other Textiles. 180 

Wall Papers. 180 

Hardware... ISO 

Education. 181 

Paints, Dyes, Chemicals, &c.. 181 

Fancy Articles. 182 

Brick, Tiles, &c. 182 

East India Weapons .. 182 

GRAND DUCHY OF LUXEMBOURG.. 182 

SWITZERLAND. 183 

Swiss Watches. 183 

Electric Clocks. 184 

Educational Department. 184 

Musical Boxes. 184 

Carved Furniture. 185 

Agricultural Products. 1S5 

Photographs. 1 86 

SWEDEN. 186 

Ores and Manufactures. 187 

Hardware. ]S7 

Cutlery. 187 

Padlocks.. 187 

Miscellaneous Iron Manufactures. 187 

Musical Instruments. 188 

Textiles. 1 88 

Gypsum Figures. 188 

Furs. i88 

Glass, Porcelain, &c. 188 

Articles of Wood. 188 
































































































TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


IX 


Matches. 

Paper. 

Publications. 

Maps and Drawings. 

Chemical Preparations. 

NORWAY. 

Jewelry. 

Furniture. 

Matches. 

Drawings and Models of Vessels 

Paper. 

Metal, Ores, and Manufacture... 

Musical Instruments. 

Minerals. 

Stones. 

Textiles. 

Furs and Leathers. 

Glass and Porcelain.. 

Carriages and Sledges. 

Chemical Preparations. 

Miscellaneous. 

DENMARK. 

Terra Cotta Ware. 

Chemical Manufactures. 

Silver Ware. 

Articles of Wood... 

Clothing, Maps, &c. 

Miscellaneous. 

RUSSIA. 

Jewelry. 

Bronze Articles. 

Amber, Horn, &c. 

Stationery. 

Articles of Wood. 

Iron and Iron Articles. 

Surgical Instruments. 

Artificial Teeth. . 

Mathematical Instruments. 

Cutlery. 

Malachite and Porcelain. 

Textiles. 

Linen and Cottons. 

Clothing. 

Furs. 

Umbrellas. 

Rubber Goods. 


Educational. 

Page 

Chemicals. on« 

Miscellaneous. 


SPAIN. 


Porcelain. 


Glass. 


Woolens. 


Wearing Apparel. 


CUBA. 


PORTUGAL. 


Minerals. 


Porcelain. 


Furniture. 


Textiles. 


Straw Goods. 

. 212 

Watches and Jewelry. 

912 

Carvings. 


Soaps and Candles. 

.212 

Stationery, &c.. 

9J9 

ITALY. 

. 212 

Carved Wood Work. 

.213 

Statuary. 


Terra Cotta. 

. 214 

Bronzes. 

.214 

Furniture. 


Majolica Ware. 


Artificial Teeth.. 


Musical. 

.214 

Lacquer Ware. 

.214 

Stationery. 

. 214 

Textiles.. • • 

. 215 

Straw Goods. 

.215 

Leather. 

.215 

Opramirs . 

. 215 

14n.vihn.ldi . 

.215 

EGYPT. 

.215 

Tlrnny.p. . 

.2.16 

TTiirnitiire . 

. 216 

Saddles . 

.223 


.223 

Pharaoh and Moses. 

.223 

Silt* . 

. 993 


994 


. 224 


994 



Page 

193 

193 

193 

193 

193 

193 

193 

194 

194 

194 

194 

194 

194 

197 

197 

19" 

197 

197 

197 

197 

197 

197 

198 

198 

198 

198 

198 

198 

205 

205 

205 

206 

206 

206 

206 

206 

206 

206 

206 

206 

206 

207 

207 

• 

207 

207 

208 


































































































X 


TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


Stationery. 

Stone. 

National Costumes. 

Egyptian Corn. 

Ruder Matters. 

TURKEY. 

Metal Wares. 

Articles of Wood. 

Pipes and Tobacco. 

Textiles. 

Leathers, &c. 

Books. 

Chemicals. 

Minerals. 

Miscellaneous. 

TUNIS... 

CHINA... 

Porcelain. 

Furniture. 

Bronze.... 

Lanterns. 

Ivory . 

Silks.. 

Shell Work. 

Office. 

Lacquer Ware. 

Feasts. 

Joss Shells. 

JAPAN... 

Minerals. 

Bronze Wares. 

Porcelain. 

Articles of Wood. 

Screens. 

Fans and Fancy Articles 

Stationery. 

Textiles. 

Miscellaneous. 

BRAZIL.. 

Stone, &c. 

Textiles. 

Leather. 

Jewelry. 

Surgical, Chemical, &c . 

High Noon. 

Mineralogical. 


Page 

224 

224 

224 

224 

224 

224 

225 
225 
225 
225 
225 

225 

226 
226 
226 

226 

226 

229 

230 
230 
230 

230 

231 
231 

. 231 
231 
231 
231 

231 

232 
232 
232 
237 
237 

, 237 
237 
, 237 

237 

238 
240 
240 

. 240 
, 240 
, 240 
, 240 
. 241 


Page 


The Great Tow-path.241 

ARGENTINE REPUBLIC... 241 


Mining and Metallurgy.241 

Lime, Cement, Artificial Stone, &c. 241 

Material for Porcelain Manufacture, &c. 241 

Chemicals.242 

Paints, Dyes, &c.242 

Medical Compounds, &c. 242 

Bricks, Tiles, &c.242 

Fire-Clay Goods. 242 

Furniture. 242 

Glass Ware. 242 

Textiles.242 

Hair Goods, &c. 242 

Hats, Boots, and Shoes.242 

Laces.242 

Jewelry.242 

Leathers.242 

Blank Books. 242 

Carriage and Horse Furniture.243 

Education.243 

Woods. 243 

CHILI. 243 

ORANGE FREE STATES... 244 

MEXICO.244 

Minerals. 245 

Onyx. 245 

Silver Block.245 

Textiles.245 

The Agave. 245 

Tiles, &c.246 

Wood Work.246 

Straw.246 

Scenery.246 

Wines and Cordials. 246 

Tobacco.246 

Coffee. 246 

Vanilla. 246 

Ladies’ Work. 246 

Stationery.246 

HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.246 

PERU. 247 

CARRIAGE ANNEX.248 

MINERAL ANNEX. 256 

“ “ 2d Building. 257 

Ancient Machinery.258 


































































































TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


xi 


Page 

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT.. 269 


MACHINERY HALL.269 

Corliss Engine.270 

Steam Engines, &c.275 

Governors.288 

Hoisting Engines.289 

Elevators.^.289 

Locomotives.289 

Steam Car Wheels.291 

Coning on Car Wheels. 292 

Axles.292 

Patent Brakes. 293 

Lubricators. 293 

Boilers and their Auxiliaries. 294 

Furnace. 294 

Tubing. 295 

Steam and Gas Fitting. 295 

Valves, Gauges, &c... 296 

Pulleys, Shafting, &c.299 

Belting.300 

Tool Manufacture. 300 

Collective Exhibits.305 

Drills, Tools. 305 

Files. 310 

Iron and Steel. 317 

Printing Presses. 317 

Type, &c... 318 

Book Machines.318 

Paper Cutters. 321 

Paper Machines.321 

Sewing Machines. 322 

Knitting Machines, &c.326 

Curling and Braiding.326 

Motors.326 

Electric. 326 

Mill Machinery.326 

Wood-Working Machines.327 

Shingles. 329 

Corks. 335 

Independence Hall. 336 

Boats.336 

Models of Vessels.337 

Working Models.337 

Ship Trimmings.338 

Life Coats, &c. 338 

Machinery for Weaving. 338 I 


Pins and Needles. 

Thread. 

Bridges. 

Presses. 

Scales and Balances. 

Rock Drills and Crushers. 

Sugar Machinery. 

Water Wheels and Motors. 

Fire Extinguishers. 

Gas Apparatus. 

Electricity .. 

Emery Wheels, Grindstones, &c.. 

Soda Water Apparatus. 

Meat Choppers, &c. 

Tobacco Apparatus. 

Chemicals, Paints, &c. 

Rubber Goods, Mangles, &c. 

Miscellaneous. 

Glass Models. 

“ Cutting. 

GREAT BRITAIN 

Steam.. 

Railroad Signals. 

Paper Machinery. 

General Machinery. 

Spinning Machinery. 

Coal Getting. 

Stephens’ Loom. 

Anvils and Sledges. 

Sewing Machines. 

Shipping, Models, &c. 

Armor for Iron-Clad. 

Fire Extinguishers.. 

Roofing.... 

Miscellaneous. 

CANADA. 

Steam Engines.. 

Railway Appliances. 

Drilling Machines. 

Marine. 

Pumps. 

Bricks and Tile. 

Lathes, Punches, &c. 

Farmer Looms. 

Water Motor. 

Miscellaneous. 


Pa^e 

. 349 

. 349 
. 350 
. 350 
. 357 
. 353 
. 361 
. 362 
. 362 
. 363 
. 364 
. 365 
. 367 
. 367 
. 368 
. 368 
. 368 
. 373 
. 373 
. 373 

. 374 
. 374 
. 375 
. 376 
. 376 
. 377 
. 378 
. 381 
. 382 
. 382 
. 385 
. 385 
. 385 
. 386 
. 386 

. 387 
. 387 
. 387 
. 388 
. 388 
. 389 
. 389 
. 389 
. 390 
. 390 
. 390 

































































































Xll 


TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


Page 


FRANCE. 391 

Confectioners’ Machinery. 391 

GERMANY. 392 

Steam Engines. 392 

Heavy Manufactures. 393 

The Ivrupp Works.393 

Locomotives, &c. 394 

Brick, Tile, Cement.. 397 

Needles. 397 

Gloves. 397 

Sewing Machines. 397 

Miscellaneous.397 

AUSTRIA. 398 

BELGIUM. 398 

Steam. 398 

Mining and Boring.399 

Railway Plant.399 

Spinning and Weaving. 400 

Glove Machinery.400 

Miscellaneous.. 400 

SWEDEN. 401 

Steam. 401 

Railway Plant.401 

New Letter-Box and Bag. 402 

Heavy Machinery. 402 

Gymnastics. 403 

Miscellaneous.403 

RUSSIA. 403 

Dry Dock.403 

Floating Dock.403 

Passenger Boat. 404 

Model of a Monitor. 404 

Steering Model. 404 

The Jemlschoug. 404 

Military Fire-Arms, &c. 405 

Printing Machine or Type Writer. 406 

Fortifications. 407 

Marine Appliances. 408 

Miscellaneous.408 

BRAZIL.408 

The Crown.409 

ITALY. 409 

Hydraulic, annex. 410 

Steam Pumps. 410 

Steam Vacuum Pumps. 413 

Fire Engines. 413 


Page 


Pumps. 441 

Water Meters. 414 

Elevators. 414 

Blowers.416 

Miscellaneous. 416 

GREAT BRITAIN. 417 

SWITZERLAND. 417 

MACHINERY HALL ANNEXES. 417 

Forges and Bellows. 417 

Hammers. 417 

Emery Wheels..419 

Miscellaneous.419 

Annex No. 2. 419 

Annex No. 3. 420 

Boiler House No. 1.421 

“ “ No. 3.422 

“ “ No. 4.422 

“ “ No. 5.422 

“ “ No. 6.422 

CENTENNIAL MACHINE AND SUPPLY 

SHOPS. 422 

Saw Mills. 423 

Ancient Agriculture. 425 

AGRICULTURAL HALL. 431 

United States Departments. 432 

New Hampshire. 432 

Massachusetts. 432 

Connecticut. 432 

New Jersey. 432 

Delaware. 432 

Florida. 432 

Ohio. 433 

Michigan. 433 

Iowa. 433 

Indiana. 433 

Wisconsin. 433 

Missouri. 433 

Illinois. 433 

Washington Territory. 434 

Oregon. 434 

Nebraska. 434 

Central Pacific Railroad. 434 

Indian Corn. 434 

Wheat. 434 

Other Grains.. 435 

Flour. 435 

































































































TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


• • • 
Xlll 


Page 

Other Displays.. 

Seeds..... 435 

Cocoa. 435 

Teasel. 436 

Spices. 436 

Other Exhibits. 436 

Tobacco. 435 

Cotton. 440 

Wool, Curled Hair, &c. 441 

Sheep. 441 

Wines, &c. 442 

Fertilizers. 442 

Preserved Fruits, Meats, &c. 443 

Confectionery. 444 

Pork. 444 

Glue. 444 

Rubber. 444 

Stuffed Birds and Animals. 445 

Fishing Apparatus. 445 

Aquariums. 446 

Horse Shoes and Nails. 446 

Agricultural Implements. 446 

Harrows. 453 

Grain Drills. 453 

Corn Planters. 453 

Cultivators. 454 

Mowers, Reapers, and Harvesters.454 

Threshing Machines.472 

Lawn Mowers. 475 

Hay Rakes. 475 

Hay Cutters... 475 

Horse Powers. 476 

Small Farm Tools. 476 

Spades, Shovels, and Forks.479 

Potato Diggers.479 

Hay Loaders.479 

Steam Engines.480 

Lumber. 480 

Tanks, Barrels, &c... 480 

Churns, Freezers, &c. 483 

Presses.484 

Honey. 485 

GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 485 

Essences, Pickles, &c. 485 

Confectionery. 485 

Liquors. 485 


Page 

Wools. 486 

Wire Cloths. 486 

Earthenware. 486 

Agricultural Implements. 486 

CANADA. 486 

Grains. 486 

Birds and Animals. 487 

Liquors, &c. 4S7 

Canned Fruits, &c... 487 

Products from the Territories of Canada. 487 

Fisheries of Canada. 487 

New Brunswick Woods. 487 

Agricultural Lnplements. 488 

AUSTRALIA. 488 

Sheep. 488 

Wheat. 489 

FRANCE. 489 

Liquors. 489 

Cereals. 490 

Grain Separators. 490 

Miscellaneous. 490 

GERMANY. 490 

Wines... 4 90 

Agricultural Implements... 491 

AUSTRIA. 491 

Agricultural Products. 491 

NETHERLANDS. 491 

SWEDEN. 492 

NORWAY. 493 

DENMARK. 493 

RUSSIA. 494 

SPAIN. 495 

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 496 

PORTUGAL AND POSSESSIONS 496 

ITALY. 597 

JAPAN..497 

Tobacco. 499 

Tea. 500 

Fishing Utensils. 500 

Silk. 500 

Timber. 500 

Agricultural Implements. 500 

BRAZIL. 505 

Timber. 505 

Grains. 505 

ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 506 
































































































XIV 


TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


Page 

UNITED STATES OF VENEZUELA. 507 


LIBERIA.. 507 

Offices in Agricultural Hall. 508 

Restaurants. 508 

Waiting Rooms. 509 

Fire Apparatus. 509 

BREWERS’ BUILDING. 509 

WAGON BUILDING. 512 

Wind Mills. 512 

BUTTER AND CHEESE BUILDING. 518 

The Pomological Show. 519 

Trials of Mowers and Reapers. 520 

CANADA. 521 

Ancient Art and Architecture. 524 

ART BUILDING. 531 

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT.. 537 

Oil Painting. 538 

Water Colors and Drawing. 544 

Architectural Designs. 545 

Art Applied. 545 

GREAT BRITAIN. 546 

Oil Paintings. 546 

Landscapes. 548 

Marine. 548 

Portraits. 548 

Flowers. 548 

Water Color Paintings. 549 

Engi’avings. 549 

Sculpture. 549 

CANADA. 545 

Landscapes. 549 

Imaginative. 509 

Portraits. 550 

Animals. 550 

Fruit. 551 

Marine. 551 

Flowers. 551 

Still Life. 551 

Birds. 551 

FRANCE. 551 

Imaginative.551 

Landscape. 552 

Portraits. 553 

Animals. 553 

Interior Views. 553 

Marine. 553 


Pago 


Flowers. 

Still Life.. 553 

Fruit. 553 


Historical. 553 

Statuary. 554 

Porcelain. 555 

Tapestries. 555 

Water Colors, Engravings, &c. 555 

GERMANY. 556 

Oil Paintings. 556 

Imaginative. 556 

Landscape. 557 

Marine.558 

Miscellaneous. 558 

Flowers. 559 

Water Color Paintings. 559 

Statuary. 559 

Porcelain. 559 

Mineralogical. 559 

AUSTRIA. 559 

Imaginative. 560 

Landscape. 560 

Animals. 561 

Interior Views. 561 

Marine. 561 

Still Life. 561 

Portraits. 561 

Historical. 561 

Statuary. 562 

Medals. 562 

BELGIUM. 562 

Landscapes. 564 

Interior Views. 565 

Marine. 565 

Fruit, Flowers, and Game. 565 

City View. 565 

Historical. 566 

Water Color Paintings. 566 

Photographs. 566 

Architectural. 566 

Statuary. 566 

Medals. 566 

Artistic Brass Work. 567 

Decorated Faience. 567 

NETHERLANDS. 567 

Oil Paintings. 567 

































































































TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


XV 


Imaginative. 

Landscape. 

Interior Views... . 

Historical. 

DENMARK. 

SWEDEN. 

Imaginative. 

Landscape. 

Marine... 

Animals. 

City View. 

Historical. 

Scriptural.. 

Water Colors. 

Statuary. 

NORWAY. 

Imaginative. 

Landscape.. 

Marine. 

Historical. 

Portrait. 

Fruit... 

Flowers... 

ITALY. 

Oil Paintings.... 

Imaginative.... —. 

Landscape... 

Animals. 

Interior Views. 

Marine. 

Still Life. 

Flowers. 

Statuary. 

ITALIAN DEPARTMENT... 

Mosaic Tables. 

Castellanian Collection. 

Marbles. 

Terra Cotta. 

Bronzes. 

Toilet Articles. 

Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Bronzes. 

Personal Ornaments. 

Ivories. 

Gems. 

Intaglios. 

Ancient Cameos. 


Page 


Rin S s . 585 

Italian Majolica. 535 

BRAZIL. 586 

Oil Paintings. 535 

Imaginative. 533 

Portraits. 535 

Historical. 586 

Photo-Lithograph. 586 

ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.... 586 

Oil Paintings. 586 

Fruit. 587 

Interior Views. 587 

MEXICO. 587 

Oil Paintings. 587 

Imaginative. 587 

Landscape. 587 

Portraits. 587 

Interior Views. 588 

Fruits, &c. 588 

Statuary.•. 588 

SPAIN. 588 

Oil Paintings. 588 

Imaginative. 588 

Landscape. 589 

Portrait. 590 

Animals. 590 

Fruit. 590 

Marine. 590 

Interior Views. 590 

Historical... 590 

Water Color Painting. 591 

RUSSIA. 591 

Oil Paintings. 591 

Imaginative. 591 

Portraits. 592 

Marine. 592 

City View.,. 592 

Marble. 592 

Wood Carvings. 592 

WOMAN’S PAVILION. 593 

The Butter Lady. 615 

HORTICULTURAL HALL... 616 

Surroundings. 622 

THE GOVERNMENT BUILDING... 624 

The Army. 627 

Ancient Pieces. 627 


Page 

567 

568 

569 

569 

570 

570 

571 

572 

572 

572 

573 

573 

573 

573 

573 

574 

574 

574 

574 

574 

574 

574 

57 4 

575 

576 

576 

577 

577 

577 

577 

577 

577 

577 

578 

579 

580 

580 

580 

580 

581 

.581 

581 

584 

585 

585 

585 
































































































XVI 


TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


Page 


Signal Service. 628 

Hallett’s Point Reef. . . 628 

Weather Signs. 628 

Fresnel Lights. 628 

Smithsonian Institute. 633 

Minerals. 633 

The Navy. 635 

Ordnance. 636 

Torpedoes. 636 

Siamese Collection . 539 

U. S. Agricultural Department. 540 

U. S. Forest Trees. 640 

Patent Office Display. 640 

Washington Relics. 643 

Bureau of Education. 643 

U. S. Census. 643 

Indian Bureau. 643 

Ancient Cave Castle. 644 

Indian Manufactures. 644 

Heavy Guns. 645 

Medical Department U. S. A. 645 

U. S. Life Saving Stations. 646 

SHOE AND LEATHER BUILDING.. 647 

PHOTOGRAPH HALL.. .. 652 

STOCK BREEDING.. 655 

STOCK SHOW. 659 

Thoroughbred Turf Stallions. 659 

Trotting Stallions. 660 

Trotting Brood Mares. 660 

Percheron Mares. 663 

Clydesdale Stallions.663 

Clydesdale Mares. 663 


Page 


Walking Horses. 663 

Matched Teams. 663 

Ponies. 663 

Mules. 663 

Draft Horses... 663 

Jacks. 663 

CANADA. 664 

Dog Show, U. S. 665 

Fox Hounds, “... 665 

1 'he liar i ler............................... 666 

Beadles. 666 

The Dachshund. 666 

Grey Hounds... 666 

English Setters. 666 

Pointers. 672 

Spaniels. 672 

St. Bernards. 672 

Newfoundlands. 673 

Miscellaneous Breeds. 673 

Neat Cattle. 673 

AMERICAN DEPARTMENT... 673 

GREAT BRITAIN. 681 

CANADA. 681 

Sheep and Goats. 681 

Swine Show. 682 

Poultry Show. 685 

List of Names of Contributors of Main Building. 694 
Comparative View or Superiority of Exhibits 

by Nations. 705 

Various Personal and Family Expenses, com¬ 
pounded at 7 per cent, interest for a term of 
Fifty years. 717 




























































LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 


Page 

Portrait Professor Morse.Frontispiece;/ 

—Map of World. 23 

N Plan of Exhibition Grounds. 24 

-'View of Main Building. 26 

•^Plan of the Main Building. 27 

" * Tiffany Exhibits. 32 

* Tiffany Exhibits. 33 

Meriden Britannia (Caster). 38 

Ice Pitcher. 38 

"^Combination Ice Water Set. 39 

Hook & Hastings Organ. 75 

Cabinet Organ. 78 

Stein way Square Grand Piano. 82 

Large Concert Grand Piano. 82 

Colt’s New Model Army Pistol. 96 

Colt’s Army Pistol. 96 

Uolt’s New Breech Loader, .30 caliber. 97 

Colt’s New Breech Loader, .38 caliber. 97 

P. & F. Corbin, Door Knob. 103 

Shutter Hook. 103 

Sash Fastener. 103 

Madam Demorest Exhibit. 125 

Elkington’s Exhibit. 133 

Doulton Pottery. 142 

Doulton Pottery. 143 

Bentwood Furniture. 173 

The Norwegian Department. 190 

The Norwegian Department. 191 

Denmark and Egypt. 195 

Danish Pottery. 199 


V Page 

Russian Bronze. 202 

Russian Silver. 203 

Egyptian Pipe. 218 

Group of Pottery, Metal-ware, &c. 218 

Group of Horse Equipments, &c. 219 

Camel Saddle. 221 

\ 

Glass Lamp. 221 

Military Saddle. 221 

Unpacking China-ware. 227 

Japanese Pottery. 233 

Bronze and Lacquer Work. 235 

View Machinery Hall. 268 

Ground Plan. 269 

Corliss Engine. 272 

Horse Power. 273 

Shingle Machine. 278 

Thompson’s Engine. 278 

Belted Mill. 279 

Baxter Engine. 281 

Sectional View. 281 

Straw Burning Engine. 284 

Threshing Engine. 284 

Portable Steam Engine. 285 

The Subterranean Gas Generator. 297 

Ticketing Machine. 302 

Cutting off Lathe. 302 

Ilandbolt Cutter. 303 

Index Milling Machine. 303 

Screw Machine. 303 

Bolt Cutter...307 


2 
































































xviii 


LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Page 


Bolt Cutter. 30/ 

Lathe. 307 

View of R. Hoe & Co. Exhibits.312 

Webb Printing Machine. 313 

Lithograph Machine. 315 

Bullock Printing Press. 319 

Barrel Machine. 332 

Shingle Machine. 333 

Lyall’s Power Loom. 340 

Showing Motion of Shuttle. 340 

Lyall’s Exhibits. 341 

Hurkland Carpet Loom. 344 

Silk Spinning Machine.345 

Silk Reel Mill. 345 

Willimantic Linen Co. Exhibits.352 

Winding Machine. 352 

Two Spindle Propelling Machines.355 

Prospecting Drill. 359 

Prospecting Drill without Boiler. 359 

Automatic Fountain..365 

Soda Fountain. 367 

Interior Views of Steinway’s Pianos 370, 371, 372 

Model of Steam Ship (City of Berlin). 383 

Krupp Guns. 395 

Silsby Fire Engine. 411 

W. & B. Douglas Pump Exhibits.415 

Crane. 418 

Drop Forge.419 

Drop Forge. 418 

View of Agricultural Hall. 430 

Ground Plan of Agricultural Hall. 431 

Tobacco Exhibits. 437 

Highlander Plough. 447 

King of Sulky Ploughs. 447 

The Deeregang Plough. 447 

Charter Oak Swivel Plough. 450 

Seed Drill. 450 

Cider and Wine Mill. 450 

Plough Handles... 450 


Page 

Wells’ Seed Sower. 450 

r 

Sidehill Plough. 451 

Eagle Self-Sharpener Plough. 451 

Deep Tiller Plough. 451 

Silver Eagle Sheller. 452 

Superior Hay Spreader. 452 

Union Corn Planter. 455 

Buckeye Seeder. 457 

Improved Wrought Iron Harvester. 461 

The Kerby Mower. 463 

Wood’s Harvester. 466 

Climax Mower and Reaper. 467 

Adams & French Harvester. 469 

Empire Thresher. 473 

Separator. 477 

Portable Engine. 477 

Subtropical Trees. 481 

Wine Exhibits. 498 

Brazilian Cotton Display. 502 

Brazilian Exhibits. 503 

Old Fashion Wind Mill. 513 

The Marsh Wind Mill. 515 

The Marsh Wind Mill. 516 

View of Art Gallery. 530 

Plan “ “ 531 

Girl as Butterfly. 534 

Sunshine. 534 

Blindman’s Buff. 534 

Flying Time. 534 

Corridor of the Art, (annex). 535 

View of the Woman’s Pavilion. 593 

Mrs. Stiles’ Desk, (6 Engravings). 610 

Plan of Horticultural Hall. 616 

HORTICULTURAL HALL... 617 

Plan of Government Building. 624 

View “ “ “ . 624 

Interior View of Government Building. 625 

Food Fishes of the Sea. 630 

Family of Alaska Seal. 631 





















































































LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 

XIX 



Page 


Page 

Gatling Gun. 



White Cochin Fowls.. 


Washington Relics. 



Light Brahma Fowls. 

684. 

Percheron Stallion. 



Black Hamburgh Fowls. 


“ Mare. 



Dark Brahma Fowls. 

684 

Clydesdale Horses. 



Buff Cochin Fowls. 


St. Bernard Dog. 



Partridge Cochin Fowls. 


Shepherd Dog. 



Sp. Hamburg. 


Water Spaniel. 



White Leghorn.. 


Pomeranian Dog. 



Brown Leghorn. 


Scotch Terrier. 



Black Spanish. 

. 687 

Newfoundland Dog.... 


. 669 

Black Leghorn. 


Head of Foxhound.... 


. 669 

Plymouth Rock. 


Bull Terrier. 



Brown Red Games. 


Poodle Dog. 



B. B. Red Games. 


Pointer Dog. 


. 670 

Silver Duckwing Games. 


Bull Dog. 


. 671 

S. S. Hamburgh. 

. 688 

Greyhound. 


. 671 

Golden S. Polish. 


Setter Dog. 


. 671 

Houdans. 

.. 688 

Milch Cow. 


. 674 

Bremen Geese. 


Short Horn Bull. 


. 674 

Pekin Ducks. 

. 689 

Devon Cow. 


. 675 

Aylesbury Ducks. 


Devon Bull. 


. 676 

Rouen Ducks.. 

. 689 

Ayrshire Bull. 


. 677 

Golden S. Bantams.... 


Cotswold Sheep. 


. 679 

Bronze Turkeys. .... 


Southdown Sheep. 


. . 680 

Fantail Pigeons. 



< 

. 683 

Wild Turkey.... 




. .. 683 

Carrier Pigeon. 

. 691 

wuuum .. 

Guinea Fowls... 
































































20 


TABLES OF POPULATION, 


TABLE OF THE POPULATION, 

VALUATION OP REAL AND PERSONAL ESTATE, CAPITAL INVESTED IN MANUFACTURES, TRADE, AND COMMERCE IN EACH 0/ THE 

STATES OF THE UNION. 

ByM., manufacturing capital; T., capital employed in trade; C., capital employed in commerce by land and sea. 
The valuations are generally actual, and not assessment valuation. If not correct, they are from the best data and au¬ 
thority available. 


STATES. 

Population by 
census of 
1870. 

Valuation of real 
estate iu 1870. 

Valuation of per¬ 
sonal estate in 
1870. 

Capital invested in manufac¬ 
tures, trade, or commerce, in 
1870. 

Maine... 

620,423 

$219,666,504 

$169,037,423 

M, 


$48,000,000 

New Hampshire. 

317,710 

160,315,680 

128,711,143 

M, 


53,500,000 

Vermont. 

330,582 

138,627,143 

85,744,627 

M, 


37,823,000 

Massachusetts. 

1,457,351 

1,038,083,415 

803,085,988 

M, 


250,000,000 

Rhode Island. 

217,356 

233,758,000 

55,483.713 

M, 


45,000,000 

Connecticut... 

637,886 

312,574 408 

135,880,750 

M, 


166,800,000 

New York. 

4,730,846 

2,532,720,907 

2,434,270,278 

C & 

31, 

3,200,000,000 

New Jersey. 

903,044 

573,000,000 

278,000,000 

M, 


135,000,000 

Pennsylvania. 

3,511,543 

1,046,732,082 

346,891,498 

C & 

31, 

1,320,000,000 

Delaware. 

175,015 

47,385,614 

20,185,693 

M, 


16,550,000 

Marvland. 

790,095 

398,891,449 

327,937,008 

M & 

c, 

117,500,000 

Virginia... 

1,211,442 

885,000,000 

85,000,000 

31 & 

T, 

86,230,000 

West \ irginia. 

441,943 

98,780,000 

41,000,000 

c, 


28,000,000 

North Carolina. 

1,016,954 

293,837,993 

188,931,290 

M, 


15,000 000 

South Carolina. 

705,789 

358,785,191 

219,681,837 

31 & 

T, 

35,500,000 

Georgia.. 

1,174 833 

386,129,231 

267,825,641 

M & 

T, 

5lj325,000 

Florida. 

189.995 

16,329,106 

15,447,680 

31 & 

c, 

13,006,000 

Alabama. 

996,175 

827,500,000 

125,500,000 

31 & 

c, 

45,000,000 

Mississippi... 

843,^56 

167,000,000 

49,380,000 

M & 

'P 

21,300,000 

Louisiana. 

734,420 

317,612,583 

294,861,247 

c, 


48.000,000 

Texas. 

795,500 

298,163,281 

159,328,216 

31 & 

T, 

27;480,000 

Arkansas. 

486,103 

86,297,123 

127,261,326 

31 & 

T, 

13,287,000 

Tennessee. 

1,258,326 

276,163,137 

168,237,191 

M & 

T, 

79,500.000 

Kentucky. 

1,323,264 

329,218,742 

271,864.165 

T, 


256j000,000 

Ohio... 

2,615,468 

1,607,413,203 

959.762,252 

c, 


2,300,000,000 

Indiana. . 

1,663,169 

937,201,283 

367,130,625 

c, 


1,400,000,000 

Illinois... 

2,567,036 

1,346,587.734 

342,407,041 

c, 


2,000,000,000 

Missouri. 

1,725,658 

805,893.165 

497,487,635 

c & 

M, 

1,729,600,000 

Kansas... 

379,497 

69,125,000 

31,285,000 

T, 


114.000,000 

Nebraska... 

116,888 

24,160,000 

30,895,796 

M, 


6,600,000 

Iowa. 

1,181,359 

322,581,061 

171.971,191 

31 & 

c, 

325,000,000 

Michigan. 

1,184,653 

387,246,129 

183,284,721 

C & 


387,642,000 

Wisconsin.. 

1,055,501 

. 360,000,000 

138,000,000 

M, 


32,000,00) 

Minnesota... 

424,543 

171,155,000 

29,387,000 

M, 


14,831,000 

Nevada. 

44.686 

19,360,000 

14,287,000 

31, 


3,925,000 

California. 

656,208 

217.855,933 

128,725,471 

C & 

31, 

150 t'00,000 

Oregon. 

90,878 

29,830,117 

19,187,323 

M, 


11,'350,000 

District of Columbia. 

131,706 

83,127,841 

49,287,605 

31 & 

T 

19,270j000 

Territories. 

298,327 

79,184,821 

52,829,613 

M, 


21,332,000 


33,881,231 







table of principal cities of the united states, 

SHOWING POPULATION IN 1850, 1S60, AND 1870, CAPITAL INVESTED IN MANUFACTURES, AND AMOUNT OP ANNUAL PRODUCT IN 

OR NEAR 1870. 


CITIES. 

State. 

Population 
in 1850. 

Population 
iu 1860. 

Population 
in 1870. 

Capital invest¬ 
ed in manu¬ 
factures in or 
near 1870. 

Annual pro 
duct. 

Portland. 

Maine. 

u 

90 R1 ^ 


26,341 

16,407 

30,877 

18,296 

13,600 

$",500,000 
5,800,000 
6,3 )0,000 
3,000,000 
5,000.000 
9,640,000 

$13,300,000 

Bangor... 

14- 


Lewiston. 

a 

3,584 

6,095 

8,225 

1Q oqo 


12,000.000 

Biddeford. 

n 



11,500,000 

Augusta..... 

a 


7,609 

7,811 
23,536 
10,543 
9,305 
12,241 
9,291 
14,387 
250,525 
40,928 
41,105 
24,117 
39,634 
21,320 
26,786 
26.701 
23,323 
13,595 
' 18,629 
28,233 
15,389 

7,000.000 

Manchester.. 

N. II. 

U 


10,500,000 

Nashua..... 

6,820 

9,738 

£ fw£ 


zu, Luy 

10,065 

9,33, 

10,896 

8,302 

19,970,000 

Portsmouth. 

a 


6,100,000 

12.350,000 

Concord. 

a 


1,500,000 

3.200,000 

Dover. 

a 

8,198 

a 


6,700,000 

10,500,000 

Burlington... 

vt. 

Mass. 

U 


3,200,000 

5,800,000 

Boston. 

130,881 

33,383 

1 r o.i a 


< , / lo 

177,S12 
36,827 
24,960 
22,252 
26,060 
22,300 
14,026 
15,199 
25,063 
13,401 
15,376 
19,083 
10,904 

1,(26.000 

4.869,000 

Lowell... 


42,000,000 

105,000,000 

Worcester.... .. 

it 


30,000,000 

89,000,000 

Salem.. 

u 

a. / .\J-± J 

20.264 

15.215 
16,443 

. H,524 

11,766 

17.216 
9,572 

10,441 

14,257 

7,786 


8,800,000 

26,000,000 

Cambridge. 

it 


3,500,000 

9,875,000 

New Bedford.. . . 

t( 


5.000,000 

14,000,000 

Fall River. 

a 


24,000.000 

37,000.000 

Springfield . 

it 


13,400,000 

29,500,000 

Charlestown .. 

it 


8,350,' >00 

17.284,000 

Newburvport . 

it 


7,100,000 

15,250,000 

Taunton. . 

u 


2,750.000 

6,000,000 

Lynn. , . 

a 


8,950,000 

19,675,000 

15,187,350 

4,225,000 

Gloucester . 

a 


10,250,000 

1,750,000 












































































































TABLES OF POPULATION", 


21 


TABLE OF PRINCIPAL CITIES OP THE UNITED STATES —Continued. 


CITIES. 

State. 

Population 
in 1850. 

Population 
in 1800. 

Holyoke. 

Mass, 

3,245 
8.282 
r.l q 


Lawrence. 

u 


Providence. 

It. I 

it 

50,666 
10,SOS 
89,267 
29,154 
13,555 
14,048 

Newport. 


New Haven. 

Conn. 

a 

VjOOO 
OC\ Q tr; 

Hartford. 

13,555 
7 7 on 

Bridgeport. 

it 

Norwich. 

ii 

in 9nr. 

Middletown. 

u 

J.U 

4,211 
Q QQ1 

New London. 

a 

10,115 

Waterbury.. 

a 

5,137 

3,559 

515,547 

on QQQ 

Meriden. 

a 


New York. 

Brooklyn. 

• N. Y. 

a 

*805,651 

206,661 

81,129 

62,337 

48,204 

99 11Q 

Buffalo. 

it 

42,261 

60,763 

Ufl SCO 

Albany. 

tt 

Rochester. 

a 

Syracuse. 

tt 

99 971 

Troy.. 

tt 

29 79^ 

9U 990 

Yonkers. 

tt 

4,160 

19 997 

11 949 

Oswego. 

tt 

1 ii Q17 

Hudson. 

u 

a 99 a 

O 99Q 

Utica. 

it 

17,505 

Ft 000 

99 K9Q 

Binghamton. 

a 

9 997 

Morrisania. 

tt 


9,245 

14,726 

7,620 

15,196 

ft RR9 

Poughkeepsie. 

tt 

13,944 

4.229 

11,415 

9 100 

Cohoes. 

tt 

Newburgh. 

a 

Elmira . 

tt 

Lock port... 

tt 

10,327 

8,921 

9,548 

6,500 

38,894 

6,856 

5,583 

11,334 

2,668 

8,306 

6,461 

10,019 

9,479 

13,533 

Q R7Q 

Schenectady. 

ti 

Auburn. 

u 

10,986 

7,409 

71,914 

29,226 

10,000 

19,588 

9,662 

4,785 

17,228 

12,150 

11,267 

Ogdensburg. 

tt 

Newark... 

N. J. 

tt 

Jersey City. 

Elizabeth. 

tt 

Paterson. 

tt 

Hoboken. 

tt 

Rah wav.:. 

tt 

Trenton . 

tt 

New Brunswick. 

tt 

Camden... 

a 

Hudson City. 

tt 

Philadelphia. 

Pa. 

340,045 

46,601 

21,261 

*562,529 

49,217 

28,702 

9,223 

23,161 

13,405 

9,419 

17,603 

25,508 

212,418 

Pittsburgh. 

it 

Alleghany City. 

tt 

Scranton . 

u 

Reading .. 

it 

15,743 

7,831 

5,858 

12,369 

13,979 

169,054 

6,073 

6,028 

40,001 

8,366 

27,570 

Harrisburg.. 

u 

Erie. 

u 

Lancaster. 

u 

Wilmington. 

Del. 

Md. 

Baltimore. 

Cumberland. 

it 

Frederick. 

it 

8,143 

61,122 

8,733 

37,910 

12,652 

15,611 

9,502 

18,266 

6,853 

14,083 

9,552 

Washington. 

D. C. 

Georgetown. 

it 

Richmoud.. 

Va. 

Alexandria. 

ti 

8,731 

Norfolk. 

it 

14,326 

8,122 

14,010 

8,071 

11,435 

7,264 

4,518 

4,681 

42,985 

6,060 

15,312 

2,572 

11,753 

1,943 

20,515 

4,935 

4,434 

3,678 

116,375 

4,177 

2,167 

8,839 

10,478 

3,690 

Portsmouth. 

it 

Petersburg. 

tt 

Lynchburg... 

ft 

Wheeling... 

W. Va. 

Wilmington. 

N. C. 

Raleigh. 

It 

4,780 

New-Berne. 

tt 

5,432 

40,522 

8,059 

22,292 

9,554 

12,493 

Charleston... 

s. c. 

Columbia. 

ii 

Savannah. 

Ga. 

Atlanta. 

ii 

Augusta. 

it 

Key West. 

Mobile. 

Fla. 

Ala. 

2,832 

29,258 

Montgomery. 

it 

8,843 

6,612 

4,591 

168,675 

7,307 

3,727 

22,623 

16,988 

6,000 

Natchez.. 

Miss. 

Vicksburg. 

it 

New Orleans. 

La. 

Galveston . 

Texas. 

Little Hock. 

Ark. 

Memphis.... 

Tenn. 

Nashville. 

ii 

Knoxville .... 

ii 


Population Ca P‘ tal inycst - 

in 1870. m mauu ' 

iactures m or 

near 1870. 


Annual pro¬ 
duct. 


11,000 

28,921 

68.900 

12.521 

60.840 

87.180 
19,876 
16,653 
11,143 

9.576 
10 826 

10.521 
942,310 
396,300 
117,715 

69,422 

62,335 

43,058 

46,471 

18,318 

20,910 

14,135 

28,804 

12,862 

19,637 

20,080 

15,857 

17,014 

15,863 

15,458 

11,026 

17.225 
10,076 

105,078 
82,102 
20,383 
33,512 
20,284 
6,016 
22,115 
15,059 
20,045 
18,000 
674,022 

86.235 

63.181 
35,093 
33,932 
23,109 

20.500 

20.236 

80.841 
267,354 

11.500 
10,180 

109,294 ' 
12,412 
51,038 
13,570 
19,256 
12,678 

14.128 
7,319 

19,282 

13,465 

10,146 

4,996 

48,956 

10,139 

20,233 

16,988 

14,197 

6,510 

32,084 

13,065 

9.128 
8,963 

191,322 

13,818 

13,380 

40.226 
25.872 

9,000 


$7,185,000 

20 . 000.000 

11,837,548 

1,500,000 

12,715,000 

13,500,000 

5,125.000 

7,675,000 

1,775,000 

2,500,000 

8.125,000 

2,734,000 

179.525,000 

65,500,000 

27,965,000 

18,250,000 

15,000,000 

11,871,500 

9,000,000 

1,250,000 

6,108,000 

1,125,000 

6,225,000 

2,725,000 

3,184,000 

4,932,000 

6,550,000 

3,725,000 

6,817,000 

2,165,000 

1.125,000 

6,075,000 

3,187,500 

25,500,000 

18,650,000 

1,725,000 

17,150,000 

3,360,000 

550,000 

7,180,000 

2,785,000 

5,650,000 

460,000 

178,000,000 

69,250,000 

21.300,000 

2,917,000 

9,755,000 

6,125,000 

1,500,000 

3,900.000 

11,500,000 

27,480,000 

400,000 

875,000 

3,150,000 

1,000,000 

2 , 100,000 

3,125,000 

2,087,500 

1,499.350 

ooo;ooo 

350,000 

6,150,280 

975,000 

400,000 

250,000 

1,850,000 

1,015,250 

500,000 

1,325,000 

575,000 

550,000 

3,618,000 

600,000 

275,000 

729.000 

19,750,000 

850,000 

300,000 

1,639,000 

1,171,450 

500,000 


$13,267,000 
35,000,000 
33,690,994 
3,275,000 
32,000,000 
31,800,000 
17,500,000 
18,250,000 
4,000,000 
4,865.000 
19,385,000 
8,500,000 
486.125,000 
140,225,000 
62,835,000 
41,375,000 
28;000 000 
29,627,000 
20,000,000 
3,100,000 
13,187,000 
2,750,000 
14,861,000 
5,895,000 
7,196,000 
10,287,000 
11,250,00) 
7,810,000 
14,271,000 
6,125,000 
2,789,000 
12,173,000 
7,785,000 
63,628,000 
35,760,000 
2,850,000 
38,525,000 
8,200,000 
1,650,000 
15,125.000 
6,875,000 
12,175,000 
1,750,000 
495,000,000 
141,500,000 
64,380,000 
6,285,000 
38,124,000 
13,250,000 
4,600,000 
9,728,000 
18,000,000 
79,169,000 
2,500,000 
2,100,000 
10,287,000 
2,650,000 
6,183,000 

8.749.500 
5,964,250 
3,748,140 
1,150,600 

975,500 

14,297,340 

2,600.000 

1,100,000 

725,000 

3.850,000 

2,416,9S0 

1.100,000 

3,145,000 

1.497.500 

1.325.500 
9,145,320 
3,000,000 

785,300 

1,541,870 

63,550,000 

2,100,000 

850,000 

3.741.500 
2,763,521 

980,000 



























































































































22 


TABLES OF POPULATION. 


TABLE OF PRINCIPAL CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES. —Continued. 


CITIES. 

State 

Louisville...,. 

Ky. 

Covington. 

“ 

Lexington..... 

it 

St. Louis. 

Mo. 

Kansas City. 

if 

St. Joseph. 

it 

Hannibal. 

it 

Leavenworth. 

Kan. 

Topeka. 

1 i 

Omaha. 

Neb. 

Davenport. 

Iowa. 

Dubuque. 

it 

Des Moines. 

(1 

Keokuk. 

U 

Muscatine. 

( 

Council Bluffs. . 

d 

Burlington. 

a 

Chicago. 

111 . 

Peoria. 

u 

Quincy. 

tt 

Springfield. 

iC 

Alton . 

ii 

Galena. 

it 

Pekin. 

It 

Bock Island. 

it 

Cairo. 

ii 

Indianapolis. 

Ind. 

Evansville... 

Terre Haute. 

it 

*t 

Fort Wayne. 

tt 

New Albany. 

it 

Lafayette. 

it 

Madison. . 

ii 

Richmond .. 

it 

Logansport. 

it 

Cincinnati . 

Ohio. 

ii 

Cleveland . 

Toledo . 

<6 

Columbus. 

it 

Dayton .... 

it 

Sandusky . 

a 

Springfield . 

a 

Hamilton .. . . . 

a 

Portsmouth. 

it 

Steubenville. 

(C 

Zanesville. 

Akron. 

it 

ii 

Detroit. 

Mich. 

ii 

Grand Rapids. 

Jackson. 

41 

Kalamazoo . 

it 

East Saginaw . 

it 

Adrian . 

it 

Milwaukie . 

Wis. 

a 

Madison . 

Oshkosh . 

a 

Superior City . 

a 

Fond du Lac . 

u 

Green Bay . 

u 

Racine . 

ii 

Janesville . 

it 

St. Paul . 

Minn. 

44 

Winona . 

St. Anthony . 

it 

Minneapolis . . 

it 

Denver . 

Col. 

Cheyenne . 

Salt Lake Citv . 

Utah.°' 

Nev. 

u 

Carson City . , 

Virginia City . 

San Francisco . 

Cal. 

a 

Sacramento. 

Stockton. 

u 

Oakland. 

tt 

Portland. 

Oregon, 
dash. T. 

u 

Steilacoom. 

Olympia... 

Santa Fe. i 

lew Mex. 
Vrizona T. 
Idaho. 
Ion Lana 

Tucson. 

Boise City. 


"Virginia City. 

(4 

Yanckton. 

Dakota. 


Population 
in I860. 

Population 
in 1860. 

Population 
in 1870. 

Capital invest¬ 
ed in manu 
factures in or 
near 1870: 

43,19' 

i 68,03 

3 100,75 

4 $16,313,000 

9,401 

6 16,47 

l 24,50 

5 4,296,500 

9,13( 

) 9,52 

1 10,12 
3 312,96, 

1 600,000 

77,86( 

) 160,77< 

3 48,3S7.150 

60( 

) 4.411 

3 32,36! 

3 3,174,125 

5,00( 

8,93! 

1 19 69! 

3 1,675,325 

2,02( 

6,50, 

3 10,12( 

) 1,000,000 


7,421 

751 

1,881 

1 17,841 

i 1,800,000 


t 6,79< 

16,081 
20,04: 

400,000 

i 

1.848 

11,26' 

1,300,000 

3,108 

13,00( 

18,084 

2,425,000 

986 

3,936 

12,371 

1,470,000 

2,478 

8,138 

12,754 

925,000 

2,540 

5,324 

10.178 

850,000 

2,000 

2,011 

10.974 

1.125,000 

4,082 

6,708 

109,260 

12,034 

1,050,000 

29,963 

298,983 

60,000,000 

5,095 

14,045 

25,787 

4,105 $00 

6,902 

13,632 

24,053 

3,072,500 

11,766 

15,199 

17,365 

1,980$00 

3,585 

7,388 

10,353 

1,147,618 

2,261,419 

6.004 

8,193 

10,030 

3,678 

3,467 

9,310 

1,743,200 

1,711 

6,130 

7,896 

1,864,325 

242 

2,188 

8,267 

1.460,000 

8,034 

18.611 

41,603 

4,150,500 

3,235 

11,484 

21,830 

2,745,200 

4,051 

8 594 

17,105 

1,993,550 

4,282 

10,388 

37 756 

1,871.000 

12,647 

16..205 

2,343,750 

1,215 

9,387 

14.312 

820,000 

8,012 

9,068 

10,7i)9 

1,361,000 

1,443 

6,603 

9,443 

2,628,1331 

3.500 

2,979 

8.950 

1,931,822 

115,436 

161,044 

218,900 

58,340^586 

17,034 

43,417 

93,918 

44,000,000 

3.829 

13,796 

31,692 

5,250,000 

17,882 

18,692 

31,336 

8,325,000 

10,970 

20,081 

30,867 

6,240,325 

10,000 

9,316 

14,523 

2,116,587 

7,314 

7,007 

12,655 

3,000,000 

3.210 

7,227 

11,105 

4,128,575 

4,011 

6,273 

10,522 

1,817 $40 

6,144 

7,929 

6,157 

10,207 

2,106,150 

9,232 

10,013 

2,819,325 

3,266 

3,520 

10,010 

2,587,640 

21,019 

45,619 

79,588 

18,360,000 

3,147 

8,085 

16,507 

2,725,000 

4,147 

4,799 

6,070 

11,448 

1,976,500 

3,284 

9,180 

1,752,000 

500 

3,001 

11,349 

2,568,000 

3,006 

6,213 

8,448 

1,843,500 

20,061 

45,246 

71,499 

11,275,000 

3,400 

6,611 

13,000 

• 2,193,780 

2,500 

6,086 

12,675 


534 

1,100 

650,000 

2,014 

5,450 

12,771 


1,923 

2,275 

4.666 

425,000 

6,107 

7,822 

9,880 

3,451 

7.703 

8,791 

20,645 

879,000 

1,338 

10,401 

1,312,250 


.2,464 

10.000 

250,000 

656 

3,258 

6,000 

575,600 


2,564 

15,000 

1,525,000 

8,000 

4,749 

9.500 

4.500 
24,500 

850,000 

550,000 

8,236 

1,600,000 

714 

4,875 

200,000 

34,776 

2,345 

7,008 

450,000 

56,802 

158,361 

28,500,000 

12,000 

13,785 

16.484 

1,215,000 

3,000 

3,679 

3,825 

250,000 

827 

1,543 

6,740 

270,000 

2,874 

8,293 

3,800 

1,500 

1,296,000 

121,500 

50,000 

4,846 

4,635 

5,600 

110,000 


1,034 

8,000 

4,800 

8,900 

3,700 

160,000 

185,000 

370,000 

925,000 

• • • • • • 

458 

6,800 

225,000 


Annual pro¬ 
duct. 


$49,091,745 
10 825,900 
1,725.000 
109,513950 
8.125.450 
4,075,425 
2,300,000 
3,270.000 
900,000 


3.500,000 
3,794,000 
3,100,000 
2,084,000 
1,975,000 
2,485,000 

2.355.420 
175,000.000 

11,186,325 

8.740.200 

3,618,500 
2,831,450 
4,843,288 
3,877,250 

3.987.420 

2.963.200 
11 265,350 

7,189,150 

4,185,240 

4,622,175 

4,91S,225 

2,006,150 

3,108,270 

6,815,281 

3,934,186 

159,270,049 

127,375,500 

14.128.500 
19,875,000 
14,371,225 

4,962,180 

6,200,000 

12,006,155 

4.361.285 

5,210,265 

6,173,124 

6,031,240 

62,185,000 

6,918,000 

4,12S.OOO 

3.740.500 
7 061,000 
4,163,000 

28,645,000 

4,285,000 

* 1,384,666 

994,666 


2.185,000 
3,180,000 
722,000 
1.807, *33 

3,980.500 
1,795,600 
1,600,000 
4,280,000 
450,000 
860,000 
71,450,000 
3,780,000 
700,000 
800,000 
2,752,000 
306,000 
150,000 
280,000 
470,000 
600,000 
809.000 
2,500,000 
660,000 





































































































































































































































































































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INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. 









































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































SOUTH 


THE 


INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. 


THE MAIN BUILDING. 


[The full list of names of United States exhibitors, as per Official Catalogue, will be found from pa^e 

694 to 704.] 


This Building is 1,880 feet long by 464 feet 
wide, and 70 feet high. Upon the corners of the 

EAST. 



Scale, 300 ft. to 1 in. 

1. United States. 

2. Germany. 

3. Austria and 

Hungary. 

4. Russia. 

5. Spain. 

6. Turkey. 

7. Egypt. 

8. Denmark. 

9. Sweden. 

10. Portugal. 

11. Tunis. 

12. Sandwich Isl¬ 

ands. 

13. Japan. 

14. China. 

15. Argentine Re¬ 

public. 

16. Chili. 

17. Italy. 

' 18. Norway. 

19. Sweden, 
a 20. Australasia, In- 
U dia, and other 

| Colonies. 

21. Canada. 

22. Great Britain. 

23. France and Colo¬ 

nies. 

24. Switzerland. 

25. Belgium. 

26. Brazil. 

27. Netherlands. 

28. Mexico. 

a Mineral Annex. 
b Ladies’ Room, 
c Gentlemen’s Room 
d Water-closets. 
e Offices. 
f Restaurants, 
a Stairway to Gal¬ 
leries. 

h Carriage House. 

Total Length, 1,880 
feet. 

Width, 464 feet. 
Height, 70 feet. 


building are four towers 75 feet high. 
The roof over the central, for a space 
of 184 feet square, is elevated above 
the surrounding portion; and four 
towers, 48 feet square, one at each 
corner, have been introduced, rising 
120 feet. The building is in the form 
of a parallelogram, composed of mate¬ 
rials as follows—viz., foundation, brick; 
supporting columns, iron, 672 in num¬ 
ber, varying from 23 to 125 feet in 
height; entire weight, 2,200,000 
pounds. The roof is supported by 
iron trusses and girders, weighing 
5,000,000 pounds, covered with tin upon 
sheathing boards. The sides are main¬ 
ly glass—cost, $1,580,000. Area of 
ground floor, 20,02 acres; upper floors, 
1,45 acres. This building contains de¬ 
partments I., II., III., of the exhibition, 
and is mainly devoted to the exhibition 
of manufactured articles, with speci¬ 
mens of minerals and natural products 
of the soil of the several nations as per 
plan. Spaces for exhibition referred to 
by figures, other portions by letters. 


As there were several thousands of 
exhibitors in the main building, we 
have adhered closely to our divisions, 
by nationalities, classes, and individu¬ 
als; and as many of the exhibits were 
limited, both in value and extent, we 
have not deemed it necessary to cum¬ 
ber our volume with an empty display 
of names. Of these we have given 
more than any other work yet issued 
on the subject, but only of those per¬ 
sons or firms having rich novelties, 
or commanding attention from well- 
earned reputations and long estab¬ 
lished business. Beyond this we have 






































































































28 


UNITED STATES. 


contented ourselves by giving the number 
of exhibitors in classes, and for this pur¬ 
pose have mainly depended upon the offi¬ 
cial catalogue, which is presumed to be 
nearly correct. 

In taking our notes we have personally 
consulted each exhibitor, or his immediate 
representative, and recorded on the spot 
the information thus obtained. In what 
we have jotted down, the exhibitor may 
very generally be considered as speaking 
for himself. After much careful study, wp 
have adopted the above plan as the only 
reliable one by which to convey to the 
public the most faithful record of the vast 
collection of the wonders of the most ex¬ 
tensive and diversified exhibition that has 
ever been placed before the world. 


UNITED STATES. 

Immense tracts of forests; wide, level 
prairies and table lands; the ranges of 
mountains abounding in valuable minerals, 
and broad systems of natural irrigation, 
have combined to form a country of grand 
and imposing topography, of varied and 
healthy climate, and of incalculable wealth. 
The agricultural resources of the United 
States are far more extensive than and supe¬ 
rior to those of any other country of equal 
geographical proportions. Bounded upon 
each side by the ocean, and traversed in 
all directions by navigable rivers and lines 
of railroads, the products of the rich lands 
of the interior easily find a ready market. 

The original area of our country was 
but 815,615 square miles, till the purchase 
of Louisiana, in 1803, brought an addition 
of 930,928; and the acquisition of Florida, 
in 1819, an increase of 59,268 square miles. 
The annexation of Texas gave us 237,504 
square miles, and that of Oregon 280,425; 
to which is to be added the territory ac¬ 
quired by the treaties with Mexico, of 
677,262 square miles, and Alaska, pur¬ 
chased from Russia in 1867, 577,390 
square miles;—making the entire area at 
present, 3,603,884 square miles. There 
are 188,921,099 acres of improved lands. 
The population is now estimated at from 
44,000,000 to 45,000,000, though accord¬ 
ing to the census of 1870 it was but 
38,925,000, the density being 10.7 individ¬ 
uals to the square mile. 

The United States furnishes soil and 
climate suitable for the growth and full 


development of all the cereals. Indian 
corn is the great staple crop of the coun¬ 
try. This plant is of American origin. 
It was found in cultivation among the 
Aborigines at the time of the discovery by 
Columbus. It is referred to by the oldest 
historians of Peru. It has been found 
growing wild in various parts of Central 
America, and Humboldt says: “It is no 
longer doubted among botanists that maize, 
or Turkish corn, is a true American grain, 
and that the old Continent received it from 
the new.” Below will be found a table of 
statistics of the most important grains, 
compiled from the returns of the census 
of 1870. 


Product 


Amount grown. 


State growing 
largest quantity. 


Quantity grown 
by State. 


Wheat, 287,746,626 bush. Illinois, 30,128,405 bush. 

Indian Corn, 760,944,549 “ “ 129,921,395 “ 

Rye, 15,473,600 “ Penn., 3,148,000 “ 

Oats, 247,277,400 “ Illinois, 38,562,000 “ 

Barley, 26,295,400 “ California, 7,378,000 “ 

B. Wheat, 9,841,500 “ New York, 3,4:35,000 “ 

Potatoes, 114,775,000 “ “ “ 25.121,000 “ 

Rice, 73.635,021 lbs. S.Carolina, 32,304,825 lbs. 

Tobacco, 262,735,341 Kentucky,105,305,869 “ 

Cotton, 3,011,996 bales. Mississippi, 564,938 bales. 

Wool, 100.102,048 lbs. Ohio, 20,539,643 lbs. 

Hay, 27,316,048 tons. New York, 5,614,205 tons. 

Sugar Cane, 87,043 hhds. Louisiana, 80,706 hhds. 


Our products are mostly consumed at 
home, yet the exports have been steadily 
increasing for the past few years, and for¬ 
eign consumers now annually expect their 
supply from here. England especially re¬ 
ceives immense importations of grain and 
cotton, though her wants are mostly sup¬ 
plied by the colonies. 

Volney represented the surface of this 
country as one vast forest, diversified, oc¬ 
casionally, by cultivated intervals. It was 
stated by Michaux that there were in the 
LTnited States, one hundred and forty spe¬ 
cies of forest trees which attained a greater 
height than thirty feet, while in France 
there were only eighteen of the same de¬ 
scription. The early settlers had to enter 
and fell the forests, and burn and clear 
their lands as a preliminary preparation, 
and thousands of acres were thus brought 
under culture, the timber being of too lit¬ 
tle value to pay for saving. It was in vain 
that statutes were passed, a hundred years 
ago and more, to prevent the felling of 
trees suitable for ship.building. The lumber 
business did not grow to any great magni¬ 
tude and importance till a comparatively 
recent period. Our trees are now not only 
extensively used at home, but immense 
quantities are yearly sent from the South. 








UNITED STATES.-SILVER WARE, JEWELRY, &C. 


29 


ern States to Europe. This trade has but 
just been initiated, but the indications are 
that it will eventually be of great impor¬ 
tance. Many of our most eminent agricul¬ 
turists are strongly urging the propriety of 
planting young trees in localities unfit for 
farming, and where the annual fall of rain 
has become insufficient. 

The raising of live-stock is an industry 
that has developed during the past few 
years into gigantic proportions, especially 
in the Western and Southern States. 
Brief particulars concerning the pork trade 
will be found in our article on Agricultural 
Hall, where the exhibits are placed. The 
returns of the Agricultural Department of 
the United States for three periods, will 
be found below. 



June, 1850. 

June, 1850. 

Jan. 1869. 

Horses,. 


6,115,458 

6,332,.793 

Asses and Mules,. 

_ 559,321 

1,129,553 

1,121,662 

Milch Cows,. 

.... 6,385,094 

8,728,862 

9,247,714 

Working Oxen,.. 

.... 1,700,694 

2,240,075 \ 

19 IQ?; 

Other Cattle,. 

... .10,293,069 

14,671,400 f 

IODjOJD 

Sheep,. 

... .21. 723.220 

23,317,756 

37,724,279 

Swine,. 


32,555,267 

23,316,476 


, The latest official returns since 1869 give 
the number of horses, 8,702,000, there be¬ 
ing 1,008,800 in Illinois; mules number 
1,242,300, the largest number, 98,700, be¬ 
ing in Alabama; oxen and other cattle num¬ 
ber 16,212,200, Texas having 3,220,000. 
The above are statistics concerning the 
most important Agricultural Industries; 
facts relating to the minor branches can 
be had from our article on Agricultural 
Hall. ' 

The manufacturing interests of the Uni¬ 
ted States are of great magnitude, the com¬ 
bined capital being estimated at $2,118,- 
208,76*9, the products from which are 
valued at $4,232,325,442. The State of 
Pennsylvania aggregates the most, some 
$406,821,845, the income from which is 
$711,894,344. Next in amount is New 
York, with $366,994,320, which returns 
$785,194,651. 

The combined mining capital of the 
United States is $222,384,854, which pro¬ 
duces $152,598,994. Pennsylvania has a 
capital of $84,660,270, which yields $76,- 
208,390. Next in amount is the State of 
Nevada, whose capital is $32,253,400, and 
whose products are valued at $11,166,452. 

The educational system of the United 
States is most noted for its extent and 
completeness in the public school branch. 
This division employs 183,198 teachers, has 


6,228,060 pupils, and an annual income of 
$64,034,673. The teachers in the classi¬ 
cal, technical, and professional schools 
number 12,767, and. the pupils 225,190; 
the income is $17,675,907. The other 
schools in the country require 25,077 
teachers, have 726,688 pupils, and an in¬ 
come of $13,696,146. Our colleges and 
universities are of high repute, both at 
home and abroad, are mostly endowed suf¬ 
ficiently to render them independent, and ’ 
are well patronized. Great attention is 
paid to normal schools and teachers’ insti¬ 
tutes, which are scattered over the whole 
country. There are several schools for 
the instruction of the blind, and of the 
deaf and dumb. Of these the reader will 
find explicit accounts where the several 
exhibits are recorded. 


SILVER WARE, JEWELRY, &C. 

As late as 1820, silversmithing in the 
United States was confined to a few per¬ 
sons, known in the trade as “ cobblers.” 
Their business was mending broken or 
bruised imported goods, and occasionally 
making a few spoons or forks—rarely pro¬ 
ducing a set, or even a piece of silver¬ 
ware. If the latter, the price was little be¬ 
yond the real worth of plain metal. Plate 
was only used by the wealthy, and even 
by them considered as an investment that 
could at any time be converted into cash 
at a small sacrifice, should change of cir¬ 
cumstances oblige the owner to part with 
it. A master, an apprentice, and two or 
three workmen made up the silversmith’s* 
establishment fifty years ago. 

As the country advanced in wealth, peo¬ 
ple became more liberal in their expendi¬ 
tures, and the more readily encouraged 
superior exhibits of the fine arts in precious 
metals. Hence sprang enterprising manu¬ 
facturers with more tasteful designs, until, 
at the present day, there are several estab¬ 
lishments where hundreds of thousands, and 
even millions, of dollars are employed in 
the production of costly plate. 

We know one house that commenced 
business forty years ago upon a capital of 
only fifteen hundred dollars, the several 
partners of which now possess an aggre¬ 
gate fortune of fifteen millions. Business 
has been created by untiring energy and 
constant attention to the most advanced 
ideas in genuine art. 














30 


UNITED STATES.-SILVER WARE, JEWELRY, &C. 


In silver ware and jewelry there are 
forty-three exhibits. Of these, thirteen are 
of pure silver and silver plate; of rich jew- 
' elry, nine; of plated, nickel, electrotyped, 
four; the remaining seventeen, of Masonic 
jewelry, hair, bone, shell, &c. 

Of rich silver plate, TIFFANY & CO. 
present a very rare collection, which, to¬ 
gether with their gold and diamond jewel¬ 
ry, is worth half a million of dollars. One 
small case of gold jewelry, is, alone, worth 
more than half that sum. Many of their 
pieces are in repousse work, from designs 
of their own, and of exceedingly rich and 
delicate ornamentation. 

One dessert service, in Syrian style, is 
valued at $10,000. They have made near- 
ly 300 prize cups, and a large number of 
presentation swords. One for Gen. Grant, 
exhibited at the New York Sanitary Fair, 
added $50,000 to the treasury. They have 
one diamond feather, purchased at the sale 
of the jewels of the mad Duke of Bruns¬ 
wick—an exquisite ornament, worth $30,- 
000 . 

The firm was established in 1840, under 
the name of Tiffany, Young & Ellis. 
They now employ 1000 men, and do all 
their own work, from the first design to 
the last polish. 

Another large and rich display is made 
by the GORHAM MANUFACTURING 
CO., of Providence, R. I. This exhibit ad¬ 
joins the above, presenting a varied and 
valuable display taken direct from their 
stock. The only piece made for the present 
exhibition, is an elegant Century Vase, five 
feet long, and over four feet high. 

It contains 2,000 ounces of solid sterliug 
silver. The design is elaborate, and very 
perfectly wrought. The allegory is appro¬ 
priately modest, and easily comprehended. 
The national progress is well conceived, and 
eliminated with singular perspicuity. The 
house was established in 1841, and has 
ever since been devoted to the manufac¬ 
ture of solid silver ware, which they have 
sold over the whole country, though mostly 
to the trade, until within five or six years. 
They give employment to 400 hands. The 
capital of the company is $1,200,000, 
though even more than that is sometimes 
employed. Their plate-chests are very neatly 
arranged, and have commanded large sales. 

Adjoining the Gorham Co., is the pavilion 
of that long-established house of BAILY 
& CO., of Philadelphia, founded in 1830. 


Their exhibit is extremely attractive, and 
is valued at $250,000. Beside the raised, 
they do much in the fiat repousse, delicate¬ 
ly executed from chaste and elaborate de¬ 
signs. They have a very elegant dinner 
and tea set at $15,000. They also present 
an extensive display of costly diamonds 
without a flaw. One case of diamonds, 
&c., is valued at $200,000. One grand 
sapphire is twenty-nine carats weight. 
They employ a large capital, and give con¬ 
stant employment to 100 hands. 

Another extensive establishment in Phil¬ 
adelphia, is that of ROBBINS, BIDDLE 
& CO., manufacturers of sterling silver 
ware, plain, and in repousse. They pre¬ 
sent a handsome assortment of .adles; fish, 
salad, and berry sets; knives, forks, &c. 
Some of their silver has a very rich satin 
finish. The house has been established 
about twelve years, and gives employment 
to forty-two families. They use a capital 
of $300,000. Their gold Roman bands, 
crosses, pendants, &c., are richly finished, 
and of very chaste designs. 

Passing eastward, we reach the pavilion 
of STARR & MARCUS, of New York. 
Their exhibit is not extensive, and uoes 
not make a great display; but is of rich 
value—over $200,000 of their own, beside 
a remarkably elegant collection of jewels 
of their make, worth $20,000, borrowed 
from the owner for this occasion. One 
diamond necklace is of exquisite richness. 
It contains twenty-nine diamonds, each 
pair exactly matched. Value, $J50,000; 
with accompanying ear-rings, &c., $60,000. 
One ruby, pigeon blood color, said to be 
the finest one in the U. S., $10,000. One 
perfect nine carat diamond, $12,000. 
Three pink pearls, very rare, $2,500. 
Cameos of great value and beauty. A 
cameo copy of Raphael’s deliverance of St. 
Peter, valued at $2,000, required the labor 
of one man for 450 days’ steady work. 
The company has been established about 
fourteen years, gives employment to two 
hundred hands, and has invested a capi¬ 
tal of $1,000,000. 

The exhibit of MORGAN & HEAD- 
LEY, of Philadelphia, shows $150,000 
worth of their very elegant bracelets, rings, 
bands, &c. They have a rich diamond 
necklace, valued at $37,000. The house 
has been established twenty-five years, 
gives employment to seventy-five hands, 
and uses a capital of $600,000. 





















- 







This plate and the one opposite were engraved as one group—but is here divided for the conveniency of printing, 

A GROUP PROM THE TIFFANY EXHIBIT, 

























































































































































































































































































































A GROUP FROM THE TIFFANY EXHIBIT, 
















































































































































































































































































































































UNITED STATES. SILVER WARE, JEWELRY, &C 


35 


Several extremely attractive designs are 
presented by the MERIDEN BRITAN¬ 
NIA CO., of West Meriden, Conn., among 
which is the Buffalo Hunt, representing an 
Indian prepared to receive the charge of 
the infuriated buffalo. The piece is com¬ 
posed of nickel silver, German silver, and 
white metal; the work being raised and 
chased in a very effective style. The pol¬ 
ish on their nickel plate is that of a mirror, 
from which it is difficult to decide which is 
the clearer. An elaborately chased punch 
bowl is valued at $800; and the whole ex¬ 
hibit is placed at $50,000. The company 
was founded in 1852, and have a cash cap¬ 
ital of $1,000,000. flands employed, be¬ 
tween eight and nine hundred. The sales 
of 1875 amounted to $2,500,000. 

In the same line of manufactures, we 
find REED & BARTON, of Taunton, 
Mass. They exhibit a large assortment of 
wares, nickel and white metal electro-plat¬ 
ed. Though not strictly silversmiths, they 
produce a very rich style of goods, from 
original and very elegant designs. Their 
Vase, entitled “Progress,” is worthy of 
attention, and will bear a close examina¬ 
tion. It is five feet long by four and a 
half high, representing a distinct and intel¬ 
ligible allegory, in which is illustrated the 
gradual advance from the barbarism of 
the fifteenth, to the enlightenment of the 
present century. They are constantly orig¬ 
inating artistic designs, and giving em¬ 
ployment to five hundred hands. 

A very attractive memorial is to be 
found in the display of the MIDDLE- 
TOWN PLATE CO., of Middletown, 
Conn. Among their rich and varied col¬ 
lection of plate, is a representation in silver 
of the Belfry of the old State House, or 
Independence Hall, of Philadelphia; and 
the scene represented is the first proclama¬ 
tion of liberty on the 4th of July, 1776. 
As the story goes—the old janitor had 
been sent to the belfry with orders to 
strike the bell as soon as the signing of the 
Declaration of Independence was complet¬ 
ed. When the time arrived he was quietly 
seated upon a stool, reading. The shouts 
of the people below failed to rouse him, 
and a boy was sent up to give him notice. 
As the little fellow told his errand, the old 
man threw down his book, upset his stool, 
dropped his spectacles, and rang furiously 
the old bell that proclaimed “liberty 
throughout the land to all the inhabitants 


thereof.’ Other designs of charming con¬ 
ception are found in this exhibit. The 
house has been established fourteen years, 
employs one hundred and forty hands, and 
uses a large capital. 

Lake George diamonds, in crosses, neck¬ 
laces, &c., are shown by TILLINGHAST 
MASON & CO., of Providence, R. I. 
These stones are so brilliant that even 
good judges have much difficulty in detect¬ 
ing them among pure diamonds. The ex¬ 
hibit is tastefully arranged, and the setting 
very perfect. R. HIPPLING’S SONS, of 
New York, exhibit a small case of rare 
stones, finely chiseled cameos, &c., a very 
rich collection. HALL, ELTON & CO., 
of Wallingford, Conn., have a display of 
electro-plated ware, that attracts much at¬ 
tention for superb finish and choice' work¬ 
manship. 

Of ear-rings, thimbles, brooches, &c., SI¬ 
MONS, OPDYKE & CO., of Philadelphia, 
present a large collection of solid and plated 
ware. Their display is always surrounded 
with eager visitors. The case is valued at 
$10,000. The house was established in 
1840, and has a wide and flattering reputa¬ 
tion. Hands employed, one hundred. Cap¬ 
ital, $250,000. 

Of gold and silver, PHILLIPS & JA¬ 
COBS, of Philadelphia, show their refined 
metals, and metals recovered from waste. 
HASTINGS & CO., of Philadelphia, gold 
leaf manufacturers, have a pretty picture 
of their factory in gold leaf. H. P. BAR- 
ROWS & CO., of Attleboro, Mass., and 
HAMILTON HUNT, of Providence, R. I., 
exhibit rolled plate chains, napkin rings, 
&c. And H. MUHR’S SONS, of Phila¬ 
delphia, a case of solid and filled gold 
finger rings, worth $3,000, and of three 
hundred different patterns. 

Of silver leaf, HENRY AUER, of Phil¬ 
adelphia, has a fine array; among others, 
one book of two thousand leaves, four inches 
square, beaten from a half dollar. MOR¬ 
RISON, of the same place, exhibits solu¬ 
tions of gold and silver for electrotyping 
without a battery. Cups and spoons, of 
very fine finish, are shown by P. L. K RI¬ 
DER; of Philadelphia, and CTIAS. ABBY 
& SONS, of the same city, present a good 
display of dentists’ foil. This last-named 
house has been established for sixty years. 

A very pretty exhibit of small cups, 
bottles, funnels, &c., made of pure plati¬ 
num, is shown by J. BISHOP, of Sugar- 







36 


UNITED STATES.-CLOCKS, WATCHES, &C. 


town, Pa. They are of great value, and in¬ 
tended for chemical uses. 

Of gold pens, the displays are attractive, 
J. MORTON”, of New York, presenting an 
eagle, one foot high, made entirely of gold 
pens. 

Of shell, horn, hone, and hair jewelry, 
the displays are most excellent. Among 
these, EMIL WAHL, of Philadelphia, 
shows a very handsome steam engine 
made of hone. The jet work is also at¬ 
tractive, though the exhibitors are few. 


CLOCKS, WATCHES, 40. 

Divisions of time have been known 
from the earliest time, the days in Bible 
epochs ^being divided into periods of three 
hours each. Instruments for measuring 
time have been made for about two thou¬ 
sand years, though the date of the first 
sun-dial must have been more ancient. In 
2 Kings, xx, 11, we find the passage, “ And 
Isaiah the prophet cried unto the Lord; 
and he brought the shadow ten degrees 
backward, by which it had gone down in 
the dial of Ahaz.” The primitive form of 
these dials was simply a vertical column, 
which cast a shadow of varying length and 
position. They were introduced into Rome 
in the second century, B. C. In all proba¬ 
bility the first form of horologe moved 
by mechanical means, was the clepsydra, or 
water clock. This consisted of a gradu¬ 
ated, transparent vase, filled with water, 
which slowly escaped through an opening 
in the bottom. The time was told by the 
water line in the vessel. About 235, B. C., 
an improvement was made in these, con¬ 
sisting of a train of wheels turned by the 
running water. 

All are familiar with the candle clock of 
Alfred the Great, by which he divided the 
day into three equal periods. 

Clocks were common in the monasteries 
of Europe as early as the eleventh century, 
though they were rudely constructed and 
inaccurate. The first clock that ran with 
any degree of precision was made by Hen¬ 
ry Vick, for Charles V, king of France. 
From that period improvements were fre¬ 
quent and of great importance; many 
forms of escapements were introduced, and 
shortly after the discovery of Galileo, con¬ 
cerning the laws of vibration, the pendu¬ 
lum was used to regulate the movement. 
In the early history of our own country, we 


find clocks made entirely of wood, and 
they became famous for their endurance 
and reliability. 

It is most probable that watches were 
made about the same period that intro¬ 
duced the weight and escapement clocks, 
as they are constructed upon the same 
general principles. During the last three 
centuries clocks of great accuracy and most 
wonderful mechanism have been made; 
while watches have undergone the most 
important changes within the last fifty 
years. 

A brief history of the industry of watch¬ 
making in the U. S., is contained in the 
following extracts of* a speech, delivered at 
La Chaux-de-Fonds, on the 14th of Nov¬ 
ember, 1876, by M. Edouard Favre-Perret, 
a member of the International Jury on 
watches at Philadelphia, and one of the 
Swiss Commissioners. 

After referring to the rapid growth of 
the French factories, and showing the 
harm they had been to the Swiss trade, he 
said— 

“ For a long time America has been 
the principal market for our watches, or 
milch cow, so to speak. To-.day we must 
earnestly prepare to struggle with the 
Americans on the fields where hitherto we 
have been masters. Some of you have 
known Mr. Dennison, who was, we may 
say, the father of American watch-making. 
Mr. Dennison traveled through the Canton 
of Neuchatel, studying our mode of man¬ 
ufacturing, seeking to inform himself of 
everything, and carefully noting the weak 
points in our industry. After his return 
to the U. S., he founded a factory at Bos¬ 
ton, ‘The Boston Watch Co.’ This was 
in 1854. The capital—scarcely $100,000— 
was subscribed by capitalists more than by 
practical business men. In the beginning 
the company turned out only the rough skel¬ 
eton movement, and attended to the finish¬ 
ing; all other parts, such as trains, bal¬ 
ances, jewels, &c., &c., were imported from 
Switzerland. Little by little, however, the 
factory extended its operations, and pro¬ 
duced other parts. Notwithstanding all 
this progress, this mode of doing things not 
suiting the American character, so little 
inclined to let capital remain unproductive, 
the capitalists abandoned the factory, and 
it failed in 1856. 

“ Another American, Mr. Robbins, * * * 
scented a good speculation, and bought in 












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41 


UNITED STATES-CLOCKS, WATCHES, &C. 


the entire factory, tools included, for $75,- 
000. A new company, ‘The American 
Watch Co.,’ was afterward formed, with a 
capital of $200,000. Soon this capital be¬ 
came insufficient, and it was increased to 
$300,000, before the war of Secession. 

* * * “In 1865 the capital was increased 
to $750,000, and the operations of the new 
company grew to immense proportions. 

* * * “This watch factory is a real power; 
there is none like it in Europe. We have 
seen it in all its details, and we have ad¬ 
mired its splendid organization. Still an¬ 
other and more important reason explains 
the growing prosperity of the American 
company. Their tools work so regularly 
that all parts of the watch may be inter¬ 
changed, by a simple order on a postal 
card, without necessitating the forwarding 
of the adjoining piece. The question has 
often been asked, whether the Americans 
can sufficiently supply the demands of their 
markets. Yes, they can. We are driven 
out of the American market! I herein 
exclude, however, complicated watches, in 
which we are now, and I hope we shall 
always remain, masters. 

* * * “ yVe have sent to the U. S., 

In 1864,.169,000 watches. 

“ 1865,.226,000 “ 

“ 1866,.262,000 “ 

“ 1867,.207,000 “ 

“ 1868,.209,000 “ 

“ 1869,.206,000 “ 

“ 1870,.330,000 “ 

“ 1871,.342,000 “ 

“ 1872,.366,000 “ 

“ 1873,.204,000 “ 

“ 1874,. 187,000 “ 

“ 1875,. 134,000 “ 

In 1876 we shall barely send there 75,000 
watches; or since 1872, a deficit of 300,000 
watches. 

* * * “The Americans have already 
commenced to send their manufacture to 
Europe. In England they sell annually 
from 20,000 to 30,000 watches. The 
American watch commences to drive from 
the English market the Swiss and even the 
English watch. The Americans com¬ 
menced by creating a demand for their 
goods in the Indies and in Australia; and 
then—thanks to some powerful exporting 
houses—they invaded England. At Mos¬ 
cow and St. Petersburg they have already 
established important branch offices. 

* * * u i n America everything is made 


by machinery; here we make everything 
by hand. We count in Switzerland about 
40,000 workmen, making on an average 
each per annum, forty watches. In the 
U. S., the average is one hundred and fifty 
watches. Therefore the machine produces 
three and a half to four times more than 
the workman. It remains for us to solve 
the situation. But how can we get out of 
the corner into which we have been driven? 
To-day, even without machines, we cannot 
dispose of the 1,600,000 watches which 
our people can manufacture. How will it 
be if we establish machines which will thrice 
increase our production? We must either 
diminish the number of our hands and 
make machines, or else cling to our system 
and be resigned to see our industry de¬ 
cline.” 

Toward the close of his address the 
Commissioner said: 

“Had the Philadelphia exhibition taken 
place five years later, we should have been 
totally annihilated, without knowing 
whence or how we received the blow.” 

To appreciate the strength of this mark¬ 
ed language, we need only run back to 
the state of the trade in this country sixty 
years since. In 1825, with few exceptions, 
only silver and brass—or pinchback— 
watches were used, and these of very in¬ 
different manufacture: and there was not 
in the whole land, one watch maker. The 
watches were, many of them, nearly three 
inches in diameter. In some instances the 
breadth of the time-piece was reduced and 
the thickness increased, which “improve¬ 
ment” gave us what was called the bull’s-eye 
watch—one and three-quarters inch broad 
and nearly one inch thick, with a double sil¬ 
ver case—more attention being given to the 
finish of the outside case than to the accu¬ 
racy of the inside works. To wind the 
watch it was necessary to remove the outer 
case and hang it over the thumb through 
its open face. Some years later the watch¬ 
es began to be made of smaller compass, 
or rather, more condensed. The com¬ 
mencement of thorough watchmaking in 
the United States has already been no¬ 
ticed. 

Of makers of clocks, watches, &c., there 
were thirty-two exhibits. Of these eight 
were confined to clocks, seven to watches, 
two to tower clocks, two to chronometers, 
and the remainder to movements, cases, &c. 

Among the watch exhibits we find that 

















42 


UNITED STATES.—CHEMICALS. 


of the AMERICAN WATCH CO., of 
Waltham, Mass. This company was estab¬ 
lished in 1856, with a capital of $200,000. 
They now give employment to nine hun¬ 
dred workmen, and produce about four 
hundred and twenty-five movements per 
day. The present capital is $1,500,000, 
besides $300,000 held as a reserve fund. 
Their exhibit consists of a very elegant 
case containing 2,200 very superior watches, 
which represent six days’ work of ten 
hours each, of the Waltham factory, and 
valued at $100,000. There is one tray of 
twenty-two very beautiful gold carved 
cases, of rich designs, delicately executed. 
One of the finest has, upon the front lid, a 
figure of the Angel of Faith, and upon the 
back lid the Angel of Destruction; the fig¬ 
ures are of raised platinum, with a back¬ 
ground of gold. One silver case is beauti¬ 
fully engraved with faithful representations 
of Independence Hall and Memorial Hall. 
There are also a great number of cases 
with monograms set with precious stones. 

, An attractive display is made by the 
ELGIN WATCH CO., of Chicago, Ill. 
A fine pagoda of walnut, trimmed with 
ebony and ash, and hung with crystal 
chandeliers, contains their exhibit. They 
manufacture watches for the employees of 
the Pennsylvania Railroad. They show a 
varied array of their stem-winding watches, 
similar to those used by the above-men¬ 
tioned company. This firm was established 
in 1865, and now has a capital of $1,300,- 
000, and gives employment to seven hun¬ 
dred hands. Their watches have already 
secured an enviable reputation as correct 
time-keepers. 

A handsome display of watches, in a 
very elegant cabinet, is made by the 
PHILADELPHIA WATCH CO. The 
watches and movements are valued at 
$6,000. G. W. MOORE & BROS., also 
of Philadelphia, present a rare exhibit of 
watches and calendar clocks. The house 
was founded in 1866, and is already 
well established. The EMPIRE CITY 
WATCH CO. (Giles & Wright), of New 
York, exhibit very excellent watches and 
watch works. HIETEL BROS., of Phil¬ 
adelphia, show a fine collection. So also 
C. & A. PIQUIGNOT, of the same place, 
an assortment valued at $10,000. 

A very handsome case of clocks con¬ 
tains a collective exhibit by the SETH 
THOMAS CLOCK CO., of Thomaston; 


THE NEW HAVEN CLOCK CO.; 
THE E. N. WELCH MANUFACTUR¬ 
ING CO., and THE AMERICAN CLOCK 
CO., of New York. Lunar clocks are 
shown by B. H. BACON, of Philadelphia; 
and astronomical clocks by J. L. GRO- 
PENG1ESSER, of the same place. C. 
FASOLDT, of Alban} r , exhibits very hand¬ 
some astronomical and tower clocks. 
THE ANSONIA BRASS AND COP¬ 
PER CO., of New York, have a case of 
clocks valued at $2,000. Of watch move¬ 
ments, cases, springs, &c., there are several 
exhibitors. 

The general display is exceedingly cred¬ 
itable, and, coupled with the high commen¬ 
dations of foreign exhibitors, has not failed 
to make a very strong and favorable im¬ 
pression with regard to this marked and 
nourishing American trade. 


CHEMICALS. 

The science of chemistry investigates the 
composition of bodies, and the properties 
and affinities of their components. In the 
very olden time, men imagined that heaven 
was within their reach; and that if they 
could ascend above the clouds, they would 
attain eternal rest. Baffled at Babel, and 
scattered by the sudden diversity of lan¬ 
guage, they abandoned that project. They 
next concluded that this world was good 
enough, could they only secure endless 
wealth and immortality. The philosopher’s 
stone was to turn all inferior metals into 
silver and gold; and the elixir of life was 
to preserve unbroken health for endless 
years. With these two wonderful support¬ 
ers, the thorns and thistles of the earth 
were to be endured, and men were to enjoy 
the most refined laziness. 

Alchemy and chemistry are so mingled 
in the dusty records of time, that it is 
almost impossible to trace their separate 
early histories. That alchemy first filled 
men’s minds, there can be no question; yet 
here and there we find allusions that lead 
us to suppose that the thoughts of inquir¬ 
ers were very early turned to chemistry 
proper. The Magi of Egypt must have 
been well versed in some branches, or they 
could not have so well imitated many of 
the miracles of Moses. 

But it was the favorite objects of alchemy 
that were most sought. The ancient schol¬ 
ars sought caves and other solitary places 







UNITED STATES.-CHEMICALS. 


43 


where whole life-times were occupied and 
wasted in experimenting upon herbs, earths 
and metals. Tiiey baked, boiled, and 
roasted everv conceivable article their ea- 
ger hands could reach, or their wildest 
fancies suggest. The Egyptians, who 
claim to be “ the oldest people of the 
w r orld,” became absorbed in the mysteries 
of the mineral kingdom: and though they 
failed to discover the art of perpetuating 
the living soul, succeeded marvelously in 
preserving the dead bodies—unfortunately 
since used (after a lapse of three thousand 
years) as fuel to drive the hurrying loco¬ 
motive along the railways of their native 
land. 

The Arabians were no less earnest in 
their alchemical pursuits. The sandy des¬ 
erts and the wild oases had profound 
searchers after health, wealth, and immor¬ 
tality. At one period the general pursuit 
of the philosopher’s stone called forth im¬ 
perial orders for its suppression. Diocle¬ 
tian having conquered the rebellious Egyp¬ 
tians, in the year 296, ordered all works 
on alchemy to be burned, lest the people 
should become too rich, and again rebel. 
But this did not prevent thousands from 
continuing their profound researches. In 
the fifth century, Zosimus, of Pannopolis, 
wrote a book upon alchemy. He believed 
that there was a substance that could 
change all inferior metals into gold and 
silver. Sulphur and quicksilver were con¬ 
sidered the all-important agents for the 
production of the substance required; and 
the most thoughtful had become satisfied 
that the philosopher’s stone was in body 
solid and of color red. In the tenth or 
eleventh century, Suidas, a Bysantine au¬ 
thor. wrote upon the subject. In 1440 
several English patents were granted for 
making gold. For many years a bar of 
iron tipped with solid gold, said to have 
been manufactured, was shown in England, 
as the work of an alchemist who when he 
died carried his secret with him. In near¬ 
ly all ages alchemy has found advocates 
and defenders. As late as 1856 works 
have been published giving strong reasons 
for believing in the truth of the science. 
While the study may have done much 
harm in engrossing the finest minds in the 
pursuit of fallacy, it has done much good 
in revealing chemical mysteries that have 
added greatly to the improvement _ of 
health and the advance of mechanical 


pursuits. Most valuable chemical results 
followed many of the wild experiments 
of the early centuries, though it has 
only been within the last eighty years 
that puie chemistry has asserted its 
true worth. At the beginning of the 
nineteenth century, the salts of chem¬ 
istry could be numbered on the fingers; 
and now the best scholars count up two 
thousand, and know that the end is not yet 
reached. The powers of chemical agents 
are even yet scarcely developed. Medical 
science has been greatly advanced, not so 
much by new 7 remedies as by a truer 
knowledge of the properties of the old. 
Mechanism has received powerful auxilia¬ 
ries from late chemical discoveries, and in 
some cases particular branches of industry 
have been completely changed and reor¬ 
ganized, owing to important discoveries 
that proved the utter fallacy of opinions 
formerly—and very lately—considered in¬ 
controvertible. 

Aware of the mighty strides of this 
great science, w*e have taken care to ex¬ 
amine very closely the exhibits in Main 
Building, and are more than gratified wdth 
the great displays made by our countrymen. 
They fully maintain their high ground, 
and we feel justly proud of their evident 
taste and acknowledged ability. 

Of the more important chemical prepar¬ 
ations there are eighty-seven exhibits; and 
of these, tw T enty-eight are confined to heavy 
manufactures, seventeen to drugs and 
pharmacy, eighteen to ordinary compounds, 
the remainder to particular specialties. Of 
the latter class, many are partially or en¬ 
tirely empirical. 

Displays of general chemicals are made 
by MACKEOWN, BOWER, ELLIS & 
CO., of Philadelphia. Their assortment is 
large and varied. The house is old, 
having been founded in 1740. J M. 
HIRSH, of Chicago, exhibits albumen, 
dried blood, carbolic acid, &c., very pure. 
0. S. FOLLETT, of New York, displays 
sugar of lead, acetic acid, &c. CHAS. T. 
WHITE & CO., of New York, present 
an extensive array of various chemical 
salts and acids. This firm has received 
several medals from the American Institute, 
Argentine Republic, Vienna, &c. In the 
same line, POWERS & WEIGHTMAN, 
of Philadelphia, have an attractive dis- 
display. On the right is a large vase con¬ 
taining seven hundred ounces of sulphate 









44 


UNITED STATES.—CHEMICALS. 


of morphia, valued at $3,000, and suffi¬ 
ciently powerful to enable Somnus to wrap 
the whole Centennial in his arms. On the 
opposite side they show one thousand ounces 
of sulphate of quinine, worth $2,500. Un¬ 
der a semispherical vase is a very beautiful 
specimen of the fine needle crystals of 
caffein, a product of both tea and coffee; 
when obtained, no chemist can, by any pos¬ 
sible test, determine from which it originat¬ 
ed. The whole exhibit is valued at 
$30,000. The house was established in 
1818, and now employs four hundred 
hands. The SILLIMAN CHEMICAL 
WORKS, and the AMERICAN CHEMI¬ 
CAL WORKS, both of Philadelphia, add 
materially to the general display by choice 
exhibits of their valuable chemicals. ROB¬ 
ERT SHOEMAKER & CO., and McIL- 
VAINE BROS., of Philadelphia, display 
heavy chemicals of most excellent quality. 
CHARLES LENNIO, of the TACONY 
CHEMICAL WORKS, exhibits a beauti¬ 
ful shaft, ten feet high, cut from concen¬ 
trated alum; and opposite to this a similar 
column of sulphate of alumina; while the 
PENNSYLVANIA SALT MANUFAC¬ 
TURING!- CO., of Philadelphia, has in a 
glass case one piece of alum, in its first 
crystalization, that weighs nine tons. Also 
a large piece of valuable Ivigut, mined in 
West'Greenland. HENRY C. BLAIR’S 
SONS, of Philadelphia, make a fine display 
of various pure chemicals. The house was 
founded in 1829. 

A very attractive exhibit is furnished by 
CONDIT, HAUSEN & CO., of Newark, 
N. J., who have placed in a conspicuous 
position a four-pound iron ball that is 
floating on pure quicksilver, in which it is 
only half immersed. Of pure chemicals, 
E. B. BENJAMIN and ALEX. FRIES 
& BROS., of New York, make very inter¬ 
esting and attractive exhibits. 

Of pharmaceutical preparations, FRED. 
STEARNS, of Detroit, has a fine arra}q 
embracing one hundred and sixty-eight 
different classes of drugs and medicines. 
BULLOCK & CRENSHAW, of Phila¬ 
delphia, have an exhibit of sugar-coated 
pills, mostly prepared from the United 
States Pharmacopoeia. McKESSON & 
ROBBINS, of New York, show aromatic 
extracts and indigenous crude drugs. 
JOHN WYETH & BRO.. and ROSEN- 
GARTEN & SONS, of Philadelphia—the 
latter established in 1822—have an array 


of pills and elixirs. So also WM. R. 
WARNER & CO., of Philadelphia, who 
show no less than thirteen millions of 
sugar-coated pills, arranged with remarka¬ 
ble taste and neatness; the whole sur¬ 
mounted by a revolving figure of Hygiea, 
their patron goddess. One package of two- 
grain pills of quinine is valued at $1,000, 
and their entire exhibit at $10,000: 
KEASBEY & MATTISON, of Philadel¬ 
phia, have a large display of various pills 
and other pharmaceutical preparations; 
among them a fine exhibit of sulpnates 
of quinine and morphia. HARTMAN, 
LAIST & CO., of Cincinnati, show oure 
glycerine, L. FEUCHTWANGER & CO., 
of New York, refined drugs, and Id. J. 
BARKER & CO., of New York, beautiful 
crystals of saltpeter. 

The specialties are quite effectively dis¬ 
played. HANCE BROS. & WHITE, of 
Philadelphia, have a jar of the extract of 
calabar bean, containing nineteen and 
three-quarter pounds, and worth $600. 
This house has been founded twenty years, 
and employs forty hands. The exhibit of 
their various preparations is valued at 
$10,000. T. G. DREYFUS & CO., of New 
York, have a large display of cream of tar¬ 
tar, crude and refined. FRED. BROWN, 
of Philadelphia, a noted pharmaceutical 
chemist, established since 1822, presents a 
neat and extensive display of his extract 
of Jamaica ginger. MELLOR & RIT- 
TENHOUSE of Philadelphia, show us 
the wonders of stick liquorice in various 
forms neatly arranged. Of gunpowder, 
E. J. DUPONT, DENEMOURS & Co., 
of Wilmington, Del., have an exhibit show¬ 
ing the manner of packing their danger¬ 
ous commodity for transportation. The 
article itself is not in the building, the 
array consisting of empty kegs. Dupont’s 
powder has been manufactured in the 
vicinity of the Brandywine for the past 
eighty years, and is celebrated the world 
over. LAFLIN & RAND POWDER 
CO., of New York, have a similar exhibit 
of empty barrels, fuses, cartridges, &c. 
The PHILADELPHIA QUARTZ CO. 
make a fine exhibit of silicate of soda. 
SMITH’S HOMCEOPATHIC PHAR¬ 
MACY, of New York, displays a very full 
and neatly arranged case of their special 
tinctures and attenuations. 









45 


UNITED STATES.-OILS, PAINTS, VARNISHES, kC. 


OILS, PAINTS, VARNISHES, ETC. 

In this class we find seventy-nine exhib¬ 
itors, of whom twenty-nine are engaged 
in refining various oils for illuminating 
and lubricating purposes, thirty-four are 
manufacturers of paints, and sixteen de¬ 
vote their energies to the production of 
varnishes, polishes, &c. 

Oils have been used from the earliest 
ages of the world to the present day. As 
light has been indispensable, so have been 
light-making materials. The first artificial 
light was probably produced by burning 
knots of pitch terebinthines, such as the 
pine, cedar, and balm. The next resort 
was oleaginous substances; common ani¬ 
mal fat first, and then the tiny rush-light. 
As necessity dictated, the larger candle 
followed. Candles* were used among the 
poorer, and lamps and oils by the wealth¬ 
ier, classes. The ancient lamps were in 
form not unlike the common gravy dish of 
the present day. They were ovals, with 
fiat tops, upon which were various figures— 
some of them very elegantly chased. The 
wick came through holes in one end, and 
sometimes several wicks were used. The 
material was usually terra cotta, though 
bronze lamps were found among the rich. 
Two very elegant bronze lanterns were 
found at Herculaneum, the plate being 
formed of translucent horn. 

During the middle ages wax was used 
for candles, and was often highly perfumed. 
Early church services called for a large 
supply of white wax for altar use; and to 
this day several denominations make very 
extensive displays of this costly material. 
For ordinary house consumption oil has 
continued to be abundantly employed. In 
our own country the oil trade has almost 
created several important towns. New- 
buryport, Mass., and Greenport, Long 
Island, were built up by the whale fisheries. 
Notwithstanding the more recent discover¬ 
ies of petroleum, the trade in fish oils has 
not greatly diminished. Petroleum has 
been known for ages in various parts of 
the world, and for many years it has been 
used medicinally under the name of Sene- 
ka oil. Discoveries having been made in 
Pennsylvania of the existence of mineral 
oil, efforts were made in 1859 toward the 

♦Ancient lamps and the candlesticks used by the 
early Christians are described in our article upon 
the Castellani Collection, Memorial Hall. 


creation of a new trade. The existence of 
this oil floating on the waters of certain 
springs, was made known by Indians, who 
gathered and used it as an ointment for 
certain inflammatory complaints. It had 
obtained a place in the United States Dis¬ 
pensatory as a useful empirical remedy. 
In the spring of 1859, Col. E. L. Drake 
commenced boring, with very crude ma¬ 
chinery, and towards the close of August 
struck oil that rose nearly to the surface of 
the earth. By the use of a small pump he 
obtained four hundred gallons a day. 

Refined petroleum, or kerosene, was first 
made in Jersey City—afterward in Phila¬ 
delphia and at Greenport, Long Island. 
Experiments were made with varied suc¬ 
cess until we now have an article as clear 
and limpid as water. As improvements 
advanced, and the supply seems inexhaust¬ 
ible, prices have fallen off, so that now 
kerosene is the best and cheapest illumin¬ 
ating material. 

Beside the above purpose, it has been 
found that kerosene furnishes the best lu¬ 
bricating material, both for heavy work 
and for light machinery. Gasoline, the 
first product that passes over in the distilla¬ 
tion of petroleum, is an excellent prevent¬ 
ive against rust; and naphtha, the second 
product, is extensively used in the prepara¬ 
tion of paints and varnishes. For further 
remarks upon other and finer oils, the 
reader is referred to our article on “Per¬ 
fumes.” 

The displays of refined oils are remarka¬ 
bly attractive, and several of them have 
been fitted up in rich and elegant style. 
F. S. PEASE, of Buffalo, N. Y., makes 
an elaborate display of animal, vegetable, 
and mineral oils. Upon a beautiful stand 
by his exhibit may be seen seventy-five 
medals awarded him at different exposi¬ 
tions. He has been established in business 
thirty-five years, and has twenty men con¬ 
stantly employed. Plis present exhibit is 
valued at $ 1C, 000. Three thousand bear¬ 
ings on one mile and a half of shafting m 
Machinery Hall are lubricated with his 
preparations. 

Quite an extensive display is also made 
by WARDEN & OXNARD, of Pitts¬ 
burgh, Penn. They offer their specialty 
as “Elaine Oil.” In the center of their 
exhibit, and surrounded by specimens of 
their water-white oils, is a miniature oil- 
well, showing the method of obtaining the 








4G 


UNITED STATES.-OILS, PAINTS, VARNISHES, &C. 


crude material. They do a very extensive 
business, and claim a capital of $5,000,000. 

As we look around us we find the exhi¬ 
bit of the OLEOPHINE OIL CO., of 
New York. They claim to be the original 
manufacturers of prime white and water- 
white oils, and assert that they will not 
flash below 120° Fahr. The display is 
very tastefully arranged. The back ground 
is formed by a large plate mirror, in front [ 
of which is placed an extensive array of | 
cut-glass bottles containing specimens of 
their refined oils. This company was 
among the first to engage in refining petro¬ 
leum, and the proprietors have taken great 
pride in maintaining the high character of 
their manufactures. In active business 
times, it is no uncommon occurrence to 
find two, and sometimes four, large vessels 
loading at their wharves, for foreign 
markets. CHARLES PRATT & CO., of 
New York, make a handsome display of 
their specialty, which they have christened 
‘‘Astral Oil.” They present a model of 
their extensive works on Newtown Creek. 
The scale is one-eighth of a foot to the 
inch, and every process is shown, from the 
reception of the crude oil to the final can¬ 
ning and barreling. They claim to be the 
largest manufacturers in the world, in their 
particular line, and give constant employ¬ 
ment to four hundred and fifty workmen. 
They were originally in the sperm trade, 
the house having been established in 
1770, when sperm and whale oils were the 
principal articles used for illumination. 
The DEVOE MANUFACTURING- CO., 
of New York, make a very large exhibit 
of their water-white oils, in very costly cut- 
glass bottles. This is also an old estab¬ 
lishment, though the present name has 
been recently adopted. They have secured 
a lucrative and increasing trade for prompt¬ 
ness and the unvarying quality of their re¬ 
fined petroleum. These three very large 
houses are all on Newtown Creek, occupy¬ 
ing the wharves on both sides for the dis¬ 
tance of half a mile. 

Several exhibits of kerosene are made 
by Philadelphia manufacturers. Among 
these, OH AS. C. SMITH has a very at¬ 
tractive display. The oils are remarkably 
clear and limpid. WM. KING, SON & 
CO., exhibit the crude and refined oils. 
CREW, MOORE & LEVICK present a 
fine assortment of their illuminating and 
lubricating oils. These exhibits are ar¬ 


ranged with great neatness, and in a man¬ 
ner calculated to draw attention. They 
will repay a close examination, and the ar¬ 
ticles are of superior manufacture. 

Baltimore, Md., has its representative in 
the display of C. WEST & SON, who 
present a display of remarkably clear oils. 
The GALENA OIL WORKS, of Frank¬ 
lin, Penn., show a very pretty model of 
their works, giving an exceedingly inter¬ 
esting view of the whole establishment. 
Of sperm oil, WM. F. NYE, of Bedford, 
Mass., has a very fine assortment. By 
examining this display we notice the great 
care that has been taken to remove all im¬ 
purities from the crude article; and cannot 
hesitate in expressing admiration of the 
skillfully refined oil. 

Though we can reach but few points in 
very early times by which to determine the 
age when painting commenced, yet there 
are traces of both painting and drawing 
which have existed for thousands of years. 
Buildings are found in Egypt highly orna¬ 
mented with scenes of battles, triumphs, 
and sacrifices, that not only prove our 
position, but to a large extent demonstrate 
the early pursuits, wars, religion, and 
pride of the people by whom they were ex¬ 
ecuted. 

The great temples of India bear similar 
record upon their inner walls. Temples 
hewn out of mountains, with interior 
apartments surpassing in extent all modern 
architecture—found now filled 'with rep¬ 
tiles, and from whose lofty ceilings the 
torch of the curious traveler only disturbs 
the thin-winged bat—are found to have 
those very ceilings covered with most ar¬ 
tistic designs, the colors of which remain 
unfaded. Three thousand years is proba¬ 
bly the long period among the unwritten 
pages of time where we may place the ori¬ 
gin of these decorations. Another thou¬ 
sand added to the surmise might not 
reach the period of the first production 
of these very secreted and now dusty won¬ 
ders of the skill of man. 

Beside the temples were the immortal 
gods, painted with no less c^ire, and cov¬ 
ered with material presumed to be imper¬ 
ishable. Immortal gods should have vest¬ 
ments upon which the tooth of time could 
make no impression. Many wonder that 
the colors in the temple should remain 
quite fresh while the paint and gilding of 
the gods have perished. They forget that 









UNITED STATES.-OILS, PAINTS, VARNISHES, &C. 


47 


the one has been closed to light and air, 
and the other exposed to both. The un¬ 
fortunate gods were neglected by their 
worshipers, but their empty temples were 
closed to their followers. The gods cost 
them nothing. Any old log would make 
a new one; but the temples had imposed 
the labor of years and the wealth of na¬ 
tions. 

Greek painting deteriorated from the 
time of Alexander to the third century 
B. C. They used in distemper, glue, milk, 
and the albumen of eggs, and painted upon 
wood, clay, plaster, stone, and parchment. 
They were acquainted with many varnish¬ 
es. The Romans received painting from 
the Greeks, but produced no celebrated ar¬ 
tists. In fact art so degenerated as to be 
almost entirely confined to slaves, and was 
paid for by the days’ work. Most of the 
great paintings found at Rome were by 
Grecian artists, and were transferred to 
Constantinople by Constantine. 

The early Christians used painting to 
illustrate by signs. The lamp represented 
the Saviour; the vine and branches, Christ 
and his disciples; a fish, baptism; a ship, 
the church; and the cross, redemption. 
The Jewish converts represented the Sav¬ 
iour as without beauty. Adrain I, by 
Papal bull, required the representation to 
be adorned with all the graces that could 
be attributed to divinity. 

During the first three centuries of the 
Christian era, the catacombs of Rome were 
adorned with elaborate paintings. Then 
came a falling off, nor was there any revi¬ 
val until after the Venetian conquest of 
Constantinople (1204 A. D.), when the 
troops plundered churches, palaces, and 
dwellings, destroyed the noblest works of 
art and antiquity, and filled the city with 
terror and outrage. The thirteenth cen¬ 
tury found art scattered throughout Eu¬ 
rope. The fourteenth and fifteenth saw a 
fresh revival. Fresco painting began to 
increase. Since then art has greatly flour¬ 
ished.* 

Of the colors employed by artists, the 
whites form a very important base. There 
is the flake white, a preparation of ceruse, 
or carbonate of the oxide of lead, the latter 
being in excess. Then the silver white— 
blanc $ argent of the French—made of se¬ 


*For fuller art notices see Article on Art Build¬ 
ings, post. 


lected scales of the purest ceruse, and sub¬ 
jected to a prolonged grinding. These are 
considered the best for mixing with oils. 
They take nearly all colors in mixture, and 
thus give body and endurance to lighter 
pigments. 

White lead or ceruse is composed of the 
oxide of lead and carbonic acid, forming a 
carbonate of lead. Its manufacture was 
confined to the Dutch until about one hun¬ 
dred years since, when it was commenced 
in England. The business was introduced 
into this country early in the present cen¬ 
tury, works having been erected for the 
purpose in Philadelphia, in 1815. The 
English or Dutch form of rolling up thin 
plates of pure lead, was used until Mr. 
AUG. GRAHAM, of Brooklyn, conceived 
the idea of hastening the oxidation by 
casting the metal in thin buckles, resem¬ 
bling the old-fashioned shoe-buckles, that 
some of our excessive walking tailors’ signs 
have recently attempted to re-introduce. 
These buckles are packed in small earthen 
pots containing vinegar or acetic acid, and 
these placed in layers and in stacks. A 
free circulation is maintained, and even 
the tops of the pots are nicked so as to add 
thereto. When the stack is sufficiently 
high, it is covered with plank on which 
rests a large supply of tan-bark. In some 
establishments, from 150,000 to 200,000 of 
these pots are used. 

Fermentation commences in the tan- 
bark, it being that which has passed 
through the tannery, and contains lime, 
ammonia, and a small proportion of tannin. 
Heat is generated and evaporation begins 
at once. In from eight to twelve weeks 
the stacks are uncovered and the lead re¬ 
newed. The process increases both the 
bulk and weight of the lead, other sub¬ 
stances having been absorbed by the orig¬ 
inal mass. 

Portions of pure lead remaining in the 
stack are known as blue; and these are 
re-melted and again subjected to oxidation. 
The pigment when taken from the pots, is 
washed, ground, and dried, then again 
washed and dried, after which it is 
ground in oil, placed in small kegs, and 
sent to the market. 

White lead is often adulterated by mix¬ 
ture with sulphate of barytes and oxide 
of zinc. Barytes, or heavy spar, lacks 
brilliancy, has not the body of lead, and 
will not cover as much space. It has, 





48 


UNITED STATES-OILS, PAINTS, VARNISHES, &C. 


however, some advantages. It will not 
change under the influence of noxious va¬ 
pors. The illuminating gas used in our 
cities will affect the whiteness and bril¬ 
liancy of lead paint, and sometimes pro¬ 
duce verv serious discoloration. 

«/ 

The melting-room is provided with a 
furnace kept in constant operation, and 
from which one or two tiny streams of 
molten lead are constantly oozing. These 
petty threads of silvery hue pour upon a 
rotary mold that is constantly revolving 
beneath. The mold is a mere circular 
rim, flat and ground on the upper surface. 
In this face grooves form rings about five 
inches in diameter, and scarcely one-eightli 
of an inch deen. Within the ring; are in- 
side grooves that form tongues, so that the 
pattern when cast may very properly be 
termed a “buckle.” The plate containing 
these molds is four feet in diameter, and 
turned slowly by inside cog-wheel and 
small shaft; by which means it is continu¬ 
ally revolved beneath the streams of melt¬ 
ed lead. At the quarter turn from where 
the lead falls, there is a small nipping roll¬ 
er, whose diameter corresponds exactly 
with the length of the buckle; and this 
roller revolves transversely across the 
mold plate. By means of a small, nipping 
blade on one side of the roller, every revo¬ 
lution of the latter separates a buckle that 
drops into a box placed below to receive 
it. 

Litharge is made by baking in ovens the 
refuse lead for three days. If the process 
is continued for one week, it becomes red 
lead. Orange mineral is similarly ob¬ 
tained, from the dross. 

There are five or six factories in Brook¬ 
lyn—nearly as many in Pittsburgh; four 
in Philadelphia; two on Staten Island; 
three in Louisville; one in Boston; one 
in Baltimore—and as many more in differ¬ 
ent localities. The annual product in 1873 
was over 34,000 tons. Since that time the 
product has somewhat decreased. 

Frequent attacks among workmen of a 
nervous and debilitating disease known as 
the painter’s colic, and produced from the 
poisonous vapors of ceruse, or white lead, 
induced several practical scientists of 
France to consider the possibility of using 
the oxide of zinc instead. The idea is said 
to have been suggested by Courtois, a 
manufacturer of Dijon. This was toward 
the close of the eighteenth century. A 


few years later, M. LeClaire, a Paris 
house-painter, used the oxide of zinc in 
preparing greens and yellows that were 
free from noxious ingredients. To obtain 
the white oxide of zinc he treated the 
metal, which from various causes is gener¬ 
ally impure, and consequently he obtained 
impure oxides. The process for obtaining 
the white oxides of the two metals—lead 
and zinc—are entirely different. Ceruse 
is produced by chemical treatment already 
described, and zinc white is procured by 
sublimation, a process almost entirely me¬ 
chanical. 

While in Europe the oxide of zinc is 
still obtained from the metal; in our coun¬ 
try it is made from the ore. Mr. RICH¬ 
ARD JONES, of Philadelphia, erected 
zinc paint works in that city, in 1850. The 
rich ores of northern New Jersey furnished 
an abundant supply of raw material. The 
process consists in breaking up the ore by 
pounding and grinding until it is reduced 
to a coarse powder. It is then placed in 
large retorts having perforated iron bases, 
and here, mixed with about one-half its 
weight of pea coal, and when the fire upon 
the grate bars is at a white heat, the charge 
is introduced. Strong fan blowers are freely 
used during the whole process of sublima¬ 
tion, and these force the gaseous vapors 
produced by the heat, to ascend through 
pipes vertically connected with the retorts. 
By an elaborate system of pipes with im¬ 
mense hoods that present extended sur¬ 
faces, the vapors are checked in their 
course and yet constantly forced onward 
by exhausting fan blowers. 

The vaporous current is next conducted 
to a tower where the particles are cooled 
by a continuous spray of falling water. 
Thence the light oxide is still drawn on¬ 
ward by further fan blowers to a second 
tower, and still moved through other pipes 
connected with a large number of flannel 
bags suspended throughout the building 
that receive the particles. In these bags 
the oxide is collected, w T hile the gaseous 
vapors escape through the pores of the 
cloth. After being received in stronger 
bags that are tied securely, and passed un¬ 
der compressing rollers to expel the re¬ 
maining air, the oxide is reduced to a 
heavy powder. 

The last process is the grinding of the 
oxide in linseed oil, after which it is care¬ 
fully packed for sale. The residuum has 




UNITED STATES.-OILS, PAINTS, VARNISHES, &C. 


been used in the manufacture of iron, and 
proved of much value. 

Beside these paints which form the basis 
of colors, other substances are employed. 
Of late years “mineral paints” have been 
used, though why so called is not explain¬ 
ed, as nearly all paints are of mineral ori¬ 
gin. These, however, are merely colored 
earths. Several districts of our country 
abound in them. Though extensively em¬ 
ployed, they are not much in vogue where 
permanent coloring is desired. It has 
been found that a good base of white lead 
will cover more surface than any other 
foundation, and hence the extensive sales 
of this valuable pigment. The oxide of 
zinc, or zinc paint, as a clear white, is pre¬ 
ferred for superior finish. When obtained 
from unadulterated material it is undoubt¬ 
edly most to be desired. 

The great bulk of paints used in all 
countries, is mainly for the preservation 
of perishable material. As this purpose 
creates a large demand, the price of the 
article has much to do with finding a ready 
market. The colors used for mere orna¬ 
mentation or in the arts, though limited in 
quantity, are frequently held at very high 
prices. They must be more enduring 
and of greater variety. Even tints or 
bare shades of certain colors are often 
more expensive than the deeper original 
bases. And hence we find large exhibits 
of comparatively small values, and small 
displays at excessive prices. 

The displays of paints are marked with 
superior excellence. WETITERILL & 
BRO., of Philadelphia, present a large as¬ 
sortment of their noted white leads. The 
house was founded in 1777, and during the 
hundred years has maintained a most ex¬ 
cellent reputation. JOHN PRICE WETH- 
ERILL was a most accomplished chemist, 
and spared no expense in perfecting the 
necessary works for the production of a 
large variety of useful chemicals. JOHN 
LUCAS & CO., of the same place, have 
an exhibit of their paints in oil. Also a 
small but very interesting laboratory 
where their method of mixing paints is 
fully shown. The house w~as founded in 
1850, and now employs one hundred 
hands. Their exhibit is valued at $2,000. 
Among other pigments they show a large 
quantity of Prussian blue made from old 
horns and scraps of leather. 

Philadelphia claims the LEAD WORKS 


49 

of JOHN T. LEWIS & BROS. The 
exhibit is an extensive display of their ce¬ 
ruse, as also a beautiful array of all the 
prismatic colors, both dry and in oil. 
MORRIfe & CO., of the same place, as 
well as the PECORA PAINT CO., make 
extensive displays of enameling paints, and 
other varieties—articles of superior excel¬ 
lence and wide reputation. WAGGON¬ 
ER, GIFFORD & CO., of Chicago, exhibit 
their very excellent white lead and zinc 
white, ground in linseed oil. Their paints 
are strongly recommended. The house was 
established in 1867, employs a capital of 
$50,000, and requires the constant services 
of twelve men. The IRON CLAD 
PAINT CO., of Cleveland, have a very 
large display of paints surrounding the 
model of a monitor that carries their trade¬ 
mark upon its turret. BARKER, MOORE 
& MEIN, of Philadelphia, exhibit cans of 
white lead neatly arranged. The ADAMS’ 
WHITE LEAD CO., of Baltimore, place 
their merchandise surrounding a model of 
the Washington monument, of Baltimore. 
H. W. JOHNS, of New York, exhibits as¬ 
bestos paint, together with small models 
illustrating the manner of application. 
He also shows an array of the crude ma¬ 
terial. There are several other exhibits of 
peculiar interest in the line of paints, and 
all from houses of established reputation 
and sound commercial standing. 

To protect the more costly colors, to add 
to the richness of ornament, or to preserve 
from the action of heat and moisture, var¬ 
nishes are employed. These are variously 
formed, though as a class they are merely 
resins held in solution by turpentine or al¬ 
cohol. Copal and eleini dissolved in either, 
form a most excellent varnish. Varnishes 
are frequently used and “rubbed off,” that 
is, rubbed down to smoothness; again 
applied and again rubbed off, until a solid 
level of gum only remains. This is done 
with coarser varnishes. Afterward a fin¬ 
ish is applied that remains permanent. 

Our carriage manufacturers frequently 
used from eight to twelve coats of varnish 
upon the bodies. They require and must 
have an article with body enough to fill all 
the pores of the wood, and yet when ap¬ 
plied must spread easily. Varnish works 
are dangerous factories, and are generally 
shabby-looking affairs, as their constant 
liability to sudden conflagration deters tho 
owners from incurring any more expense 






50 


UNITED STATES.-SOAPS AND PERFUMES. 


ill structure than that absolutely neces¬ 
sary. 

Some varnishes are merely cold prepar¬ 
ations—simple mixtures of turpentine and 
common gums. Others, and the most 
costly, are made by long boiling—a few by 
distillation. The boiled are the most lia¬ 
ble to accident, and are frequently made 
in the open air. If a large caldron of 
turpentine, filled with light inflammable 
gums, boils over, fire is thrown far and 
wide, and everything of the least combus¬ 
tible nature must unavoidably be con¬ 
sumed. 

The exhibitors of varnishes are not nu¬ 
merous, but they have brought forward the 
choicest specimens of the useful manufac 
tures. VALENTINE & CO., of New York, 
have a display of their thin wood-filling and 
finishing varnishes. This house has been 
long established, and has suffered from one 
or two severe conflagrations. They were 
interested in the “Hub,” a paper edited 
with great ability, and devoted to the 
paint and carriage trade. C. T. REY¬ 
NOLDS & CO., of New York, make a 
large display of varnishes, paints, brushes, 
&c. The house has been established nearly 
twenty years. The exhibit is arranged 
with consummate taste, and is valued at 
$6,000. STIMSON & BABCOCK, of 
Boston, established in 1832, and EDWARD 
SMITH & CO., of New York, exhibit rich 
varnishes of various hues and unquestioned 
strength and body. CHAS. E. PHIL¬ 
LIPS, of Philadelphia, presents a small 
column of slate varnished, and in appear¬ 
ance equal to highly polished marble. His 
capital is placed at $300,000. 


SOAPS AND PERFUMES. 

*We find in this class sixty-six exhibitors, 
but so mingled that it is impossible to sep¬ 
arate them. Many of the manufacturers 
of fancy soaps also make their own per¬ 
fumes and extracts. Others who are called 
only perfumers, have specialties in certain 
soaps. Then both classes in some instances, 
have toilet articles that are neither absolute 
perfumes nor soaps. 

Everybody knows what soap is; though 
we occasionally meet those with whom the 
knowledge does not appear to have resulted 
in a very intimate acquaintance. But there 
was a period when people did not have 
soap—when they could only rub their 


bodies with certain saponaceous earths, not 
being skilled in the article now so common. 
The ancient “fuller sope ,” is supposed to 
have been an oleaginous clay similar to 
that now bearing the same name among all 
people. 

A few years since, a valuable earth of a 
clayey nature was discovered in the vicin¬ 
ity of Jamaica, Long Island; and within 
the last ten years a Mr. Meyer, a French 
resident of Brooklyn, engaged in the man¬ 
ufacture of soap from this earth. He was 
joined by some of the Cuban refugees, and 
large preparations were made and some 
soap manufactured; but it has failed to 
be recognized in the market; whether it 
proved indifferent, or the death of Mr. 
Meyer caused the failure, we have not been 
able to ascertain. 

Soap at the present day is a chemical 
compound of vegetable and animal oils 
combined with soda or potash. It is made 
everywhere, yet few are skilled in the pro¬ 
duction of superior articles for cleansing, 
and which, at the same time, will not in¬ 
jure clothes. Scarcely a farmer’s wife in 
the land who does not prepare her own 
soft soap, and many of them the hard 
also. 

Soap is a detergent, loosening and dis¬ 
solving all greasy matter. We find it men¬ 
tioned by Jeremiah and other Scripture 
writers. The Hebrew word translated 
soap, means lye salt , and is supposed to have 
been potash from the ashes of plants. This 
conclusion is drawn from the fact that lyes 
and mere solutions of their salts, were only 
used as detergents. Such was probably 
the case previous to the discovery of a 
method of “softening down ” caustically, and 
forcing the present chemical combination. 
The use of lyes produced serious skin dis¬ 
eases and v aggravated others, the affinities 
of grease having remained long hidden. 

Strabo mentions a native alkaline water 
found in Armenia, and used for washing 
clothes. The juice and bark of many 
plants were early employed as detergents. 
The Romans used the juice of a plant 
known as struthium, and having saponaceous 
properties. It is said that the Egyptians 
had no soaps. 

Pliny says that hard and soft soaps were 
invented by the Gauls, and through them 
reached Rome, where it was sold as a won¬ 
derful preparation for preserving and 
beautifying the hair. At the uncovering 







UNITED STATES.-SOAPS AND PERFUMES. 


51 


of Pompeii, not only was a soap-house and 
kettles discovered; but even the soap itself 
that had remained upon the drying racks 
for more than seventeen centuries. 

The principle of saponification is the 
decomposition of oily bodies, by alkalies, 
and the combination of the latter with oily 
acids—glycerine being set free and lost, at 
least in the hard soaps. Soaps are salts. 
They are either stearates and oleates of 
soda or potash; or marganates and oleates 
of their alkalies, according to the character 
of the different fats used in their manu¬ 
facture. 

The processes of manufacture are various, 
almost every establishment having its own 
peculiar combinations. The common mode 
is to produce a lye by dissolving caustic 
soda in water direct. Quicklime is used 
to remove the carbonic acid. Lime and 
soda in alternate layers, are placed in iron 
tanks provided with false bottoms full of 
holes. The tanks are filled with water and 
left from twelve to eighteen hours, when 
the liquor is drawn off and preserved. 
This process is repeated until the soda is 
exhausted. The resulting lye is kept for 
use as needed. Soda is used for hard, and 
potash for soft soaps. The more solid fats 
as tallow, suet, etc., are used with soda. 
The softer fats, and “weak goods,” or 
kitchen scrapings, are only introduced in 
the weaker soaps. Dr. Normandy hard¬ 
ened soap by the use of fused crystals of 
sulphate of soda. 

Ordinary yellow soap contains rosin in 
the proportion of one-fourth to one-third 
of its weight. Rosin assists in the forma¬ 
tion of lather. All soaps retain water. 
The formula for cocoanut soap is 73.5 water; 
22 lard, and 4.5 soda. This will wash in 
sea water. Dried soaps contain less water 
and are not so readily soluble. Superior 
toilet soaps are made from palm, spermaceti, 
and even from castor-oil. The last is said 
to produce the finest article. Soap from 
clean, fresh curd is very white and solid 
and highly esteemed as a toilet soap. 

In the manufacture of soaps a weak lye 
is first used, of a specific gravity of 1.040. 
This is filled into large boilers containing 
the fatty substances, and heated for three 
or four hours, when the contents become 
viscid; when it can be drawn into threads 
between the thumb and linger, the lye is 
spent, having yielded all its alkali to the 
grease. The addition of salt tends to 


harden the compound. The fluid is now 
drawn off and a fresh addition of more 
stringent lye introduced. In large 
establishments, this operation is repeated 
three or four times a day, and for several 
days with lyes of increased strength, until 
a specific gravity of 1.160 is reached. 
When the batch can be squeezed in the 
hand without leaving any appearance of 
grease, but still a strong alkaline taste, the 
saponification is complete. 

In making yellow soap, the rosin is 
added at this stage, and the boiling re¬ 
newed with a strong lye while the contents 
of the kettle is .stirred violently. This soon 
produces a thorough combination of the 
materials. The batch is sometimes re¬ 
boiled and beaten with broad shovels. 
Very much depends on the judgment and 
experience of the operator. He may be 
deceived in the quality of his elemis, or in 
the strength of his alkalies; and unless con¬ 
stantly testing the compound it may be 
greatly injured before he is aware of any 
difficulty. The operation is chemical and 
mechanical—a sort of mechanically en¬ 
forced chemistry—and requires constant 
watchfulness. 

When thorough amalgamation is per¬ 
fected, it is allowed to settle for two or 
three days, that all impurities may bo 
precipitated. It is afterward removed to 
frames where it is allowed to cool and 
solidify. Before getting too hard it is 
crutclied; that is, beaten so as to perfectly 
mingle all the particles and increase the 
consistency. When sufficiently hardened 
to be quite adhesive, it is cut into bars and 
these are placed on racks to dry; after 
which it is boxed and ready for sale. 

The waste pieces and the nigre —that 
which is dirty or not entirely saponified— 
are subjected to a further process, being 
mingled with the next batch, so that there 
is really no loss except from foreign mat¬ 
ters that have become mingled with the 
original grease. 

The noted Windsor soap—of which very 
little is now imported—is made from the 
whitest and purest mutton tallow. It is 
perfumed with a compound preparation of 
odors, consisting of six parts of caraway 
oil, and two parts of oil of bergamot to one 
thousand parts of soap. 

Floating soaps are made by being beaten 
to a foam in order to enable them to hold 
air. Soap may thus be made of only one- 





52 


UNITED STATES-SOAPS AND PERFUMES. 


half the specific gravity of water. Float¬ 
ing soap is a most delightful toilet article, 
cleaner than almost any other kind, and it 
is somewhat strange that it has not come 
into more general use. 

Soaps are marbleized by the inter¬ 
mingling of solutions of iron. The elegant 
transparent soaps are produced by dissolv¬ 
ing the finest qualities in alcohol, and then 
evaporating the liquor. 

The transparent soaps were first made in 
this country by Mr. CURTIS TAYLOR, 
of Philadelphia; who, we believe, was also 
the first to manufacture the floating soaps. 
Having been shown by his brother, a cake 
of imported floating soap, he carried it off 
in his pocket, and two days after returned 
it with a dozen cakes of his own produc¬ 
tion. He afterward made it in large quan¬ 
tities, but it did not appear to attract as 
much attention as the very splendid trans¬ 
parent article that he was then making. 

Among the manufactures of laundry 
soaps, J. EAVENSON & SONS, of Phila¬ 
delphia, make a fine display of choice bars, 
as also of candles. WM. WRIGLEY & 
CO., of the same place, have soaps and 
washing blueing. DAY & FRICK, of the 
same place, present soaps and polishes for 
paints and metals. 

Of the fancy soaps, C. R. TAYLOR & 
CO., of Philadelphia, successors to CURTIS 
TAP LOR, already named, have a large 
and very elegant display, both of toilet 
soaps and perfumery. The house was 
established in 1820, and has always main¬ 
tained a very high rank for the excellence 
of their manufactures. From the same 
place we have DOBBINS’ electric soap. In 
this exhibit is one cake weighing 1,200 
pounds, and valued at $1,500. THOMAS 
WORSLEY & CO., of the same place, 
have a fine selection from their extensive 
factories. In the center of their exhibit is 
an exact model of the old Independence 
Bell, about two and a half feet high, made 
of dark colored soaps, and standing upon a 
base of pure white. McKEONE, VAN 
HAAGEN & CO., also of Philadelphia, 
have fine toilet, and silk and woolen scour¬ 
ing soaps. Their exhibits are replete with 
every useful and sweet-scented saponaceous 
compound. In the centre is a square col¬ 
umn surmounted by a pillar, the whole be¬ 
ing eight feet high, made of the most 
excellent detergent, and weighing 2,200 
pounds. The house was established in 


1854; uses a very large capital and now 
employs two hundred and fifty men. The 
sales during 1875 amounted to $2,000,000. 

New York is represented by COLGATE 
& CO., whose reputation is not surpassed, 
and whose display of clear, pure, and richly 
perfumed toilet soaps, attracts general ad¬ 
miration. ROBINSON BROTHERS & 
CO., of Boston, display a collection of supe¬ 
rior soaps, arranged with much taste. In 
the line of shaving soaps, J. B. WIL¬ 
LIAMS & CO., of Glastonbury, Conn., pre¬ 
sent a very tempting array to those who 
will persist in wearing smooth and effemi¬ 
nate faces. Besides the above, there are 
several very excellent displays—plenty if 
freely used, to demonstrate that “ cleanli¬ 
ness is next to godliness.” 

Among the ancient Greeks, it was cus¬ 
tomary, after bathing, for both sexes to 
anoint themselves, in order that the skin 
might not be left harsh and rough; 
especially after warm water. Oil is the 
only ointment mentioned by Homer, but in 
later times, precious unguents were used 
for this purpose. But although their orig¬ 
inal object was simply to preserve the 
health and elasticity of the human frame, 
they were in later times used as articles of 
luxury. They were then not only employed 
to impart to the body or hair a particular 
color, but also to give them the most de¬ 
lightful fragrance possible; they were, 
moreover, not merely applied after a bath, 
but at any time, to render one’s appearance 
more pleasant than usual. They were then 
used as oils and pomatums are at present. 
At Rome, these luxuries did not become 
very general till towards the end of the 
republic. It was usual for the wealthy to 
carry their ointments and perfumes with 
them, in small boxes of costly materials 
and beautiful workmanship. 

In the Bible, we find frequent allusions 
to the use of ointments and fragrant spices. 
From those earliest times to the present, 
we learn that perfumes have been most 
extensively manufactured and consumed by 
all nations, although the savage’s idea of 
a delicacy may differ from our own, inas¬ 
much as he is contented with a plentiful 
application of rancid grease. Perfumes 
are now used by all classes, and to supply 
the demand, large factories are found in all 
parts of the country. 

A very unique pavilion shedding more 
than one hundred distinct odors, is shown 






UNITED STATES.-MINOR CHEMICALS. 


by WENCK & CO., of New York. The 
roof is supported by six columns represent¬ 
ing palm trees, and consists of appropriate 
vines and flowers; the counters are papier- 
mache, decorated with designs in bas-relief, 
representing the gathering of flowers and 
the extraction of their perfumes. Their 
wares are handsomely encased and neatly 
arranged. They have a most fragrant 
and lasting new odor, known as the Centen¬ 
nial Bouquet, made upon the spot. Two 
silver-plated perfume fountains, elegantly 
ornamented in gold, form a pleasant fea¬ 
ture of the exhibit. The firm was estab¬ 
lished in 1873, and has a capital of $20,- 
000. From the same city, we have 
YOUNG, LADD & COFFIN, or the 
Landborg’s perfumery. The exhibit is 
covered by a beautiful Persian pavilion, 
florally decorated. In the center stands a 
silver-plated bronze fountain, called a floro- 
delic, of four jets, the design surrounding 
each spray typifying the kind of perfume. 
This is a remarkably fine piece <3f work¬ 
manship, and attracts as much attention for 
the true artist, as does the perfume. The 
firm has been established about twenty 
years. Exhibit valued at $2,500. 

From Boston we have the array of 
JAMES BURNET & CO., who have on 
the right of the exhibit, a small fountain 
continually spouting the richest cologne. 
One female was so anxious to be perfumed, 
that she not only held a dirty handkerchief 
over the jet, but also, first one sleeve of her 
dress and then the other. She would 
probably have added her face and neck, 
had not the exhibitor very properly 
checked her. Notwithstanding the rebuff 
she met, as she retired, she smilingly 
turned to her blushing companion and 
whispered, u Ain’t I sweet ? ” The waste 
by this little jet d ’ eau is about three gallons 
a day. Lowell, Mass., is represented by 
HOYT’S German Cologne, displayed in 
very neatly arranged bottles, filling an 
attractive show case. 

A very pretty display, and of exquisite 
perfumes, is made by LORENZ, of Toledo. 
Rich odors in cut glass bottles, arranged in 
the form of a pagoda. C. B. WOOD- 
WORTH & SON, of Rochester, New York, 
exhibit a collection of their odors and po : 
mades in most elegant cut glass bottles. 
They claim to have 1,187 varieties, and 
their display is valued at $4,000. HENRY 
PETLOW & BRO., of Philadelphia, pre¬ 


sent their superior colognes, extracts, and 
rouges in a very costly elliptical glass case. 
W M. H. SA\ OURNEN, of the same 
city, exhibits pomades, toilet powders, and 
rouges. 

Hie displays on this line are most cer¬ 
tainly of the first quality, and draw the 
constant attention of visitors. Several have 
the privilege of disposing of their merchan¬ 
dise in the building, and are reaping very 
neat sums from their daily sales. 


MINOR CHEMICALS. 

INKS, BAKING POWDERS, POLISHES, 
MATCHES, ETC. 

The class of minor chemicals, as we have 
arranged it, numbers fifty-four exhibitors, 
of whom twenty-three present Inks; nine 
Baking Powders; seven Mucilage; seven 
Polishes or polishing substances, and eight 
Matches. 

Inks were not used in the very early 
ages of the world, though writings were 
common among kings, princes, and priests. 
Yet many great rulers have been unable 
to read or write, and even in their laws 
and edicts, were satisfied with listening to 
what others—frequently slaves—had writ¬ 
ten for them, and to which they gave 
approval by the impression of the royal 
seal at the close of the document. This 
seal was generally cut upon the face of a 
ring worn only by the king. 

The Levitical law was given b. c. 1491, 
and the order then issued to place them 
upon an altar as soon as the Israelites 
should cross the J ordan. The first act of 
Joshua, after the destruction of Ai, forty 
years later, (b. c. 1451,) was to build an 
altar of whole stones, which he plastered 
over, and then wrote thereon a full copy 
of the law. “ There was not a word of all 
that Moses commanded which Joshua read 
not before all the congregation.” Joshua, 
8: 35. 

This was probably painting on stone, 
called writing, though it could scarcely be 
writing as we now understand that word. 
Undoubtedly letters were used, and they 
had been long previous; and we know that 
for ages after the destruction of Ai, the 
writing remained upon the altar in Mount 
Ebal. 

In early days, waxen tablets were em¬ 
ployed, being written upon with a small, 









54 


UNITED STATES.-MINOR CHEMICALS. 


pointed iron, called a stylus. Then the 
bark of various trees were in vogue. 
Later, the ancients used a pen similar to 
that formerly made of the “ grey goose 
quill,” but formed of a hollow reed, sharp¬ 
ened and split at the point. The inks were 
made of various substances. Some of the 
black matter concealed by the sepia, or 
cuttle fish. The term • atramentam , was ap¬ 
plied to any black coloring matter. The 
Greeks had three kinds, one a simple writ¬ 
ing ink, the second used to dye leather, and 
the third employed by painters, though 
supposed to be only a sort of preserving 
varnish. They had also two shades of red 
ink. The inks of the ancients appear to 
have been more durable than our own. 
They were thicker and more unctuous, in 
substance and durability, more resembling 
the printers’ ink of the present day. An 
inkstand was discovered at Herculaneum, 
containing ink as thick as oil, and still usa¬ 
ble for writing. 

The best inks are now prepared with 
nutgalls and copperas. These are made 
copying inks by introducing a small quan¬ 
tity of sugar. An invisible ink is made of 
the juice of wild onions; when written, the 
letters vanish. Held to the fire for a few 
seconds and the lines will appear of a deep 
brown. 

Milk may be used with the same effect. 
In the early excitement regarding coal 
lands in Pennsylvania, when speculators 
were ready to outbid each other in their 
purchases, the value of human milk was 
fully tested in this way. A bargain was 
made for a tract of land at a fixed price 
per acre. When called upon to give a re¬ 
ceipt for $100 on account, the owner was 
perfectly willing, apparently, but there was 
no ink, no paper, no pen. Before these 
could be procured elsewhere, he might run 
to another purchaser and get a higher price. 
Having noticed a young mother with a 
nursing babe in her arms, and a few geese 
near the shantee, a bold resolve was made 
to confirm the sale. Having troubled a 
goose for the loan of a quill, that made a 
good, old fashioned pen; taking a cup from 
the table, the purchaser approached the 
nurse with a delicate request, and turned 
away. In half a minute the cup was hand¬ 
ed to him with about a teaspoonful of the 
required lacteal fluid. With this and the 
borrowed quill, a receipt and agreement to 
sell was written upon the blank page of an 


old letter, while the owner stood laughingby, 
as he saw the pen move, but could discern 
no traces of the writing. When called 
upon to place his name against his seal, he 
promptly signed, though the letters disap¬ 
peared as he wrote. The document was 
then properly witnessed, folded, endorsed, 
and pocketed by the purchaser after hand¬ 
ing over the $100 that bound the bargain. 
Within a few days after this, the original 
owner was offered a handsome advance on 
the price at which he had sold, and would 
have accepted it had he been free. On 
consulting with a lawyer, the latter called 
on the purchaser and was shown the receipt 
which, having been held a few moments to 
the stove, was perfectly legible, and of a, 
rich brown color. The document was de¬ 
clared to be sustainable in law, and after 
paying the attorney five dollars, for what 
he declared was a “ waste of the raw mate¬ 
rial,” the idea of another sale to another 
party was wisely abandoned. 

As printing is almost a modern discovery, 
so is printers" ink. Time and care have 
been largely given to perfect the manufac¬ 
ture of this article. The large demand, 
and the necessity of printing rapidly as 
well as clearly, have produced a competi¬ 
tion that has been beneficial to the trade. 
It is made by boiling the best linseed oil in 
iron vessels; kindling and allowing it to burn 
for a short time. By this means the oil 
acquires the necessary drying quality. 
Rosin is next dissolved in the prepared oil, 
in order to give it body. It now resembles 
Canada balsam. Coloring matters, such as 
lampblack, carmine, Prussian blue, etc., are 
added subsequently, and in accordance with 
the required shade. 

Among the inks in the Main Building, 
JOHN RAYNOLDS, of Philadelphia, 
makes a very neat and varied display. His 
black ink has been on the market since 
I860, and has met large sales. The pecu¬ 
liarity of this compound is that it is 
instantly dark—there is no waiting for 
time to deepen its hue. Mr. R. has also 
colors for maps, and several valuable indel¬ 
ible inks. J. E. HOVER & CO., of the 
same place, exhibit inks of several colors, 
and also very excellent copying inks. 
Their chemical writing fluid has a well es¬ 
tablished reputation. This house was 
founded in 1841, and does an extensive 
business. THAI). DAVIDS & CO., of 
New York, present a goodly array of their 









UNITED STATES.-MINOR CHEMICALS. 


55 


jet black inks. This is also an old house 
of high standing, and their manufactures 
are everywhere approved. J. S. THOMP¬ 
SON, of the same city, shows his “ non¬ 
erasable inks,” of which the display is neat 
and tasteful. MAYNARD & NOYES, of 
Boston, have a large exhibit of their inks— 
articles that have long stood the popular 
test and still enjoy large and wide sales. 
The firm has been in business since 1816, 
and has held a very high rank during the 
whole of those fifty years. CARTER, 
DINSMORE & CO., also of Boston, show 
fine selections from their stock. To illus¬ 
trate the power of their mucilage, of which 
they are extensive manufacturers—their 
exhibit is surmounted by an image of a 
darkey, endeavoring to release an unwary 
customer who has unfortunately seated 
himself upon a box over which a bottle of 
the “sticky stuff” had been spilled. The 
contest is “pants vs. glue,” and glue has it. 
ROSS & STOW, and the CONTINEN¬ 
TAL MANUFACTURING CO.,, both of 
Philadelphia, show fine indelible inks; 
while CHAS. E. JOHNSON & CO., and 
J. K. WRIGHT & CO., of the same city, 
as well as GEO. MATHER’S SONS, of 
New York, present rich, strong, heavy, and 
brilliant printing inks. FRANCIS & 
LOUTREL, of New York, exhibit copy- 
able printing inks, made by a process 
patented in 1872. These inks can be used 
upon any ordinary copying press. They 
are strongly recommended, and if all that 
is claimed for them can be secured, they 
must prove extremely valuable to the mer¬ 
chant as well as to the printer. 

“A little leaven leaveneth the whole 
lump,” so says Scripture, and it has always 
been found true. They had yeast for 
leaven away back in the far off ages. 
Whether it was known before the flood, 
does not appear; but father Noah found it 
out after he had lived five hundred years, 
and escaped drowning. “ He planted a 
vineyard; and he drank of the wine and 
was drunken.” In fermenting his wine, he 
made yeast, or leaven. 

The production of yeast is caused by the 
spontaneous exercise of chemical affinity in 
a vegetable substance, or solution, in con¬ 
sequence of which the properties are mate¬ 
rially or totally changed. In vinous fer¬ 
mentation, alcohol takes the place of the 
sugar of the grape, or other vegetable sub¬ 
stance. Brewer’s yeast is produced from 


the fermentation of malted barley—that is, 
grain that has been allowed to germinate 
through heat and moisture. This is the 
substance used in making bread, and is 
very largely employed in the vicinity of 
breweries. But there are distant localities 
where the procuring of leaven is difficult; 
and this has induced several enterprising 
firms to engage in the manufacture of yeast 
or baking powders. So largely have these 
been distributed, and so highly successful, 
that the market is now filled with them. 
The brewery is no longer sought by bread- 
makers. 

The companies displaying yeast powders 
have made their exhibits quite attractive. 
The TWIN BROTHERS’ YEAST, of 
Waterloo, (but having their principal office 
in New York, present their merchandise 
in paper and wooden boxes; to which they 
have added a fine picture of a double por¬ 
trait, representing their trade-mark. The 
ROYAL BAKING POWDER CO., of 
New York, makes an extensive display of 
their commodity. DOOLEY & BRO., of 
New York; PRESTON & MERRILL, of 
Boston; and SMITH, HAN WAY & CO., 
of Baltimore, add largely to the general 
collection. The CREAM PUFF BAK¬ 
ING YEAST POWDER CO., of Phila¬ 
delphia, offer a broad stock of elevating 
material, and E. MOCKRIDGE & CO., 
of the same city, have christened their 
production as Azumea. Why so called, 
we know not, though it is very highly ap¬ 
proved and meets ready sales. 

Of cleansing materials and polishes, there 
are some valuable compounds. Polishing 
has become extremely necessary since the 
introduction of brass, iron, and silver in 
the manufacture of machinery, large as 
well as small. 

The brass-topped andirons and the sil¬ 
ver-mounted fenders of forty years ago, 
were dressed every morning with whiting 
or pumice-stone. Though the bright fire- 
dogs have nearly disappeared, door-knobs, 
plates, knives, forks, and spoons,—to say no¬ 
thing of the general furniture mountings,— 
require polish. In some establishments it 
is rub, rub, rub, from morning till night. 
The hotels, steamboats, and locomotives re¬ 
quire an enormous amount of rubbing. 
He is a sorry engineer who neglects to 
polish the machinery. And household rub¬ 
bing has increased as extravagant fashions 
have crept in upon the people. 


I 










56 


UNITED STATES.-MINOR CHEMICALS. 


All these improvements or mere luxuries 
have caused a demand for polishing liquids 
and powders, and they have been furnish¬ 
ed. D. D. WILLIAMSON, of New York, 
presents cleansing powders, neatly arranged 
and shown to advantage; also, said to be 
very superior. ARTHUR B. MORRI¬ 
SON, of Portland, Maine, exhibits his re¬ 
storative for cleansing jewelry, that re¬ 
moves all accumulations and renews the 
finest polish without injury. CONDIT, 
HANSEN & CO., of Newark, New Jer¬ 
sey, have a preparation for similar pur¬ 
poses, that has made quite a sensation 
among jewelers. FRANCIS D. LEIDY, 
of Philadelphia, presents washing crystals, 
a kind of soap powder, that polishes the 
bosoms of shirts. EASTMAN & BROOKS, 
and DAY & FRICK, of the same place, 
have polishing washing blue, and polishing 
for cleaning paints. GEO. A. BASSETT, 
of Washington City, has an exhibit of 
laundry gloss. MRS. RUE, of Philadel¬ 
phia, has furniture polish; L. BRANDEIS 
& CO., of New York, bronze powders; 
JOHN PARSONS, of New York, silver 
powders; while SIMON S. MEYERS pre¬ 
sents stove polish, and GEO. A. MOSS his 
fine shoe blacking. In the line of shoe 
blacking and French shoe polish (liquid), 
there were several highly interesting dis¬ 
plays. 

In this class we reach now the entertain¬ 
ing displays of the match-makers. Not 
the hymeneal, but that sulphuretted mer¬ 
chandise that kindles our fires and lights 
our lamps—that serves to spring bright¬ 
ness from obscurity and prevents our 
breaking our necks by a precipitous incli¬ 
nation upon the back stairs—always dark 
as a dungeon, and made very steep because 
the space was wanted in the rooms below 
and above. When will more regard for 
comfort, and less for show, become the 
active principles of our architects ? 

There scarcely appears anything record¬ 
ed in history by which we might conclude 
that some article was used as a match, for 
the purpose of readily igniting or for con¬ 
veying light from place to place. There 
were shovels and tongs in the ancient days, 
and the probability is that live coals were 
transported by them. That was the mode 
in this country only fifty years ago. Stoves 
were not tolerated in churches half a cen¬ 
tury back. True, there were foot-stoves, 
little sheet-iron affairs, that were filled with 


wood coals, and carried by hand to the 
“ meetin’-house.” When there, and one 
good brother had warmed his feet after a 
tramp through the snow, he passed it to 
his wife or next neighbor. And the fumes 
of charcoal stifled the congregation. 

But how was fire lighted ? By wooden 
curls, about six inches long and a quarter 
thick, rolled up in a pigtail twist, and hav¬ 
ing either end dipped in pure, suffocating 
brimstone. The sulphur made a heavy 
coating and held fire. Then came the 
tinder-box and the flint and steel. This 
box was of tin, and had two apartments, 
covered by one lid. In one was placed 
some charred rags,—called tinder,—that 
readily caught a spark; -while the other 
held the flint and a piece of smooth steel. 
The matches were kept separate, because 
they were considered extremely dangerous. 

Woe to the man of the house if the tin¬ 
der gave out and he neglected to replenish 
it in time. People rose earlier in those 
days than they now do, and one hour be¬ 
fore light would find the mistress or a 
servant pounding the flint with the heavy 
steel, and watching each spark as it de¬ 
scended to the tinder to see the moment 
that one caught. Many a finger has been 
crippled by this daily labor, and many an 
objurgation not strictly pious has gone up 
over the task of getting a fire without tinder. 

When at last the spark caught, the sul¬ 
phur match was applied and rubbed till a 
flame sprang up on its yellow end. W ith 
plenty of kindling, the labor was now over, 
and there was rejoicing in the kitchen. 

About the year 1826—just fifty years 
since—phosphoric matches were introduced. 
The matches were of sulphur, and placed 
in a long box, at the end of which was a 
small vial of liquid phosphorus. Remov¬ 
ing the cork, and thrusting one of the 
matches into the vial, it became slowly 
ignited. These were sold high. When 
first introduced, they retailed at about 
twenty-five cents a box. Shortly after this 
the lucifer matches came up. These were 
full of sulphur, and had phosphorus on 
the end, which ignited by friction. Next 
came a ruder match known as the locofoco, 
very similar, but furnished at more reason¬ 
able rates. Since that time the trade in 
matches has greatly increased, while the 
prices have gradually dropped off, until 
now boxes containing 500 matches can be 
had singly at twelve to fourteen cents. 






57 


UNITED STATES.—SPRINGS, BATHS, MINERAL-WATERS. 


Before the trade became fairly settled, 
several lawsuits were prosecuted to deter¬ 
mine the ownership of certain patent rights 
connected with the manufacture, and it 
was asserted that some of these contests 
were prosecuted merely as blinds to pre¬ 
vent others from engaging in a cheap and 
lucrative business. The match is now 
made almost entirely by machinery, so 
that the actual cost of production is very 
trifling. 

A very fine display of drawing-room and 
sulphur marches is made by the BARBER 
MATCH CO., of Akron, Ohio. These are 
put up neatly and well arranged. TOY, 
BICKFORD & CO., of Simsbury, Conn., 
make a fine exhibition of their safety 
fuses. The AMERICAN MATCH CO., 
of New York, show wax matches, tapers, 
etc. These companies are all well estab¬ 
lished and have secured large sales for 
their goods. The AMERICAN CALCI¬ 
UM LIGHT CO., of Philadelphia, fre¬ 
quently display the power of their appara¬ 
tus; and it is certainly the most dazzling 
in the exhibition. It consists of two re¬ 
ceivers, to contain, one hydrogen, the other 
oxygen. A tube from each leads to a 
small jet, where they are mixed and burn¬ 
ed, producing the hottest flame known. A 
piece of calcium held in the flame attains 
a white heat, emitting a most brilliant 
light. 

Other match companies will be found 
noticed in other portions of this work, and 
the AMERICAN FUSE CO., of Erie, 
Penn., under a separate heading. 


SPRINGS, BATHS, MINERAL-WATERS. 

Of these there are only nine exhibitors, 
and yet the displays are among the most 
deeply interesting in the Main Building. 

From time immemorial health-seekers 
have delighted in mineral springs. Three 
hundred and fifty years before the Chris¬ 
tian era, Aristotle wrote a book upon the 
mineral springs of Sicily, though there is 
no evidence of his having possessed more 
than a very superficial knowledge of the 
properties of the waters he attempted to 
describe. Analysis was at that period en¬ 
tirely unknown, so that the actual proper¬ 
ties of the waters could not be chemically 
ascertained. Indeed, it is only during the 
present century that any perfect analyses 
have been given to the world. i 

4 


Remarkable and widely different springs 
have been found in ail parts of the globe. 
In . Iceland there are intermittent hot 
springs that have been classed among the 
wonders of the world. The silicious de¬ 
posits of the Great Geyser have formed for 
it an oval basin having diameters of forty- 
six and fifty-six feet. The shaft or pit in 
the center of this great oval, is ten feet in 
diameter; and through this the water rises 
j at. intervals, filling and overflowing the 
mighty basin. AY hen the reservoir is filled 
explosions are heard coming up from be¬ 
neath the waters, and resembling distant 
thunder. 

The water is next lifted bodily—the 
earth trembles—the explosions are repeated 
more frequently—until suddenly the whole 
mass is forced upward from thirty to ninety 
feet, while volumes of steam roll out in 
vaporous clouds that are tossed in fury 
overhead. The explosions soon cease, 
when the basin and even the pit are found 
entirely empty. 

The Tunguhver. —The most interesting 
of the springs of Iceland, is the new Gey¬ 
ser, known as the Tunguhver. There are 
two cavities only one yard apart, that boil 
alternately. One rises in a single, narrow 
jet, ten feet high, while the other cavity is 
full of boiling water. This jet continues 
active about four minutes, and then sub¬ 
sides; when the water in the other rises 
immediately in a thicker column, to the 
height of three or four feet. This contin¬ 
ues about three minutes, when the first 
again rises. This double action is contin¬ 
uous. 

Other Springs.— A spring at. Como, in 
Italy, rises and falls every hour. One at 
Colmars, in Provence, rises and falls eight 
times every hour. In* England and the 
United States are many springs that rise 
and fall with every tide. The village of 
Cold Spring, on the Hudson, takes its 
name from a spring that stands nearly at 
the freezing point during the hottest sum¬ 
mer months. The supply never fails, and 
the water is remarkably pure and refresh¬ 
ing. At "Watertown, in the State of New 
York, on the bank of the Black River, 
there is a- cave running into the ground 
scarcely below the level of the earth; and 
at a spring within fifty feet of the en¬ 
trance, good, solid ice is formed during the 
whole year. 

The night previous to the battle of Get- 















58 


UNITED STATES.-SPRINGS, BATHS, MINERAL-WATERS. 


tysburg found many of our soldiers pros¬ 
trated by sudden illness produced from 
drinking the waters of a certain spring. 
At first it was rumored that the spring 
had been poisoned, but subsequent inquiry 
disclosed the fact that it was mineral. 
The waters having been chemically tested 
were found to be medicinally valuable, 
and, principally through the exertions of 
Mr. McPherson, of Pennsylvania, a com¬ 
pany was formed with a capital of $25,000, 
for the purpose of bringing them into 
notice. This company, known as the 
GETTYSBURG KATALYSINE CO., 
have a goodly stock of their waters on 
hand, and they are highly approved. 

As water is composed of oxygen and 
hydrogen, it was necessary that chemists 
should know the exact proportions of each 
gas; and yet it was not until as late as 
1820, that MM. Dulong and Berzelius 
gave the true proportions, by weight, 8.009 
parts of oxygen to 1 of hydrogen—so near 
8 to 1, that this formula has since been 
assumed. The matter was re-investigated 
in 1848 by M. Dumas, and the above re¬ 
sult fully confirmed. By measure , the pro¬ 
portion is one volume of oxygen to two of 
hydrogen. 

Ancient Baths. —The Phoenician baths 
were little heated closets where perspira¬ 
tion was produced by hot air alone. They 
were mere styes—weakening to the pa¬ 
tients, and abominable to the olfactories. 
The Greeks improved the method of bath¬ 
ing, and threw around it a scientific cover¬ 
ing, though it was an expensive luxury. 
With the Greek literature the Romans re¬ 
ceived the Greek bath, and it became 
national. Baths were used among both 
Greeks and Romans as curative, but like 
the Virginia landlord, who, on being taught 
Plow to make a mint-julep, “ate grass till he 
died,” both nations practiced on hot and 
cold water, until the races became enervate 
nnd effeminate. 

The Balneum, or Balineum , was a bath¬ 
ing vessel found in most of the Roman 
houses, and came to mean what we now 
call the bath-room. Generally the Balnece 
assumed larger proportions and embraced 
a variety of diverse apartments. Subse¬ 
quently they grew to be bathing places , 
and we are told that in one of them thir¬ 
teen thousand persons could bathe at once. 
For private bathing the Greeks used a 
vessel similar to that now known among 


us as the hat-bath. The warm baths of 
Athens were condemned by Socrates and 
Demosthenes as only leading to luxury 
and enervation. The Lacedaemonians em¬ 
braced the same views, and took daily 
their cold plunge in the Eurotas. 

Roman baths became common to the 
sexes, where for a small fee all could lave 
together. The practice was forbidden by 
Adrian and M. Aurelius, while Alexander 
Severus prohibited the Balneae from being 
used in common. Gradually the nature 
of the bath was extended so as to include 
hot, cold, tepid, and air, wdth scrubbing 
and currying. 

The Roman bathers used a razor-shaped 
knife, known as strigiles, and far from dull, 
for the purpose of removing the foul secre¬ 
tions of the skin. It had a hollow handle 
through which the thumb passed, and was 
provided with a narrow tube from which 
exuded drop by drop richly-perfumed oil. 
Thus was the entire surface of the body 
delicately anointed. 

Therm,e were built by the wealthy and 
noble for more than is expressed in the 
name. Besides warm baths, they were 
provided with apartments for the philos¬ 
ophers and rhetoricians to lecture in— 
porticos as lounging places for the idle, 
and libraries for the learned. The grounds 
were filled with shaded walks, and these 
adorned with statuary and fountains. M. 
Agrippa, in the reign of Augustus, was 
the first who gave these luxuries to his 
countrymen, by bequeathing to the people 
the thermae and gardens which he had 
erected in the Campus Martius. Nero, 
and afterward, Titus, followed the example 
of Agrippa. Thermae were also erected 
by Trajan, Caracalla, and Diocletian. Of 
the last two the remains or ruins still 
exist. 

But the Romans, after carrying the bath 
to extreme indulgence, began to look for 
something beyond either the public or pri¬ 
vate lavatories. They left their immedi¬ 
ate country and wandered to Aachen, i. e., 
Aix-la-Chapelle, where they found warm 
springs having a steady temperature of 
111° to 114° Fahr.—to Baden-Baden, 
where the heat of the saline springs vary 
from 117° to 154° Fahr., and to Bath, in 
England, where the hot springs are saline 
and chalybeate, with a temperature rang¬ 
ing between 90° and 117° Fahr. Ener¬ 
vated by continual boiling in the dirty water 




UNITED STATES. SPRINGS, BATIIS, MINERAL-WATERS. 


59 


of the Tiber, they were compelled to seek 
health at foreign medicinal springs. 

Some of the now most celebrated springs, 
such as Carlsbad, Kissingen, and Ems, 
were known and much frequented five 
hundred years ago. Others, such as Hom- 
berg, Vichy, Wiesbaden, date their fame 
from a later period. As the baths of the 
ancients became the resorts of the wealthy 
and the learned, so have the modern springs 
attracted the rich and noble. The springs 
of Europe, like our own Saratoga and 
Ballston, are the centers where thousands 
rusticate during a short summer season as 
much for recreation and amusement as for 
the beneficial effects of the noted waters. 
In Europe, diplomats gather at popular 
watering places, where the result of their 
conferences is often to set the world on 
fire through a mere spark of pride that 
might have been crushed by the utterance 
of a single kind word. 

It was at Ems, during the summer of 
1870, that the French ambassador of 
Napoleon III made an offensive demand 
of King Wilhelm during a season of joyous 
hilarity, which demand led to the war that 
drove Napoleon from his throne—prostrated 
the French people—made Wilhelm Emperor 
of all Germany, and materially diminished 
the map of France. 

Toward the close of the last century 
soda-water—common water impregnated 
with carbonic acid gas—was introduced in 
France and England; and in 1816 was 
made in this country. We believe Phila¬ 
delphia has the credit of first producing 
this article for sale. It was then drank 
plain, but very soon syrups were added, 
and now the article can be had of a thou¬ 
sand different flavors. Its production was 
the first approach toward imitation mineral 
waters. Still, this was but an advance—the 
full manufacture of artificial mineral waters 
was the discovery of Dr. Fr. A. Struve, 
who in 1820 established his drink-halls , at 
Dresden. These resorts have now become 
famous, and through his efforts and those 
of his son, similar establishmets have been 
opened in all the great cities of Germany ; 
where all known mineral waters are care¬ 
fully imitated. They are made only by 
licensed chemists, and are subject to con¬ 
stant governmental supervision. Even our 
own celebrated Congress water may be 
found at the German drink-halls. These 
waters are now made in various cities of our 


country, and the manufacturers are well 
patronized. 

The first to commence the manufacture 
of artificial mineral waters in New York, 
was Dr. Hanbury Smith, who began in 
1856. It was some years before he could 
realize any large profits from his venture. 
The idea was new, but gradually our people 
began to indulge in these harmless and 
healthful drinks. Four or five years later, 
Shultz & Warker struck the same line of 
trade, and have made it exceedingly profit¬ 
able. The business is now conducted by 
CARL H. SHULTZ, whose exhibit is very 
attractive. 

When first made, the waters were sent 
over in the long stone bottles of the 
German chemists. Since then the French 
syphon bottle has been used, from which 
the water can be drawn a glass at a time, 
without any loss of the sparkling gas. Mr. 
Schultz shows at the Centennial his syphon 
bottles; well and strongly made. 

In 1857, Dr. George Wieber, from the 
universities of Marburg, Giessen, and Halle, 
came to America; and in 1865 opened a 
laboratory in W illiamsburgh, (Brooklyn, E. 
D.) New York, for the express purpose of 
manufacturing these waters. His long 
course of study at the eminent colleges of 
Germany, well fitted him for the task, and 
he soon found a very large demand for his 
preparations. His syphon bottles soon 
filled Brooklyn, and were sought for in 
New York. Many others have since 
engaged in the manufacture, but too many 
offer only flavored soda-waters, that are 
merely palatable and of but little value 
except as mere beverages. BOLEN & 
BYRNE, of New York, have a large dis¬ 
play of artificial mineral waters and granular 
effervescing salts, by which any known 
water can be imitated almost immediately. 
These salts have taken the place of syphons 
to a certain extent, but the latter have a 
strong hold upon the fancy, and an agree¬ 
able freshness that makes them popular. 
They meet large sales, however, in distant 
places, where it would not be profitable to 
send syphons. 

Analysis is that branch of science which 
enables us to detect the components of 
various bodies, and in as delicate an object 
as water, has to be most carefully conducted. 
We must not only ascertain the true com¬ 
pounds, but their amounts must be accurate¬ 
ly determined. The difference of the one- 






60 


UNITED STATES.-SPRINGS, BATHS, MINERAL-WATERS. 


hundredth part of a grain in a pint of 
water may produce so serious an error that 
the conscientious chemist will not proceed 
until certain of his absolute weights. Even 
then there are a thousand slight points to 
be watched, such as too rapid evaporation 
and the passing over of solids, etc., that 
hold him in constant check. 

Synthesis is the process by which the 
chemist reproduces that which he has just 
destroyed; and here come in the difficult 
niceties of compounding, and the liability 
of variation in his delicate manipulations. 
Neither process can be hurried. Allow¬ 
ances are to be made for mere traces. 
There can be no such thing as guess-work 
—all must be the result of actual compound¬ 
ing, and this repeated until a mistake 
becomes impossible. 

Mineral spring waters contain different 
solid substances (salts) and gases. Carbonic 
acid gas, found in all the springs, consists 
of carbonium and oxygenium (C0 2 ). 
"Water absorbs under one atmosphere its 
volume of this gas ; and still more under 
a greater pressure, even until twenty 
volumes are reached. With one glass of 
water from the fountain or from a syphon 
bottle, we receive from eight to ten glasses 
of the gas. When drawn, we may see it 
escape in the form of pearls rising rapidly 
in the glass. 

To make soda-water, marbledust (which 
is carbonate of lime) is mixed with water 
and put into a strong iron fountain, called 
a generator. On the top of this, and con¬ 
nected with it, is the acid chamber contain¬ 
ing sulphuric or muriatic acid, which, 
when cautiously opened, allows the acid to 
drop slowly into the charged generator. 
Carbonic acid gas (a very weak acid) is 
expelled by the stronger sulphuric acid, 
which forms, with the lime, sulphate of 
lime; and compels the carbonic acid gas to 
escape through a pipe connected with an 
air-tight fountain containing water and 
some salts for the purpose of washing the 
gas. From this it passes through another 
pipe in the water fountain, in which, by 
agitation (with a pump or otherwise), 
always under high pressure, it is absorbed 
by the water, and forms soda-water. This 
last contains nothing beyond water and 
gas, and leaves no residuum when evapo¬ 
rated. 

Artificial mineral water is made in the 
same manner, with the addition of salts 


which constitute the various spring waters 
in solution. These must be added in such 
manner and quantities as to form the exact 
composition of the natural waters. It is 
impossible to put the various salts into the 
water in the form in which the analysis 
has disclosed them. Some must be formed 
by decomposition, and it is here that the 
knowledge, thought, and care of the experi¬ 
enced chemist is most required. His 
synthesis must be accurate, or the decompo¬ 
sition will, not produce the exact propor¬ 
tions required by the analysis. 

Perhaps the most celebrated mineral 
spring-water in the world is the Setters 
water. Two small villages of this name, 
known as Upper and Lower Setters, within 
a mile and a half of each other, are situ¬ 
ated twenty-three miles north of Mayence, 
in the duchy of Nassau, in Germany. 
Lower Setters is in the valley of the Taurus 
mountains, and has a population of only 
about one thousand. In this town is the 
celebrated spring that lias been known for 
more than one thousand years. In 1712 
this spring was leased for two guilders and 
twenty kreutzers a year—rather less than 
one dollar of our money. Some years ago 
it was re-leased at one hundred thousand 
guilders a year. The lessees ship annually 
throughout the world three million of their 
peculiar, long, stone bottles of the water. 
And yet it is asserted on good authority, 
that ten times as much artificial Selters 
water is used in Germany alone, and a 
large portion of it in the immediate vicin¬ 
ity of the natural spring. 

The contents of Selters water, accord¬ 
ing to the analysis of Kastner, gives 33^ 
grains of solid substances in one pint. It 
contains:— 


Chloride of Sodium,. 17 2285 

Chloride of Potassium,. 0.2890 

Sulphate of Sodium,. 0 2615 

Phosphate of Lime,. 0.0004 

Phosphate of Alumina,. 0.0002 

Phosphate of Soda,. 0.2615 

Fluoride of Lime,. 0.0016 

Bicarbonate of Soda,. 9.7741 

Bicarbonate of Lime,. 2.6678 

Bicarbonate of Magnesia,. 2.5586 

Bicarbonate of Iron-suboxide,. 0.1088 

Bicarbonate of Manganese-suboxide,. 0.0032 

Bromide of Sodium,. 0.0002 

Silica, . 0.2500 

Total grains,. 33.4054 


Besides these solid contents, the water 
has carbonic acid gas, nitrogenium, and 
oxygenium. The analysis exhibits chlo- 




















UNITED STATES.-FURNITURE. 


61 


ride of sodium—our common salt—and 
the bicarbonates, soda, lime, and magnesia, 
as predominant. Artificial Selters possesses 
more of the gas, and is therefore pleasanter 
to the taste. Selters water is not used for 
bathing, and slightly employed medicinally, 
yet it is largely consumed as a beverage, 
either pure or mixed with Rhine wine. 
Its medical properties are resolvent and 
diuretic. It is indicated in chronic dis¬ 
eases of the lungs and larynx, and espe¬ 
cially in the treatment of convalescents 
from pneumonia. 

Our native Selters is the water of Con¬ 
gress spring at Saratoga—known to all our 
people. But even this is very closely im¬ 
itated in the Struve drink-halls, so that 
Americans traveling- in Europe have no 
difficulty in obtaining Congress water.* 

According to Schweitzer, one pint of 
Congress water, by analysis, contains :— 


• 

Chloride of Ammonium,. 0.0326 

Chloride of Potassium,. 1.G256 

Chloride of Sodium,..19 6053 

Iodide of Sodium,. 0.0046 

Bromide of Sodium,. 0.1G13 

Carbonate of Soda,. 0.8261 

Carbonate of Lime,. 5.8531 

Carbouate of Magnesia,. 4.11-55 

Carbonate of Strontia,. 0.0672 

Carbonate of Protoxide of Iron, . 0.0173 

Carbonate of Protoxide of Manganese, .... 0.0202 

Sulphate of Potassa,. 0.1379 

Kitrate of Magnesia,. 0.1004 

Alumina,. 0.0069 

Silica,. 0-1112 

Total grains,.32.7452 


Congress water is a very mild cathartic. 
There are many springs at Saratoga and 
Ballston, of different combinations. 

The Saratoga waters are displayed by 
A. R. LAWRENCE & CO., of Saratoga 
Springs, and by the CHAMPION SPOUT¬ 
ING- "SPRING CO., of the same place. 
These are knowm to be genuine, and by 
many are preferred to the artificial com¬ 
pounds. 

There is an exhibit that attracts large 
numbers of invalids. A. J. MYERS, of 
Shenandoah Alum Springs, Va., makes a 
fine display of mineral-waters from that 
locality. He has chalybeate, iron, and sul- 


* The Eaux de Seitz sold largely in Paris, con¬ 
tains no salts. There is a place called “ Seitz,” 
but it has no mineral spring. Hence a, French 
geographical blunder. The Eaux de Seitz is merely 
soda-water, and when already mixed with choice 
syrups and bottled, is called limonade gaseuze. Large 
quantities of a similar beverage are made and sold 
in all our large cities. 


phur waters. The Shenandoah springs are 
quite noted, and are approved by the med¬ 
ical faculty. 

r l he stomach is a natural laboratory, and 
as much subject to derangement and explo¬ 
sions as the laboratory of the pyrotechnist. 
Because a given quantity of a specific rem¬ 
edy produces beneficial effects, the un¬ 
thoughtful practitioner imagines that a 
larger dose will act quickly. The argu¬ 
ment is false in opium, tartar-emetic, and 
a score of other remedies. Chemistry has 
determined this, and physicians have been 
obliged to recognize it. The disciples of 
Hahnemann have made terrible inroads up¬ 
on old systems. Though not all convinced, 
even our heroic doctors admit that too 
much drugging has injured practice. The 
introduction of mineral-waters, both nat¬ 
ural and artificial, has been of the largest 
benefit to suffering humanity. The dis¬ 
eased were being dosed to death. Opium, 
calomel, and the lancet, created as well as 
cured disease, and their free use always 
impaired the constitution. 

We have dwelt at some length upon this 
subject, as the health of the people rests 
upon it. It has not received the attention 
it deserved, and we were surprised to see 
so small a number of exhibitors. Of one 
thing we are certain; among the people the 
introduction of mineral-waters has been of 
great value, and is daily more and more 
approved. 


FURNITURE. 

Every conceivable form and every style 
of furniture, from the old-fashioned pine 
table to the straight backs of Elizabeth 
and the grand modern sideboards, are to 
be found here. The exhibitors number 
three hundred and fifty-two. Most of them 
show general articles, though a few are con¬ 
fined to specialties. It is difficult to separate 
the wares so that they may be classified ; 
yet we have endeavored to do so. Of 
manufacturers of parlor furniture there 
are thirty-two; of chamber, sixty-two; of 
dining-room, thirty-five; of kitchen, forty- 
four; of window shades and fixtures, thir¬ 
ty-eight; of lawn chairs and carriages, 
fourteen; of opera chairs, twelve; of 
traveling seats, four; of church and school- 
house requisites, ten; of billiard tables, 
eight; of lamps, lanterns, and attachments, 
forty-two; of carved works and special 

























62 


UNITED STATES.-FUKNITURE. 


decorations, fifteen; of rolling chairs, one: 
the remaining twenty-five being variously 
distributed in solitary items or special 
classes. Like every other branch in the 
Main Building, each manufacturer has 
produced his best wares. Taken together, 
as a whole, it forms the richest display of 
the best-made furniture ever exhibited in 
the country. 

Philadelphia has forty exhibitors of fur¬ 
niture, and New York city has thirty-one; 
Boston, six; Chicago, five; Cincinnati, 
four; Hartford, Conn., Detroit, and Grand 
Rapids, each two. The rest are scattered 
throughout the country. 

The style of the dress of the people of 
different civilized nations undergoes a 
complete change every few years. Those 
who claim to be well informed upon the sub¬ 
ject, tell us that a new style becomes fash¬ 
ionable, and most completely obliterates 
all traces of its immediate predecessor, at 
regular periods of seven years each. The 
new favorite may be original, or, as is fre¬ 
quently the case, it may be one that died 
long ago, and is now being resurrected. 
The gradation from one to the other is al¬ 
most imperceptible, and not faiiy compre¬ 
hended until the perfected new costume 
confronts us. Obsolete fashions are al¬ 
ways pronounced monstrosities, and yet 
authorities inform us that at stated inter¬ 
vals fashions repeat themselves, and there- [ 
fore it would be advisable for the most de-1 
voted followers not to denounce cld friends | 
too freely. The alterations in furniture j 
are as decided in their operations, as fre¬ 
quent in their occurrence, and require as 
much attention from their followers, as the 
changes in costume. To define the techni¬ 
cal names of the various styles, and accu¬ 
rately describe their characteristics, would 
furnish matter sufficient to fill a large vol¬ 
ume. In the following remarks we will, 
therefore, confine ourselves to the United 
States, and let the European furniture rest 
upon the reputation it has gained during 
the past centuries. 

The homes of the poorer portion of the 
early settlers in this country were fur¬ 
nished in the rudest manner, and in most 
instances an axe and hammer were the 
only instruments the pioneer had with 
which to construct the necessary articles. 
The residences of the more wealthy were 
adorned with all the magnificence obtaina¬ 
ble in the old country. It was not until 


the present century that machinery was 
introduced into the manufacture; previous 
to this all the work was done by hand, 
and the superbly carved articles that, when 
now offered for sale bring such fabulous 
prices, were the offsprings of unrivaled 
patience and artistic skill. Owing to this, 
patterns were then more numerous, as each 
artisan worked out his own fancy, or the 
whim of his employer. The remarka¬ 
ble cheapness of the most desirable 
woods, made the demand for veneered 
work very small, and resulted in the pro¬ 
duction of furniture of such substantial 
structure as to last for centuries. 

The bedsteads of our grandparents 
and great grandparents 'were commonly 
“ four-posters; ” that is, they consisted 
of four tall, carved, or turned posts, 
into which the side and end pieces 
were framed. These posts often supported 
a slight wooden frame, called a “ tester,” 
from which the curtains depended, and 
which last, in opulent families, were of 
costly materials, delicately embroidered. 
The chairs were of hard wood—maple, 
oak, cherry, or mahogany—with seats of 
the same, or cushioned. Much skill and 
taste was displayed in the carvings on the 
straight-backed parlor chairs, some of 
which were finer than those now in vogue. 
The rocking-chair is truly an American 
invention, and dates back to the closing 
years of the eighteenth century. An im¬ 
provement upon the wooden or wicker 
chair-seat was the seat of straw or rushes, 
woven together in four divisions, which 
converged to the middle. The cane seat 
was of later date, and is now used exten¬ 
sively. Tables of all kinds were made of 
woods like the chairs, and in the earliest 
years small tables were hinged to the wall, 
with a leg hung underneath to support it. 
Some of the oldest center and dining-ta¬ 
bles were enormously heavy, being almost 
as substantially framed as a house, and 
having curiously complicated legs to up¬ 
hold the leaves. Some of these articles 
are stilx in existence, and have been con¬ 
stantly in use for many generations. The 
present “extension-table,” now so fre¬ 
quently found in our dining-rooms, was 
first patented in 1843. 

Originally the sideboard was considered 
indispensable in the dining-room, and be¬ 
sides furnishing a place of deposit for th > 
table-linen, silver ware, &c., always sup- 











UNITED STATES.-FURNITURE. 


63 


ported decanters of wine and baskets of 
cake and fruit. Useful as they were, they 
passed out of date, and for many years 
were scarcely ever seen except among old, 
substantial families, where comfort always 
takes the place of fastidious show. Re¬ 
cently, however, they are again in vogue, 
and the improved sideboards are of better 
shapes; more complete in their appoint¬ 
ments, and generally of very elegant finish, 
being adorned with rich panel work and 
heavy carvings. 

The old style bureaus, or “chests of 
drawers,” w~ere made on a much larger 
scale than at present, sometimes reaching 
far toward the ceiling, and containing a 
great many large and small drawers. 
Some of them were built like the old Dutch 
roofs with two pitches from the top. Oth¬ 
ers had regular Mansard roofs, with petty 
boxes like loopholes for separate de¬ 
positories. Again, they were often orna¬ 
mented in a peculiar manner at the han¬ 
dles and key-holes, with brass escutcheons 
elaborately and fancifully carved. 

The movable washstands were in keep¬ 
ing with the rest of the furniture, though 
they have now been replaced where aque¬ 
duct water is obtainable, by stationary 
stands, very elegantly fitted with marble 
tops, sunken basins, and hot and cold wa¬ 
ter faucets. 

Carpets -were comparatively little used, 
people being contented with a clean floor, 
well sanded. Rag carpets soon became 
general for coverings for the floors of par¬ 
lors and best rooms. Ingrain carpets 
from England and Scotland were early in¬ 
troduced, though for a long time not fa¬ 
vorably received. It is as rare now to see 
an uncarpeted house as it was then to have 
all the floors covered. 

The manufacture of furniture has ad¬ 
vanced with remarkable rapidity within 
the last half century. Fifty years ago the 
cabinet-maker—that being the common 
name given to those who confined their 
labor to household furniture—had a 
branch exclusively his own; and he con¬ 
fined himself to his calling. The carpen¬ 
ter was a very different person, and among 
good cabinet-makers, the mere carpenter 
was considered as quite an inferior work¬ 
man. 

Carpentering meant the coarser work of 
house-building, while cabinet-making re¬ 
ferred particularly to furniture and the 


doors, windows, and finer work of the best 
class houses. The separation of these 
trades continues still, but is not so marked 
as in former years. Such has been the 
improvement in wood-working tools, that 
in many districts cabinet-making requires 
but little artistic skill. 

Fifty years ago cabinet work was solid— 
that is, there was very little veneering, 
the front wood went through—there was 
no curl only skin deep as there now is. 
About the year 1825, a Mr. Richardson, of 
Philadelphia, introduced the circular saws, 
and the firm of Taylor, Richardson & Co. 
erected what were then called “ Mahogany 
Mills,” where a large number of these 
saws were put in operation. Benjamin 
Taylor and John Berkstein furnished the 
capital, and Richardson managed the 
works. They purchased mahogany logs 
by the cargo, sawed the coarser grains 
into square pieces for legs and arms of 
chairs and tables; and the finer, wavy 
timber into veneers for facings. A few 
previous efforts by others in the same line, 
had proven the economy of this outside 
shelling, and it was now largely adopted. 
The high price of choice woods had caused 
a demand for veneers, and the company 
did a fine business for a number of years. 

Veneering, from being confined to plain 
work, grew to the filling of extremely deli¬ 
cate patterns; and now it is only at great 
cost that a piece of solid cabinet-work can 
be produced. Our finest bureaus, buffets, 
and pianos are only shell work. 

About the same period of time saw other 
inventions that simplified work and re¬ 
duced absolute labor. The planing ma¬ 
chine was invented, that by means of 
heavy and rapidly revolving cutters, cham¬ 
fers off one or both sides of a plank. 
What is known as the four-sided planer, 
planes both sides and the two edges at one 
operation. The planer was followed al¬ 
most directly by the molding machines. 
In these, two small cog-wheels catch the 
end of a strip of wood, and gradually 
force it forward, at the same time holding 
it to a gauge-plate. At a few inches in 
front of the cog-wheels the strip comes, in 
contact with two circular knives working 
upon opposite sides of a single arbor. 
The knives are ground to the exact shape 
of the required cut or pattern. As some 
of these knives make four thousand revo- 
I lutions per minute, the moldings are 








64 


UNITED STATES.-FURNITURE. 


formed with inconceivable exactness and 
rapidity. 

Then there is the tenoning machine, 
working with equal speed. The cuts can 
be made square and even, or one side 
deeper than the other. Then we have the 
dadoing machine. A dado is the plain 
part of a column between the base and the 
cornice, and the term is applied to a 
groove that is chamfered out across a 
board. This machine has knives like 
chisels, placed on a circular wheel. Rapid 
revolutions chip out the dado to any 
gauged size. The machine is fed by a 
movable platform. 

Compound molding machines followed 
the plain molder. These have two sets 
of knives, one set working horizontally 
and the other vertically, by which corres¬ 
ponding cuts are made at the same time 
and at one operation. These sets of 
knives have lately been duplicated so as to 
give still greater efficiency to the cut and 
greater variety to the forms of molds. 
In some molding-mills over one thousand 
pairs of knives are to be found. They are 
always in pairs, as each separate cut re¬ 
quires two knives or cutters. These are 
made of the best steel, and cost, according 
to size, from a dollar and a half to three 
dollars each. 

In cabinet-making several other very 
valuable machines have been introduced 
within a recent period. There are the 
boring and the cornering and the improved 
mortising machines, all now become indis¬ 
pensable where furniture is made upon a 
large scale. Scrolled-edged table-tops that 
once required a full day’s work, are now 
completed by a double knife in less than 
two minutes. On a large, smooth, wooden 
bed, are two knives revolving vertically at 
an enormous speed, and placed four feet 
apart. The top to be scrolled is placed on 
this bed, and a pattern securely fastened 
to it. There is no marking of lines to be 
followed. The top is moved first to one 
and then to the opposite knife that cuts to 
the pattern and no farther. The whole is 
done in less time than it has taken to write 
the last ten lines of this manuscript, and a 
little sandpaper finishes the top ready 
to have the body and legs attached. 

Besides the rapidity and accuracy ob¬ 
tained by the use of these many labor-sav¬ 
ing machines, the continuous bodily labor 
of the workman is dispensed with. In¬ 


stead of constant leaning over the bench 
and straining all his muscles, he merely 
guides the timber through a machine that 
performs the work quicker, better, and far 
more accurately, than he could possibly at¬ 
tain by the old processes. 

In producing large quantities of furni¬ 
ture, we now have such establishments as 
POTTIER & STYMUS, of New York, 
where floor after floor is devoted to partic¬ 
ular branches of the business. This firm 
presents a very elegant display, in the cen¬ 
ter of which is the firm’s master-piece; an 
ebony cabinet inlaid with ivory and lined 
with amaranth wood, valued at $6,500. 
To the left of this is a room, the ceiling of 
which is of painted canvas, and the walls 
of silk. In the center is a bedstead, in the 
style of Louis XI V, made of amaranth 
wood inlaid with black walnut. The cost 
of this alone was $12,000, while the room 
is valued at $40,000. The amaranth is an 
African wood, and resembles our red ce¬ 
dar. On the right of this cabinet is an¬ 
other room containing a very elegantly 
carved sideboard, valued at $8,500. The 
exhibit is worth $80,000. 

It may be asked, who can pay such 
prices for such articles ? We answer, 
few—very few indeed—and yet the houses 
producing these costly articles are well 
patronized, and find it to their advantage to 
continue their line of trade. JAMES W. 
COOPER & BROTHER, of Philadelphia, 
have a most extensive display of rich cabi¬ 
net ware. They have an immense factory 
in the upper part of the city, and mam¬ 
moth warehouses in the very center of the 
city. They have been in business more 
than twenty years, employ several hundred 
hands, besides trucks and drags; and have 
a capital of nearly a million of dollars. 
They do not confine themselves to expen¬ 
sive adornment, but make furniture for 
the million; and have so arranged their 
business that housekeepers can find nearly 
every necessary article at their stores. 

Philadelphia has another tasteful dis¬ 
play furnished by SMITH & CAMPION. 
They show four rooms containing full suits 
of furniture. The chamber has ten pieces 
valued at $2,100. The parlor suite, twelve 
pieces of carved walnut, at the same 
price. A library suite of seven pieces, in¬ 
cluding a fine book-case of ebonized wood, 
price $1,100. A dining-room set of hard 
wood, fifteen pieces, $1,500. The firm is 






UNITED STATES.-FURNITURE. 


65 


well-established and employs one hundred 
workmen. ALLEN & BROTHER, of 
the same city, exhibit elegantly inlaid fold¬ 
ing doors and wainscoting. A carved cab¬ 
inet of satin wood, tulip, and black-walnut, 
price $!,600. Also a carved black-walnut 
sideboard, at $900. HERTS & CO., of 
New York, exhibit a chamber suite, style 
of Queen Elizabeth, made of bird’s-eye 
maple, trimmed with mahogany carvings, 
and valued at $3,500. To tally with this 
very superb work, G. VOLLMER, of 
Philadelphia, presents a chamber suite af¬ 
ter the style of Louis XVI, maples 
trimmed in satin; value $3,225. Also an 
ebonized mantel, with connecting book¬ 
case, at $1,000. The house was estab¬ 
lished in 1843, gives employment to one 
hundred men, and requires a very large 
capital. 

Of these old styles, L. MARCOTTE & 
CO., of New York, show us a handsome 
ebony cabinet after that of Henry II, the 
panels of which are in copper enamel, rep¬ 
resenting Music and Art. This piece re¬ 
quired the labor of twenty men for eight 
months, and is valued at $8,000. The 
same firm also exhibit a dining-room suite, 
style of Louis XIII, black-walnut, very 
rich and carefully made. They give con¬ 
stant employment to three hundred work¬ 
men. 

Of other styles there is from Philadel¬ 
phia the exhibit of MOORE, YORK & 
HOWELL, elegantly upholstered parlor 
suites in brown and green satin. Estab¬ 
lished since 1833. A large and rich dis¬ 
play by HALE, KILBURN & CO., 
worth $25,000. Their folding crib is re¬ 
markably neat and winning for young 
mothers. They employ four hundred 
hands, and require a capital of two million 
dollars. GEO. A. SCHASTEY, of New 
York, presents hard wood mantels and 
very elegant sideboards, all richly carved. 
The PHOENIX FURNITURE CO., of 
Grand Rapids, Mich., a company very re¬ 
cently established, present some superior 
specimens of work in native woods. One set. 
consisting of bedstead, dressing-case, and 
commode, is valued at $3,000. The com¬ 
pany employs two hundred hands, and 
have a capital of $300,000. BERKEA 
& GAY, of the same place, present an at¬ 
tractive bedroom suite, valued at $5,000. 

Of church furniture there are several 
valuable displays. Among others, J. S, 


PAINE, of Boston, exhibits a pulpit made 
of Mount Olivet olive wood, with six pieces 
to correspond, valued at $800. J. & R. 
LAMB, of New York, have elegant and 
richly decorated lecterns and baptismal 
sets. A. H. ANDREWS & CO., of Chi- 
cago, present very substantial church, 
school, and office furniture. F. & H. 
SCHROKDER, of Cincinnati, show us an 
old-fashioned wooden pulpit on a single 
pedestal, elaborately carved in panels rep¬ 
resenting scripture scenes. This is a re¬ 
markably fine display. The NATIONAL 
SCHOOL FURNITURE CO., of Wor¬ 
cester, Mass., and the EXCELSIOR 
SCHOOL FURNITURE MFG. CO., of 
Philadelphia, also present fine displays in 
their particular line. The Worcester com¬ 
pany was established in 1846. ELLIS & 
CO., of New York, have hardwood carved 
church furniture. Also a piano, bureau, 
and center-table made from the wood of 
the Charter Oak, of Hartford, Conn., man¬ 
ufactured in 1858. 

Of specialties, there are several that are 
new and useful. GEORGE AHERN, of 
Crete, Ill., shows fine extension-tables, 
with spaces through the legs for storing 
the leaves not in use. REEY ES & EAST 
BURN, of Philadelphia, present a sleeping 
apartment that may be used as a room or 
simply closed up for a wardrobe. A. 
CUTLER & SON, of Buffalo, show fold 
ing desks and tables. R. M. WAGAN, 
of Lebanon, N. Y., has an exhibit of the 
Shaker straight-back chairs, and fancy ar 
tides by Sister SARAH A.. LEWIS. 
The WOOTON DESK CO., of Indianapo¬ 
lis, show a very elegant black-walnut 
cabinet, trimmed with maple, holly, and 
cedar, valued at $200. M. DEBOCK, 
Boston, inlaid chamber suite, three pieces, 
price $2,000. E. W. HUTCHINGS & 
SONS, New York, established in 1840, 
superior carved hard wood sideboard. 
GARDNER & CO., of New York, perfor¬ 
ated veneer chairs and chair-seats. Exhibit 
valued at $1,000. They employ one hun¬ 
dred and fifty hands, and a capital of 
$100,000. 

Of billiard tables, J. M. BRUNSWICK 
& BALKE CO., of Chicago, present in¬ 
laid level tables; J. M. COLLENDER, 
of New York, the standard American ta- 
i ble; and L. DECKER & CO., of New 
York, the improved cushion table, and the 
POTTIER BILLIARD MFG. CO., of 

















66 


UNITED STATES.—STONE MANUFACTURES. 


Philadelphia, the small, square parlor ta¬ 
bles. 

Of window shades the designs are very 
similar, though the trimmings vary with 
the taste of each exhibitor. LLOYD, of 
Philadelphia, lias shades that can be placed 
at any height without inconvenience; and 
SAWYER & BUCKLEY have adjusta¬ 
ble shades, that can be drawn up from the 
window sill or lowered from the top. 
WM. CAMPBELL, of New York, has 
self-acting window rollers, and the MERI¬ 
DEN CURTAIN FIXTURE CO., of 
Meriden, Conn., has a very large display 
of plain shades of rich patterns. 

The Jasepori ware, made by the DOR¬ 
MAN MEG. CO., of New York, under 
the Penley patent, shows to advantage in 
a summer-house, pagoda pattern, made of 
rattan with flower carvings. This ware 
was by many supposed to have come from 
the other side of the globe, and many pur¬ 
chasers were terribly disappointed when 
they discovered that it was made almost at 
their doors. Another curious article was 
the Japanese paper ware; washing utensils 
of every description made of papier-mache, 
by JENNINGS BROS., of New York. 
The rolling chairs of the PITTSBURGH 
ROLLING CHAIR CO., made a sensa¬ 
tion. The heated term found the poor 
pushers plenty of work, but of the most 
laborious kind. And they were always in 
the way. Many an unkind expression has 
escaped from persons whose toes came too 
close to the horrid monsters. Still they 
;ere to some indispensable. 


STONE MANUFACTURES. 

Inexhaustible quarries and mines from 
which all kinds and qualities of stone for 
building and for ornamental purposes are 
obtained, are found in all parts of the 
United States. All our important public 
buildings are constructed of native stone 
though the ornamentations are frequently 
of foreign material. 

There are one hundred and thirteen ex¬ 
hibitors of stone, dressed and undressed. 
Some of these present elegantly polished 
specimens, some wrought work such as 
mantels, caskets, and monuments, while 
others content themselves by merely pro¬ 
ducing the rough stone. 

Almost every state furnishes large sup¬ 
plies of both coarse and fine sandstone. 


Some of the very best specimens come 
from Ohio. They are of a close texture, 
of light gray color, and are extensively 
used for costly buildings. The most com¬ 
mon calcareous rock is limestone, which, 
when metamorphosed by heat, becomes 
marble. Some of these limestones are of 
so fine a grain as to take a high polish and 
to be used as marbles; the black and a few 
of the yellow and gray marbles are of this 
description, though the white has, at some 
early period, been subjected to an intense 
heat. The pure white granular limestone, 
that looks when broken like loaf-sugar, is 
used extensively for statuary and for 
building purposes. Quarries of these and 
of the colored varieties are found in many 
states. The stone for the city buildings, 
now being erected in the city of Philadel¬ 
phia, belongs to this class, and are pro¬ 
cured within the limits of Pennsylvania— 
large amounts within a few miles of the 
city. STRUTIIERS & SONS, of Phila¬ 
delphia, have on exhibition a plaster cast 
of large size, representing the industries of 
the city and State. Mining will be por¬ 
trayed by a miner with upraised pick; and 
mechanics by a man sitting upon an anvil 
surrounded by various implements of trade. 
The whole is to be carved in marble for 
the new city building. The same firm ex¬ 
hibit a carving in Caen stone, of a rattle¬ 
snake attacking a bird’s nest. Also a very 
beautiful double mantel of Tennessee mar¬ 
ble, trimmed with black Belgian. This 
firm was established in 1818 , and have 
earned a wide reputation for their manu¬ 
factures. 

Much of the white marble of Penn¬ 
sylvania, comes from the neighborhood of 
Norristown. Here are quarries that have 
been worked for more than sixty years. 
In the olden time, huge blocks of this mar¬ 
ble were moved under heavy trucks ; and 
a tandem team of six, eight, and sometimes 
twelve horses were required to drag the 
load to the old penitentiary in Philadelphia, 
where it was worked up by the prisoners. 
When railroads were first introduced, the 
usual signs were put up at crossings, 
u Look out for the locomotive when the 
bell rings.” A Dutch teamster being caught 
on the road, had one horse killed and 
another badly injured. He brought suit 
against the company when it was proved 
that there was not time for the engineer to 
reverse the engine after he perceived the 











UNITED STATES.-STONE MANUFACTURES. 


67 


marble team. The Dutchman had the cost 
to pay, but swore vengeance against the 
company. Shortly after the termination 
of the lawsuit, he was coming over the 
same road with a block of marble that 
weighed nearly eight tons. He waited to 
hear the locomotive, and then urged for¬ 
ward his team until the horses were all over 
the track, but the heavy block of marble 
was not. Here he stopped his team, and 
cried out to the engineer (who happened 
to be the same who had killed his horse): 
“Dare! if you vants to kill some tings two 
times, shust butt dat! ” The engineer re¬ 
versed his engine and stopped the train be¬ 
fore reaching the crossing. On being 
cursed pretty freely for delaying the cars, 
he only swore back and told the engineer 
that he had perjured himself at the trial, 
“for dat ting shtops shust so easy as my 
Bob horse on de lead.” 

From Tennessee is brought marble of a 
mottled red, that is capable of receiving a 
high and lasting polish, and has the appear¬ 
ance of a tine specimen of conglomerate. 
E. D. DOUGHERTY, of Philadelphia, ex¬ 
hibits thorough and polished Tennessee mar¬ 
ble, in slabs and pedestals. The quarry is 
at Doughertyville, Tennessee. The marble 
has been used largely in Washington, at the 
Capitol, and in the Treasury building. 
VAN GUNDEN, YOUNG & DRUMM, 
of Philadelphia, exhibit very choice tablets 
and rustic monument work, made of Ver- 
mont marble. They also show granite 
monuments of superior finish. They em¬ 
ploy forty fine workmen. 

The most valuable of the igneous rocks 
is granite. The various kinds being found 
in abundance in New Hampshire and Ver¬ 
mont, both States having unlimited mines 
of the gray and cloudy varieties, while 
Maine yields a very rare kind of a rich 
red color. Under this head come the 
several kinds of trap or trappean rock, 
found in all our mountain ranges, and used 
mostly for building foundations, for which 
purpose it seems to be especially adapted, 
as it is easily mined, and extremely hard. 
ALEXANDER McDONALD, of Cam¬ 
bridge, Mass., exhibits the Centennial Cas¬ 
cade, a rustic rock work surmounted by a 
cross, the granite being from the Glen 
Quarries, at Mason, N. H. The work was 
carved at Cambridge, and is a fine exhibi¬ 
tion of the rich quality of the stone, and of 
its great value for polished carved work. 


He also exhibits several tree stumps with 
flowers at the base, all carved from pure 
white marble. The BU RLINGTON MAN¬ 
UFACTURING CO., of Burlington, Ver¬ 
mont, have remarkably fine specimens of 
Vermont marble; while E. MORTIMER 
BYE, of Wilmington, Delaware, produces 
slabs of verd-antique, a rare and very beau¬ 
tiful mottled green marble. The RUT¬ 
LAND MARBLE CO., of West Rutland, 
Vermont, present remarkably rich speci¬ 
mens of fine-grained white marble for 
column and monumental work. 

The close-grained red granite of Maine, 
is shown by the MAINE RED GRANITE 
CO., of Red Beach. It is an elegantly pol¬ 
ished column taken from the top stratum 
of the quarry. The grain is remarkably 
fine, and considered fully equal to the 
Scotch granite. Another, the RED GRAN¬ 
ITE CO., of Calais, Me., show a very clean 
specimen in a polished column So, also, 
M. K. CHASE, of Blue Hill, Me., makes 
an attractive display of valuable granites. 
The HINSDALE, DOYLE GRANITE CO., 
of New York, display four monuments. The 
finest is a column upon a triple base, sur¬ 
mounted by a figure of immortality. The 
design is very beautiful, and the execution 
faultless. The entire weight is said to be 
one hundred and forty tons. The company 
has been established several years, and 
such is the demand for their work that they 
employ five hundred men, and a capital of 
seven hundred and fifty thousand dollars. 
CARPENTER & RAYMOND, of Cam¬ 
bridge City, Ind.—This exhibit consists of 
eleven massive monuments, made of Amer¬ 
ican and Scotch granites and marble. Upon 
the left is a large monument to the memory 
of the late Major-Gen. Solomon Meredith. 
The base is eight feet square, and supports 
a column made of granite, upon which is 
an eight foot statue of the General, made of 
Italian marble. The whole is thirty-five 
feet high, weighs thirty-six tons, and is 
valued at $10,000. Another one of gray 
Scotch granite, surmounted by a figure of 
Hope, is very beautiful. The combined 
value is $70,000. The firm has been estab¬ 
lished for twenty years, and employs one 
hundred and forty men. $100,000 capital. 
In the future the eastern head-quarters of 
the firm will be in Main centennial build¬ 
ing, Philadelphia, and their western head¬ 
quarters at Dayton, Ohio. 

The red granite of Maine has recently 







68 


UNITED STATES.-STONE MANUFACTURES. 


been used in many public buildings in New 
York and vicinity. The Williamsburgk 
Savings Bank, of Brooklyn, E. D., is 
adorned with some highly finished speci¬ 
mens of this remarkably elegant stone. 

Porphyry is found on the banks of the 
Potomac, and quite near the city of Wash¬ 
ington. The old House of Representatives 
in the Capitol, has a circular row of 
prophyry columns quarried at this locality. 
They are remarkably rich, and the polishing 
has developed many curious figures upon 
the surface. Similar stone has been dis¬ 
covered in other quarters of the United 
States, and will undoubtedly soon find 
a market where elegant work is in de¬ 
mand. ’ 

When the then Territory of Iowa com¬ 
menced building her capitol at Iowa City, 
about forty years ago, specimens of 
madrapora and tubepora marbles, bearing 
strong resemblance to petrified honeycomb, 
were brought forward and adopted as the 
material that should be used. They were 
found on the banks of the Cedar River, 
quite handy to the projected capitol. The 
quarries were opened at once and large 
quantities of the material forwarded to Iowa 
City. The foundation was begun and the 
stone was freely used; but unfortunately 
before the basement was completed, the 
honeycomb gave out, so that the upper 
part of the building had to be finished with 
inferior stone. It was a terrible misfortune, 
for had there been enough marble, Iowa 
would have had one of the richest as well as 
rarest buildings for her public offices. 

Of the very beautiful translucent onyx, 
of Mexico, A. L. FAUCHERE & CO., of 
New York, make a fine display. They ex¬ 
hibit an onyx mantel and clock, sold to 
His Imperial Majesty, William, of Germany, 
for two thousand five hundred dollars. 
The onyx is almost transparent, of a light 
orange, clouded with pale green. They 
have also a large pier-glass, with base of 
French griotte, trimmed with black Bel¬ 
gian marble, valued at three thousand dol¬ 
lars. Also, a mantel of Sarrancolin, a 
mottled French marble, likewise trimmed 
with black Belgian, worth eleven hundred 
dollars. The total value of their exhibit 
is placed at ten thousand five hundred dol¬ 
lars. FISHER & BIRD, of New York, 
exhibit rich marble statuary and mantels. 
Also, specimens of Mexican onyx. This 
house was founded in 1830, and have given 


the public some very fine specimems of 
rich, artistic work. 

In the Ohio State Building, of which a 
short description will be found elsewhere, 
the stone-work was furnished by Ohio 
men and from Ohio quarries. No less than 
twenty-seven different firms contributed, 
and every quarter of the State is repre¬ 
sented. On Ohio Day, Governor Hayes, 
now President of the United States, re¬ 
ceived at this beautiful building; and, it is 
said, shook hands with more than forty 
thousand people. 

Machinery for dressing stone has made 
gigantic strides since the introduction of 
steam. Especially in handling and cutting 
large blocks, and in ornamenting and 
finishing, has the improvement been noticed. 
When we contemplate the stupendous 
works of the ancient Egyptians—works 
that have been admired and unrivaled, 
during untold ages—when we measure the 
blocks (larger than any used in modern 
times) found in some of their structures, 
and remember that they \yere quarried and 
dressed, miles away, and brought and ele¬ 
vated to their present resting places by 
hand —without the aid of machinery—we 
are silent with admiration, and forcibly 
reminded of the power of unity, when ably 
directed. The facility with which blocks 
of stone are cut and finished is wonderful 
when compared with the old methods. 
Hammers and chisels are tools known to all 
nations; all nations are also familiar with 
the fact that time and labor are required to 
handle them effectively. It was not many 
years ago that it was necessary, in order to 
obtain a thin slab, to drill and blast, or 
cut down a thick stone to the required 
dimensions. One of the oldest devices, 
now ip use to remedy this, is the gang 
sand-saw; this, by the use of vibrating 
blades kept constantly wet with sand and 
water, will cut any kind of stone with 
great precision. A later improvement 
is the diamond circular saw, which is simi¬ 
lar in construction and operation to the 
large saw-mill saws, except that the peri¬ 
phery is studded with black diamonds. 
There is also a machine now in use, de¬ 
signed to ornament slabs, with intricate 
patterns. A more complete description of 
these can be seen in our article on Annex, 
No. 2, Machinery Hall. 

The exhibits of slate, plain and manu¬ 
factured, are worthy of notice. It is only 






UNITED STATES.-CHINA AND PORCELAIN. 


recently that this material has been used 
for ornamental work, and already it has 
found many admirers. The mantels of 
slate are very handsome. HAYES, 
COULTER & CO., of Philadelphia, and 
the ALLENTOWN (Penn.) SLATE 
MANTEL CO., together with J. B. SIMS 
& CO., of Philadelphia, show work in this 
line that attracts great attention. Besides 
this, roofing slate finds many exhibitors 
who present the article as it comes from 
the quarries. 

Our builders have had a very extended 
insight into the material of our own coun¬ 
try for the erection of splendid mansions, 
and for their complete and masterly orna¬ 
mentation. Our artists have found among 
the native materials all they need for their 
most sublime conceptions. The exhibits 
have been well-arranged, and everything 
so managed as to bring the most valuable 
to immediate attention. There are per¬ 
haps few times when beauty and utility 
are so necessary as in this, and it is with 
evident satisfaction that we find those most 
interested in these materials carefully ex¬ 
amining the magnificent displays, and 
making notes of those that have made the 
strongest impression upon their minds. 
Marble, granite, porphyry, slate, and scores 
of other most valuable stones, and those of 
purest quality, have been found to fill our 
land from one end to the other. 


CHINA AND PORCELAIN. 

One of the first useful arts practiced 
among all nations, was the baking of clay 
and making vessels. The similarity be¬ 
tween the methods pursued by widely sep¬ 
arated peoples, and between the ancient 
and modern, is wonderful; the results ob¬ 
tained are different, yet the. principle is 
the same. Clay is mingled with sand, and 
wet with water; being subjected to a high 
heat the water is expelled, and the sand 
and clay are fused. This is the process 
that was pursued by the earliest manufac¬ 
turers, and is fundamentally the same at 
the present time; the clay may be of vari¬ 
ous kinds, and the heat vary in intensity 
from the rays of the sun to that of a high¬ 
ly tempered oven, and even the resultants 
may be dissimilar, yet the principle re¬ 
mains invariable. The modus operandi ob¬ 
served by the savage in his rudely con¬ 
structed kiln is similar to that of the 


6u 

civilized manufacturer, though the wares 
produced vary according to the materials 
and skill employed. The most primitive 
authentic account of the burning of clay is 
found in Gen. xi, 3: “And they said one 
to another, Go to, let us make brick, and 
burn them thoroughly.” 

The Ceramic art furnishes most impor¬ 
tant illustrations of the culture and ad¬ 
vance of a people towards civilization. 
The bricks in the tower of Babel denoted a 
higher grade of culture than did the rude 
water vessels of the savages. The water 
jugs were of immediate use, and implied 
nothing further, while from the bricks we 
infer a knowledge of architecture and of a 
people devoted to one task. Since the 
earliest times the most renowned artists 
have been employed in decorating pottery, 
as is conclusively shown by the vast public 
and private collections of ancient relics. 

Soft pottery is usually divided into four 
general classes: 1, Unglazed pottery, 
which is the result of baking the article 
without surface glaze; 2, Lustrous pottery, 
a name given to a class having a glossy 
exterior produced by a thin coating reflect¬ 
ing light, by which it may be permeable to 
water; 3, Glazed pottery, that is overlaid 
with a thick shining surface, produced by 
the use of lead, or by the combination of 
alkaline substances with clay in the lead; 
4, Enameled pottery, in which the article 
is covered with an enamel of which tin is 
the principle ingredient, and which may 
receive a surface decoration made of a dif¬ 
ferent substance from the vessel; the 
whole is of a vitreous character, is not af¬ 
fected by acids, and is not permeable to 
water. 

Of the derivation and signification of the 
names of the various kinds of pottery, lit¬ 
tle can be said with certainty of the oldest 
and most important. The term Faience is 
probably derived from the Italian city of 
Faenza, where artistically decorated pot¬ 
tery was extensively made in the sixteenth 
century; at present it denotes all pottery 
enameled or ornamented with colors. The 
French manufacturers formerly used the 
word faience as including all porcelain and 
pottery, but they now apply it only to the 
latter. The terms are well known in Eng¬ 
land, where their meaning is synonymous. 
An explanation of the term Majolica, will 
be found in the description of the Italian 
Department of the Art Gallery. The term 







*70 


UNITED STATES.-CHINA AND PORCELAIN. 


Ceramic, includes all works in pottery, 
porcelain, and stone-ware, and means, 
strictly, earthen vase. Porcelain is a 
translucent body, produced by a union of 
clay and other substances. It is always 
translucent, while pottery, on the contrary, 
is invariably opaque. The principle in¬ 
gredient in the manufacture of hard porce¬ 
lain is kaolin, a substance known for ages 
to the Chinese, found accidentally in Eu¬ 
rope comparatively recently, and at pres¬ 
ent obtained in quantities in the United 
States. 

It is generally agreed that the oldest 
pottery known is the Egyptian. The ruins 
of this nation, together with those of the 
Assyrians and Babylonians, contain hiero¬ 
glyphic inscriptions upon glazed bricks 
and articles of pottery. Upon some of 
the Egyptian walls are representations 
done in colors that still retain their original 
luster, illustrating the process of producing 
the fictile wares. We find here delineated 
the potter’s wheel and the kiln, precisely sim¬ 
ilar to those used by other nations, and 
which remain unaltered to the present day. 
As the art advanced, porcelain jars and 
vases superseded the wooden and metallic 
vessels and baskets; and were of sizes va¬ 
rying from one inch to several feet. They 
had jars and pitchers with long, narrow 
necks, for drawing water from wells by 
means of a rope attached to the handle. 
The shapes varied to suit the contents, as 
wine, oil, honey, milk, and grain were 
stored in them. 

Pottery held a prominent position in 
ancient Egyptian religious rites and cere¬ 
monies, and Herodotus informs us that 
they had vessels to receive the remains of 
the sacred ibis, and the shabti, which was 
a mummy-like figure of porcelain, covered 
with inscriptions, and which was deposited 
with a corpse, to be of some use or other 
on the far side of the river Styx. All 
those were of terra-cotta, or unglazed com¬ 
mon red-ware, and were manufactured in 
the third and fourth dynasties, about two 
thousand five hundred years B. C. Glazed 
ware was of the sixth dynasty, the glazing 
being formed of silex and soda, and col¬ 
ored with various metallic oxides. The 
blue tint then given retains its original 
luster even now, and is unequaled by the 
finest efforts of modern manufacturers. 
The Assyrian pottery was chiefly brick, 
tile, cylinders, and basins. Tablets of pot¬ 


tery preserved kingly records, and consti¬ 
tuted a portion of the libraries and archives 
of monarchs. At later periods the Assy¬ 
rians and Babylonians produced glazed 
wares, but of inferior quality and finish to 
those of other people. Daniel the prophet 
alludes to images of clay covered with 
brass or bronze; they also had golden 
idols, formed of clay upon the potter’s 
wheel, and overlaid with gold. In some 
of the most noted edifices, some of the 
bricks were thus coated. 

In Europe, the most ancient ware is the 
Etruscan, dating to the seventh and eighth 
centuries B. C. The vases were of a dark 
brown ware, figured in great excellence, 
in relief. In the fifth century B. C., the 
style changed to the Hellenic, thus show¬ 
ing the Greek influence. They were 
black, red, brown, and yellow terra-cotta, 
the colors sometimes being fancifully in¬ 
termingled. Sarcophagus slabs of pottery 
were made. Two of these now in the 
British Museum are elaborately decorated 
in basso-relievo , with full length figures of 
Etruscan females. There are also many 
other relics of great merit, and exhibiting 
the perfection to which the art had at¬ 
tained even in those remote ages. From 
the fifth to the third century B. C., there 
was great competition in the art at Athens 
and other Greek cities. The relics found 
are mostly vases resembling modern plas¬ 
ter casts; but they made ornamentation 
their special study, and almost every ves¬ 
sel had its appropriate inscription delicate¬ 
ly delineated. The colors had their bril¬ 
liancy increased by transparent glazing, 
and are even now rich and unfaded. This 
glazing has been analyzed, and is found to 
consist of alkalies, silex, alumina, oxide of 
iron, and lime, in proportions not very dis¬ 
similar to those found in volcanic scoria. 
After the third century B. G, the art de¬ 
clined and became insignificant in Greece. 
Alexander the Great introduced precious 
metals as substitutes for the better varie¬ 
ties of fictile vases. Metal was so common 
in Sparta, that by the first century B. C., 
porcelain was entirely superseded. In the 
time of Augustus there were antique curi¬ 
osities. The Romans applied the art to 
statuary and architectural ornamentation. 
The finest wares were the Samian or Aren- 
tine, which were of a bright red color, 
with a paste like sealing-wax. The pot¬ 
teries of Samos and Aretium (now 






UNITED STATES.-CHINA AND PORCELAIN. 


71 


Arezzo), Italy, from the first to the third 
century A. D., sent their wares through all 
the Homan colonies. The color of the paste 
and the glaze was due to the use of oxide 
of iron, and the wares must have been 
very highly prized, as fragments have been 
found neatly riveted together with lead. 
Bowls were adorned with arabesques, and 
pictorial illustrations of religious habits 
and customs. These were sometimes 
molded in relief, and sometimes impressed 
in intaglio from a stamp of the figure in 
relief. 

The Chinese ascribe the invention to one 
of their Emperors, Hoangti, who flourished 
some two thousand seven hundred years 
before Christ; and yet they curiously fix 
upon the first production of porcelain as in 
the Ham dynasty, only one hundred and 
eighty-five years B. C. They have been 
more successful in the art of coloring their 
wares than any other people. The great 
pagoda of Nanking, which was destroyed 
in 1856, was built of porcelain. Some au¬ 
thorities assert that it was constructed en¬ 
tirely of clay, while others of equal veracity 
contend that it was only tiled in porcelain. 
At all events it was certainly a magnificent 
structure, and its counterpart can be found 
in no other country. 

They monopolized the manufacture for 
centuries, yet in 1712 a French Jesuit, 
D’Entrecolles, from books and observa¬ 
tion, sent home an account of the Chinese 
industry as carried on at Jao-tcheon, and 
from this, Reaumer discovered the process. 
This was the origin of the famous Sevres 
ware. 

The great porcelain works at King-te- 
chin have enjoyed imperial patronage for 
eight hundred years. Vases are made 
here known as 11 crackle, 1 ' in which a net¬ 
work of fine cracks is formed by sudden 
chills given to the heated ware. In other 
vessels the color is only seen when they 
are filled with fluids. It consists of two 
cups ingeniously put together, a pigment 
being between. In the fifteenth century, 
they made porcelain as thin as bamboo pa¬ 
per, of pure white, cream color, or of ex¬ 
quisite blue, obtained by the use of 
cobalt. 

The Japanese are expert in the manu¬ 
facture of porcelain, especially in making 
vases of monstrous dimensions and elabor¬ 
ate ornamentation. 

The Saracens carried the art into Spain 


in the twelfth century. The first work in 
Christian Europe of which we have any 
authentic knowledge, was at Leipsic, 
where St. Paul’s Convent, completed in 
1207, had a frieze of enameled brick, orna¬ 
mented with raised figures of Christ and 
the Apostles. 

In South America specimens of very an¬ 
cient pottery have been discovered, but 
they are rude affairs, and lack the artistic 
finish of the Asiatic wares. In Peru were 
found the best, consisting mostly of flasks 
and drinking vessels. The bottles have 
long necks ornamented with the heads of an¬ 
imals and birds, twining wreaths, and clus¬ 
ters of flowers. A few heads and busts 
have been found, but they are rare. They 
put two necks to their bottles, one smaller 
than the other, and evidently for the pur¬ 
pose of admitting the air. Ewbanks 
speaks of these in Brazil, as also of boats 
seen on the river at the present day whose 
entire freight consists of talhas, or large 
earthen vessels for water, made of light, 
red, porous clay, unglazed, and of a capac¬ 
ity of from ten to fifteen gallons. Among 
the ruins of Central America are found 
earthen vessels well baked, tolerably orna¬ 
mented, and covered with a vitreous glaze. 
In Mexico the art was carried to much 
greater perfection, some articles even vie- 
ing with the wares of Florence. 

The early colonists of this continent made 
brick, ornamented tiles, and coarse earthen 
ware. A small establishment was started 
in Jersey in 1816, for making soft ware, 
and a larger one in Philadelphia in 1836. 
There were manufactories started soon af¬ 
ter in New York and Brooklyn. No 
artistic attempts were made until 1846, 
when a factory was started at Bennington, 
Vt., where they produced vases, &c., of 
soft pottery. The kaolin now used is gen¬ 
erally from England, together with some 
from China, though a good article is ob¬ 
tained native. Bodies of clay have been 
discovered in Missouri, which will in all 
probability prove exceedingly valuable. 

The process of mixing the ingredients, 
the machinery for obtaining the requisite 
shape, and the kilns for burning, have not 
varied in principle from those of ancient 
days, though in extent and perfection of 
execution they are now far in advance. 

The exhibits of terra-cotta garden statu¬ 
ary, vases, pedestals, fountains, basins, 
ornamented flower-pots and baskets, num- 










72 


UNITED STATES.-MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. 


ber eight; those of fire-brick, clay retorts 
and chemical apparatus, tile, plain and 
ornamental brick, number ten; those of 
terra-cotta sewer and water-pipes, tiles, and 
chimney-tops, were eight. The exhibits 
of fancy wares of china and porcelain 
number fifteen; of stone-ware, two; and 
of crockery and porcelain hardware trim¬ 
mings, two. Seven of the largest manu¬ 
facturers make most of these articles, and 
yet are counted but under their most 
important branch. The AMERICAN 
CROCKERY CO., of Trenton, N. J., has 
a very attractive exhibit of white granite 
and C. C. ware. One chamber-set is 
elaborately and tastefully decorated in 
brilliant colors. The firm of ISAAC 
DAVIS, of the same place, has a display 
of punch-bowls. These are of mammoth 
proportions, and are covered with appro¬ 
priate ornamentations, delicately executed. 
The firm also shows fine vases of grace¬ 
ful shapes, and several attractive cham¬ 
ber-sets. The ETRURIA POTTERY 
WORKS, of the same city, have an ex¬ 
hibit of wares in original designs, illustrat¬ 
ing well-known and pleasing subjects. 
Besides showing figured vases, they 
present groups of figures delineating the 
different attitudes of base-ball players. 
The work is well designed, and so perfect¬ 
ly executed that the veins upon the arms 
are distinctly seen. They also show sev¬ 
eral chamber-sets. The UNION PORCE¬ 
LAIN WORKS, of Brooklyn, N. Y., pre¬ 
sent a large array of china ware and 
porcelain hardware trimmings. They 
have two very elegantly figured vases, of 
neat and original designs, also a very 
handsome case of decorated ware. One 
of the most attractive exhibits is made by 
COXEN & CO., of Trenton, N. J. They 
show a very beautiful chamber-set, upon 
the separate pieces of which are delineated 
twenty-nine fine representations of Amer¬ 
ican scenery. The coloring is rich, and 
the work faithfully portrayed. The other 
exhibits consist of tea and dinner-sets, 
both plain and ornamented; earthen-ware 
and handsome chamber-sets. 

In the northeast corner of the building, 
y/e find one exhibit completely covered by 
a graceful arbor, constructed of water pipes 
and beneath which is a profusion of fine 
vases and statues for lawn ornamentation, 
and fountain basins, decorated with relieved 
patterns. The display is made by the 


PHILADELPHIA TERRA COTTA 
WORKS. Near by, the TRENTON 
TERRA COTTA WORKS have a large 
array of statues and flower-pots, and rustic 
baskets and seats, which although made of 
clay, look as if they had their being on 
some Jersey mountain rather than in a 
kiln. The MOORHEAD CLAY WORKS 
of Philadelphia, present what they claim to 
be the largest chimney top and sewer pipe, 
made of terra-cotta, in the world. We 
believe their assertion, since they are the 
largest upon exhibition, and since it is 
easier to believe than 11 go look for the 
truth of it.” ROBERT TAYLOR & CO. 
of Philadelphia, show black lead crucibles, 
ladles, etc., suitable for all metals. To get 
a crucible that will stand many heats of 
steel, is a rare occurence, and a proof of 
good material and workmanship. They 
show one that ran twelve heats, and to all 
appearance is still serviceable. One large 
one will melt five hundred pounds. The 
firm has been established for ten years and 
employs twenty men. The DIXON CRU¬ 
CIBLE CO., of Jersey City has been long 
established and has a w r ell earned reputa¬ 
tion. They show most excellent crucibles, 
and fine specimens of graphite. Near the 
above are several attractive assortments of 
figured terra-cotta vases, fountains, and 
statues; plain and ornamental fire-brick 
and tiles; also crucibles and gas retorts. 

The displays are creditable, and exhibit 
grand advances in ceramics. We under¬ 
stand efforts are now being made toward 
a consolidation of pottery interests, that if 
carried out as proposed, will be the means 
of vastly improving the manufacture and 
finish of this useful ware. 


MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. 

Under this head we find ninety-eight ex¬ 
hibits, and of these no less than forty-two 
of Pianos; twenty of Organs; fourteen of 
Stringed Instruments; and ten of Band 
Instruments. Nearly all of the last named 
are wind. The remaining arrays are of 
parts of pianos, and the necessary appli¬ 
ances of violins, etc. Then there is one of 
Automaton Singing Birds. 

Music has been cultivated in all ages by 
all nations; even the most savage have 
some instrument they consider musical. 
Though most of the civilized peoples have 
made advancements in the art, the Chi- 






UNITED STATES.-MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. 


73 


nese, Hindoos, and Japanese, are still en¬ 
chanted with what enwrapt their ancestors 
centuries ago. The nation having the 
oldest fables concerning the origin and 
development of music, is that of Chinese. 
Many centuries before the Christian era, 
they had discovered that twelve semi-tones 
constituted an octave. They have carried 
their intricate calculations on the combina¬ 
tions of sounds to a still greater extent. 
It is related that Confucius said, more than 
a century before Plato: “ Wouldst thou 
know if a people be well governed, if its 
manners be good or bad, examine the 
music it practices.” A collection of their 
instruments is shown in Mineral Annex 
No. 1, and consists of drums of various 
shapes, flutes, and guitars. It is said that 
the Persians ranked among them as the 
Italians do here; vocalists from that coun¬ 
try making concert tours through the 
Empire. Probably Persian dancing had 
as much to do with success as the Persian 
music. Oriental ballet performers have 
always had a wild encouragement among 
nations only civilized—not enlightened. 

The Hindoos believe that every art came 
as a direct revelation from heaven, and 
while inferior deities were commissioned 
with the deliverance of other attributes, 
Brahma himself presented music to mor¬ 
tals. They have various kinds of stringed 
and wind instruments. 

The music of the Hebrews is constantly 
referred to in the Bible,, yet we have no 
certain knowledge as to its character, or 
of the instruments for producing it. 
David played upon the harp, and sang 
with such masterly effect, as to soothe the 
soul of Saul, his enemy. We find further 
back in the pages of Scripture, that after 
the Israelites had passed safely through 
the walled waters—B. C. 1431—Moses and 
the people sang a song of triumph, “and 
Miriam, the prophetess, the sister of Aaron, 
took a timbrel in her hand, and all the 
women went out after her with timbrels 
and with dances.” And she answered 
Moses with a glorious song, the fame of 
which is still prominent among the richest 
poetry. The timbrel answered very much 
to what is now called the tambourine, but 
being keyed to one general note, only 
made a monotoned accompaniment. 

The Egyptians cultivated many refined 
arts, some of them so successfully as to 
remain unrivaled till the present time. 

5 


Their principal instrument was the harp, 
and they were undoubtedly far advanced 
in the laws of acoustics, as the statue of 
Memnon, from which the ignorant believed 
their oracles to emanate, was in all proba¬ 
bility only an AColian harp upon a large 
scale. 

Apollo, of the Greeks and Romans, 
was their God of music, and all representa¬ 
tions of him are adorned with the lyre, 
one of the most ancient musical instru¬ 
ments of the stringed kind. The Greeks 
attributed the invention to Mercury, who 
is said to have constructed it of a tortoise 
shell, over which he arranged strings. It 
had originally three or four strings, but 
about 650 B. C., three more were added, 
making the complete number seven. It 
was only played as an accompaniment to 
songs. 

In all probability the organ mentioned 
in Gen. iv, 21, .was identical with the 
syrinx or pipe of Pan, among the Greeks; 
and was the appropriate musical instrument 
of the shepherds, and regarded by them 
as being the invention of their tutelary 
god. It was adjusted so as to form an 
octave. One of similar construction was 
familiar to the inhabitants of various 
parts of Asia. Improvements began early, 
though their nation and precise data of 
their inauguration are unknown. Hy¬ 
draulic and pneumatic organs were long 
in use. Some authorities state that organs 
were introduced into some of the churches 
of western Europe as early as 670. It is 
certain that in the year 755, one was sent 
to Pepin, King of the Franks. They were 
common in England in the 10th century, 
and are said to have excelled both in size 
and compass, those of the continent. 
They were roughly built, and of limited 
capacity. 

The keys were broad and thick, and 
were struck with the hand clinched, re¬ 
quiring considerable exertion to depress 
them. The compass in the 12th century, 
did not exceed twelve or fifteen tones. 
Bernhard, a German, added pedals in 
1470, and the instrument was substantially 
the same as now. The interior of the 
organ of the present day is divided, into 
four parts—the great, the choir, the swell, 
and the pedal—though in some there is a 
valve, and in rare instances, an echo organ, 
placed at some distance. The first use of 
metallic reeds (vibrating tongues of metal), 







74 


UNITED STATES.-MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. 


for musical purposes was invented about 
sixty-five years ago. 

Patents innumerable have been issued, 
both here and abroad, of improvements on 
the organ. The largest organ in the world 
is in Albert Hall, London, and was built by 
Henry Willis, in 1870. It contains one 
hundred and thirty-eight stops, four 
manuals, and nearly ten thousand pipes, 
all of which are of metal. The wind is 
supplied by steam. There are thirteen 
couplers to connect or disconnect the 
various subdivisions of the organ, at the 
will of the player. The largest instrument 
in the United States is in Music Hall, of 
Boston, and was built by Walcker, of 
Ludvvigsburg. It has four manuals, eighty- 
nine stops, and four thousand pipes. 
Other important organs, made by home 
firms, are at Trinity Church, New York, 
built by Henry Erben; Plymouth church, 
Brooklyn, by E. & G. G. Hook; St. 
George’s, New York, by George Jardine 
& Son; Tabernacle, Brooklyn, by the same 
firm. The. organs have from 2,500 to 
4,000 pipes, from fifty to sixty stops, and 
contain all the modern improvements of 
Europe and America. 

In the east gallery of Main Building, 
E. & G. G. HOOK & HASTINGS, of 
Boston, exhibit their grand organ, by far 
the largest on exhibition. It has twenty- 
seven hundred and four pipes and four 
manuals. It is forty feet high and of cor¬ 
responding breadth and depth. It is 
played every day, drawing large crowds of 
attentive listeners, and its voice-like tones 
may be heard at a very great distance. Its 
volume of sound completely fills the east¬ 
ern half of Main Building. It is valued 
at fifteen thousand dollars. The same 
firm display a fine chapel and a clear-toned 
chamber organ. The house has been es¬ 
tablished since 1832, employs ninety men, 
and requires the constant use of a capital 
of half a million dollars. 

In the center of the northern gallery is 
the Roosevelt organ, built by HIL- 
BORNE L. ROOSEVELT, of New 
York. It has three manuals, compass 
CC to As, fifty-eight notes; pedal compass 
CCC to F, thirty notes. It is a very pow¬ 
erful instrument, and whenever played at¬ 
tracts much attention. It contains a great 
variety of improvements that largely en¬ 
hance its value. An Electric Echo organ, 
at the distance of two hundred feet but 


connected with the keys of the great organ, 
produces a very sweet musical effect. Mr. 
Roosevelt has only been a few years in 
the business, and yet has already estab¬ 
lished his name among organ builders. 
He built one recently that was placed in 
the new Chickering Hall, in New York. 
He employs twenty-five men, and uses a 
capital of three hundred thousand dollars. 

Several very superior reed organs, of 
fine tone and good compass, are shown by 
the MASON & HAMLIN ORGAN CO., 
of Cambridge, Mass. One of twenty-six 
stops is encased in French walnut, inlaid 
with ebony, tulip-wood, holly, and amar¬ 
anth. All the new effects are embodied 
in this instrument. The house was estab¬ 
lished in 1854, and has maintained a high 
reputation ever since. The company has 
a capital of half a million of dollars, and 
employs four hundred men. 

PELOUBET, PELTON & CO., of 
New York, exhibit organs of splendid 
tone, and have paid more attention to the 
quality of their instruments than to their 
ornamentation. They are very neatly 
though plainly finished. 

Of parlor organs, J. ESTEY & CO., of 
Brattleboro, Vt., show excellent specimens 
having two banks of keys; and the BUR- 
DETT ORGAN CO., of Quakertown, Pa., 
elegantly finished instruments with three 
banks. HORACE WATERS & SONS, 
of New York, exhibit two organs, one a 
fine stop of two and a half octaves of bells. 
The house was established in 1846. The 
CLOUGH & WARREN ORGAN CO., 
of Detroit, Mich., present for competition 
a fine instrument with nineteen stops, and 
elegantly cased in black walnut. Price, 
$2,000. The company has a capital of 
$100,000, and employs one hundred and 
fifty workmen. 

Of cabinet and church organs, the 
TAYLOR & FARLEY ORGAN CO., of 
Worcester, Mass., makes an attractive ex¬ 
hibition. The company was founded in 
1846, now employs one hundred and twen¬ 
ty-five hands, and a capital of one hun¬ 
dred and fifty thousand dollars. GEO. 
WOODS & CO., of Boston, show very 
handsomely finished instruments; and 
WING & SON, of New York, one very 
rich parlor organ. JOSEPH WELLEN- 
BERGER & GANTER, of New York, 
exhibit an orchestrion, or self-acting or¬ 
gan—a music box on a large scale. It is 







THE “CENTENNIAL” ORGAN. Built by E. & G. G. Hook & Hastings, Boston, Mass. 

32 feet wide; 40 feet high; 4 Manuals, 32-feet Pedals. 
















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































CABINET ORGAN. 


MASON & HAMLIN, BOSTON, MASS. 





























































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































• . , * • 





UNITED STATES.-MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. 


79 


a powerful instrument, and draws much, 
attention. 

The modern piano-forte is nothing but 
a more perfect form of an ancient stringed 
instrument. The sounding-board was, in 
all probability, first applied in the twelfth 
century. The clavichord was popular for 
a long period. The virginal, an improve¬ 
ment upon the cithara, was a favorite in¬ 
strument with Queen Elizabeth and the la¬ 
dies of her court. The strings on this 
w T ere catgut, and were both struck and 
pulled by pieces of quill fastened to the 
upper end of short, vertical jacks, upon 
the inner ends of the keys. The spinet 
was a triangular box of large dimensions, 
having (in some) forty-nine strings, many 
of which were of steel wire, and struck 
with an apparatus similar to the above. 
The body of the square piano is evidently 
copied from this. In Italy, in the sixteenth 
century, the harpsichord was made, and 
was substantially a horizontal harp. 

The improvements upon these instru¬ 
ments all tended toward the modern piano. 
During the last eighty years the piano has 
been improved in compass, tone, and abili¬ 
ty to imitate the musical sounds of the 
human voice, more than any other musical 
instrument; and we are pleased to know 
that most of these advances have orig¬ 
inated and been perfected in the United 
States. 

This instrument in its early history was 
supposed to be a development of the old 
clavichordium , a German invention dating 
about 1500, and first described in 1511. 
It was a very imperfect affair for the next 
three hundred years, and the principal 
improvements made in it and connected 
■with its change of name to piano forte, 
w T ere made in Germany in the eighteenth 
century by Christian Gottlieb Schroeder, a 
native of Saxony, and Henry Pape, of 
Wurtemberg, the ancestor of a long line 
of eminent pianists. The German instru¬ 
ment was the best as late as the beginning 
of the present century, but they were poor 
and wiry in tone, and were tolerated rather 
than admired. Between 1790 and 1810, 
several important improvements were made 
in the piano by Broadwood, Southwell, 
and StOdart, English manufacturers. 
These meliorations were for the most part in 
the action, and in the compass of the instru¬ 
ment, which at first was only four or four 
and one-half octaves, but has been in¬ 


creased to seven, seven and one-half, and 
eight. 

Until the beginning of the present cen- 
tury the attempts at piano-forte manufac¬ 
turing were few and of no real importance. 
Early in the present century efforts were 
made to make them in this country by Os¬ 
born, by J. Thurston, and by Stodart, a 
son of the piano-maker of that name in 
London. But it was reserved for an 
American-born citizen, by his arduous la¬ 
bors and inventive genius, to make the 
piano-forte a source of delight to hundreds 
of thousands of his countrymen. In 1823, 
Jonas Chickering, a young mechanic from 
New Hampshire, commenced their manu¬ 
facture in Boston; and possessing mechan¬ 
ical ingenuity as well as musical skill, soon 
began to improve the instrument. He 
made the entire frame of iron, in order to 
enable it the better to resist the immense 
strain of the tense strings, and at the same 
time to increase the resonance and purity 
of its tones. He also devised the “ circular 
scale,” with the “ arch-wrest planks,” or 
“tuning blocks.” Both these improve¬ 
ments were speedily adopted by the manu¬ 
facturers in Europe and America. His 
other numerous and excellent advances 
have given him a high and enduring repu¬ 
tation as a piano-maker. Other makers 
have invented valuable modifications and 
additions, but to Mr. Chickering must be 
accorded the honor of having given that 
impulse to the business and maintained 
that position which make American pianos 
to-day the best in the world. 

There was a time—and of no very dis¬ 
tant date—when the Vienna grand pianos 
were considered superior to all others on 
account of the material of which the 
sounding-board was made. The Vienna 
manufacturers, while they certainly pro¬ 
duced strongly-made and elegantly-fin¬ 
ished instruments, openly claimed the une¬ 
qualed resonance of their pianos. It was 
finally determined that this superiority was 
in the preparation as much as in the quali¬ 
ty of the wood. Of the American im¬ 
provements in sound, we have already 
spoken. Among the improvements intro¬ 
duced by others, have been the iEolian at¬ 
tachment of Obed Coleman; the adoption 
by several manufacturers of the over-strung 
base in square pianos; the bedding or in¬ 
sulation of the iron frame by Mr. F. C. 
Lighte; the use of soft elastic washers to 





80 


UNITED STATES.-MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. 


soften tlie tone, by the same; the double 
sounding-board of Mr. S. B. Driggs, in¬ 
tended to increase the volume and smooth¬ 
ness of the tones; the bell-metal bridge of 
Messrs. Geo. Steck & Co., and their meth¬ 
od of constructing their boudoir or upright 
piano; the patent combination sounding- 
board of Messrs. Raven & Bacon, and the 
cycloid form of piano of Messrs. Linde- 
man & Sons, having the same purpose. 
Messrs. Steinway & Sons have applied the 
patent Agraffe arrangement directly to the 
full iron frame, and have also obviated the 
difficulties met with in the construction 
of the upright piano, by their patent reso¬ 
nator, and double iron frame. No essen¬ 
tial improvements have been made in the 
piano-forte for the last thirty years by Eu¬ 
ropean manufacturers, as was conclusively 
proved by the Paris Exposition of 1867, 
when the highest awards were given to the 
Chickering and Stein way firms, and the 
decoration of the Legion of Honor was 
conferred upon Mr. C. F. Chickering. 

The United States is now far in advance 
of Europe in this industry, and possesses 
the largest two establishments in the 
world. The gross amount of sale of new 
pianos by the twenty-six most prominent 
firms in the United States during the year 
1869, was $5,253,167, distributed as fol¬ 
lows: New York makers, $3,104,783; Bos¬ 
ton, $1,632,500, and Baltimore, $515,884. 

We have already mentioned the name 
of Chickering: the firm of CHICKERING 
& SONS, of Boston, present a large dis¬ 
play of their instruments, and among these 
a small, old-fashioned piano of only five 
and one-half octaves, made by old Mr. 
Chickering himself, fifty years ago. The 
house was founded in 1823, and their 
present array is valued at $12,000. They 
employ four hundred hands, and use a 
capital of one million of dollars. Not¬ 
withstanding the hard times, the company 
has not discharged a hand in four years. 
C. MYER & SON, of Philadelphia, com¬ 
menced business in the same year as 
Chickering, and have been remarkably 
successful in the production of choice and 
approved pianos. Their display is valued 
at two thousand dollars. They exhibit 
one instrument made by them in 1832, 
which was exhibited at the Franklin In¬ 
stitute Fair in 1833. They employ a large 
capital, and have taken several medals of 
excellence. 


A large exhibit, valued at $10,000, is 
made by STEIN WAY & SONS, of New 
York. The house was founded in 1853. 
Henry Steinway made his five sons all 
piano makers, and they have greatly 
aided him in his business. The instru¬ 
ments are known as the overstrung. In 
1866 they erected immense warerooms 
in New York, to which they added a 
concert hall that will seat two thousand 
persons. They use an unlimited capital 
and give constant employment to nine 
hundred workmen. BACON & KARR, 
of New York, trace the existence of their 
house back to the time when John Jacob 
Astor, in the year 1789, dealt in imported 
pianos. Mr. Astor gave place to Michael 
Paff. Paff’s clerk, William Dubois, im¬ 
ported pianos in 1815; and in 1836 the 
firm of Dubois & Bacon was formed. Mr. 
Dubois had already commenced manu¬ 
facturing in 1820. In 1841 the firm w r as 
changed to Bacon & Raven, and again in 
1870, to Bacon & Karr. The house is well 
established, and finds constant wmrk for a 
large number of hands. The present 
exhibit is valued at two thousand dollars. 

A very fine assortment of pianos is 
shown by CHARLES M. STIEFF, of 
Baltimore, who, among his very rich and 
elegant instruments, displays one that is a 
great curiosity. It was made in 1745, by 
Johannes Schreiber, of Amsterdam, and is 
consequently one hundred and thirty-one 
years old. This instrument was at one 
time owned by Balfe, the noted English 
composer, who was rendered famous in 
this country when Mr. Wilson and Miss 
Sherriff appeared in his opera of “ Amelie,” 
in New YYrk. A. WEBER, of New 
Y ork, displays a very large selection of his 
fine-toned and highly-approved pianos— 
the exhibit being valued at full twenty 
thousand dollars. He employs six hundred 
hands, and a capital of nearly one million 
of dollars. He has been established more 
than twenty years, and finds ready sale for 
his pianos. Another New Y r ork firm is 
that of DECKER BROTHERS, estab¬ 
lished about fifteen years, during which 
they have secured a wide and popular 
reputation for the excellence of their instru¬ 
ments. They employ three hundred and 
fifty hands and use a capital of three 
hundred thousand dollars. Their exhibit 
is valued at eight thousand dollars. 

The displays are numerous, and the large 











Style 5.—OCTAVES—ROSEWOOD. SQUARE GRAND. 

Same size and interior construction as Style 4. Extra finished, with fancy veneered molding all around 
upper edge of ease ; ogee molding, and broad serpentine molding all around lower edge of 

case ; richest style of carved legs and lyre. 



ass 

n 

PS 



a m 

j 

yi 

ilEllia* 

Mir® 

mi 

'hiiiuiiiiiiiuiisi 






Style 4 


OCTAVES—ROSEWOOD. 


LARGE CONCERT GRAND PIANO. 


V ith our patent duplex scale, patent resonator; patent double repeating action and patent tubular action 
frame ; with additional broad serpentine molding all around the case ; handsome orna¬ 
ments and extra richly carved legs and lyre. Length, 8 feet 5 inches. 



































































































UNITED STATES.-MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. 


83 


cities appear to all have their establish¬ 
ments. HALLETT, DAVIS & CO., of 
Boston, present an array valued at twenty 
thousand dollars. The house has been 
long founded, and enjoys an excellent rep¬ 
utation. They employ three hundred and 
fifty hands and a very large capital. W. P. 
EMERSON PIANO CO., of the same city, 
offer upright pianos, which now appear to 
be coming more and more into fashion. 
Their exhibit is placed at five thousand 
dollars. HINDS & SONS, of Newark, 
N. J., display several highly finished 
instruments of superior tone. WILLIAM 
KNABE & CO., of Baltimore, display 
twelve thousand dollars’ worth of their 
very elegant instruments. They employ 
several hundred hands, and use a capital of 
one million dollars. Their factory in 
Baltimore covers two and a half acres of 
land, and is built so that there is very little 
shifting of work. The rooms are so 
arranged that the piano begins at one in 
the rough wood, and progresses through 
a regular series as each branch is reached, 
until at the end of the suite of rooms, it is 
produced a finished and tuned instrument, 
ready for sale or for concert use. 

There is also a display of that long- 
established firm of HAINES BROTH¬ 
ERS, valued at five thousand dollars. 
They give constant employment to four 
hundred skilled workmen, and use a capital 
of one million of dollars. H. HARDMAN, 
of New York, exhibits pianos valued at 
fifteen thousand dollars. They possess 
remarkably clear tones, and some of the 
cases are magnificently inlaid. Mr. H. 
employs two hundred and fifty men, and 
uses a capital of half a million dollars. 
The UNITED PIANO MAKERS, of 
Brooklyn, have three thousand dollars’ 
worth of their very rich-toned pianos on 
exhibition. This company has been long 
established, and is composed entirely of 
practical men, any one of whom can make 
a piano from the rough timber to the final 
varnish. They labor for tone and strength 
rather than ornament. The OHIO VAL¬ 
LEY PIANO CO., of Ripley, 0., exhibit 
one very superior instrument. They em¬ 
ploy eighty men, and have a capital of one 
hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars. 
ALBRECHT & CO., of Philadelphia, 
display six thousand dollars’ worth of fine- 
toned instruments; and SCHOMACKER, 
of the same place, who has been established 


over forty years, has a fine array valued 
at ten thousand dollars. He is doing a 
very splendid business, employing one 
hundred men and half a million capital. 

We cannot pass over GEORGE 
GREINOR, of Sacramento, Cal., who 
exhibits a violin piano—something new 
under the sun—being an application of 
violin bows to piano strings, by which the 
viol tones are produced. As a curiosity it 
is much noticed, but beyond that it does 
not appear to attract much attention. 

We have already spoken of the lyre and 
harp, and given something of their histories. 
Other stringed instruments have been long 
in use. The violin has made a reputation 
only in the hands of a few masters. 
Paganini astonished the world by perform¬ 
ing the most difficult pieces upon a single 
string. Ole Bull is now creating universal 
enthusiasm wherever he is heard. Although 
the violin has been used for hundreds of 
years, most of the performers are mere 
fiddlers—nothing more. Every country 
village has its fiddler, but masters of the- 
violin—those who can really produce 
combined harmonies upon this truly won¬ 
derful instrument—only spring up once in 
an age. We have never heard of two 
such masters reigning at the same time. 
Even these superior performers sometimes 
have their little tricks that charm by their 
apparent naivete. W e remember one 
who, when he tired of his concert, or when 
his audience seemed rather dull in compre¬ 
hending his masterly execution, would 
suddenly break his bovj , and of course could 
play no longer. He would apologize— 
the audience would wake up enough to 
cheer, and retire quite satisfied. The bow 
was broken to order , and was mended as 
soon as the listeners had retired. 

Cremona, a fortified city of Lombardy, 
was long celebrated for the manufacture 
of musical instruments, and especially of 
violins. During the sixteenth and seven¬ 
teenth centuries the trade flourished to a 
large extent. Since then the reputation of 
the Cremona violins has greatly diminished. 
Occasionally-a great cry is heard about one 
of the old instruments selling at one thous¬ 
and dollars, but very little is said about it 
after the sale. Old, cracked, patched, and 
discordant fiddles w r ere often palmed off as 
Cremonas. 

Among the Italian peasantry they have 
a stringed instrument known as the 






84 


UNITED STATES.-MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. 


mandalina, that is played with a piece of 
shell or bone held between the fingers. A 
skilled performer can produce very rich 
music upon it. The guitar is an instrument 
intended merely as an accompaniment for 
the voice, and belongs particularly to 
lovers who sometimes charm, but more 
frequently make night hideous with terri¬ 
ble discords. The banjo is an instrument 
of singular power. Though not fashion¬ 
able, we cannot restrain our temptation 
to eulogise its wonderful effect in the 
rendering of rich home ballads. It may 
be used as an accompanying or as a 
tremble instrument, and in the hands of a 
good musician never fails to add greatly 
to the delivery of pathetic words. 

Od stringed instruments the exhibits are 
not very extensive, but they are certainly 
most excellent. The American violin has 
achieved a reputation that it holds in spite 
of the noisy approbation given to many 
foreign instruments. JOHN ALBERT, 
of Philadelphia, exhibits violins that are in 
constant demand. JOSEPH NEFF, of 
the same city, has violins and violoncellos 
of very superior tone and power. AUG. 
GEMANDER, of New York, shows 
violins and bass-viols of power and sweet¬ 
ness. TVTLDMAN, of Danbury, Conn.,/ 
has a fine assortment of American-made 
stringed instruments of superior finish. 
Id. C. DOBSON, of New York, exhibits a 
patent back-sounding-board banjo, that 
has an astonishing volume of sound. 
These instruments are all finished in the 
most approved modern style, and are the 
center of musical attraction. 

Of band and general military instru¬ 
ments, the displays are such as to reflect 
great credit upon the manufacturers. 
They have not only looked to the value of 
their work as embracing all the requisites 
for melody and power, but have likewise 
produced articles of rich and exquisite 
workmanship. 

The horn was known thousands of years 
ago. The horns used by the army of 
Joshua at the taking of Jericho, were 
rams’ horns. This was in 1451 B. C., 
and they had probably been known and 
used long previous to that date. It is sup¬ 
posed that these were simply the horns of 
the native ram, well cleaned and not orna¬ 
mented. The small end was probably 
so trimmed as to make an even embrasure, 
so as not to injure the mouth in blowing. 


The Romans had a similar trumpet, called 
Buccinci , which was sometimes straight, 
and often bent for convenience. After¬ 
wards they used the Tuba —a perfectly 
straight horn like the fish-horns of the 
present day, and made of cheap metal. 
They were used for signals in time of war, 
and for ordering various evolutions during 
national games. The Romans received 
them from the Greeks, and the Greeks ac¬ 
knowledged their Tuscan origin. 

At a still later period the Romans used 
the Cornu , or bent horn. It was made of 
brass and bent in the form of a C, with a 
cross-piece to steady the instrument, and 
for the convenience of the performer. 
The French horn of the present day strongly 
resembles the ancient cornu. 

Cymbals were used by the Romans and 
Greeks, and the cymbals now used in our 
bands are very precise imitations of the 
ancient brass plates. They were made, as 
they now are, for effect, and possessed no 
musical attribute. 

Of modern band and orchestral instru¬ 
ments the variety is large. We have the 
cornet, plain and keyed. The keyed cor¬ 
net, in the hands of a master, is a delight¬ 
ful instrument. He can modify its tones 
to form a charming accompaniment to the 
voice, or he can bring out tones that 
startle by their fury and sharpness. The 
French horn is another grand instrument 
of equal force and variety. Then we have 
the oboe, the clarionet, the great snake —a 
heavy bass instrument—the flute, and the 
drum and fife—the last declared by all true 
Yankees to be the greatest instrument in 
the world, when playing “ Yankee Doodle.” 

The original of the flute was probably 
the double pipe of the ancient, played with 
one or two hands. These instruments in 
olden times were accounted fabulous. On 
a certain occasion a lover went to the infer¬ 
nal regions to look after his stolen wife, 
and so charmed the three-headed doe: 
Cerberus, that he fell asleep and took no 
notice of the invasion of Pluto’s dominions 
by a mere mortal. AVild beasts and wild 
men have been charmed by music. 

Drums of all sorts, from the small ket¬ 
tle to the great bass, are to be seen here. 
PH. KOMPFF & SON, of New York, 
show the largest bass-drum ever made in 
one piece. It is five feet two inches in 
diameter. H. OLDENDORF, of the 
same place, shows various drums. The 







UNITED STATES.-IRON. 


85 


MUSICAL INSTRUMENT MANUFAC¬ 
TORY, of Boston, has a large and ele¬ 
gant display of wind instruments. WM. 
SEEFELOT and HENRY LEHNERT, 
both of Philadelphia, display very superb 
band instruments. 

There are many other exhibits of parts 
of instruments, as strings for pianos, 
violins, etc., carved piano legs, etc. Alto¬ 
gether the displays are of great interest, 
and have received marked attention. "We 
notice that many of the foreign Commis¬ 
sioners have been carefully examining the 
general musical exhibits. 


IRON. 

“ Tubai Cain, an instructor of every 
artificer in brass and iron.” From the re¬ 
mote period in which this instructor 
flourished, to the present time, iron has 
been the most important metal discovered. 
Although more in demand than any other 
mineral, its great abundance, and the ease 
with which it is obtained and purified, 
combine to render it cheap. Its great 
adaptability, and the simplicity with which 
it can be worked, have rendered it useful 
to all nations. 

For all manufacturing purposes where 
strength and durability are required, and 
where wood would be useless, it is invalua¬ 
ble. It has played a most conspicuous 
part in architecture of late years, although 
the impossibility of preventing its corroding 
renders it unreliable for any length of 
time. The settlers in this country pos¬ 
sessed but little knowledge of mining, and 
lacked the capital requisite for extensive 
operations. The ore was early discovered 
on the James River, Va., and in Massa¬ 
chusetts; but for many years was not 
mined in large quantities. From various 
reports of the Governor of Massachusetts 
Bay, and other officials of that colony, 
there appears to have been, in 1731, as 
many as six furnaces and nineteen forges 
for making iron in New England, as also 
a slitting mill and nail factory connected 
with it. The first blast furnace in the 
colonies appears to have been built in 
1702, by Lambert Despard, at the outlet 
of Mattakeeset Pond, in Massachusetts, 
and a number more were set in operation 
to work the bog ores found in the district. 
In 1715, there were blast furnaces in Mary¬ 
land, Virginia, and Pennsylvania. Those 


enterprises were regarded with so much 
disfavor by the mother country, that in 
1719 a bill was brought forward in the 
House of Lords, forbidding the erection of 
rolling or slitting mills in the American 
colonies, and in 1750 this became a law. 
The restrictions limited the operations to 
the production of pig-iron and castings, 
and a few blast furnaces were employed in 
New England and the Middle States. 
Upon the Declaration of Independence the 
colonists were thrown entirely upon their 
own resources, and had been kept so in 
ignorance concerning the manipulating of 
iron, that few of the furnace masters would 
undertake to cast a gun. At the close of 
the war, the chief supplies were again fur¬ 
nished from the iron works of Great 
Britain, and while that country continued 
to protect her own interests by prohibitory 
duties that for a long time excluded 
foreign competition, the iron interest of 
the United States languished under a policy 
that fostered rather the carrying trade be¬ 
tween the two countries, than the building 
up of highly important manufactories, and 
the establishment around them of perma¬ 
nent agricultural settlements, through the 
home market they should secure. Hence 
it was that the manufacture in Great 
Britain was rapidly accelerated, improved 
by new inventions, strengthened by accu¬ 
mulated capital, and sustained by the use 
of mineral coal for fuel, almost a century 
before we had learned, in the discouraging 
condition of the industry, that this cheap 
fuel, mines of which were worked in Vir¬ 
ginia before 1790, could be advan¬ 
tageously employed. Thus encouraged 
and supported, the iron interest of Eng¬ 
land has prospered at the expense of that 
of all other nations, till her annual produc¬ 
tion amounts to more than one-half of the 
seven or eight millions of tons produced 
throughout the world. It is stated by an 
able writer upon this subject, that “ the 
materials for making a ton of iron can be 
laid down in the United States at the fur¬ 
nace, with less expenditure of human 
labor, than in any other part of the known 
world, with the possible exception of Scot¬ 
land; thus economizing labor to an enor¬ 
mous extent.” In 1810, the production of 
iron, entirely charcoal, was 54,000 tons. 
In 1820, in consequence of the commercial 
ruin which had swept over the country 
just before, the business was in a state of 






86 


UNITED STATES.-IRON. 


comparative ruin, and not over 20,000 tons 
were produced. 


In 1828, 

the product 

was 130,000 tons. 

In 1830, 

a 

n 

“ 165,000 

u 

In 1840, 

It 

u 

“ 347,000 

u 

In 1845, 

n 

n 

“ 486,000 

u 

In 1852, 

u 

u 

“ 564,000 

u 

In 1855, 

u 

u 

“ 754,178 

ll 

In 1860, 

u 

u 

“ 913,774 

ll 

In 1865, 

u 

a 

“ 931,582 

ll 

In 1870, 

u 

(l 

11 2,000,000 

ll 

The principal 

ores are hematites, mag 


netic and specular ores, the red oxides of 
the secondary rocks, and the carbonates. 
Probably more than three-quarters of the 
iron made in the United States is from 
the first three varieties, and a much larger 
proportion of the English iron is from the 
last—from the magnetic and specular ores 
none. Charcoal has been the only fuel em¬ 
ployed in the manufacture of iron until 
anthracite was applied to this purpose, 
about the year 1840, and still later—in the 
United States—coke and bituminous coal. 
So long as wood continued abundant in 
the iron districts, it was preferred to the 
C3al, yet as the land became cleared, and 
manufacturers became more expert in the 
use of mineral fuel, it superseded charcoal. 
Coals are a more certain dependence, and 
are cheaply conveyed on the great lines of 
transportation, so that furnaces may be 
placed anywhere on the roads, with refer¬ 
ence more especially to proximity of ores. 
Their establishment, however, involves the 
outlay of much capital, for the anthracite 
furnaces are built upon a large scale, with 
a capacity of from twenty to thirty tons of 
pig-iron per day. This requires machinery 
of great power to furnish the immense 
quantities of air, amounting in large stacks 
to fifteen tons or more every hour, and 
propel it through the dense column of fifty 
to sixty feet in height, of heavy materials 
that fill the furnace. The air actually ex¬ 
ceeds in weight all the other matter intro¬ 
duced into the furnace, and its efficiency in 
promoting combustion and generating an 
intense heat is greatly augmented by the 
concentration to which it is subjected when 
blown in under a pressure of six or eight 
pounds to the square inch. 

It is rendered still more efficient by 
being heated to a temperature sufficient to 
meit lead betore it is introduced into the 
furnace. To accomplish this demands the 


construction of heating ovens, through 
which the blast can be forced from the 
blowing cylinders. A series of pipes is so 
arranged as to absorb as much as possible 
of the waste heat resulting from the com¬ 
bustion of the gases that issue from the 
top of the stack. This heat would be 
otherwise lost, yet by this means it is of 
great utility. 

In this country the iron industry has 
grown to be one of the most important 
and largest. Our immense lines of rail¬ 
way, and the enormous demand for ma¬ 
chinery, combine to make the industry 
active. Although our manufacturers an¬ 
nually receive large importations from 
abroad, especially from Great Britain and 
Norway and Sweden, they export their 
products. These imports are steadily de¬ 
creasing, while we are doing what was 
considered an impossibility a few years 
sincp—sending iron, steel, and cast-iron to 
European countries. Our resources are 
such as enable us to manufacture mate¬ 
rials of a quality equal if not superior to 
those of other nations. But a few years 
ago and it was thought steel could not be 
made here but by the use of imported 
spiegelheisen, particularly the German; now 
this ore is found native, and produces 
steel of the finest quality. 

Cast-iron contains, according to the pur¬ 
pose for which it is intended, from five to 
six and one-half per cent, of pure carbon, 
either chemically or mechanically com¬ 
bined, and except the combination of iron 
with hydrogen, which is its normal condi¬ 
tion, it is not the better for any admixture 
of other metals or elements, though for 
some purposes a small percentage of man- 
ganese, tungsten, or even a little silicon, 
are not disadvantageous. 

Steel, according to the purpose to which 
it is to be applied, contains in chemical 
combination from six-tenths to one and 
six-tenths per cent, of carbon, and should 
have no other ingredient. "Wrought-iron, 
apart from its ordinary combination with 
hydrogen, should be entirely free from 
sulphur, phosphorus, or silicon, and 
though for some purposes a little man¬ 
ganese, tungsten, and a very small amount 
of carbon may not prove harmful, yet 
practically a pure iron is preferred to any 
alloy. Absolutely pure iron, u e. iron free 
from hydrogen as well as other impurities, 
is one of the rarest metals in the world, 









UNITED STATES.-IRON. 


87 


and was isolated completely for the first 
time, in 1860. It is a white metal, very 
ductile and tenacious, and so soft as to be 
easily cut with a knife. The methods em¬ 
ployed in the United States for making 
iron, cast-iron, and steel are numerous, and 
differ materially both in the composition 
and mode of operating. The qualities pro¬ 
duced here are equal to any found in Eu¬ 
rope. The iron ore mined in the United 
States in the year 1870 was valued at 
$13,204,138. 

The exhibits of iron ores are made b} 7- 
one hundred and fifteen different firms, 
and are composed of specimens from all 
the most valuable mines in the United 
States. The metal, at the first melting of 
the ore, is cast into ingots of various sizes 
weighing from one to two hundred pounds; 
it is now ready for market, and is general¬ 
ly known as “pig-iron.” Seventy-five 
firms make exhibits of this. Many of the 
largest firms in the country manufacture 
both iron and steel; we have, therefore, in 
compiling this table, placed the firm under 
its most important head. The displays of 
iron are composed of various kinds, such 
as boiler-plate, bars, hoop, and nut iron, 
&c., and number fifty-five. There are 
seventeen exhibits made by producers of 
steel tools, bars, and parts of machinery, 
&c. 

THE CAMBRIDGE IRON CO., of 
Johnstown, Pa., make an extensive ex¬ 
hibit of iron ores, spiegelheisen, and iron 
and steel rails. Here are two of their 
iron rails which bridged a gap twelve 
feet wide and twelve feet deep, washed 
out under the track of the G. R. & 
Ft. W. R. R. They safely supported 
an engine that weighed fifty-seven thou¬ 
sand four hundred pounds, with a 
train of seven cars. They have an arch 
built entirely of rails. Each corner of 
their space is adorned by an immense 
twisted iron rail, placed vertically. Their 
assortment of ores is placed in the mineral 
annex. The company has been established 
since 1855, and is now one of the most 
prominent in this country; they have a 
capital of $3,000,000, and employ five 
thousand men. The firm of MILLER, 
METCALF & PARKIN, of Pittsburgh, 
Pa., was established in 1865, and presents 
an exhibit of steel and the uses to which 
it may be put, valued at $3,500. They 
have a powerful clock-spring, cold-rolled, 


one hundred and twenty-five feet long by 
three and three-eighth inches wide. Solid 
hardened steel coin roller, worth $400. 
To make an absolutely true roller requires 
a perfect casting, and the exercise of great 
skill in turning. Also two taps used in 
the St. Louis bridge, of six inches diame¬ 
ter. THE OTIS IRON AND STEEL 
CO., of Cleveland, Ohio, exhibit a piece 
of thin steel that indicated a tensile 
strength of sixty-five thousand six hun¬ 
dred pounds to the square inch when bro¬ 
ken by the Colt’s Armory testing machine. 
Extending across the front of the space 
occupied by the exhibit of THE KEY¬ 
STONE BRIDGE CO., of Pittsburgh, 
Pa., is a perfect model of the Raritan Bay 
pivot bridge. This is the longest swinging 
bridge in the world, being four hundred 
and seventy-two feet in length, and is one 
of the mechanical triumphs of the century. 
The . company has built many other bridges 
of great merit, and they show many ac¬ 
curate drawings of their work. Enclos¬ 
ing the display of THE WAYNE IRON 
AND STEEL WORKS, BROWN & CO., 
Pittsburgh, Pa., is a railing made of cold 
knotted steel rods, as an illustration of 
the general quality of their wares. They 
also show several larger pieces, bent cold. 
THE PHILADELPHIA IRON AND 
STEEL CO. have a capital of $200,000, 
and make an exhibit, among other things, 
of deep rolled channel iron, one-eighth 
inch thick by one deep. To bend iron 
cold is one of the severest tests it can 
be subjected to, and yet in the exhibit of 
THE SLIGO IRON MILLS, of PHIL¬ 
LIPS, MIMICK & CO., of Pittsburgh, 
Pa., we find the largest piece of cold bent 
iron on exhibition, it being ten by four 
and one-half inches. The convex surface 
of the curve is as smooth and free from 
imperfections as where it was straight. 
They also show a large circular piece of 
rolled plate three-eighths of an inch thick 
by one hundred and six in diameter, and 
which when tested had a tensile strength 
of ninety-nine thousand eight hundred and 
forty pounds to the square inch. The 
firm employs five hundred men. THE J. 
L. MOTT IRON WORKS, ot New York, 
have a rich display of bronze figures and 
ornamental work on iron pedestals, con¬ 
sisting of dogs, deer, vases, and fountains, 
to the value of $15,000. Besides their 
main exhibit, they have the large fountain 









88 


UNITED STATES.-WIRE WARE. 


in the nave of this building, opposite their 
space, which cost $4,500. In the other 
exhibition buildings may be found many 
beautiful specimens of their handiwork. 
The firm is one of the most prominent in the 
United States, having been established for 
fifty-one years. The works employ several 
hundred men, run four furnaces, and re¬ 
quire a capital of $1,000,000. THE 
EDGAR THOMSON STEEL CO., of 
Pittsburgh, Pa. (limited), exhibit the long¬ 
est steel rail in the world, it being one 
hundred and twenty feet in length, and 
weighing sixty-two pounds per yard. A 
rail of this size is practically of no use, 
and was made in order to show the precis¬ 
ion with which their machinery worked, 
and the superior quality of their materials. 


WIRE WARE. 

It is hardly possible at this remote date to 
say with any degree of certainty who was 
the originator of w T ire-work. Spinning 
and weaving of fibres are ancient arts, and 
it is somewhat remarkable that no im¬ 
provements whatever have been made dur¬ 
ing the centuries of time in the system 
that requires the filling to be placed be¬ 
tween the threads of the warp. As time 
progressed, however, it was discovered 
that other materials could be woven be¬ 
sides fine linen; and a few hundred years 
ago—generally supposed to be three or 
four—some one contrived to make cloth 
of wire. It was a rude affair at first, but 
improvements have been made from year 
to year, until now metal cloth is woven al¬ 
most like cambric muslins. 

it is to-day made so fine that there are ten 
thousand interstices in a square inch; it is 
of a fineness, both in warp and filling, of 
one hundred wires to the lineal inch. A 
well-known inventor of Brooklyn, Mr. 
Henry F. Read, a few years since made 
invisible platinum wire for hair-lines in 
telescopes, in the following manner: He 
took a fine wire of platinum, and drew it 
down until it was hardly discernible, when 
he covered it with a heavy coating of sil¬ 
ver. This was drawn down in the same 
manner, the silver removed by an acid, 
and the consequence was, he had a wire so 
fine that one hundred strands wound 
around a card were invisible to the naked 
eye. The telegraph has created a large 
demand for iron wire: and with the de¬ 


mand the manufacture has been so much 
improved, especially in this country, that 
the wire has been found applicable to 
many purposes for which brass or copper 
wire was before required. It is prepared 
from small rods, which are passed through 
a succession of small holes, of decreasing 
sizes, made in steel plates. The drawing 
of wire slightly hardens or tempers it, so 
that with each operation it requires to be 
annealed. In this branch the American 
manufacturers have attained the highest 
perfection. The iron prepared from our 
magnetic and specular ore is unequaled in 
the combined qualities of strength and 
flexibility, and is used most extensively 
for purposes in which these properties are 
essential. But where stiffness combined 
with strength is more important, Swedish 
and Norwegian iron also are used. Much 
of the iron wire now made is almost as 
pliable as copper wire, while its strength 
is about fifty per cent, greater. 

In Worcester, Mass., a large contract 
has been satisfactorily filled for No. 10 
wire, one of the conditions of which was 
that the wire, when cold, might be tightly 
wound around another wire of the same 
size without cracking or becoming rough 
on the surface. Such wire is an excellent 
material for ropes, and considerable Ameri¬ 
can iron is already required for this purpose, 
especially for suspension bridges. The 
most important process in the manufacture 
of wire is the drawing. Two cylinders, 
slightly conical, and of diameters varying 
according to the size of the w T ire, are used 
as reels. German plates, known as Wor- 
j dels, are perforated with holes of different 
sizes, through which the wire is drawn. 
These plates are made of the best quality 
of steel, and are bored with the greatest 
accuracy. After each drawing it is an¬ 
nealed to prepare it for the next. 

The making of square iron wire is a 
branch of this industry that has made its 
appearance within a very few years, and 
has been already greatly encouraged. It 
is of all sizes, and is remarkably regular 
in size and quality. 

THE WASHBURN & MOEN MAN¬ 
UFACTURING CO., of Worcester, Mass., 
have about thirty tons of iron wire upon 
exhibition. In one coil, weighing only 
eleven and one-half pounds, are over twen¬ 
ty-one miles of iron wire. Here is the long¬ 
est three-sixteenths inch rod among the 








UNITED STATES-CUTLERY. 


89 


exhibits, it being one over mile in length. 
The firm was established in 1831, employs 
a capital of $l,5u0,000, and requires seven 
hundred and fifty men. They make iron 
wire of every description. THE WOODS 
SHERWOOD & (JO., of Lowell, Mass., 
have an exhibit of excellent work consist¬ 
ing of wire baskets, fruit-dishes, casters, 
&c. THE CLEVELAND ROLLING 
MILL CO. show samples of steel and iron, 
and a fine quality of Bessemer steel wire 
and tire. Among the other displays we 
find wire brooms and brushes for stables, 
and for cleaning castings; wire ropes and 
cloths; plain and galvanized chains and 
belts. We have not given the number of 
firms manufacturing wire, since in most 
instances it is merely a branch of the 
business, very few houses making wire a 
specialty. 


CUTLERY. 

Cutlery has been manufactured in the 
United States for only a few years com¬ 
paratively, although the articles now pro¬ 
duced here are superior in metal and fin¬ 
ish to those of Europe. It was only a few 
years ago that foreign manufacturers sup- 
piied the demands of this country; now 
we furnish our own cutlery of every de¬ 
scription, export large quantities, and it 
is estimated we even use more English 
steel than is used in Britain. A foreigner 
remarking upon branches of American 
industry, says: “ The manufacturers of cut¬ 
lery have far surpassed those of the old 
world in the production of tools, and that 
not merely in the excellence of the metal 
used, but especially in the practical util¬ 
ity of the patterns, and in the remarka¬ 
ble degree of finish in their work.” Steel 
is the material used for the cutting edges 
of tools and cutlery, as its various char¬ 
acteristics make it essentially useful. The 
backs and handles, where they are of 
metal, are made of iron, as it is cheaper. 
The steel is blistered, as, or after, it is 
drawn down by tilt-hammers into shear- 
steel: this is for table-knives, scythes, &c. 
When a fine finish is required, or exces¬ 
sive hardness, the blistered steel is melted 
into cast-steel, and the ingots forged into 
bars. Simple articles, such as chisels, 
are made by hammering a bit of cast- 
steel into the required shape. This being 
intended only for the edge, is made very 


thin, and upon it is welded a flat slip of 
iron, which has been forged into the 
shape of the chisel, with a shoulder 
formed by driving it into a hole in the 
anvil. One side is iron, intended to be 
giound away, while the cutting edge is 
steel. Scissors are made of various ma¬ 
terials: tailors’ shears have the blades only 
of steel, the rest being iron; common 
scissors are of shears-steel, the blades 
being hardened; some of the cheapest 
are made entirely of cast-iron of a good 
quality, and are sold for seven cents a doz¬ 
en, while others, made with shanks and 
bows of gold, bring fifty dollars a pair. 
The blades of all are slightly bowed, in 
such a manner that they touch each other 
only at the point of cutting, which in the 
act moves from the pivot to the points. 

In the old process of making table-cut¬ 
lery, the blade was hammered out on an 
anvil at the end of a bar of steel, and cut 
off. It was then welded to a bar of 
! wrought iron, about half an inch square, 
and enough of this was cut off to form the 
shoulder and tang. The blade was then 
heated and hammered or smithed, to con¬ 
dense the metal, and enable it to receive a 
higher finish. The maker’s mark was then 
placed upon it; it was hardened by heating 
to redness and plunging it into water. Af¬ 
ter being tempered to a blue color, it was 
ready for grinding. The invention of a 
machine for manufacturing table knife 
blades has greatly augmented the industry 
in the United States. Pen-knife blades are 
hammered entire out of the best cast-steel; 
a number are heated for tempering, and 
when at the proper degree, to take a brown 
or a purple color, are dipped in water up 
to the shoulder. The same quality of steel 
is used for razors. The blade is hammered 
from a bar half an inch wide, and as 
thick as the back of the instrument. 
Only the best metal will bear the work¬ 
ing down of one part of the blade to the 
requisite thinness, while the back is left un¬ 
touched. The tempering is performed af¬ 
ter the blade is drilled for the pin of the 
joint, and stamped. 

Cutlery is ground and polished by stones 
varying in diameter from four inches to 
two feet. Some are used dry, and others 
wet, in order that the temper may not 
be injured. The dry grinding is the more 
rapid, but is injurious to the workman un¬ 
less the dust is carried off in flues. When 












90 


UNITED STATES.-SAFES AND LOCKS. 


ground sufficiently the articles are polished 
by means of a wooden wffieel faced with a 
metal of five parts lead to one of tin, or of • 
leather. The emery and oil placed upon | 
these quickly remove all tracks of the 
coarse stones. 

The handles for cutlery are made of an 
endless variety of articles, and are some¬ 
times rendered expensive by being most 
elaborately carved. To secure the blade, 
the tang is either carried clear through, or 
fastened with cements and rivets. Forks 
are manufactured of the same materials as 
knives, though in most instances dies are 
used to obtain the requisite shape. 

In all probability one of the oldest tools 
known to man is the axe. This instrument 
has changed but little in shape; the main 
alterations have been in the mode of manu¬ 
facture and materials. The remains of all 
extinct races disclose, in some rude form, 
that useful instrument. In the most re¬ 
cent process, hammered bar iron is heated 
to redness, cut the required length, 
and the eye for the handle punched 
through it. It is reheated, and pressed 
between two concave dies, where it receives 
the proper form. It is now heated again, 
and a groove made to receive the piece of 
steel for the edge; this is placed in, 
sprinkled plentifully with borax, and the 
laps welded. It is now hammered by 
hand to the desired shape, and then 
ground. 

To temper it, it is hung upon a revolv- 
ing wheel in a furnace, over a small coal 
fire, at a peculiar red heat. It is cooled, 
successively, in salt and fresh w'ater, and 
then tempered in another furnace, where 
the heat is regulated by a thermometer. 
It is then polished to a high finish, which 
will show every flaw and enable it to resist 
rust. 

Surgical instruments of a metal and 
quality superior to those of Europe are 
made m some of our large cities, especially 
Philadelphia. 

Probably the operation requiring the 
most care and skill, in the many through ! 
which an edge tool passes, is tempering. 
It is customary, in tempering steel tools, 
to be governed by the color of the film of 
oxide, in determining when the requisite 
heat is obtained. The degrees of heat, 
Fahrenheit, to which these colors corres¬ 
pond, and the effects upon the metal, are as 
follows’ 


430° very faint yellow, 450° pale steam 
color, for hard instruments. 

470° full yellow, 490° brown, for instru- 
I ments requiring hard edges, without elas 
ticity. 

510° brown with purple spots, 538° pur¬ 
ple, for tools for cutting soft metals or wood. 

550° dark blue, 560° full blue, for tools 
requiring strong edges, without extreme 
hardness. 

600° for spring temper that will bend 
before breaking. 

By heating steel higher t! n this, the 
effect of hardening is destroyed. 

The exhibits of cutlery proper number 
eleven; of shears and scissors, eight; be¬ 
sides several exhibits which can be placed 
under no special head. 

One of the oldest cutlery houses in the 
United States is the JOHN RUSSEL 
CUTLERY CO., GREEN RIVER 
WORKS, of Turner’s Falls, Massachu¬ 
setts. They exhibit a very large case 
filled with a rich and varied display of 
knives, forks, etc., elegantly finished and 
very perfectly tempered. They value this 
assortment at $4,000. At the present 
time there is very little doing in their line; 
but when in full blast, they employ five 
hundred hands. Their capital is $600,000. 
NEW YORK KNIFE CO., WALLKILL 
RIVER WORKS, of Walden, New York, 
have a large display of rich cutlery, of 
elegant patterns and high finish. The 
MERIDEN CUTLERY CO., of Meriden, 
Connecticut, present a magnificently dis¬ 
played assortment of truly elegant cutlery. 
Their wares are arranged in cases lined 
with lilac satin. From other prominent 
firms we find exhibits of pen-knives con¬ 
taining from one to one hundred blades; 
scythes, adzes, etc., from VALENTINES 
& CO., a firm that was established in 1815. 
PECK & SNYDER, of New York, show 
finely-finished skates, that exhibit superior 
workmanship, and are of approved pat¬ 
terns. 


SAFES AND LOCKS. 

In this very important class we notice 
fifty-four exhibits. Of these. Safes num¬ 
ber ten, and Locks thirty-four. Even these 
amounts do not embrace all the exhibits, 
for there are others in the different build¬ 
ings. We here only speak of those in 
Main Building. 













UNITED STATES.-SAFES AND LOCKS. 


91 


When “men began to multiply upon 
the face of the earth,” they also began to 
obtain riches; and as they saw the work¬ 
ings of the result of the first sin, they 
also saw the necessity of providing places 
of safety for treasures. The first mention 
of money, either'in sacred or profane his¬ 
tory, is when Abraham, “ for four hundred 
shekels of silver, current money with the 
merchant,” bought the field and cave in 
Machpelah, for a burying-place. This was 
1872 B. C. Herodotus states that the 
Lydians were the first who struck money. 
The oldest now found in the collection of 
the antiquarians are of ancient Greek coin¬ 
age. The earliest metallic money made in 
this hemisphere was coined at Somers’ 
Island, near Bermuda, for the govern¬ 
ment of Virginia, in 1612. It was rough¬ 
ly executed, but was a more convenient 
currency than tobacco. The frequent 
occurrence of wars made it obligatory to 
provide means for the prosecution of hos¬ 
tilities; for men who fight must be clothed 
and fed, and to do this requires money. 
Banks soon became indispensable. The 
Bank of Venice was the first established 
in Europe, m 1171, and owed its existence 
to the crusades. Originally it was simply 
a bank of deposit, or place for the safe 
keeping of money. Its funds were not 
subject to draft, and could only be trans¬ 
ferred on the books of the bank. Its 
paper was merely a certificate of deposit, 
but as such formed a sort of paper cur¬ 
rency, though not in notes of stated denom¬ 
inations. Drafts and discounts were the 
result of the further advance of commerce 
and trade. This bank continued until the 
year 1746—a period of nearly five hundred 
years—when it was overthrown by the revo¬ 
lutionary army of France. The Bank of 
Geneva was the next established in 1345, 
but was not in full operation till 1407. 
The Bank of Barcelona was created in 
1401, and that of Amsterdam in 1609. 
"When money or treasure accumulated, the 
banks were compelled to furnish places of 
security. At first these were vaults built 
in the cellars of the bank offices; they 
were sometimes hewn out of the solid rock, 
and were covered with heavy stone slabs; 
They were guarded day and night by a 
corps of bank police, the members being 
fully armed. 

Wonderful have been the precautions 
observed to retain possession of money, 


yet equally wonderful have been the de¬ 
vices resorted to by the covetous to obtain 
possession. Superstitions were encouraged 
in order to create fears; charms were 
selected; sacrifices of blood were made; 
and witchcraft and curses were auxiliary 
custodians of concealed treasures. Mur¬ 
der was slightly wrong. Stealing money 
was the greatest offense possible. So 
lived they of old. 

Safes now took the place of vaults. 
They were formerly made of oak, banded 
together with stout iron straps; while the 
doors, made equally of strong wood and 
iron, were fastened with several locks. 
Many kings, princes, and men of wealth 
had strong boxes in which they hoarded 
their treasures; but safes (as we now un¬ 
derstand the term) were first imported into 
the United States from France in 1820. 
These were made of wood and covered 
with iron in the shape of cross-bands, two 
inches wide. These were secured by 
heavy nails driven through and clinched 
on the inside. They were also provided 
with a sheet-iron lining, and locked with 
six or eight iron bolts. These were readi¬ 
ly sold, yet a want was soon felt for a com¬ 
bined burglar and fire-proof safe. The 
first fire-proof safes made in Paris were 
constructed with a chamber filled with 
from five to nine inches of plaster of Paris. 
The shells were of iron. In 1833 Mr. C. 
J. Gaylor produced double chests, leaving 
the space for air, or to be filled with any 
good non-conductor of heat. But the se¬ 
vere fire in 1835 destroyed many of these, 
and an improvement was demanded. 
Shortly after this a double safe was 
made, the space being filled with asbestos 
and plaster. Clay, hydraulic cement, 
alum, and chalk have all been used as 
non-conductors. It was found that plaster 
after a time gave up a part of its water of 
combination, and not only made the inte¬ 
rior moldy and damp, but rusted the plates 
till they were eaten through. In 1852, Mr. 
Spear, of Philadelphia, discovered that the 
residuum of the soda-water fountains, after 
the liberation of the carbonic acid gas, 
possessed remarkable non-conducting pow¬ 
ers. This discovery was purchased and 
used by Messrs. Herring & Co. The de¬ 
vices for rendering safes absolutely fire¬ 
proof have been innumerable, and we have 
yet to find an absolutely reliable depository. 

Previous to this there had been a de- 










92 


UNITED STATES.-SAFES AND LOCKS. 


mand for burglar-proof safes. Lillie’s 
safes were highly commended for this 
purpose, he using thick slabs of chilled 
cast-iron, and flowed cast-iron over 
wrought-iron ribs in their construction. 
It was found, after a time, that burglars 
succeeded in drilling these sufficiently to 
blow them open. Messrs. Herring & Co., 
a few years since, adopted the plan of mak¬ 
ing their burglar proof safes externally of 
boiler-plate wrought-iron, with an inner 
surface of hardened steel, and then filling 
the space between with a casting of Frank- 
linite, the hardest of all known metallic 
ores, which in casting was incorporated 
with rods of soft steel, running both verti¬ 
cally and horizontally. This will resist 
the best drills for many hours, and has, in 
connection with burglar-proof locks, been 
deemed by many experts the most com¬ 
plete protection against burglars yet in¬ 
vented. The firm is now HERRING & 
CO., of New York. Their display consists 
of fourteen burglar-proof safes and bank 
and time locks. The exhibit is valued at 
$18,000. The company has maintained a 
very high reputation since Silas Herring 
first commenced the business. FARRELL 
& CO., of Philadelphia, exhibit safes high¬ 
ly ornamented and strongly made. They 
are valued at $10,000. Then they have 
another exhibit of one grand safe which is 
a room in itself. It is made of chilled 
iron and steel, for the Centennial Safe De¬ 
posit Co., for which they are to pay $12,- 
000. M. BRIGGS & SON, of Rochester, 
N. Y., exhibit safes with round doors that 
screw in. This improvement is esteemed 
quite valuable. THE MARVIN SAFE 
AND SCALE CO., of New York, present 
twenty-five safes of their manufacture— 
all strongly finished, highly ornamented, 
and valued at $16,000. The house has 
been long and favorably known among the 
bankers and merchants of our country.* 

A very grand display in the safe line is 
made by HALL’S SAFE AND LOCK 
CO., of Cincinnati, Ohio. It is a room-safe, 
twelve feet square, and weighs thirty-five 
tons. Price, $22,000. The time-lock costs 
$4,500 more. They have other safes val¬ 
ued at $10,000. The company lately made 
a safe for a Baltimore house, that weighed 
two hundred tons. The house has been 


*A further description of this company will be 
found in the history of Machinery Halt 


established since 1846. They employ 
seven hundred workmen, use an unlimited 
capital, and profess to make twenty-five 
safes every day. 

Among the burglar-proof locks, the 
Brahma, invented in England in 1784, was 
in high repute for many years, but was 
picked by Hobbs, a Boston locksmith, in 
1851. An interesting anecdote is related 
of this noted lock-picker. He was sent for 
to open a bank safe in Brooklyn, and was 
hurried over from his business in New 
York, because it was past bank hours, 
and people were clamorous for funds. He 
soon accomplished the task, when the pres¬ 
ident inquired his charge. On being told 
it was twenty-five dollars, he refused to 
pay such an “exorbitant price.” Hobbs 
still held the door of the safe in his hand, 
and giving it a violent push, again closed 
it—being a spring lock, it was then as se¬ 
curely fastened as before. He refused to 
re-open it until he had the price in his 
pocket. 

A “permutation lock” was invented by 
Dr. Andrews in 1841, and another in 1843 
by Newell. Both were finally picked, and 
Newell then invented one with a detached 
tumbler, which was after a time picked by 
Vm. Hall, of Boston, by the “smoke 
process,” by which a smoky flame is intro¬ 
duced by the key-hole, and this leaves a 
fine deposit of lamp-black upon the “ bel¬ 
lies ” of the tumblers. When the key is 
next introduced, it removes the lamp black 
from the parts it touches. By means of a 
small reflector, a strong light is then thrown 
in, bringing the key-marks to view. The 
exact sizes for a. false key are thus ob¬ 
tained. To prevent this operation it was 
supposed that concealing the tumblers 
would be all that was requisite. H. C. 
JONES, of Newark, accomplished this by 
concentric rings and curtain: and PYES 
did it more effectually with eccentric rings 
and curtain. It was called a parautoptic 
(concealed from view) lock. These defied 
the best English operators at the exhibi¬ 
tion in 1851, and were used by the bank 
of England and in the United States. In 
1855, LINUS YALE, Jr., of Philadelphia, 
by means of the impression process, picked 
this great lock. In 1851 he invented a 
lock in which the key and its bits ap¬ 
pear as of one piece; on being intro* 
duced into the lock, the bits are taken up 
by a pin, which enters through them into 








UNITED STATES.-FIRE-ARMS. 


93 


the center of the key shaft. The key then 
being turned in the usual manner, puls in 
motion a set of gear-wheels. These first 
separate the bits from the key and then 
carry them into the interior of the lock, 
away from the key-hole. They then oper¬ 
ate upon the tumblers, out of sight and 
beyond the reach of any picking tools. 
The same motion which carries away the 
bits effectually closes the key-hole. ~W hen 
the bolt is passed, the key-hole re-opens, 
the bits come back and join the handle to 
be taken out as they were put in. The 
bits may be taken away in the pocket, 
leaving the handle with the lock. E. B. 
DENISON, the famous clock maker of 
London, remarks in relation to this, as well 
as to Newell’s, “ that the casting of both 
of these American locks (which have all 
their heavy parts of cast-iron) is vastly su¬ 
perior to any iron castings we have ever 
seen made in England; and on the whole, 
the United States are evidently far ahead 
of us in the manufacture of both good and 
cheap locks.” The only lock yet intro¬ 
duced that is perfectly secure is the chro¬ 
nometer. In these safes the bolts are 
moved by means of clock gearing. It 
can be set so as to render the contents of 
the safe absolutely non approachable for 
any number of hours. They are used ex¬ 
tensively. 

A large display of locks is made by the 
YALE LOCK M’E’G CO., of Stamford, 
Conn. In the center of this exhibit is a 
post-office completely fitted up, having 
eleven hundred boxes with keys of differ¬ 
ent patterns. They also show five chro¬ 
nometer locks so arranged to run over 
Sunday, thus obviating the necessity of 
visiting the bank on that day. The firm 
has been established six years—employing 
two hundred and seventy-five men. The 
CLARK COMBINATION LOCK CO., 
of Baltimore, exhibit padlocks such as are 
used in the U. S. Treasury Department. 
The TRENTON LOCK & HARDWARE 
CO., of Trenton, N. J., exhibit locks for 
which they claim four billion of changes. 
They appear to be extremely intricate, but 
we did not stay to count the changes. 
WILSON BOPIANNAN, of Brooklyn, 
N. Y., has a fine display of brass padlocks. 
He has been long in business, and we 
believe at one time made the seal locks 
used for the transportation of goods in 
bond. The BRANFORD (Conn.) LOCK 


WORKS make a large display of highly- 
finished locks, &c. Their business amounts 
to one million a year. The EAGLE 
LOCK CO., of Terryville, Conn., and 
MALLORY, WHEELER & CO., of New 
Haven, Conn., show large and well-filled 
cases of locks of various patterns and for 
general purposes. 

It is very generally admitted throughout 
Europe that our A.merican mechanics have 
far excelled all foreign competition in the 
manufacture of both safes and locks. 
There has been more enlarged ingenuity 
in this line than in almost any other. The 
prices have been high and the customers 
of a paying class. The general govern¬ 
ment duty lock, or seal lock, to which 
allusion has been made, is an intricate 
contrivance. Each seal is sealed with a 
mottled paper enclosed. It can only be 
opened by breaking the seal. The goods 
are not delivered unless the applicant can 
produce a fac simile of the paper seal. 


FIRE-ARMS. 

The exhibitors of various fire-arms and 
military and sporting appliances number 
fifty-two. Of these we find that thirty are 
breech-loaders—cannon, rifles, and pistols. 
The remainder are divided, and embrace 
the Stevens Battery—a Revolving Battery 
—parlor arms, shell, balls, caps, &c. Three 
establishments exhibit swords. 

In the earliest wars of which we have 
any authentic account, missiles were used. 
The machines by which these were pro¬ 
pelled are but little understood. The 
most primitive forms were the bow and 
arrow, spear, and sling. In the Old Testa¬ 
ment the bow and javelin are cited as 
being the favorite weapons of the Medes, 
Persians, Assyrians, and Parthians. In 
fact these weapons were common to all 
nations, yet differed greatly in form and 
material. The writings of Homer are 
replete with accurate descriptions of 
engines of war. The precise date of the 
inauguration of the tormentum—so called 
from the twisting ( torquendo ) of hairs, 
thongs, and vegetable fibers—is uncertain. 
The balista was a large military engine, 
resembling a bow, stretched with cords 
and thongs, by which masses of stone and 
other projectiles were thrown to a great 
distance. The largest of these threw 
stones to the distance of a quarter of a 









94 


UNITED STATES.-FIRE-ARMS. 


mile; stones of three hundred pounds 
weight were hurled against the enemy. 
The catcipulta was used to project darts, 
and a kind of missile, four and one-half 
feet long, called trifax . Whilst besieging 
a city the ram was employed in destroying 
the lower part of the wall, the balista was 
used to overthrow the battlements, and 
the catapult to shoot any of the besieged 
who appeared between them. The forms 
of these machines were adapted to the 
objects which they were intended to throw: 
the balista was nearly square, the catapult 
was long. 

Improvements upon these and a few new 
inventions constituted the only weapons 
used until the Battle of Pavia in 1525, 
when powder was first utilized. Previous 
to this the advance made in aggressive 
arms was equaled by that made in 
defensive; the arms of this period were 
so strongly made as to be proof against 
all missiles but the arrow from the 
long bow. Immediately upon the intro¬ 
duction of gunpowder, all these defences 
were abandoned as being utterly useless. 
Although powder had been known for 
some time previous to the battle, it was 
there first used with the match-lock, a most 
awkward piece, fired from a rest. From 
this time, improvements were rapidly 
made, and were so numerous that our 
limited space will not permit a mijiute 
description of each. 

The rifle, or a screwed barrel, was among 
the first forms of the manufacture of small 
arms in the sixteenth century; but the 
musket was preferred, on account of its 
being more rapidly loaded. The former 
was, however, the favorite with the Ameri¬ 
can colonists, and the success it obtained 
while in their hands during the Revolu¬ 
tion, brought it into general notice. The 
adding of the percussion cap was a great 
advance, as the old flint-lock was clumsy 
and uncertain. Recently it has become so 
improved as to supplant not only the 
musket, but, to certain extent, artillery, 
since the gunners can be shot down in 
their places, from positions too distant to 
be reached by grape. 

At Waterloo, the opposing armies being 
twelve hundred yards apart, were out of 
reach of all but solid shot from field guns, 
as they were then served. Our rifles of 
to-day are effectual at one mile, and at two 
thousand yards are quite available. Fatal 


shots have been made occasionally at the 
distance of full two miles, by the use of a 
telescopic sight attached to the rifle. 

The improvements were made mostly in 
the ball. The French pin rifle had a 
small steel “ pin ” in the bottom of the 
chamber; the powder filled in around this- 
pin, and the ball, of a conical shape, hollow 
at the base, like a thimble, had a small 
metal plate, which, on being rammed 
home, struck against the pin, and spread 
the ball so as to slug the piece. The 
Minnie rifle was nearly the same, without 
the pin, because it was found that the ex¬ 
plosion would of itself spread the ball. 

The most important improvement in 
small arms has been in the repeating 
weapons. Mr. Samuel Colt was a seaman 
in his youth, and while on a voyage to 
Calcutta, devised the revolver, and made 
a model of wood; this was in 1829. He 
took out his first patent in 1835 for a 
rotating chambered breech. This was not 
new, since many of the old arms preserved 
in the Tower of London were made upon 
the same plan. Mr. Colt had the advan¬ 
tage of the percussion cap, and his inven¬ 
tion caused the chambers to revolve by the 
act of cocking. The first important use 
of this new arm was in 1837, by the United 
States troops under Lieutenant-Colonel 
Harney. The Indians were acquainted 
with a “ one-fire ” piece, but when the} 7- 
saw the troops fire six times without re¬ 
loading, they thought it time to give in. 
The arms of Colt attracted great attention 
at the World’s Fair of London, and the 
Institute of Civil Engineers invited him to 
read a paper upon the subject of these 
arms. He was the first American inventor 
who was thus complimented, and for his 
interesting paper he received the award of 
a gold medal and a life-membership. The 
most important progress in the manufac¬ 
ture of these arms is that all parts are 
interchangeable. COLT’S FIRE-ARMS 
CO., of Hartford, Connecticut, makes a very 
extensive display of arms. A high case of 
black walnut is entirely covered with their 
approved revolvers. The company has 
been in existence about thirty years, em¬ 
ploys several hundred workmen, and uses 
a capital of $1,000,000. 

A very fine display of revolvers is made 
by SMITH & WESSON, of Springfield, 
Mass., where they are now filling a contract 
with the Russian government for one hun- 





























































































































































































































. 


































. 

' 

























COLT’S NEW MODEL ARMY METALLIC CARTRIDGE REVOLVING PISTOL. 



This Attachable Stock is made of gun metal, nickel-plated, and can be fitted to any of the .45 cal. 

Colt’s Army Pistols. 

















































































































































































/ 







COLT'S NEW BREECH LOADERS. 

































































































































































































































































































































































UNITED STATES.-FIRE-ARMS. 


99 


dred and thirty thousand of their revolving 
pistols. They also make for our own and 
for the Spanish governments. They em¬ 
ploy six hundred hands, and use a capital 
of half a inillion. FRANK WESSON, of 
the same place, has a neat exhibit of his 
improved revolvers. HARRINGTON & 
RICHARDSON, of Worcester, Mass., 
also display highly-finished and neatly- 
made revolvers. 

For the past twenty years there has 
been a constantly increasing predilection 
for breach-loading fire-arms, especially 
rifles. Breech-loading guns may be divi¬ 
ded into two classes: those which may be 
loaded with loose powder and ball, or a 
paper, linen, or tinfoil cartridge, fired with 
a cap or primer; and those which use a 
metallic cartridge, having the fulminator 
in its base, and fired directly by a blow of 
the hammer on the cartridge. One of the 
earliest and most successful of these is 
known as Sharps’ Rifle. The barrel of 
this is of cast-steel, and its ball-chamber is 
counter-bored slightly conical, and of the 
exact shape of the ball, so that the axis of 
the ball when in its seat and that of the 
bore are coincident. It is self-priming, 
but can be fired with an ordinary percus¬ 
sion cap. The SHARPS’ RIFLE CO., 
of Bridgeport, Connecticut, presents a 
large display of this celebrated gun—arms 
that contested with the Remington at Creed- 
moor. They are highly finished and for accu¬ 
racy of aim are pronounced always positive. 

The “ Merrill ” rifle is another breech 
loader, using a paper cartridge and per¬ 
cussion cap, and is so simple in its construc¬ 
tion, that muzzle-loading guns can easily 
be changed so as to load at the breech. 
“Greene’s rifle” is a breech-loader, rifled 
on the Lancaster plan, i. e. having an ellip¬ 
tical barrel with a turn of three-fourths in 
the length of the barrel, and no grooves. 
The construction and movement are per¬ 
fectly simple, and the gun is admirably 
adapted for rough usage. The “ Maynard 
rifle” was invented in 1851, but since then 
has been somewhat improved in form and 
in its minor details. The barrel is firmly 
attached to the stock, yet by the removal 
of a pin is disconnected. It is used with 
a cartridge of metal, that after being once 
used can be re-filled by the rifleman, by 
means of a small charge. It uses, instead 
of a cap, a narrow strip of varnished paper 
of double thickness, having deposits of 

6 


fulminate, in equi-distant cells between 
the thicknesses of paper, and brought up 
by a wheel in the act of cocking; the fall 
of the hammer explodes the powder and 
cuts off the paper behind it. The rifle has 
not the penetrating power of some ethers, 
yet is remarkably accurate. 

The rifles u ;ing self-exploding metallic 
cartridges are of two kinds: those loaded 
with a single cartridge and requiring to be 
recharged at every shot, and those having 
a magazine and an arrangement for re¬ 
peating their fire without reloading. Of 
the first, the “Wesson” and “Ballard” 
rifles are simple in construction, although 
the mechanism for removing the empty 
shell in the latter is the best. The repeat¬ 
ing rifle of “ Colt ” is made upon the same 
principle as his revolvers. The “ Spencer ” 
repeating rifle w T as patented in the United 
States and Europe in 1860. While a 
breech-loader, it repeats its fire seven 
times, by means of a magazine with a 
double sheathing of metal located in the 
butt of the gun, and thrown forward into 
the barrel by springs so rapidly and uner¬ 
ringly that if there be a single cartridge in 
the chamber it never misses fire. It will 
throw a ball with fair accuracy two thou¬ 
sand yards, and at a distance of one hun¬ 
dred and fifty feet will pass through thir¬ 
teen inches of timber. This rifle was 
terribly effective during the Rebellion. 
The “ Henry ” repeating rifle is also a for¬ 
midable weapon. Its magazine, a metal 
tube beneath the barrel, contains fifteen 
cartridges, and is opened for their admis¬ 
sion and propulsion by a ring of metal, 
which turns upon the barrel and is con¬ 
nected by a spring with the carrier-lock. 
Each cartridge in turn is placed on this 
and raised to the level of the seat by the 
action of cocking, when a reverse move¬ 
ment of the guard forces it into the cham¬ 
ber ready for firing. The whole charge 
can be fired in fifteen seconds. 

The celebrated Gatling gun is made by 
the GATLING GUN CO., of Hartford, 
Conn. It is a murderous-looking engine, 
and can fire from eight hundred to one 
thousand balls per minute. It has been 
adopted by several European governments. 
PRATT & WHITNEY, of the same 
place, exhibit the Gardner gun, which 
with two barrels discharges four hundred 
balls per minute, and with four barrels 
double that number. 






100 


UNITED STATES.-PHILOSOPHICAL INSTRUMENTS, &C. 


The manufacture of guns is carried to 
great perfection at the U. S. Armory at 
Springfield, Mass. They are there made 
of flat bars of iron fourteen inches long, 
five and three-eighths inches wide, and 
nine-sixteenths thick. The edges are bev¬ 
eled. so that when joined to form a cylin¬ 
der, they will make a perfect joint. The 
bars are first put into a reverberating fur¬ 
nace, and when at a white heat are passed 
through, curving rolls, of which there are 
five, to bend the bar gradually in order 
that it may not split. Before curving it is 
called a plate; after, a cylinder; when 
welded, a tube, and when it receives its 
shape in the taper groove, a barrel. The 
welding being completed, the foreman 
takes the barrel to the straightening ma¬ 
chine. The machine will weld seventy-five 
barrels a day. At every step the tests of 
gauge and inspection are rigidly enforced. 
When the barrels are nearly finished they 
are proved, or subjected to an actual test 
with powder. They are charged twice, 
with three hundred and sixty and two 
hundred and forty grains of powder, and 
a bail of double the regulation weight. 
The pieces that fail are all carefully exam- 
ined to ascertain whether the rent was 
owing to a defect in the welding, or to 
some flaw or bad quality in the iron. A 

minute inspection will always determine 

•/ 

this point. At each of the stages through 
which the barrel passes in being manufac¬ 
tured, it is marked with the individual 
stamp of the workman. In this manner 
the defect can be traced directly to the 
man who made the error, and who is 
obliged to pay the expenses of the gun in 
all the operations it has passed through 
before reaching him. This armory is one 
of the best regulated in the world, and 
turns out work of the highest grade. 
Particulars concerning the heavy ordnance 
will be found in the description of the U. 
S. Government Building. 

Some very handsome parlor pistols, neat¬ 
ly finished, are shown by THE EUREKA 
MFG. CO., of Boston, while the formida¬ 
ble array of E. REMINGTON & SONS, 
of Ilion, N. Y., forms a constant attraction 
for visitors. THE SOUTH BOSTON 
IRON CO. exhibit guns and steel man¬ 
drils. Since 1870 they have been manu¬ 
facturing for our government. PARKER 
BROS., of Meriden, Conn., and FORE¬ 
HAND & WADSWORTH, of Worcester, 


Mass., show very elegantly-finished sport¬ 
ing guns. 

Of swords, THE AMES MFG. CO., 
and THE GAYLOR MFG. CO., of 
Chicopee, Mass., make very extensive ex¬ 
hibits.* 


PHILOSOPHICAL AND OTHER IN¬ 
STRUMENTS. 

In this class there are one hundred and 
nineteen exhibits—some of rare excellence 
and all of scientific precision. Most of the 
exhibitors deal in a general manufacture, 
so that it is impossible, as it is unnecessary, 
to distinguish the separate industries. 

In the early ages of the world people 
were almost confined to pastoral pursuits. 
Nights as well as days were spent in the 
open air. Watching their flocks gave 
them the opportunity of studying the 
heavens, but their studies were unassisted 
by scientific instruments. The stars were 
wonders to them—something grandly con¬ 
nected with wisdom; but the wisdom 
sought was confined to destiny Astrology 
was the purpose of astronomical studies. 
How to avoid the accidents of unfortunate 
birth periods and to fasten the encourag¬ 
ing fates of favorable conjunctions, appear 
to have been their sole aim. The occulta- 
tion of a star was as closely watched as the 
entrails of a slaughtered sacrifice. And 
yet these ignorant and superstitious people 
have left monuments of wonderful renown. 

How the Chaldeans acquired the power 
of calculating the movements of the heav¬ 
enly bodies we know not; but they were 
familiar with problems that were lost for 
hundreds of years after. In the Egyptian 
temples have been found zodiacal paintings 
as correctly drawn as if made at the pres¬ 
ent day. So, too, in the great buildings of 
China and India, representations are found 
that fully sustain an ancient knowledge of 
the “mystery of the stars.” 

But only the paintings remain. The 
record of conclusions have disappeared. 
Until the discovery of the magnifying 
power of lenses, and its application to the 
telescope by Galileo, the moderns had 
made no remarkable progress in astron¬ 
omy. Since then, the science has made 


*For further and very accurate information with 
regard to military arms, accoutrements, ammunition, 
&c., the reader is referred to our chapter upon 
Government Building, 









UNITED STATES.— PHILOSOPHICAL INSTRUMENTS, ETC. 


101 


rapid advances, and every year adds to 
the store of accurate delineation. Gov- 
ernments have vied with each other in 
furnishing means of study, and observa¬ 
tions have been founded and maintained 
at most important points, to enable scliol 
ars to secure the “ wisdom of the 
night.” 

All our readers will remember the heavy 
expenditure made by our own country to 
sustain our scientists in observing the late 
transit of Venus, and how other countries 
fitted out expeditions for the same purpose. 
WILLIAM J. YOUNG, of Philadelphia, 
exhibits Seibert’s solar transit instrument, 
worth $3,000. The delicacy of construc¬ 
tion is remarkably perfect, and receives 
the hearty approval of all who have exam¬ 
ined it. GIUSEPPE TAGLIABUE, of 
New York, presents an extensive display 
of philosophical and mathematical instru¬ 
ments. He furnishes our government 
with very delicate and accurately-made 
hydrometers. BAHMAN BROS., of the 
same city, have graphoscopes, thermome¬ 
ters, and other scientific instruments of 
superior manufacture. N. M. LOWE & 
CO., of Boston, show a similar array 
made with the strictest regard for abso¬ 
lute precision. FAUTH & CO., of Wash¬ 
ington, exhibit telescopes of great power. 
Also altitude and azimuth instruments 
made expressly for the Bureau of Coast 
Survey, and purchased by our govern¬ 
ment. 

The STEVENS INSTITUTE of Tech¬ 
nology, at Hoboken, N. J., display the 
various instruments used at that school; 
and also, an elegant model of a marine 
engine with feathering paddles. D. W. 
KOLBE, and N. H. EDGERTON, of 
Philadelphia, present very perfect instru¬ 
ments, and E. WEISKOPF, of New York, 
has his lenses and microscopic pictures, 
with an array of garyngoscopes and 
ophthalmoscopes. 

In the line of instruments for civil 
engineers and surveyors, W. & L. E. 
GURLEY, of Troy, exhibit a small room 
in the aisle, well stocked, and valued at 
$15,000. They employ one hundred and 
fourteen hands, and have a capital of 
$350,000.. WILLIAM KUEBLER, of 
Philadelphia, shows a universal theodolite, 
that calls forth great admiration. HEL¬ 


LER & BRIGHTLEY, of Philadelphia, 
exhibit in the same line, elegantly made 
instruments, as well as a fine assortment 
for drafting. They employ twelve hands, 
and have been established twenty-five 
years. Their display is valued at $0,500. 

The branch of telegraphy is strongly 
represented, and the arrays exceedingly 
interesting. The WESTERN UNION 
TELEGRAPH CO., of New York, make 
a grand display; among other machines 
they have one for sending four, or eight 
messages over one wire, in different direc¬ 
tions, and at the same time. The value of 
their exhibit is placed at $23,000. The 
capital of the company is $40,000,000. 
They do not know the number of their 
employes. One of their operators may be 
found in every village where a railway 
station is established. 

In the division of surgery, there are 
some most delicate instruments. GEORGE 
TIEMAN & CO., of New York, present a 
case made at their factory in Williams- 
burgh. F. G. OTTO & SONS, and 
SHEPARD & DUDLEY, of New York, 
present rich displays of superior workman¬ 
ship. And CODMAN & SHURTLEFF, 
of Boston, have a large array of surgical 
and dental instruments;' also, apparatus for 
deformities. The exhibit is valued at 
$ 10,000. This is a long established house, 
employing from fifty to seventy-five hands 
and using a capital of $200,000. 

A very large case well filled with surgi¬ 
cal appliances, is from the NATIONAL 
SURGICAL INSTITUTE, of Philadel¬ 
phia, and deserves more than ordinary 
attention. Besides the appliances, there 
are choice models showing the mode of 
using the instruments. The whole display 
is so arranged that there is nothing in it 
that is at all repulsive. 

A very delicate and finely finished 
machine for ruling on glass with diamonds 
for astronomical purposes, is exhibited by 
WM. A. ROGERS, of Cambridge, Mass. 
It will divide the inch into eighty thousand 
parallel and equi distant lines. The same 
gentleman exhibits an electric machine for 
facing and polishing diamonds. 

The displays in this class are interesting, 
and will bear close scrutiny. Though not 
popularly attractive, the scientist find valu¬ 
able information in the displays. 










102 


UNITED STATES.-SURGICAL APPLIANCES. 


SURGICAL APPLIANCES. 
ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, CRUTCHES, ETC. 

Hospital requisites are so numerous that 
any distinct or separate classification is 
extremely difficult. The appliances are as 
diversified as the cases in which they are 
needed. As natural sympathy is deeply 
excited by exhibits in this line, we have 
closely scrutinized the displays. There 
are in all eighty-eight, but as many cases 
contain the same line of appliances, the 
separate classes will amount to more 
than the above number Of the larger 
displays, there are, of artificial limbs, 
eleven; of crutches, seven; of splints, 
bandages,lints, etc., twenty-one; of trusses, 
fourteen; of dental appliances, twenty- 
four. Besides these there are foods, wines, 
hose, beds, tables, etc. 

In the olden times when nations went 
to war, it was enslave or exterminate. 
Prisoners, if maimed, were little cared for, 
and either butchered in cold blood, or left 
upon the field to be devoured by wild 
beasts. Human misery met little sym¬ 
pathy, and generosity to a foe proceeded 
by purely selfish motives. Pity was un¬ 
known, and the exhibition of compassion 
was stamped as weakness or cowardice. 
The endurance of torture without groaning 
was considered as heroic then, as it now is 
among our American Indians. At the 
gladiatorial contests, the turning down of 
the thumbs by the audience saved the 
lives of the vanquished; but as a general 
rule, the opposite sign was given, and the 
conquered murdered in the arena. 

These games were instituted at Rome, 
B. C. 264, and many of them were sine 
missione —without dismissal—that is to say, 
the conquered were never spared. Under 
the empire the shows—derived from the 
Thracians—became a passion among the 
people. The number of gladiators was 
almost incredible. After Trajan’s triumph 
over the Dacians, there were more than ten 
thousand exhibited. 

Through the middle ages, the same 
reckless disregard of human suffering and 
human life prevailed, and it was not until 
after the invention of gunpowder, that the 
maimed in battle were looked upon with 
any feeling. This destructive agent 
wounded more than it slew, and the crip¬ 
ples roused a sympathetic chord in the 
human heart that had been untouched for 


thousands of years. The legless soldier 
was allowed to hew out a heavy stick and 
lash it to his healed stump, but the empty 
sleeve could not be filled so readily. The 
wars of the 17th century left plenty of 
men “ shorn of their fair proportions,” and 
towards its close, Charles II founded the 
famous Soldiers’ Hospital, at Chelsea, Eng¬ 
land. It was completed by Sir Christopher 
Wren, in 1602. Here little w T as done ex¬ 
cept to clothe and feed the maimed. 
Their wooden legs and iron-hooked arms 
they procured as best they could—gener¬ 
ally through some ingenious comrade who 
still had power to work. Yet this hospi¬ 
tal was, and is a noble charity, providing 
for eighty thousand in-door and out-door 
pensioners, at an annual cost of from eight 
to ten millions. 

At the Sailor’s Snug Harbor, on Staten 
Island, many of the old crudities of legs 
and arms may still be seen; and yet the 
world has grown in benevolence, and the 
ingenuity of our people has provided other 
appliances, that are superb specimens of 
scientific skill and thoughtful consideration. 
The legless need no longer stump his 
noisy way along, for we have cork and 
wire limbs so artistically formed that the 
cripple can hardly be detected in his walk. 
J. CONDELL & SON, of New York, 
make a very interesting display of superior 
and easily adjusted limbs. A. A. MARKS, 
of the same place, exhibit artificial hands 
and feet, made of India rubber. From 
Philadelphia, there are several exhibitors. 
Among these, WM. BLAUCK & SON, 
CLEMONT RICHARDS, and JAMES A. 
FOSTER, have adjustable limbs that can 
be worn so as to appear almost real. B. 
F. PALMER, of the same city, showed a 
safety socket mechanism for universal 
motion that is automatic; and has proved 
very useful and convenient. LUTHER 
F. PINGREE, of Portland, Me., displays 
neat and serviceable limbs that are highly 
approved. 

The substances used in the manufacture 
are cork, India-rubber, steel and brass 
wire, and papier-mache; and the limbs 
have not only the appearance of nature, 
but possess a lightness and elasticity that 
form a most admirable substitute for the 
lost member. Ankle and toe joints are 
made to wrnrk with perfect freedom, while 
the lashings to the stumps are soft and 
comfortable. 











_ 




























































































































UNITED STATES.-HARDWARE. 


105 


Of crutches a display is made by S. A. 
DARRACH, of East Orange, N. J., of an 
ingenious wheel attachment, and vulcan¬ 
ized rawhide spine supporter. HINKLE 
& MAYON, of San Francisco, ALLEN 
& JOHNSON, of Philadelphia, and 
CHAS. J. CRANDALL, of New York, 
exhibit goodly displays that are highly 
recommended for ease and naturalness. 

In the line of trusses and bandages, 
splints, and lint, there are many valuable 
displays. H. SPILLMAN, of New Or¬ 
leans, THE TRIUMPH TRUSS CO., of 
New York, W. EL. HORN & BRO., of 
Philadelphia, THE HOWE TRUSS CO., 
of Council Bluffs, Iowa, exhibit trusses 
carefully and strongly made, while they 
are easily adjusted and do not irritate the 
surface. 

In dental appliances the array is very 
elegant. J. ALLEN & SON, of New 
York, the same who took the Vienna 
medal in 1867, display a very rich case 
filled with their manufactures. S. WAR- 
DLE, of Cincinnati, who has received sev¬ 
eral medals heretofore, makes a large dis¬ 
play. WM. VALLE AN, of New York, 
shows a small case, but a rich one, for it 
contains $10,000 worth of gold and silver 
filling. SAMUEL S. WHITE makes a 
very extensive exhibit of porcelain teeth 
and dental machinery. He has taken six¬ 
ty-three first premiums, dating back to 
1851. His display is valued at $150,000. 
He employs two hundred hands, and uses 
a capital of $2,000,000. 


HARDWARE. 

There are so many branches included in 
the present heading, that it is with difficulty 
any divisions can be reached, and yet we 
shall make the effort. It embraces a mul¬ 
titude of manufactures, of iron, copper, 
brass, &c. We find the various exhibits to 
number twm hundred and fifty-seven. Of 
these there are, of carpenters’ tools, thirty- 
one; of general heavy steel tools, thirty- 
one; of locks, forty-three; of cutlery, 
twenty-three; of general hardware, sixteen; 
of springs and hinges, twenty-two; and of 
wire, bells, railings, and fountains, nine¬ 
teen. The balance is divided among a 
variety of articles, mostly specialties. 

Hardware, at the beginning of the pres¬ 
ent century, meant little more than those 
articles absolutely necessary and most com¬ 


mon. Nails, hinges, hooks, and staples, 
the commonest fasteners, and the rudest 
household appliances, appear to have 
formed the great stock of the hardware 
stores. But times have changed. Man’s 
necessities have grown, and his ingenuity 
has kept pace with the requirements of the 
age. Our philosophers seem to think that 
genius has outstripped necessity, and 
winged its way a century ahead of time. 
Be that as it may, its wing does not tire— 
its energy does not flag. 

We have spoken in former articles upon 
the advances of machinery, and it is not 
necessary here to repeat. New tools have 
been constantly invented as the age called 
for them, and nearly all the really good 
implements have been immediately adopt¬ 
ed. Some useful contrivances have suf¬ 
fered from jealousies, but as a general 
rule, true worth has made its way from the 
invisible wire to the reaping machine. 
While utility has advanced, art has like¬ 
wise gone forward. Useful articles in 
this country have become artistic. They 
are now highly ornamented wherever 
adornment could apply without injury. 
Hence our houses and furniture have be¬ 
come more attractive, while our household 
fixtures have greatly increased. In mat¬ 
ters of this nature, our people are far in 
advance of the older nations, our dwellings 
are more attractive, and a generous atmos¬ 
phere of moderate luxuriance adds greatly 
to the comforts of our homes and firesides. 

Of builders’ hardware, the displays are 
worthy the place and name. Every varie¬ 
ty of trimming is before us. Of carpen¬ 
ters’ tools, the exhibits embrace every 
known implement, to say nothing of some 
that were entirely unknown until given to 
the public in this mammoth collection. 
WM. JOHNSON, of Newark, N. J., dis¬ 
plays an endless variety of carpenters’ and 
plumbers’ tools. WM. BOOTH & SON, 
of Philadelphia, and BUCK BROS., of 
Millbury, Mass., show grand selections 
from their stocks of planes, saw r s, &c. P. 
& F. CORBIN, of New Britain, Conn., 
present one of the most attractive displays 
in the building, consisting of three large 
and handsome cases filled with well-finished 
builders’ hardware. Also a heavy mahog¬ 
any door, finished in elegant Greek fret¬ 
work of highly polished bronze-work, and 
swinging on stout brass hinges. The door 
is similar to those of the post-office of Bos- 









106 


UNITED STATES-HARDWARE. 


ton. The stock consists of five thousand 
different articles, including sizes. The 
firm employ from three hundred to five 
hundred hands, and use a heavy capital. 
The warehouse is in New York. The 
house of JOB T. PUGH, of Philadelphia, 
was established in 1774, and is therefore 
one of the oldest on exhibition. He pre¬ 
sents a large case of superior augers. In 
the same line, ALFRED J. COLTON, of 
Philadelphia, and A. AY. CROSSMAN & 
SONS, of West Warren, Mass., have ex¬ 
tensive and valuable displays; while THE 
DOUGLASS MFG. CO., of Seymour, 
Conn., presents equally attractive arrays, 
including some petty tools, not an inch 
long, as specimens. These tiny instru¬ 
ments are as well made, and contain as 
approved steel as the main display. 
JOSHUA KING & SON, of New York, 
CLARKE & CO., of Buffalo, THE OHIO 
TOOL CO., of Columbus, and J. J. 
COWELL & CO., of Newark, offer 
similar exhibits of planes, plane-irons, &c.; 
and CHARLES BUCK, of Middlebury, 
Conn., has a choice collection of gauges, 
chisels, &c. This house was founded in 
1853, and has always done a large and 
flourishing business. THE BAILEY MA¬ 
CHINE CO., of New York, show their 
u Defiance ” metallic bench-planes, an im¬ 
provement that has been well received, and 
is calculated to supersede the old boxwood 
body. 

In the division of heavy tools, P. LOW- 
ENTRAUT, of Newark, N. J., shows 
hammers, calipers, &c., of great strength 
and superior finish. W. A. IVES & CO., 
of New Haven, display highly polished 
braces, augers, &c. KLEIN, LOGAN & 
CO., of Pittsburgh, exhibit adzes, pickaxes, 
&c. D. MAYDRELL & CO., of Norwich, 
Conn., a case of elegant hammers. 

Of locks of a certain kind we have 
already written in our article upon safes. 
But there are other locks, and too numer¬ 
ous to be omitted. THE NORWALK 
LOCK CO., of South Norwalk, Conn., 
STEWART & MATTSON, of Philadel¬ 
phia, and THE EASTON LOCK 
WORKS, Easton, Penn., make large and 
attractive displays of locks and door-knobs. 
THE PENN LOCK WORKS, of Phila¬ 
delphia, show, among others, locks not 
larger than a pea, said to be the smallest 
ever made. And J. S. BANCROFT, of 
New York, brings forward a sort of puz¬ 


zle lock, formed of numbered rings and 
requiring no key. ROMER & CO., of 
Newark, N. J., present brass padlocks and 
keyhole and prison locks finished in the 
finest style. THE CAYLOR MFG. CO., 
of Chicopee, Mass., besides their array of 
choice locks, show tastefully arranged and 
richly ornamented swords and sheaths, in¬ 
tended for the U. S. army. 

Of cutlery the displays are very attrac¬ 
tive. Here we find knives and forks of 
the most exquisite finish, and every variety 
of table-w r are polished like mirrors. G. J. 
MIX & CO., of Yalesville, Conn., show 
plated ware and iron utensils galvanized. 
GOODELL & CO., of Antrim, N. H., ex¬ 
hibit their finely-assorted knives and forks. 
THE MILLER BROS. CUTLERY CO., 
of West Meriden, Conn., have a large case 
fairly loaded down with the most elegantly 
finished knives. MANNING, BOWMAN 
& CO., of the same place, make a corres¬ 
ponding exhibit of nickel-plated table¬ 
ware. THE NORTHFIELD KNIFE 
CO., Conn., shows all descriptions of 
pocket-knives, and have a very attractive 
assortment. . L. HERDER & SON, of 
Philadelphia, and THE HOLLY MFG. 
CO., of Lakeville, Conn., show well-filled 
cases of highly-finished fine cutlery. THE 
BEAYER FALLS CUTLERY CO., 
Penn., exhibit an elegant case completely 
filled with richly-finished table-ware sur¬ 
rounding a giant carving-knife and fork, 
each nearly ten feet long. The knife has 
beautiful rustic scenes delicately blazed on 
each side of the wide blade. These dis¬ 
plays attract great interest from the fact 
that the manufacture of fine cutlery is of 
recent introduction in this countrjq and 
already the articles made will bear a favor¬ 
able comparison with those of any foreign 
country. 

Of heavier articles the NOBLES MAN¬ 
UFACTURING CO., of Elmira, N. Y., 
shows axes, cleavers, etc., strong and well 
made. B. ROWLAND & CO., of Phila¬ 
delphia, have highly polished spades and 
shovels, and the U. S. STEEL SHEAR 
CO., of West Meriden, Conn., present a 
large array of their very elegant shears 
and scissors. BREEDEN & NOLKE, of 
New York, make a similar exhibit of choice 
articles. WILL & FINCH, of San Fran ¬ 
cisco, have a large display of elegant, heavv 
cutlery. WILLIAM WHITE, of New¬ 
ark, N. J., and the TEN EYCK AX 






UNITED STATES—II\RDWARE. 


107 


MANUFACTURING CO., of Cohoes, 
New York, present axes, hatchets, etc., 
made of superior steel, and very highly 
finished. The firm of FRIEDMAN & 
LUTTERJINGS, of New York, make a 
very neat display of what they call their 

electric razors.” 

The manufacturers of staircase articles 
have been lowest in their displays. WM. 
WILER, of Philadelphia, M. GOULD’S 
SONS, of Newark, N. J., F. C. VAN 
DYK, of New York, have superb exhibits 
of stair-rods, elegantly arranged. The 
latter shows a staircase brilliantly carpeted, 
while his stair-rods shine out most conspic¬ 
uously. Several new and convenient 
arrangements for fastening the rods, are 
exhibited. 

Of bells and bell-pulls, table bells and 
church bells, the arrays are replete with 
interest; while door knobs and door plates 
shine with most polished radiance; and 
check door chains dangle and snap in 
great profusion. The TURNER & SEY¬ 
MOUR MANUFACTURING CO., of 
Wolcottville, Conn., exhibit door knobs of 
brass, bronze, and silver plate. WM. R. 
M. ADAMS, of New York, has bolts and 
chain door checks, strong and finely 
finished. 

Fine locks and chains are also shown by 
SMITH & EDGE, of Bridgeport, Conn.; 
while to a similar display J. B. SHANNON, 
of Philadelphia, adds bells and door plates 
very beautifully finished. The BUCKEYE 
BELL FOUNDRY, VANDUZEN & 
TIFT, of Cincinnati, show bells from the 
tiny tintinnabulum of the tea-table, to the 
sonorous summoner of holy temples. 

Of grates, hinges, etc., WM. II. JACK- 
SON & CO., of New York city, present a 
very beautiful selection from their immense 
stock of fireplaces. Gold, silver, nickel, 
bronze, and porcelain have been drawn 
upon very largely to add to the elegance 
of their designs. They show English, 
French, Egyptian, and Japanese patterns, 
all chaste and characteristic. They have 
swinging basket-grates hung to cranes, by 
which the fire bed may be raised or low¬ 
ered, drawn forward or pushed back. The 
exhibit is valued at $5,000. The house 
has been long established; employs a large 
number of hands, and uses an unlimited 
capital. The firm of NEW MAN & 
CAPRON, of New York city, offer a 
variety of spring hinges, and other hard¬ 


ware. This firm are the manufacturers of 
Ira Beckman’s Patent Spring Butts, now 
in use in the New York Post-office, and at 
the Naval office; they also have Buckman’s 
Torsion Spring Hinge. 

Of ornamental iron trimmings, J. B. & 
J. M. CORNELL, of New York, present 
a large and very artistic display. The 
house was established in 1840, and -was 
the first to erect iron buildings. The iron 
work of the immense store at the corner 
of Broad'way and Tenth street, erected for 
the late A. T. Stewart, was all done by 
the Cornells. They commenced in a very 
small way, and met great opposition, but 
succeeded in establishing a business that 
now employs three hundred hands, and 
requires unlimited capital. In fact, they 
may be said to have created a new and 
very important industry. The ZINC 
ROOFING AND ORNAMENTAL 
WORKS, of Chicago, Ills., display a va¬ 
riety of their manufactures, which are all 
highly finished and artistically arranged. 
They show an excellent likeness in zinc of 
the lamented Lincoln, and a monster zinc 
eagle with spread wings measuring ten 
feet from tip to tip. The PENNSYL- 
VANIA GALVANIC WORKS, and the 
PHILADELPHIA GALVANIZING 
CO., both have interesting exhibits. The 
latter took the Franklin Institute medal 
in 1874. J. E. STRAUSS & CO., show an 
excellent Mr. Punch, made at the Ameri- 
| can Galvanic Works, Philadelphia. 

Seamless tubes of brass and copper are 
■ showm to great advantage by BENEDICT 
j & BURNHAM MANUFACTURING 
CO., of Waterbury, Conn. The house was 
established in 1812, and now employs five 
hundred men, and a capital of $400,000. 
The WATERBURY BRASS Co., is 
another well-founded company. They 
show brass and copper boilers; wire, rivets, 
and powder flasks. HOLMES, BOOTH, 
& HAYDENS, of the same place, exhibit 
a large variety of brass, copper, and plated 
wares, making one of the finest displays in 
the building. The house was founded in 
1853, and employs four hundred and fifty 
men, using a capital of half a million 
dollars. 

Besides all these there are several inter¬ 
esting specialties. A large display of 
jumped tin ware is shown by the 
SALANCE & GROSJEAN MANUFAC¬ 
TURING CO., of New York. The 








108 


UNITED STATES.-LAMPS AND GAS. 


LEHIGH ZINC CO., of Bethlehem, Penn., 
shows zinc graded from the ore to the 
refined block; and F. W. JESSEWEIN, 
of New York, exhibits a great curiosity 
of leather one inch and a half thick, very 
solid and close-grained, made of the skin 
of the sea-horse. 


LAMPS AND GAS. 

BRONZES, BURNERS, MIRRORS. 

Under this heading we have included all 
the general illuminators and the manufac¬ 
ture of glass—plate, cut, pressed, etc., as 
well as mirrors. Many branches of these 
industries are so intimately connected, that 
our only course to condense the matter and 
avoid being tedious, was to bring all into 
one class. Under this general head we 
find 92 exhibitors. Of these, 32 are of 
chandeliers, lanterns, and street lamps; of 
burners, 8; of general gas fixtures, 10; of 
general glass-ware, 13; of cut-glass 6 ; of 
bottles, 6. The remainder are devoted to 
minor branches, together with a few speci¬ 
alties. 

In writing upon oils, we have already de¬ 
scribed the ancient methods of procuring 
light, and have shown the slow progress in 
this important industry. For thousands of 
years, people appear to have been satisfied 
with groping their way in the dark. It 
was not until late in the eighteenth century 
that the penny-dip was voted a bore, and 
experiments made to obtain greater illumi¬ 
nation, though the idea had been suggested 
as far back as 1659. 

An examination of dates reveals the tar¬ 
diness with which new ideas are developed 
into practical benefits. As early as 1659, 
Thomas Shirley, in speaking of the burning 
well of Wigan, attributed the phenomenon 
to the subjacent coal-beds. The gas rose 
through the water of a ditch, and when 
fired, people could boil eggs in the water. 
The simple fact of the burning was discus¬ 
sed, and so rested for a few years, when no 
less a personage than Dr. Robert Clayton, 
Bishop of York and Orrery, made an exam¬ 
ination of the mysterious waters. Finding 
he could not fire the “steam” that rose 
from the water, he threw out the latter; 
and when he had digged half a yard in the 
mud, found that something took fire when 
he placed a lighted candle in the hole. He 
next examined the substance in the open¬ 
ing, and found it a “shelly coal.” 


The venerable Bishop proceeded to distil 
small quantities of coal, and, of course, 
produced illuminating gas, which he called 
“ spirit of coals.” After some yeairs he 
wrote upon the subject to Hon. Robert 
Boyle, giving a full account of his experi¬ 
ments; yet all he did was to confine the 
gas in bladders to amuse his friends. On 
certain occasions, he would make an open¬ 
ing with a pin, light the gas as he squeezed 
the bladder, and explain his important dis¬ 
covery. It was not untill 1739—or eighty 
years after Shirley’s suggestion, that the 
Bishop’s letter appeared in the Philosophi¬ 
cal Transactions. Even after this first 
public notice, it will be seen that forty-six 
years elapsed before any further account is 
given. 

Again the matter slept until 1770, when 
a spontaneous evolution of gas at a colliery 
near Whitehaven took fire from a candle, 
and blazed up six feet high. This accident 
being noticed before the Royal Society of 
England, more attention was directed to the 
investigation of “spirit of coals,” as it was 
still called. In 1773, Drs. Watson and Hales 
both obtained gas by the distillation of small 
quantities of coal, and determined its in¬ 
flammability, but do not appear to have 
progressed any further. 

Twenty years again elapsed before we 
hear of any practical application. In 1 792, 
Wm. Murdock, an engineer of Cornwall, 
lighted his dwelling and some offices with 
coal-gas. In 1797 he erected a gas appa¬ 
ratus at Ayrshire, and the year following 
one at Soho. Very little notice was taken 
of the new light until he made a display at 
the celebration of peace in 1802. Crowds 
witnessed the exhibition, and shortly after 
several large factories were so lighted— 
one with 900 burners. In 1808 Mr. Mur¬ 
dock received the compliment of a gold 
medal from the Royal Society. 

Two years later metropolitan gas works 
were commenced in London, and by 1820 
nearly all the old oil lamps had disap¬ 
peared from the streets. Thus it will be 
seen that from the time of Mr. Shirley’s 
first and correct suggestion relative to the 
source of light at the burning well, it was 
73 years before Bishop Clayton’s views 
were published, and nearly 160 years be¬ 
fore coal-gas was used to illuminate the 
streets of London. 

An anecdote is told, showing the fears 
of the people in relation to gas when first 







UNITED STATES.-LAMPS AND GAS. 


109 


introduced. When about to light the 
House of Commons, the engineer informed 
the committee that in order to prevent 
the pipes from showing, he would place 
them under the banister of the stair-case, 
when going above the lower floor. This 
was objected to on the ground, that as the 
banister was of wood, it would certainly be 
set on fire. The committee forbade so 
placing the ascending pipe. 

The first works erected in France were 
constructed by M. Chabral de Volvic, at 
the Hospital of St. Louis, in Paris, in 
1818. In 1839 only four provincial cities 
were lighted. In 1812, David Melville, of 
New York, lighted his house with coal gas, 
and then a factory at Pawtucket. A light¬ 
house on the Rhode Island coast was lighted 
with gas for about one year, but owing to 
the disturbed condition of the country, 
then at war with England, it was aban¬ 
doned. In 1822 gas works were under¬ 
taken in Boston, and in 1823 in New York; 
in 1825 in Brooklyn; in 1841 in Philadel¬ 
phia. Since that time works have been 
erected in more than eight hundred towns, 
employing a capital of $120,000,000. The 
varying prices of coal gas—being from 
$1.50 to $14 per 1000 feet—have created 
much dissatisfaction among consumers, so 
that very recently the companies have met 
severe losses from the introduction of ker¬ 
osene, the price of which at the present 
day is almost nominal, while the light 
furnished is a pure white, rich in olefiant 
gas, and convenient for transportation 
within dwellings. 

Gas is produced by the destructive dis 
filiation of organic substances, and the 
principal article now used is bituminous 
coal. The substances to which the illumi¬ 
nating power of coal gas is due, are com¬ 
pounds of carbon and hydrogen, and are 
therefore termed hydro-carbons. The hy¬ 
dro-carbons on which the illuminating power 
of gas depends, are light carburetted hy¬ 
drogen and olefiant gas. 

To make coal gas the substance is placed 
in a horizontal retort, usually Q -shaped, 
where it is heated to redness. The escap¬ 
ing gas passes thence to a hydraulic main, 
in which the liquid products are, to a 
great extent, separated from the gaseous. 
The former consists of coal tar and ammo- 
niacal liquor. The gas (which is still im¬ 
pure) is next passed through lime to absorb 
the sulphuretted hydrogen and carbonic 


acid. It is then conducted to the gas¬ 
ometer or gas-holder for distribution 
through iron mains laid underground, to 
the various points where it is needed for 
consumption. The average yield of various 
English coals to the ton, is rather less than 
8,500 cubic feet of gas. The best Scotch 
cannel yields 11,850 to the ton, while 
from the Pembry coal only 4,200 cubic feet 
can be reached. The bituminous coal of 
our own country contains generally a larger 
percentage of sulphur than the English; 
but is now extensively used at the West. 

About 1830, oil was used for supplying 
gas in many of the English works; and 
very generally so employed in the few in 
this country. New York established oil 
gas works, and Mr. Dewey, the super¬ 
intendent, stated that in illuminating 
power, one foot of oil gas was equal to 
four of coal gas. Also, that one foot of 
oil gas burned for one hour, was equal to 
eight tallow candles, six to the pound. 
Oil gas has a specific gravity of nine hund¬ 
red, and was furnished at $10 per one 
thousand feet. It is manufactured by an 
apparatus much simpler than that used for 
coal—the retort being filled with coke or 
pieces of broken brick on which the oil is 
suffered to merely drop from a supply-box 
above. From the retort it passes to a 
wash-box where it bubbles from under 
water, and wdience it passes to the gasome¬ 
ter ready for use. But oil gas contains a 
large proportion of carbon and could not 
be burned with a high flame on account of 
the smoke, i. e. unconsumed carbon. Coal 
gas could be furnished at half-price, and 
even less; and although inferior and more 
impure, has gradually taken the place of 
oil. One gallon of oil will make over 
ninety feet of gas. In 1848, Mr. Crutchett 
lighted the Capitol at Washington, from a 
lantern on the dome, that was fired by 
electricity, and was so brilliant that watch 
time could be read by it at the distance of 
one mile. 

Mr. Crutchett used a 11 mixer,” two 
meter wings on one shaft, separated below 
the water-line. The gas entering through 
one wing turned the shaft, and the other 
wing supplied air by direct opening. The 
difficulty in burning oil gas had been the 
great volume of smoke, generated when 
the flame was raised. The mixer threw 
in about thirty per cent, of air, and pro¬ 
duced a mixture that could be burned 






110 


UNITED STATES 


L YMPS AND GAS. 


freely, though still smoky when raised. 
An engineer who was advised to take out 
a patent for his discovery, took an Argand 
coal-gas burner to a watchmaker of Provi¬ 
dence, and had one-half the holes closed, 
and the remainder filled with tubes one- 
half the original diameter. By this 
arrangement the flame could be raised to 
the top of an eight-inch chimney without 
producing more smoke than the mixed gas 
could consume. On this being shown to 
Mr. Darricott, of the Boston Gas Works, 
he admitted that it ought to secure a freer 
use of oil gas; but the high price of oil at 
that time prevented its extensive use. 

Rosin has been used, and is still em¬ 
ployed in a few favorable localities for the 
production of gas. In 1847, Mr. Driggs 
lighted the Broadway theater, New York, 
with gas made from rosin. He greatly 
simplified the old apparatus and was suc¬ 
cessful; but was unfortunately killed soon 
after by the premature explosion of a can¬ 
non. Walworth & Co. were interested in 
his patent, and lighted a large number of 
factories with the apparatus. 

Taking air at one thousand, the specific 
gravity of gas stands—coal gas, four hund¬ 
red and twelve to five hundred and eighty; 
rosin gas, eight hundred to eight hundred 
and fifty; oil gas, nine hundred to nine 
hundred and fifty. 

The introduction of gas led to increased 
ingenuity in parlor adornment for lights, 
and a new industry sprang up. The old 
firms that had been engaged in the manu¬ 
facture of lamps and mantel ornaments 
seized upon the new trade and improved 
and enriched the supply. Though the 
French have presented grand and tasteful 
designs, and the English have given us 
massive elegance, our own manufacturers 
have produced many richly artistic composi¬ 
tions that have met large sales. CORNE¬ 
LIUS & SONS, of Philadelphia", a house 
established in 1810, and that had already 
won a high name, turned their attention 
to gas chandeliers, brackets, etc. They 
have a large and elegant selection from 
their stock, the exhibit being valued at 
$25,000. Much of the work is in silver, 
gold, and rich bronze. Of the latter they 
produce twenty varieties. The designs are 
remarkably elegant. They use a capital of 
$700,000, and give employment to five 
hundred hands. 

Other houses in the same city furnish 


very superior displays. BAKER, AR¬ 
NOLD & CO., have an enclosure tastefully 
furnished with like exhibits. The princi¬ 
pal partners were both formerly with Cor¬ 
nelius, from whom they separated about 
fifteen years ago, since which they received 
a check for $100,000, for their joint inter¬ 
est in the old house. They employ a large 
number of hands and are well established. 
THACKARA, BUCK & CO., of the same 
city, show rich fixtures, mostly of bronze 
work, elegantly elaborated. Their exhibit 
is valued at $10,000, and has been taken 
directly from their stock. They are not 
competing. They employ three hundred 
hands and have $1,000,000 capital. 
MITCHELL, YANCE & CO., of New 
York, have a very interesting display of 
gilt and porcelain chandeliers, with gold 
and bronze etchings and scroll work. A 
one hundred-light corona in polished brass 
is very beautiful. They'do much church 
work, and exhibit a golden gateway for a 
chancel, valued at $500. Their clocks 
made of bronze mingled with American 
marbles are rich and elegant—the de¬ 
signs and workmanship being superior. 
Their extensive array is placed at $100,- 
000. One church chandelier of cut glass 
is valued at $2,500. They employ six 
hundred hands and have a capital of $1,- 
500,000. 

A very attractive display is made by the 
BRADLEY & HUBBARD MANUFAC¬ 
TURING CO., of West Meriden, Conn., 
Their chandeliers are of rich designs, and 
their statuettes very highly finished. Lin¬ 
coln, in bronze, is a fine likeness. ED¬ 
WARD MILLER & CO., of Meriden, 
have a similar display of mantel ornaments, 
etc. They show birds and animals in gold 
and bronze, done to the life. The estab¬ 
lishment is famous for its grand brass 
kettles. PERKINS & HOUSE, of Cleve¬ 
land, O., present very pretty safety lamps. 
In railroad lanterns, there are several dis¬ 
plays. WALTON BROTHERS, of New 
York, and the IVES PATENT LAMP 
CO., same place, and WILLIAMS, PAGE 
& CO., of Boston, show fine varieties of 
railroad and ship lanterns, well and strong¬ 
ly made. There are now used in the Cen¬ 
tennial buildings, reflectors of corrugated 
metal covered with plate glass. These 
are made by the AMERICAN REFLEC¬ 
TOR CO., of Philadelphia, and answer 
the purpose most admirably. 







UNITED STATES.-AMETICAN PUBLISHERS AND STATIONERS. 


Ill 


The manufacturers of glass have given 
great satisfaction by their large and varied 
displays. M. DURAND, of New York, 
exhibits two mirrors that create much and 
constant amusement among visitors. One 
is vertical concave, and therefore greatly 
diminishes the width of the reflected 
image; the other being a vertical convex, 
largely increases the breadth. A lady of 
ordinary size finds herself greatly elongated 
by the one and unnaturally distorted by 
the other. A country girl passing from 
one to the other, said she was “ squshed.” 
Mr. D. has also a very beautiful Venetian 
mirror, the frame of which is studded 
with polished pebbles, valued at $3,500. 
His mirrors are plated with pure silver. 
J. E. McCLEES & SON, of Philadelphia, 
display a rare exhibit of one fine glass, 
with plate-glass cornices attached, sur¬ 
rounded by beautiful Venetian mirrors. 
The arrangement is quite attractive. The 
MOUNT WASHINGTON GLASS CO., 
of New Bedford, Mass., exhibit an exceed¬ 
ingly beautiful crystal fountain. The lower 
and largest basin is twelve feet in diame¬ 
ter and stands about three feet from the 
floor. Surrounding this are seventy-two 
cut-glass vases for flowers; also four pillars 
having twelve lights, and four of the same 
style to contain flowers. In the center 
column, about mid-height, is a cylinder 
made of pendant prisms, with jets burning 
inside and producing a very fine effect. 
The whole is surmounted by a dome, sup¬ 
ported upon three columns, whose capitals 
are spread eagles. The rim of the dome 
is of alternate colors—red, white, and blue. 
Under the dome and standing upon a 
globe adorned with the motto, “ E Plari- 
bus TJnum ,” is the statute of Liberty. In 
the whole structure there are between 
three and four thousand pieces. One cande¬ 
labra is valued at $3,000, and the whole 
display at $10,000. The company was 
first founded at South Boston, in 1857, 
but was removed to New Bedford, in 1869. 
They employ one hundred and fifty hands, 
and require a capital of $150,000. 

Of the old establishments of Philadel¬ 
phia, is the firm of JAMES S. EARLE 
& SON, and they exhibit Venetian glasses 
and richly ornamented mantels. The 
PITTSBURGH GLASS MANUFAC¬ 
TURERS clubbed their exhibits. They 
presented an immense show-case, ninety 
feet long, six deep, and fourteen high. In 


this were displayed tumblers, bottles, plates, 
etc., all of strong, clear wares. The ex¬ 
hibit is valued at $12,000. The working 
force cf these companies, of which there 
are eleven, is from five to six thousand 
hands, and the capital employed a million 
and a half of dollars. The DORFL1N- 
GER GLASS CO., of White Mills, Pa., 
make a very rich display of cut glass. Mr. 
C. Dorflinger has, in a neat case, a heavy 
cut-glass decanter with thirty-eight wines, 
to represent the Union, and thirty-eight 
states. At the close of this Exhibition, 
this very elegant array will be presented 
to the City of Philadelphia, to be preserved 
for some similar grand occasion; and if 
possible, produced entire, complete, and urn 
impaired at the next Centennial. The 
BOSTON & SANDWICH GLASS CO., of 
Boston, makes a fine exhibit of heavy cut- 
glass and pressed wares. Among others, 
the Webster Punch Bowl, a magnificent 
piece of work, made in 1851. The house 
was established in 1825: employs three 
hundred hands, and uses a capital of $400,- 
000 . 

The first pressed glass of which we have 
record, was made by Mr. Jarves, who was 
compelled to conceal himself for several 
months to escape assassination by the glass- 
blowers, who conceived the very foolish 
idea that his discovery would destroy their 
business. J. H. HOBBS, BROCKUNIER 
& CO., of Wheeling, have a handsome dis¬ 
play of pressed ware. Of enameled work 
on glass, an artistic group is presented by 
the NEW ENGLAND GLASS CO., of 
Boston. A small but excellent likeness 
of Charles Sumner is placed at $100; of 
Longfellow, $75. Ornamented lamp shades 
range from $80 to $100 each, rich goblets, 
$300; card receiver, $75; hands between 
400 and 500; capital $500,000. SMITH 
BROTHERS, of New Bedford, show opal 
vases at $100 a pair—one (single) $150. 
The whole exhibit, $3,000.* 


AMERICAN PUBLISHERS AND STA¬ 
TIONERS. 

In the United States, more people can 
read and write, than in any other country 
(except Germany and perhaps Sweden), 
in comparison to the population. In ordei 

*For the manner of making glass the reader id 
referred to our article on the Gillinger Giass Works, 
among the outside show. 











112 


UNITED STATES.-AMERICAN PUBLISHERS AND STATIONERS. 


to compare the book market of our own 
country with that of Europe, we may re¬ 
fer to the last census. That informs us 
that in 1870 there were 33,586,989 white 
persons in the States. Of these, 16,000,- 
000 were over twenty years of age, and of 
these, 1,035,000 could neither read nor 
write, of whom 425,000 were aliens. We 
now turn to France, and we find that there 
were 19,000,000 persons over twenty years 
of age; and of these, 5,700,000 only could 
read and write. In other words, there 
were in the United States, 14,650,000 read¬ 
ers of books, against 5,700,000 in France. 

The making of books has kept pace with 
the increasing demand for them. King 
Alfred of England, gave eight hydes of 
land for a book on cosmography, brought 
from Italy, by Bishop Biscop. Printing 
was introduced into England in 1474, and 
greatly influenced the production of books, 
the Bible being the most common and the 
most elegantly gotten up. In the 16th 
century, books were mostly folio and quarto, 
yet, as they became popularized, the dimen¬ 
sions decreased. With the colonies of 
America—among whom both religious and 
political views were based upon general 
education—schools became an institution, 
and in New England the use of them an 
obligation, and the market for books rapidly 
enlarged. The first bookseller mentioned 
is Hezekiah Usher, of Boston, in 1652. 
Even in Franklin’s time books were costly, 
as he informs us of the difficulties he en¬ 
countered, and the great advantage he pos¬ 
sessed in having access to the library of a 
merchant. In 1724 there was held a con¬ 
vention of the booksellers of Boston, to 
regulate the trade, and raise the price on 
some kinds of books. Many books were 
sold in sheets to be bound as the purchaser 
might fancy. There was but little capital in 
the business, and few were disposed to risk 
the amount required to get out large works 
of a standard character. In 1801 was 
formed the American company of book¬ 
sellers, and these subscribed together in the 
publication of a work, to guarantee the 
outlay. Noah Webster published his 
American spelling book in 1783, and there 
have been 54,000,000 copies of the work 
sold, or five for every four souls in the Un¬ 
ion. By twenty years of unremitting re¬ 
search this was enlarged to a dictionary. 
Webster’s Unabridged, published in 1864, 
is the most perfect dictionary ever printed 


in any language: there have been 350,000 
copies sold. 

The publication of religious works was 
greatly promoted by the societies formed, 
especially the American Bible Society, 
started in 1816; the Bible Society of Phila¬ 
delphia, in 1808; one in Connecticut in 
1809; and also one in Massachusetts. The 
American Society in New York issued, in 
its first year, 6,410 volumes, mostly Bibles 
and Testaments. In 1871, the publications 
were 1,196,797, and the whole number du¬ 
ring fifty-six years, was 28,601,489 volumes 
of the Bible. A good copy of the Bible 
is sold for sixty cents, and a cheaper edition 
for thirty-five; Testaments for five and ten 
cents. Contrast this with the Bible copied 
in twenty-two years by Alcuin for Charle¬ 
magne about the year 800, and which was 
sold to the British Museum, for $3,750, 
and the progress we have made appears 
great. More than $40,000,000 worth of 
books are now issued in a single year. 

Almost all vegetable substances were 
used for the manufacture of paper by our 
ancestors, but it was not until the 14 th cen¬ 
tury that linen rags became the general 
material. The first English mill mentioned 
is in 1496, by John Tate, Jun., in Hertford¬ 
shire. In 1588 a paper mill was started at 
Hartford. In the early part of the 18th 
century, the manufacture was introduced 
into the colonies. Mr. J. M. W illcox, a pa¬ 
per-maker near Philadelphia, stated that, 
in 1725 his grandfather, who had been ed¬ 
ucated to the trade, came over and settled 
where the mill now is, and he erected in 
1732 a factory for the manufacture of pa¬ 
per. The kind of paper then made was of 
the description used by clothiers for press 
boards; parliament having prohibited every 
other kind. The industry did not improve 
or increase until the demand for books 
became more general, and until its great 
usefulness for other purposes was discov¬ 
ered. At the present time the demand is 
so great that immense quantities of rags 
are annually imported into the United 
States. It may be remarked that the ex¬ 
port of linen rags from Holland, Belgium, 
France, Spain, and Portugal, is strictly 
prohibited. 

The quantity of rags used in the United 
States in 1850 was, according to the cen¬ 
sus, nearly 200,000,000 lbs., and 20,696,- 
875 lbs., were imported in that year. The 
importations subsequently more than dou- 





UNITED STATES.-AMERICAN PUBLISHERS AND STATIONERS. 


113 


bled, and it was estimated, in 1869, that 
the quantity used was 1,170,000,000 lbs.; 
and as one and one-half pounds of stock 
give one pound of paper, the product 
was 780,000,000. This compares with 
the English and French returns as fol¬ 
lows: 

Paper stock Paper made Per head 

oonsumed. annually consumed, 

lbs lbs lbs. 

United States. 1,170,000,000 780,000,000 19.27 

Great Britain, 448,800,000 298,700,000 34.55 

France 235,200,000 140,083,447 3 89 

It is feared that this enormous demand 
will shortly consume the available paper 
stock. Rags proved insufficient in 1862- 
63. A German book by M. Schaffer, 
(1772) contains sixty specimens of paper 
made of different materials. Paper can be 
made from any fibrous plant; the article 
must be furnished in sufficient quantities, 
and at a price low enough to compete suc¬ 
cessfully with other stock. 

The exhibits made by the American 
publishers are located in the northeastern 
corner of the building, and are arranged 
with great care and taste. The displays 
are made by seventy-three publishers, of 
books of every description both as to style 
and binding; eiglity-two stationers make 
exhibits of blank books of all kinds, 
papers, fancy boxes, and many specialties. 
Messrs. J. H. BUTLER & CO., of Phila¬ 
delphia, the present publishers of Mitchell’s 
Geographies, sell aoout 350,000 copies an¬ 
nually, and the aggregate sale in the thirty 
years since their first publication has been 
about 9,500,000 copies. They show maps 
placed upon spring rollers, similar to those 
used for windows, by which means they are 
kept clean and out of the way. HARPER 
& BROS., of New York, one of the oldest 
and most reliable houses in the United 
States. They have combined with the larg¬ 
est list of miscellaneous publications in the 
country, a very extensive issue of school 
text-books. They also publish three of the 
most widely-circulated periodicals in the 
country. They employ an active capital 
of about $2,000,000 in stock and ma¬ 
chinery, and spend more than $800,000 
per annum for paper alone. They run 
over fifty power-presses. They issue annu¬ 
ally about 3,500,000 bound books. The 
most prominent firm in Philadelphia is 
that of J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO., who 
make an exhibit of standard works most 
elegantly bound. The house is of long 


standing, and ranks among the first in the 
country. Messrs. A. S. BARNES & CO., 
of New York, have been established for 
many years, and are largely engaged in 
the school-book trade; they are doing 
business to the amount of $1,500,000 per 
year. D. APPLETON & CO., of New 
York, have an elegantly-encased exhibit 
of their most valuable publications, in 
great variety of bindings. Occupying con¬ 
spicuous positions are their American Cy¬ 
clopaedia and Picturesque Europe and 
America, elegantly and durably bound. 
SOWER, POTTS & CO., of Philadelphia. 
This is the oldest publishing house in 
America, having been established in 1738. 
They exhibit many old books and papers 
that were printed by the founder; among 
which may be seen the first Bible printed 
on this continent, in any European lan¬ 
guage, in 1743. The firm at present prints 
the Normal series of school books. GEO. 
R. LOCKWOOD, of New York, publishes 
Audubon’s Birds of America, the grandest 
work of the kind ever issued, and the sub¬ 
scription price of which was $1,000. 
IV ISON, BLAKEMAN, TAYLOR & 
CO., New York, publishers of the Ameri¬ 
can educational series and of the Spence¬ 
rian system of writing. 

A very beautiful specimen of pen-draw- 
ing by LYMAN P. SPENCER, of the 
Declaration of Independence. The center 
is occupied by a drawing of the several 
signers, beneath which are copies of the 
original signatures. BRITISH AND 
FOREIGN BIBLE SOCIETY, estab¬ 
lished in 1804, and THE AMERICAN 
BIBLE SOCIETY, founded in 1816. 
Here is a most rare and valuable exhibit 
of the Bible in two hundred languages. 
THE METHODIST BOOK CONCERN, 
THE CATHOLIC PUBLICATION SO¬ 
CIETY, THE AMERICAN TRACT 
SOCIETY, all of New Y r ork, and THE 
PRESBYTERIAN BOARD OF PUB- 
LICATION, THE AMERICAN BAP¬ 
TIST PUBLICATION SOCIETY, of 
Philadelphia, are all extensively engaged 
in publishing religious works. The Inter¬ 
national New Testament, showing in one 
view the original Greek text, with a per¬ 
fectly literal translation, together with the 
vocabulary forms of every inflected Greek 
word, to which is added in parallel columns 
the authorized version. Translated from 
the German of Dr. Constantine Tischen- 









114 


UNITED STATES.-CARPETS. 


dorf, by the Rev. H. Floy Roberts, Wil- 
liamsburgh, N. Y. 

The firm of MASON & CO., of Phila¬ 
delphia, was established in 1823, and pre¬ 
sents an exhibit of stationery in all its 
forms. THE OWEN PAPER CO., 
Housatonic, Mass., commenced operations 
in 1822; they have a fine array of station¬ 
ery. The house of MORS & CO., Philadel¬ 
phia, was started in 1812; they exhibit 
note paper and blank books. WHITING 
PAPER CO., Holyoke, Mass.; an im¬ 
mense case of paper. One ream, sheets 
six by eighteen feet, weighs 2,000 lbs. It 
would make 500,000 sheets of note paper. 
DENNISON & CO., Boston, Mass., a 
large case containing labels, wedding cake 
boxes, and sealing-wax, to the value of 
$2,000. The firm was established in 1848, 
employs four hundred and twenty men, 
and a capital of $1,000,000. SHORS & 
FORMAN, Cleveland, O., firm started 
in 1834, and present an exhibit containing 
the three account books which were 
awarded the grand medal at Vienna in 
1873. THE AMERICAN LEAD PEN¬ 
CIL CO., A. W. FABER, and THE 
EAGLE PENCIL CO., all of New l r ork, 
present fine displays of their manufactures. 
ESTERBROOK STEEL PEN CO., Cam¬ 
den, N. J. Large display. Established 
1858. Employs one hundred men and 
large capital. NICHOLAS MULLER’S 
SONS, New York ; this is the most neat 
and attractive exhibit in this department, 
both as to the case, of black-walnut and 
maple, and the contents, of elegant bronze 
inkstands, holders, &c. 


CARPETS. 

We find in this class only thirty exhibits, 
but the displays are extremely rich and 
elegant, and they have been arranged 
"with remarkable taste. The patterns are 
choice and truly beautiful. The designs 
and workmanship of the first order of 
excellence. 

The history of carpets is one of those 
jumbled narratives from which it is diffi¬ 
cult to abstract positive facts. Weaving 
appears to have existed in India at a very 
early date, and it is certain that the Egyp¬ 
tians made very fine clothes at about as 
distant a period; but the ancient carpets 
were merely mats and rugs of small dimen¬ 
sions. They were not used to cover en¬ 


tire floors. Even in the palaces they were 
only scattered in front of divans and otto¬ 
mans, or spread over still ruder couches 
of rushes or straw. There can be very 
little doubt but that the ancient tapestries 
preceded the rugs, and these may have 
passed from India into Egypt. The 
Babylonians had their rugs and curtains 
covered with strange and uncouth figures. 
These were largely exported from the 
famous kingdom, and were sent to all 
parts of the then known world. Greece 
and the Roman empire were thence sup¬ 
plied. 

The Persians dyed their rugs with a 
purple of wonderful richness and of great 
permanence, though the fabrics were gener¬ 
ally coarse. They also sent goods to the 
Greek and Roman cities. Their carpets 
possessed the peculiarity of having tufts of 
wool placed by hand in the warp wherever 
required, and they were held strongly by 
the woof. All their weaving was also by 
hand, and upon upright looms having the 
threads of the warp vertical. This position 
required less room and brought all the 
working parts within easy reach of the 
weaver; so that he could have beside him 
the pattern to be woven. 

The ancient loom of India differed from 
this materially—was very roughly made, 
and generally placed upon the ground— 
the operator sitting upon one side of an 
excavation that was always made in front 
of the beam. Sometimes girls were em¬ 
ployed to place the tufts of wool, under the 
direction of the weaver. The process was 
extremely slow and tedious, and the rugs 
were correspondingly expensive. 

In Persia families, and often whole 
tribes, were engaged in this manufacture; 
and the product was disposed of in Smyrna 
and Constantinople. There were no large 
factories, and yet in the articles produced 
the most beautiful colors were tastefully 
blended, while the texture was rich and 
downy. 

The style appears to have originated 
from the sipariwn, a piece of tapestry form¬ 
ing the drop-scene of theaters. This curtain 
was drawn up instead of being lowered as 
at present, and was adorned with figures 
so woven in canvas as to appear standing 
upon the stage. They were used nearly 
altogether in Rome. Rugs were made 
with similar figures, though of more sub¬ 
stantial stuff, and thicker material. In 












UNITED STATES—CARPETS 


115 


British. India, at Benares and Moorshed- 
abad, very costly tapestry and carpets 
have been made for hundreds of years; 
many being elegantly embroidered in gold. 
The trade still lingers, though poorly en¬ 
couraged. 

Though rude carpets were in existence 
in England before the reign of Mary, 1553- 
1558, her Majesty’s royal apartments were 
only adorned with straw and clumsy mats 
or rugs made of rushes. That was the 
same time that chimneys w*ere not to be 
seen in the kingdom except occasionally in 
the houses of the nobility, most of the 
tenements being constructed of wat¬ 
tling covered with clay. The floors being 
of common earth, beaten down, fires were 
built against the walls, and the smoke es¬ 
caped by the roof, door, or windows. 

For many centuries, Europe was supplied 
from the Orient, and it was not until the 
first quarter of the 17th century that car¬ 
pets of wool wmre made in England. 
James I contributed £2,676, or $13,380, 
to aid in establishing the business. But 
the money was lost. Nine-tenths of the 
commerce of the kingdom at that time 
consisted of woolen goods. Cloth was 
made and most of it exported raw, and 
was dyed and dressed by the Dutch. A 
proclamation forbidding the exportation c. 
raw cloth was soon after retracted by the 
King, as the Dutch refused to buy the 
dressed or dyed cloth. The business at 
that time was worth to the Hollanders 
£700,000, or $3,500,000. 

The first manufactory in France was 
established by Henry IV, about the year 
1609. Another at Beauvais, in 1664; and 
still another under Louis XIV , at Chaillot, 
only three miles from Paris. 

In the early times of our own country, 
and until the beginning of the present cen¬ 
tury, woolen carpets, or even rugs, were 
scarce commodities; and yet our people 
naturally desired something to walk upon 
other than mere boards. Sanded floors 
were common one hundred years ago, but 
they were as gritty to the owner’s feel¬ 
ings, as they were to his feet. 

One hundred years ago, in many a 
stylish mansion, the best room was covered 
with a rag-carpet, made by the hands of the 
mistress, and often woven in a hand loom by 
the master of the house. Early in this cen¬ 
tury woolen, or cotton and woolen, carpets, 
made in the same way, came in vogue. 


In 1816, Mrs. Jonathan Read, of 
Wareham, Mass., carded, spun, and dyed 
woolen yarn for forty yards of carpeting 
one yard wide. The warp was of line and 
very white woolen yarn, that was colored 
by being tied in hard knots and then 
dipped in the dye-pot. The filling or 
weft was of coarse cotton, dved a slate 
color. The carpet was woven in the 
neighborhood, and upon a hand loom. 
The pattern was in stripes running length¬ 
wise. One side consisted of six alternate 
red and black stripes, each one inch wide. 
Then came a wide stripe of twelve inches 
of red and white beautifully clouded. 
Next, another course of six, one inch wide, 
red and black; and lastly, another twelve- 
inch stripe as tastefully clouded in green 
and yellow. When placed upon her par¬ 
lor floor, it was the admiration of all her 
acquaintances. 

About that period the ingrain carpets 
were brought to this country, and soon 
found large sales; but there was difficulty 
in weaving. It was all done on hand 
looms, and various experiments with 
power looms failed in Europe. In 1838, 
good two-ply carpets were made in Lowell, 
Mass., at the rate of eight yards a day, on 
a hand loom. In 1839 Mr. E. B. Bigelow, 
of Boston, commenced his loom improve¬ 
ments, by which he soon succeeded in 
producing ten to twelve yards on a power 
loom. Aided by this company his efforts 
were continued until he made from twenty- 
five to twenty-seven yards of two-ply, and 
eighteen to twenty-two of three-ply in a 
day. He also improved the method of 
producing figures so as to make correct 
and unfailing matches, and obtained several 
patents therefor. The machinery to pro • 
duce unerring match figures has to some 
extent been since applied to Brussels and 
tapestry carpets; and so simplified, that 
of these manufactures fifty yards a day 
are made. In some cases still more. 
Carpets pronounced equal to any in the 
world, are now made at Lowell, Mass., and 
at Thompsonviiie, Conn. The BIGELOW 
CARPET CO., at Clinton, Mass., has a 
capital of $1,000,000, with 125 looms, 
employing 700 persons, and producing 
$1,590,000 worth of superior finished 
Jacquard, Brussels, and Wilton carpets 
annually. 

About the period of Mr. Bigelow’s im¬ 
provements, or from 1828 to 1835, strong 










116 


UNITED STATES.-CARPETS. 


efforts were made to "break down the car¬ 
pet trade in this country. English capital 
was employed, and English carpets were 
imported and. sold at a great loss to the 
foreign manufacturers. This was continued 
until several American mills were complete¬ 
ly ruined. In one case over $100,000 was 
sunk. This continued until the American 
looms could double the number of yards 
produced in England, when prices were 
raised, and the parties endeavored to secure 
trade by the legitimate course of produc¬ 
ing better wares. Here, too, they failed, 
except, perhaps, in some of the very high¬ 
est grades, for we now make all the rest 
of the styles, of equal excellence—of as 
rich and varied patterns and of even supe¬ 
rior material and at cheaper rates. 

In 1871, there were imported 6,882,456 
yards of carpeting, though the LOWELL 
MANUFACTURING CO. alone turns 
out two millions yards annually. This 
company has a grand display, and presents 
an attractive arrangement. The company 
has a capita] of $2,000,000, and runs 22,516 
spindles and 297 looms; giving employ¬ 
ment to five hundred female and eleven 
hundred male hands. This is the rating 
of the carpet mill only. Their other 
works we speak of elsewhere. The prin¬ 
cipal manufactures are Wiltons and Brus¬ 
sels, and two and three-ply ingrain. The 
HARTFORD CARPET CO. also make 
a very elegant display of Brussels and 
ingrains. The patterns are extremely rich, 
and the quality unquestioned. The CAR¬ 
PET CO. at Thompsonville, just north of 
Hartford, employs thirteen hundred per¬ 
sons—runs three hundred looms, making 
annually carpets and rugs valued at $2,- 
000,000 to $3,000,000. 

There are several carpet companies in 
Philadelphia. DORMAN & CO., JOHN 
BROMLEY & SONS, and IVANS, 
DIETZ & MAGEE, show ingrain and 
damask carpets of great beauty and supe¬ 
rior excellence. The ROXBURY CAR¬ 
PET CO. make a fine display of their rich 
tapestry carpetings. These exhibits are 
well arranged in apartments only open 
upon the aisle, and either hung up or spread 
out conspicuously so that visitors have the 
best opportunity of inspecting the material. 

The following carpets are manufactured 
in foreign countries only, and sold in this: 


Persian and Turkish rugs of very rich 
colors, that are permanently dyed— 
Smyrna rugs and carpets by the yard. 
Dutch rugs—Aubusson square carpets— 
Templeton’s English Axminster square 
carpets, and Axminsters by the yard, and 
French Moauetts. These last are remark¬ 
ably soft and velvety. All of this class 
of goods are thick and heavy, and differ in 
every respect from goods manufactured in 
this country, with the exception of the 
Axminsters, which are similar to those 
made at Yonkers, N. Y., by ALEX. 
SMITH & SONS; and are exactly like the 
Gordon Axminsters now being manufac¬ 
tured in Philadelphia. Of carpets sold in 
the United States, we are informed on 
reliable authority that ninety-five per cent, 
are made here. 

Of the coloring of carpets, etc., our 
readers will find some valuable information 
in our articles upon cotton and wool. The 
carpet trade is increasing, though fashions 
are changing. The rugs are becoming 
almost as common as among the Turks. 
The square carpets are in reality only rugs, 
and are now often placed on the center of 
the room, leaving a space of full a yard of 
bare floor. 

Of Shaker plush rugs, R. U. WAGAN, 
of Lebanon, New York, exhibits a large 
and interesting display. 


RAG CARPETS. 

These ancient and comfortable commod¬ 
ities are still used among the economical, 
and it is astonishing the skill displayed in 
enriching the patterns. Almost any old 
clothes may be torn up and the good 
housewife can usually find enough to strip, 
and all the children can sew the end to¬ 
gether and wind the cord into balls. Old 
weavers are found all over the country, 
who will provide the woof for this home¬ 
made warp, and at a trifling expense weave 
the carpet. GIBBS & CO., of Philadel¬ 
phia, and TAYLOR & MULLEN, of 
Newark, N. J., show patterns that one can 
scarcely be convinced are made of old rags. 
From the LIVINGSTONE MILLS, of 
Bristol, Pa., we find rag carpets, skirts, 
and petticoats; while the HUTCHIN- 
SONS, of Brooklyn, N. Y., present very 
strong and elegant rugs, mats, etc. 








V. 


UNITED STATES.-COTTON. 


117 


LININGS, ETC. 

So extensive lias the carpet business 
grown that we now have separate estab¬ 
lishments for the manufacture of carpet 
material and carpet linings. A variety of 
linings and paddings are shown by F. B. 
WENTWORTH & CO.; G. W. CHIP- 
MAN, SONS & CO., and the MAYALL 
MANUFACTURING CO., all of Boston. 
The first firm present star quilted linings, 
strong and firm. 


OIL-CLOTHS. 

The displays of oil-cloth are arranged 
very neatly, and attract much attention. 
The Philadelphia manufacturers have 
pleasing exhibits. GEORGE W. BLA- 
BON & CO. show an immense revolving 
shaft covered with stout and handsome oil¬ 
cloths ; while THOMAS POTTER & 
SONS make equally inviting exhibits 
YIROLET & DURLACH, of Elizabeth, 
N. J., and D. POWERS & SONS, of 
Lansingburgh, N. Y., show very elegant 
patterns of their manufactures; and WM. 
M. BRASHER & CO., of Brooklyn, add 
largely to the general display. The 
AMERICAN LINOLEANE CO., of New 
York, show a new article, introduced 
about 1868, intended for floor cloth—a 
composition of cork on strong canvas. 

The floor cloths are well made, and many 
of them elegantly patterned; and the table 
cloths are richly figured and lined with 
green baize. 


COTTON. 

Cotton has been an article of prime ne¬ 
cessity from the earliest periods. The 
plant of Europe is native in India, from 
whence it gradually spread into China, 
Persia, Africa, and Europe. It is also a 
native of this continent, and was exten¬ 
sively diffused before the discovery. Co¬ 
lumbus found it in Cuba in 1492; Cortes 
in Mexico, and Magellan in Brazil, on their 
first visit to those lands in 1519. Pizarro 
saw it in Peru in 1532, and Cabe^a de 
Yaca in California in 1536. All the three 
kinds were growing here: the herbaceous, 
or annual; the shrub, which lives three or 
four years; and the tree, that lasts for 
twenty. The annual is the only one now 
grown in the United States. As it was 
cultivated to advantage in the Indies, many | 

7 


i attempts were made to introduce it here. 
| Some seed were brought from the Baha¬ 
mas, and grown in South Carolina and 
Georgia. It was improved from year to 
year, until the fibre became fine and silky, 
and was known as the Sea Island cotton. 
Our country now has the monopoly of this 
article, as it produces the best in the world. 
The annual value of this special crop is 
from eight to ten millions of dollars. 

In 1791 the whole exports of the United 
States of all kinds of cotton were only 
189,316 pounds, which is less than the 
product of some of our single plantations 
at the present time. In 1793 it had risen 
to 487,600. At this period it took a sud¬ 
den start upward, and in 1795 amounted 
to more than 6,000,000 pounds. This was 
caused by the invention in 1793 of the gin 
by Whitney. As the inventor was with¬ 
out money or influence, and as infringe¬ 
ments were numerous, he sold his right to 
the legislature of South Carolina for $50,- 
000. In 1800 the exports were 18,000,000 
pounds, worth $3,000,000, all being sent to 
England. In 1830, 298,000,000 pounds 
were exported, and during the next decade 
the amount was 744,000,000. In the year 
1872-73, there were 3,930,508 bales pro¬ 
duced, nearly one-third of which was con¬ 
sumed at home, and the rest exported.. 

The great advance in the demand for 
cotton during the past century is due to 
the improvements in the machinery for 
manipulating it. As early as 1738 Wyatt 
patented a machine for spinning cotton. 
He was assisted by Paul, who afterward 
took out a patent for carding the cotton by 
machinery. The apparatus in both these 
cases was so complex and imperfect that it 
was discarded. In 1769, Arkwright pat¬ 
ented his water-frame and throstle, and in 
1770, Hargreaves invented his spinning- 
jenny. These were thoroughly tested dur¬ 
ing the next ten years, and were rapidly 
introduced. In 1800 the imports of Eng¬ 
land had risen to 56,000,000. In the first 
eighty years of the eighteenth century the 
increase had been one hundred and fifty 
per cent.; in the last twenty it was a thou¬ 
sand. In 17 7 9, Samuel Crompton invent¬ 
ed the mule, a combination of the excel¬ 
lences of the two former inventions. In the 
course of ten years it was in use everywhere. 
The power-loom was patented in 1787, by 
Cartwright, but it was not introduced until 
the beginning of the present century. 













118 


UNITED STATES.-COTTON. 


Improvements in dressing the warp were 
made in 1803, and in 1813 there were 
twenty-four hundred of them in use in 
England. Cotton machinery is now very 
perfect, and though the annual yield is 
immense, it all finds a ready market.* 

The exhibits of textile fabrics are situat¬ 
ed in the northeastern portion of the 
building, and are particularly noticeable for 
the magnificent cases in which the goods 
are shown. There are one hundred and 
seventy-two exhibits of prints, sheetings, 
canvas of all kinds, threads, tickings, &c. 
Besides this, there are three exhibits of 
articles of jute. Many of the firms com¬ 
prised in the above enumeration also man- 
ufacture linen cloths, threads, and twines. 

As it may be interesting to our readers, 
we have enumerated the houses having 
exhibits in this great industry by States, 
and find as follows: Pennsylvania, 21; 
Rhode Island, 33; Massachusetts, 56; 
New Jersey, 9; New York, 15; Maine, 11; 
New Hampshire, 10; Connecticut, 5; 
Maryland, 4; Delaware, 2; and Georgia, 
Illinois, Michigan, North Carolina, Missis¬ 
sippi, and Ohio, each 1. Total, 172. 

Of threads, CLARKE’S SPOOL COT¬ 
TON, of Newark, N. J., is a fine display, 
while GREEN & DANIELS, of Paw¬ 
tucket, have erected a lofty pyramid of 
their thread. Both arrays are attractive, 
and the ladies are very inquisitive as to 
the mode of manufacture. THE AN¬ 
DROSCOGGIN MILLS, of Lewiston, 
Me., present strong satteen and seamless 
bags, and GREENAVOODS CO., of Hart¬ 
ford, Conn., ducks, canvas, and twine of 
superior strength and evenness. 

In the line of shirtings and sheetings 
THE NAUMKEAG MI G. CO., of Salem, 
Me., THE LONDALE CO., and THE 
HOPE CO., of Providence, THE STEAM 
COTTON MILLS, of Utica, THE WAM- 
SUTTA MILLS, of New Bedford, and 
THE AMCSKEAG MFG. CO., of Man¬ 
chester, N. H., present unexceptional 
goods, and have made large and useful 
displays. 

The history of dyeing is almost coeval 
with that of nations. Joseph’s “ coat of 
many colors” was made by his father Ja¬ 
cob, B. C. 1716, or about 3600 years ago. 
We even find garments spoken of still more 


^Notices and descriptions of cotton machinery 
will be found in the article upon Machinery Hall. 


remote in time. “ Shem and Japheth took 
a garment, and laid it upon their shoul¬ 
ders, and went backward,” to cover their 
father. This was B. C. 2348, or 4224- 
years ago. The same modest regard of 
the inebriate might do much at the present 
day to reclaim the fallen. Of what mate¬ 
rial this garment was made we know not, 
for we find by the third chapter of Gene¬ 
sis, that Adam and Eve wore “ coats of 
skins,” made by their Creator. Abram 
dwelt in a tent B. C. 2233; and yet we 
still are ignorant of the material. But B. C. 
1913, Abram said to the king of Sodom, “ I 
will not take from a thread even to a shoe- 
latchet.” B. C. 1739 Jacob built a house 
and spread a tent, and B. C. 1716 he made 
Joseph “ a coat of many colors.” The tab¬ 
ernacle in the wilderness was hung with 
“ curtains of fine-twined linen, and blue, 
and purple, and scarlet.” These were 
seven feet wide and forty-nine feet long. 

And they also had in those early days, 
“ rams’ skins dyed red and badger skins,” 
and the vestments of the high-priest were 
enjoined to be of purple. Dyeing was 
practiced in the East Indies, Persia, Egypt, 
and Syria. The opulence of the famous 
city of Tyre is supposed to have proceeded 
in great measure from the sale of its rich 
and durable purple. In the time of Au¬ 
gustus one pound of wool dyed purple 
sold in Rome for what would now equal 
$150. The dye was derived from the 
throats of a certain shell fish, from each 
of which only one drop could be secured. 
Plutarch, in his Life of Alexander, says 
that, at the taking of Susa, the Greeks 
found in the treasury of Darius purple 
stuffs which still retained their beauty af¬ 
ter having lain 190 years. 

In the fifth century, A. D., the invasion 
of northern barbarians ruined the dyers in 
Europe, where it did not revive for eight 
hundred years. Early in the thirteenth 
century dyeing was practiced at Floience, 
and before the fourteenth, there were two 
hundred establishments in that place. 

The ancient dyers had been confined to 
few materials, but the discovery of Amer¬ 
ica added largely to the catalogue. They 
now had logwood, quercitron, Brazil-wood, 
cochineal, and annatto, to which many 
more have lately been added. 

In 1560 salt of tin was introduced as a 
substitute for alum, and from cochine?J 
was found to produce a color more brilliant 












UNITED STATES-COTTON. H9 


than the ancient dyes. The discovery was 
made by Cornelius Drebbel, a Dutch chem¬ 
ist, whose son-in-law established a large 
dye-house at Bow, near London, in 1563. 

Dyeing had its “ups-and-downs,” in 
England. Logwood and indigo were for¬ 
bidden to be used by Queen Elizabeth, and 
only again allowed under Charles II. It 
was not until the eighteenth century that 
the art appears to have made much head¬ 
way. It is strange that so important a 
trade should so decay. The variegated 
linen cloths of Sidon were extolled by 
Homer 900 B. C. 

In India cotton fabrics have been dyed 
from time immemorial, and it derives its 
name of calico-printing from Calicut, a 
town in the province of Malabar. Hero¬ 
dotus says, 400 B. C., that the Caucassians 
dyed their garments with figures of ani¬ 
mals. Pliny, who lost his life at the de¬ 
struction of Herculaneum in the first cen¬ 
tury, described the mode of dyeing in 
Egypt. He says: “To white cloths they 
apply certain drugs that absorb or drink in 
colors; and these cloths have not tint un¬ 
til placed in a caldron of scalding hot col¬ 
oring matter, and after remaining some 
time are withdrawn, when they are found 
to be stained and painted. This is a won¬ 
derful process, there being but one kind of 
coloring in the caldron, yet from it the 
cloths acquire this or that color, and the 
boiling liquor itself also changes, according 
to the quality of the drugs first laid on 
white cloth.” 

The pallampoors , or large cotton chintz 
counterpanes made in the East Indies for 
centuries, have certain portions covered 
with wax to prevent the absorption of 
color by that particular part, when the 
cloth is immersed in the dye caldron. 

In England in 1712 there was an excise 
duty upon printed calicoes of three pence 
per square yard, that two years later was 
raised to six pence— i. e., six and twelve 
cents. In 1720 the wearing of these 
prints was prohibited. The duty was 
afterward modified to three and one-half 
pence (seven cents), but was not repealed 
until 1831. 

The process of printing at present is 
tedious and wearying. To prepare the 
cloth for printing requires seventeen wash¬ 
ings, soakings, scourings, chemickings, 
squeezings, and dyeings. It is then sup¬ 
posed to be clean and white. As dyes 


generally have very little affinity for the 
cloth, it must be first printed with a mor¬ 
dant, a substance acting as a bond of union 
between the tissue and the drug. These 
mordants are mostly the sub-salts of me¬ 
tallic oxides. They are printed on by a 
cylinder machine. The cloth is next dried 
and aged , by being placed in a hot room 
one or two days. In dyeing madder style, 
the color is now a very dirty yellow bor¬ 
dering on red. It is next passed to the 
dung-beck, where the undecomposed mor¬ 
dant is separated. It is now washed in 
cold water and squeezed in size to fix the 
mordant. The appearance is only a little 
paled. It now goes to the dyeing liquor, 
where it is turned constantly for three 
hours. When taken out it is a dark red 
and looks clouded. It is next rinsed in 
boiling bran water half an hour, and for 
the next half hour in diluted solution of 
chloride of soda or lime. Next boiled in 
soap water—again rinsed in the solution, 
and once more boiled in soap water. The 
finished cloth comes out a bright madder 
color, while the spots not printed with the 
mordant are perfectly white. 

1799 and 1800 Col. Jonathan Read 
spent in China, and when leaving Canton, 
on his return home, he purchased a dress¬ 
ing-gown made of white cotton flannel, 
neatly trimmed with blue ribbon. It came 
to his feet, and was greatly admired by his 
friends. He afterwards had a cotton mill 
at Wareham, that was set on fire by the 
English during the war of 1812. Though 
not greatly injured by fire, much of the 
machinery was destroyed in efforts to save 
it, being hastily taken out of the building. 
He was commander of the Wareham Min¬ 
ute Men, a regiment raised for protection. 
Upon examining closely the dressing, 
gown, when nearly worn out and no 
longer wearable, he raveled out a portion 
and concluded that he could manufacture 
similar cloth. He drew his plans, made 
his machinery, and about the close of the 
war set it up in the cotton factory of Silas 
Shepard, at Oakland, Bristol County, Mass. 
During several j^ears the Oakland factory 
received an annual notice from the Ameri¬ 
can Institute for greatest excellence in the 
manufacture. 

To Col. Read, therefore, belongs the 
credit of producing the first Canton flannel 
made in the United States. There are 
several splendid exhibits of this material 














120 


UNITED STATES.-WOOLENS. 


now seen in Main Building, and the flannel 
is pronounced equal to the imported article. 

The prints are extensively shown, and 
many of them extremely beautiful. THE 
ALBION PRINT WORKS, of Consho- 
hocken, Penn., THE MANCHESTER 
MILLS, N. H., and THE AMERICAN 
PRINT WORKS, of Fall River, Mass., 
display very rich patterns upon fine and 
strong cloths. THE SILVER SPRING 
BLEACHING AND DYEING CO., of 
Providence, R. I., have a fine display in a 
case forty feet long, enclosed with plate 
glass. They have been long established, 
and employ one hundred hands. MINOT, 
HOOPER & CO., of Boston and New 
York, have, in a fine hard-wood case, 
trimmed and paneled with black walnut, 
an array of good shirtings, cambrics, &c. 
These exhibits, while they present many 
individual merits, are so similar as to make 
a detailed description of each exceedingly 
tedious.* 


WOOLENS. 

The history of wool as an article of 
household use goes back to the very ear¬ 
liest times. The riches of the early fathers 
almost always included sheep. “ Abram 
had sheep and oxen,” &c. This was B. C. 
1918. Isaac and Jacob also had their 
flocks and herds. Job, at the termination 
of his great trial, B. C. 1520, had 14,000 
sheep. It was to shepherds watching their 
flocks upon the hills of Judea that the 
first heavenly announcement of the birth 
at Bethlehem was made. England has 
depended upon her sheep flocks for food 
and clothing for centuries; and other 
countries have to attribute much of their 
wealth and prosperity to their generous 
flocks. | 

When sheep were first imported into 
this country, two hundred and seventy 
years ago, but little was thought of them, 
and they received still less care. The 
increase was very gradual, and the breed 
confined to the coarser-wooled animals. 
The first importation of fine-fleeced sheep 
was made by William Foster, of Boston, 
in 1793, when, at much risk, he brought 
over two merino ewes and one ram, which 


^Further statistics concerning cotton will be 
found in the article on Agricultural Hall. 

tFor statistics of sheep and wool, see description 
of Agricultural Hall. 


Province. 

New South Wales, 17S8 

South Australia, 1836 

New Zealand, 1769 

Total, 


Number of Value of 

Sheep in 1875. Wool, 1875. 

26.000,000 $32,500,000 

20,000.000 25,000,000 

12.000,000 15,000,000 


58,000,000 $72,500,000 


he succeeded in landing safely after a pas¬ 
sage of seventy-five days. These he pre¬ 
sented to Andrew Craigie, of Cambridge, 
who innocently ate thein, pronouncing them 
“rare and very excellent mutton.” Not 
long after, having learned his great mis¬ 
take, and the true value of the friendly 
gift, Mr. Craigie himself purchased a mer¬ 
ino ram for which he paid one thousand 
dollars. He always declared that that 
money was lost by the “ unreasonableness 
of his unruly stomach.” 

In 1809, two hundred years after the 
first importation, a merino fever prevailed. 
Owing to the embargo of the previous 
year, the price of wool rose to $1.50 and 
$2 per pound. Everybody desired to es¬ 
tablish sheep farms, and in many instances 
fabulous prices were paid for the animals. 
Since that period, with few exceptions, 
there has been a steady and healthy in¬ 
crease in the number of sheep, while the 
crossing of breeds has tended largely to 
improve the weight as well as quality of 
the fleece. 

The English Australian provinces hav¬ 
ing turned their attention to the wool 
trade, raise large numbers of sheep, and 
already make very excellent cloths. Aus¬ 
tralia was discovered in 1770, but may be 
said to have only developed during the 
present century. The following table of 
the value of the wool crop of 1875 in two 
Australian provinces and in New Zealand, 
will be found interesting as showing the 
rapid increase of sheep raising: 

Settled. 


In the United States in 1875 there were 
34,000,000 sheep, whose wool amount¬ 
ed to 193,000,000 pounds, valued at $77,- 
200,000. During the same year we im¬ 
ported 54,901,760 pounds, at a cost of 
$11,071,259. 

There are in Main Building one hundred 
and seventeen exhibits of various woolen 
fabrics, coming from fifteen States: from 
Pennsylvania, 29; Massachusetts, 24; New 
York, 21; Rhode Island, 11; Maine, 5; 
Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Ohio, 
each 3; New Jersey and Delaware, each 2, 
and 1 each from Vermont, Oregon, Missis¬ 
sippi, Michigan, and California. 
















UNITED STATES.-WOOLENS. 


121 


In the early times in this country the 
manufacture of woolen was confined to the 
coarser fabrics—the wool was cleaned, 
carded, spun, dyed, and woven in families. 
Nearly every farmer had his small flock of 
sheep, always carefully looked to, and an¬ 
nually producing enough wool for his fam¬ 
ily use. When men became as it was then 
termed, “forehanded ”—that is, were able 
to risk a few dollars beyond their living— 
attention was called to the manufacture of 
goods for sale. The trade thrived, but as 
it increased in the provinces it interfered 
with the home factories, and among other 
acts of the British Parliament that tended 
to make our country the freest in the 
world, was ono prohibiting all manufac¬ 
tures. As the Earl of Chatham declared, 
“ the colonists had no right to manufacture 
so much as a horse-shoe nail.” The home 
family work continued, but the trade was 
ruined, for the merchant could not dispose 
of a single yard. 

In 1765, a society was formed in New 
York under agreement to wear no import¬ 
ed goods, and to eat no mutton. The re¬ 
sult was an influx of spinners and weavers, 
30,000 from Ulster reaching here in 1774. 
After the revolution, woolen factories 
started up and flourished. A mill at Hart¬ 
ford made excellent cloths and cassimeres, 
though Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of 
the Treasury, stated in 1791, that “it was 
doubtful if American wool was fit for fine 
cloths.” This was only two years before 
Mr. Craigie ate up a $1,000 merino for his 
dinner. Evidently he had read the Secre¬ 
tary’s report. 

Early cloth-making was a very tedious 
process. The wool had to be washed, and 
was seldom freed from its animal grease. 
Even the butternut dyes of the coarse lin- 
sey-woolseys would soon whiten, and the 
fancy colors were sure to run away if 
caught in a rain storm. The carding was 
a tiresome labor, being all done by hand. 
The spinning with a single spindle, though 
the music of the great wheel was melodi¬ 
ous, was a tedious way of obtaining the 
yarns. 

Even the cards were home-made, and 
oftentimes the farmer himself was the 
builder of the loom. But the dyeing was 
the most delicate operation, and in this 
there were repeated failures. Mordants 
were but little understood, and dye stuffs 
were mostly confined to indigenous plants 


found on the farms or in the vicinity. 
Within fifty years many new substances 
have been discovered for both mordants 
and dyes. As the former must be well 
placed upon the cloth or yarn before the 
application of the dye, the chemical actions 
of the two have been closely studied. The 
best dyers have found pure water most 
requisite—in many processes indispensable. 
While there is no doubt that different 
waters variously affect the coloring mate¬ 
rial, the best chemists and dyers have ar¬ 
rived at the conclusion that the first requi¬ 
site, particularly in dyeing wool and 
woolens, is to remove every particle of 
grease. Prof. Parnell declared the purity 
of water to be the first consideration of the 
dyer. 

Wm. Partridge, a practical dyer and 
author of several standard works upon 
the subject, says our dyers are too neg¬ 
ligent in this branch. “ They are too apt 
to consider that goods from the fulling 
mill are clean after being washed from the 
soap, without being aware that water can 
never wash all the soap from woolen, and 
that what remains in the goods will, when 
decomposed by any of the salts or acids, 
lose the alkali of the soap, and liberate the 
oleaginous matter as free grease. In this 
state no goods will ever receive a bright 
and permanent color.” 

He goes on to recommend the use always 
of fuller’s earth as the final cleansing 
material; this, when washed out, leaves 
nothing that will injure the most delicate 
tints. 

In speaking of the fine blacks produced 
in Gloucestershire, England, he notices 
the chemical difference in the water; 
and speaks of a Gloucester dyer going to 
Wiltshire, who failed to produce his ac¬ 
customed rich black. There was not only 
a sensible difference in the color, but it 
soon changed to a brown. Of three ex¬ 
cellent recipes approved in England, each 
failed when tried with mill-stream water 
in Jersey. 

The blacks in this country too often 
show the brown after short wear, and 
the causes are declared to be: first, the 
impatience of the dyer in not sufficiently 
cleansing the wool of all grease. This is 
declared imperative. Second , the presence 
of mineral substances in the water that 
injure, and often destroy the power of 
the mordants. Mr. Partridge says that 






122 


UNITED STATES-SILK. 


both these difficulties may be overcome 
by care and study, but he advises the 
dyer to remain stationary, and improve the 
the water he may be compelled to use, 
rather than change from place to place, 
and always encounter an obstinate liquid. 

The beaver cloths shown are of remark¬ 
ably superior texture, and deserve the high¬ 
ly favorable notices that have been given 
by the judges. The colors are pronounced 
durable. The WOOLEN MILLS of 
Conshohocken, Pa., have a large display; 
strong and closely woven. 

Of coatings and suitings, the displays are 
extensive and of qualities most desirable. 
The WORUMBO MANUFACTURING 
CO., of Lisbon Falls, Me., the WEY- 
BOSSET MILLS, of Providence, the 
SAWYER WOOLEN MILLS, of Dover, 
N. H.; the LOWELL MANUFACTUR¬ 
ING CO., present large arrays. Of the 
very elegant shawls, alpacas, etc., the 
WASHINGTON MILLS, of Lawrence, 
established in 1846, have a grand and attrac¬ 
tive exhibit. The proprietors have ex¬ 
pended upon the works alone about $3,- 
200,000. The PEACEDALE MANU¬ 
FACTURING CO., R. I., show a beautiful 
assortment in the same line. Of blankets, 
the NORTH STAR WOOLEN MILLS, 
of Minneapolis; the MISSION WOOLEN 
MILLS, of San Francisco; the NORTH 
PLAIN CO., of Rochester, show strong, 
well-made and stout articles of the choicest 
wools. In the same line splendid goods 
are to be seen from the FALLS OF 
SCHUYLKILL BLANKET AND 
CLOTH MILLS. The PACIFIC MILLS 
of Lawrence* organized in 1852, and the 
MERIDEN WOOLEN CO., present ele¬ 
gant displays of general woolen goods. 

The serges, cassimeres, flannels, white 
and colored, yarns of various shades, and 
the cloths are of qualities of remarkable 
excellence. 


SILK. 

The raising of worms for the manufac¬ 
ture of silk was introduced into this 
country as early as the first settlement in 
Virginia. James I manifested a desire to 
favor this industry, equaled only by his an¬ 
tipathy to the culture of tobacco. It did 
not succeed in the above State at first, and 
in 1651, an effort was made to revive it; 
but it was of little effect, and it has never 


prospered there. It was started in Louisi¬ 
ana, by the Company of the West, in 1718, 
and in Georgia, in 1732. A special act of 
Parliament was necessary to keep up the 
interest in it; consequently there was an 
act passed in 1749, exempting the producer 
from paying duties, etc. Connecticut be¬ 
gan the raising of silk in 1760, and in 
1783, the legislature of that State passed 
an act granting a bounty on mulberry 
trees and the production of silk. Even when 
favored by all the encouragement the gov¬ 
ernment could give, all the raw silk 
Georgia could export in 1750, was one 
hundred and eighteen pounds; in 1765, it 
was one hundred and thirty-eight pounds; 
in 1770, two hundred and ninety pounds. 
The census of 1840, returned the amount 
of silk cocoons at 61,552 pounds; and this 
quantity had fallen off in 1850 to 10,843 
pounds. In 1860, only 11,944 pounds of 
cocoons were reported. For the past few 
years, California, and several of the South¬ 
ern States, have been deeply engaged in 
this industry; as a consequence, we find 
that the production of silk cocoons in Cali¬ 
fornia, in 1870, was estimated at forty 
million cocoons, or about thirty-five thous¬ 
and pounds, besides silkworms’ eggs val¬ 
ued at nearly $8,000,000. 

The manufacture of articles of silk is not 
an extensive industry in this country, 
though its proportions are yearly increasing. 
We now export large quantities annually, 
and if the present yearly increase be con¬ 
tinuous, the American raw silk will be 
found in all foreign countries. 

There are three exhibits of raw silk and 
cocoons; thirty-four of dress goods of 
every description, ' ribbons, and sewing- 
silks and threads; and one exhibit of lace. 
The actual number of exhibits of home 
silks, in the entire exhibition, is much in 
excess of the above, as many will be found 
in the buildings erected by the different 
States; the magnitude of the business can¬ 
not, therefore, be accurately estimated 
from the above. 

The CHENEY BROS., of Connecticut, 
exhibit dress-silks, serges, and ribbons, of 
various colors and shades, and of splendid 
quality. JOSEPH NEWMAN, San 
Francisco, Cal., presents a very interesting 
display of cocoons, raw silks, and silk¬ 
worm butterflies. JOHN N. STEARNS 
& CO., of New York, have two large casea 
filled with very elegant silk goods. W. 










UNITED STATES.-WEARING APPAREL. 


123 


H. HORSTMANN & SONS, Philadelphia, 
have several fine cases, containing military 
trimmings of ribbons, epaulets, gold and 
silk scarfs. The display is large and mag¬ 
nificent. The firm of BELDING BROS. 
& CO., of Rockville, Conn., was established 
m 1868, and now employs three hundred 
girls, and two hundred men and boys. 
They manufacture threads of all kinds. 
NONOTUCK SILK CO., of Florence, 
Mass., four large cases containing a fine 
assortment of sewing silks. In Machinery 
Hall, this firm makes an exceedingly inter¬ 
esting exhibit of the machinery necessary 
for the manufacture. The NOTTING¬ 
HAM LACE WORKS, of Brooklyn, N. Y., 
make a fine exhibit of very elegan tlaces. 


WEARING APPAREL. 

In this class, we find no less than three 
hundred and thirty-two exhibits, including 
every variety of ladies’ and gentlemen’s 
wear, from costly ermine robes and broad¬ 
cloth coatings, to pins, buttons, and shoe 
latchets. The displays are truly grand. 
The cases in which most of the articles are 
shown, have been made to present the con¬ 
tents to the very best advantage. In more 
than one instance, the cost of the case far 
exceeds that of the material shown. In 
one there is a single suit probably not 
worth over $60, while the case was never 
made for less than three times that amount. 
One black walnut and plate glass enclosure, 
worth at least $70, holds a patent article used 
by clothiers and not worth $2. Of course, 
these are exceptional cases, and are only 
recorded as evidence of the liberal spirit 
that has been manifested by all classes, of 
an anxiety to produce the best manufac¬ 
tures, and to show them to the most advan¬ 
tage. 

Of suits for gentlemen there are 22 ex¬ 
hibits; ladies’ dresses, 12; underwear, 15; 
corsets, 16; neck-wear, 14; skirts, 7; shirts, 
15; hose, 8; military and masonic, 9; em¬ 
broidery, 11; hats and bonnets, 39; muffs 
and furs, 15; jackets, 7; buttons, 15; 
combs, 10; gloves, 10; and the balance 
running into all branches for clothing and 
general personal adornment. 

Formerly, and until within fifty years, 
ready-made clothing was only found 
around the slums of seaports, and was 
principally confined to sailors’ outfits. 


Sailors belong to a generous, reckless class, 
confined when ashore to the cheap hash- 
houses. Their engagements are sudden, 
and often made when they are half seas 
over, and consequently liable to be im¬ 
posed upon. They are entitled to small 
advances when they ship, and these are 
generally left among the slop-shops and 
the landlords of the hash-houses and gin- 
mills. 

But the low trade of the slums being 
carefully watched by some more conscien¬ 
tious persons, was considered profitable, 
and longer heads soon undertook to ad¬ 
vance the business, or rather to establish a 
respectable trade upon a very disreputable 
pattern. They at the same time changed 
the name, calling themselves “clothiers.” 
This was as early as 1832. At first the 
old name hung to them, and their places 
continued to be called slop-shops; but by 
careful management and manifest integri¬ 
ty, they lost the old slur, and assumed as 
respectable a standing as any other legiti¬ 
mate trade. 

Capital was generally limited, and only 
where care, skill, and economy were prac¬ 
ticed, was the business successful. Trials 
were many and often destructive, but per¬ 
severance carried the day, and ultimate suc¬ 
cess was reached. The panic of 1837 
prostrated their trade, while that of twen¬ 
ty years later advanced their interests. 

In 1837 little was known of sewing ma¬ 
chines,* but in 1857 they were to be found 
in many families. Although prices were 
low, yet the girls (who did most of the 
work) lived at home. The wages paid 
have always been upon the starvation scale, 
and yet most of the work is equal to the 
best found among custom tailors. 

Cloth and other materials are purchased 
in large quantities at wholesale prices. It is 
cut by the piece, sometimes several pieces 
to one size and pattern. The fashions are 
gotten up in advance, and quantity secures 
sales as stylish, because of general wear. 
Most of the work is taken to the homes of 
the employes. Every house in the trade 
has its buckling room, where returned ar¬ 
ticles are examined, omissions rectified, 
and payment settled. For incomplete or 


*For a history of sewing machines the reader is 
referred to our articles on Machinery Hall and the 
Singer Mfg. Co. The latter will be found among 
the “ Outside Show.” 









124 


UNITED STATES.-WEARING APPAREL. 


imperfect articles the poor sewing-girl 
must submit to a reduction of the rates 
paid. 

The business is now very extensive. 
All large cities have their clothing houses, 
and they number over 5,000 in this coun¬ 
try. Nearly $40,000,000 are invested in 
the trade, and over 125,000 persons em¬ 
ployed. More than $100,000,000 of arti 
cles are produced annually. The western 
and southern merchants, in making their 
annual purchases at the east for sale, al¬ 
ways include a goodly supply of ready¬ 
made clothing. 

A splendid display of ready-made cloth¬ 
ing is exhibited by JOHN WANAMA- 
KER & CO., and another by WANAMA- 
KER & BROWN, of Philadelphia, con¬ 
sisting of gentlemen’s wear. These are 
from what are known as “one-price” 
stores. They place their goods at a fair 
figure, and submit to no cheapening. They 
also mark the quality of goods, as “ all 
wool,” or “cotton and wool,” &c., and 
these notices can be relied upon. The 
house has been long established, gives em¬ 
ployment to thousands of employes, mostly 
women, and count their annual sales at 
millions. HOMER, COLLADAY & CO., 
same city, show a child’s dress valued at 
$600, that required the labor of forty- 
eight weeks for its completion. The dis¬ 
play is of silk goods. The house has been 
founded nearly fifty years. J. A. WIL¬ 
SON, same city, shows military and ma¬ 
sonic goods of fine material, elegantly made 
up. 

A case of very elegantly embroidered 
clothing for children is shown by A. B. 
HAPKE, of Harrisburgh. E. BUTTER- 
ICK & CO., of New York, display two 
handsomely dressed figures, clothed in ex¬ 
ceedingly rich material. MME. DEMOR- 
EST, same city, shows patterns, dresses, 
&c. The house is long-founded, and well 
known in fashionable circles. 

A pretty sleeping infant illustrates the 
rather unique exhibit of J. C. HEMPEL, 
of Baltimore. A case is exhibited by THE 
NASHAWANNUCK MFG. CO., of East 
Hampton. Another by THE AMERI¬ 
CAN SUSPENDER CO., of Waterbury, 
and still another by THE NATIONAL 
SUSPENDER CO., of New York, and 
each contains a full assortment of strong 
and well-made suspenders. 

Particular attention seems to have been 


given to corsets and skirts, and the dis¬ 
plays are very tastefully arranged. THE 
CORSET CO., of Newark, N. J., THE 
COMFORT CORSET CO., of Boston, 
THE CORSET CO., of Worcester, THE 
NOVELTY CORSET CO., of New York, 
and BREWSTER BROS. & CO., of 
Birmingham, Conn., have very extensive 
displays that attract much attention in the 
corset line. Shirts to button in front, be¬ 
hind, at the side, &c., are plentifully ar¬ 
ranged. 

Among the exhibitors we find T. M. 
DENHAM & CO., of New Bedford, E. 
BENNETT, of Brooklyn, L. & S. STERN- 
BERGER, of Philadelphia, ROTH- 
CHILD BROS. & GUTTMAN, and 
CONRAD BROS., of the same place. 
These shirts are splendidly done up, and 
have a gloss almost like a mirror. 

Of skirts, a handsome assortment is 
shown by F. SACHSE & SON, and by 
A. W\ THOMAS, both of Philadelphia. 
Of furs, F. BOOSS & BRO., of New York, 
established in 1853, show a seal sacque 
trimmed with otter, and valued at $450. 
Then a Russian sable muff and boa valued 
at $600. J. A. STAMBACH & CO. 
also have a rich assortment of valuable 
furs. M. MAHLER, of New York, and 
the BURNETTS, of Newark, make cor¬ 
responding displays. L. FISHBLATT, of 
Philadelphia, makes a grand exhibit, in the 
midst of which is an American eagle robe, 
made of 10,500 pieces of the choicest furs. 
The glove display will bear a very favora¬ 
ble comparison with the foreign exhibits. 
S. LEROY shows patent kid. THE LIT¬ 
TLETON SARANAC BUCK GLOVE 
CO. have an assortment of gloves made 
of deer skin. DANIEL PI A YES, estab¬ 
lished at Gloversville since 1854, exhibits 
fine gloves and mittens. 

Of bonnets the supply is ample, the pat¬ 
terns varied, the materials rich and beauti¬ 
ful. We cannot say more, lest the fashion 
change before our book is in type, and 
then they would all be simply “horrible !” 

There are many more houses we would 
like to name, as those not mentioned will 
compare well in all respects with those we 
have noted; but we cannot consent to 
mere crowding of names. The business has 
assumed gigantic proportions in a few 
years, and is now reckoned among the reg¬ 
ular and most respectable industries' of the 
country. 




















































































































































































































































. 

















































































































• 1 - ■. 




‘ -'r 
















































■' 































































■ 


















































UNITED STATES.-ANCIENT EDUCATION 


ANCIENT EDUCATION. 

From the days of the creation to the 
present time, education has been connected 
with religous institutions. Wherever any 
system of worship has prevailed, there 
have been teachers of that sect—generally 
the priests. As nations advanced in en¬ 
lightenment, something was taught beyond 
mere pious forms. The Assyrians, Phoeni¬ 
cians, and Egyptians had records preserved 
in hieroglyphics 2,200 to 2,400 years B. C. 
The term hieroglyphic denotes sacred 
sculpture engraved on the temples, sepul¬ 
chers, and other public buildings. In 
the earliest ages all communications not 
strictly verbal were made by picture 
writing— hierography. When the Span¬ 
iards landed in America, the event was 
sent to the interior by drawings of men, 
ships, and arms, and the account thus 
transmitted appears to have been perfectly 
understood. This system of writing could 
be comprehended by children almost as 
well as by adults. 

The Egyptians and Phoenicians had also 
a modified or improved method known as 
hierography, used by the sacred scribes in 
the temples. In fact the characters 
employed bore the appearance in many 
instances of being a mixture of letters and 
hieroglyphs. These various modes of 
communicating thought rendered teaching 
necessary, and the priests were made the 
teachers, as well as historians and scribes. 
Battles, victories, accidents, processions, 
and various other matters could be intel¬ 
ligibly imparted by liierographical repre¬ 
sentations on papyrus or vellum. 

As regards letters, the Hebrews possessed 
an alphabet at a very early date. So, too, 
the Assyrians. Cadmus, a Phoenician, was 
the first who introduced letters into Greece 
about fifteen hundred years B. C. They 
were then only sixteen in number. To 
these, in the time of the Trojan war (three 
hundred years later), Palamedes added 
four. Still later Simonides added four 
more. Letters were introduced from 
Greece into Latium by Evander, and orig¬ 
inally had much the same forms. Some 
nations ranged their letters perpendic¬ 
ularly ; others horizontally. Some from 
right to left, as the Hebrews, Assyrians, 
etc. Some from right to left, and from 
left to right, alternately. The ancient 
Greeks used this mode. But most nations, 
as we do, from left to right. 


127 

It is not necessary to our present purpose 
that we should give further illustrations of 
the complexities of early written languages. 
We have said enough to convince students 
that teachers were necessary. According 
to Bishop Ushur, the Mosaic, or Levitical 
laws, were given B. C. 1490, and were 
then written; so that it would seem natural 
to conclude that the Hebrews, at that early 
date, must have had a thorough and 
familiar acquaintance with the alphabet. 

Now it must be remembered that as 
early as this there was great knowledge 
among ancient people. The Phoenicians 
and Egyptians had their “ Magi,” or wise 
men. They were versed in many sciences, 
particularly in astronomy. The priests of 
both countries made astrology a principal 
study; and this they coupled with chem¬ 
istry. They firmly believed that the elixir 
of life could be discovered, and that it 
would assure immortality, and they also 
imagined that a means would be discovered 
for the reunion of the soul and body, at 
the end of a lengthened metempsychosis. 

W orkshops were connected with the 
temples of Egypt, and the priests here 
taught various crafts, more particularly in 
metallurgic science. These priests were 
the only teachers. The sons of princes 
and priests, and, after a time, also of 
renowned soldiers, were educated by the 
priests. The common people were not 
educated. They could comprehend origi¬ 
nal picture writing, but the adoption of 
the improved hieroglyphs and the later 
alphabets among nations, served only to 
keep the masses in utter ignorance. The 
kings ordered, the priests obeyed, and the 
people were in greater darkness than ever. 
Religion, such as it was, was always taught. 
It was the first thing given to the child, 
and practised with much more devotedness 
than is now apparent among the professors 
of even Christian churches. 

Moses, in organizing the Jewish priest¬ 
hood, gave directions for preserving records 
and for teaching the law. The people 
were told to teach their children early— 
that is, while young. Samuel, three hun¬ 
dred and fifty years later, established the 
School of the Prophets, and was himself the 
first itinerant preacher that traveled upon 
a given circuit.* 

The legends of the Rabbins state that 


*1 Sam, vii. 16. 







128 


UNITED STATES.-ANCIENT EDUCATION. 


Adam was the first schoolmaster, and that 
he was assisted by Enoch—that Noah was 
also a school-teacher ; and that after the 
flood, Shem established and presided over 
a public school, assisted by his great 
grandson, Eber. They likewise assert that 
Abram and Jacob were pupils in public 
schools. While we must pass this by, it is 
well established that the priests were 
teachers, prophets, public orators, poets, 
and composers of music. Ezra paid great 
attention to the education of the people. 

Every town in Judea of sufficient popu¬ 
lation was required to have a school. In 
* countries between the Euphrates and the 
Tigris, when the Israelites were numerous 
and wealthy, similar provision was made. 
Later in Egypt, and even in Judea. At 
Alexandria,* schools flourished most, and 
these were ruled by Jewish teachers. The 
Alexandrian schools must have been well 
conducted. Within fifty years from the 
time the Jews first came in contact with 
the Greek language, they were able to 
translate from the Hebrew, which had 
ceased to be their vernacular tongue, into 
Greek. The Septuagint was undertaken 
about the year 280 B. C. With the fall of 
Jerusalem, A. D. 70, the Jewish schools 
were ruined, and (with the exception of 
one at Jamnia) all disappeared between 
A. D. 116 to 134. The presidents of schools 
were called Princes. At Jamnia was fin¬ 
ished the Mishna or canon law—a collec¬ 
tion of traditions—A. D. 439. The caliphs 
finally destroyed this school, A. D. 1048. 

The Jews however flourished as teach¬ 
ers, in Spain, under the Moors, who 
founded public schools for them, in which 
were taught the Talmud, Aristotle, and 
general science and literature. They 
flourished during the dark ages, and until 
the expulsion by Ferdinand and Isabella, 
A. D. 1492. 

The Ceramicus, or Tile Field, a suburb 
of Athens, was said to have belonged to 
Academus, a local hero in the days of 
Troy, B. C. 1200. Here were the statues 
of gods and heroes, and being used after¬ 
ward as a school, it received the name of 


*The Library of Alexandria was founded by 
Ptolemy Soter B. C. 284. It contained 700,000 
vols. It was set on fire and a great portion de¬ 
stroyed by Caesar. It was partly restored by Cleo¬ 
patra, who received from Anthony the library of 
JPergamus, 200,000 vols. It was totally destroyed 
by the Saracens A. D. 642. 


Academia. In the fifth century B. C., Si¬ 
mon, the son of Miltiades, beautified the 
place, and bequeathed it to the people. 

Aristotle, the founder of the school of 
the Peripatetics, was a pupil of Plato the 
companion and biographer of Socrates. 
He was born B. C. 384, and when about 
forty years of age, Philip of Macedon 
gave him the charge of his son, Alexander 
the Great, whom he educated. He taught 
while walking amid the shades of the 
Lyceum, in which he delivered his lectures. 

Aristotle* wrote on mathematics, logic, 
metaphysics, psychology, ethics, and mete¬ 
orology. Plato called him the intellect 
of his school. In these schools of the 
ancients, the scholars were not generally 
children, but were grown; and often 
middle aged and old men. 

Among both Greeks and Romans it 
was the pride of matrons to educate their 
children at home until of a certain age, when 
they attended schools. Children carried 
their books in satchels, except those of 
wealthy parents, attended by slaves who 
carried their books for them. 

Slaves were often teachers as well as 
scribes to their masters, many of whom 
were extremely ignorant. The Arabs had 
fine schools at one time, but they have 
dwindled. Their school-houses are now 
rude affairs, where the boys sit on rugs 
spread upon the ground, as no flooring 
exists. The apparatus consists of a board 
a foot square, and a piece of chalk. The 
scholars read in concert. Those intended 
for high positions are carefully trained in 
all the necessary arts and sciences. Among 
the Arabs, and Turks, to this day, many 
of their most eminent professors are Jews. 

The attention of all nations has been 
recently drawn to the subject of early 
education. Within the present century 
great impetus has been given to teaching. 
In our own country every state and 
territory has its system of public schools, 
and such is the general excellence of these 
institutions, that they are patronized by 
rich and poor alike. 


* Aristotle’s cosmological argument on the exis¬ 
tence of God ran thus :—Although every single 
monument and existence in the world has a finite 
cause, and every such, another back of it; yet back 
of an infinite series of causes there must be an 
infinite, immortal being—a first something—immov¬ 
able, all-moving, pure energy, absolute reason— 
God. 






UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT-U. S. EDUCATIONAL EXHIBITION. 


129 


At this time the subject of corporal 
punishment is being largely discussed in 
several of our states ; and it is worthy of 
remark that in Greece, where the mothers 
bore heroes, the whip was not allowed. 
The following extract from the life of 
Plutarch will be read with interest by those 
engaged in teaching. 

“ It was a happy circumstance in the 
discipline of those (the Greek) schools, 
that the parent only had the power of 
corporal punishment: the rod and ferule 
were snatched from the hand of the petty 
tyrant; his office alone was to inform the 
mind—he had no authority to dastardise 
the spirit—he had no power to extinguish 
the generous flame of freedom, or to break 
down the noble independency of soul, by 
the slavish, debasing, and degrading appli¬ 
cation of the rod.” 

This mode of punishment in our public 
schools is one of the worst remains of 
barbarism that prevails among us. Sensi¬ 
ble minds, however volatile and inattentive 
in early years, may be drawn to their duty 
by many means, which shame, and fears of 
a more liberal nature than those of corporal 
punishment, will supply. Where there is 
but little sensibility, the effect which that 
mode of punishment produces, is not more 
happy. It destroys that little; though it 
should be the first care and labor of the 
preceptor to increase it. To beat the body 
is to debase the mind. Nothing so soon 
or so totally abolishes the sense of shame; 
and yet that sense is at once the best 
preservative of virtue, and the greatest 
incentive to every species of excellence. 


TJ. S. EDUCATIONAL EXHIBITION. 

Most of the States having educational 
exhibits, were allotted space in the south 
gallery of the Main Building. 

THE OHIO EXHIBIT occupies two 
rooms; the walls of which are handsomely 
adorned with maps and drawings, and the 
display of pupils’ work neatly and conven¬ 
iently arranged upon center tables of black 
walnut. The work shown consists of speci¬ 
men examination papers from nearly all the 
schools in the State, and is very attractive. 

THE PUBLIC SCHOOL PAPERS, of 
Cincinnati, are remarkable for their neatness 
and superior penmanship. Encircling the 
walls are charts showing the number of pu-| 


pils, the finances, and the proportion of the 
several studies to each other. 

I HE INDIANA EXHIBIT occupies the 
room adjoining, and i& very elegantly and 
attractively shown. In two cases are various 
articles made by the little ones in their first 
school year, of peas and toothpicks. There 
are three cases of examination papers, show¬ 
ing at a glance the work accomplished in 
the schools. Here are also found blackboard 
and slate exercises from Terre Haute that 
have been photographed. Botanical, chem¬ 
ical, and geological cabinets, and some ex¬ 
ceedingly fine drawings in water-colors and 
ink. There are seven very convenient re¬ 
volving cases, containing pupils’ work for 
four years. Cases of lace patterns, herbari¬ 
um, and insect. The whole is very neat and 
pleasing. 

THE ILLINOIS EXHIBIT is in the next 
room. The walls are adorned with free hand 
and architectural drawings, maps, and charts. 
There are several cases of alcoholic speci¬ 
mens, geological, mechanical, Ac. In one 
long walnut case are models made by the 
pupils of the Illinois Industrial University, 
consisting of mining and railroad instru¬ 
ments, Natural History specimens, Civil En¬ 
gineering instruments, and examination 
papers in all branches. There are several 
fine drawings for plaster casting, and the 
completed casts. The State free schools 
number 11,648, pupils enrolled being 654,- 
309, cost per year $7,865,682.18. 

THE NEW HAMPSHIRE EXHIBIT 
consists of examination papers, kindergarten 
specimens from the little ones, Ac. Many 
fine drawings, both from copies and free 
hand, and a relief map of the White Moun¬ 
tains, made by C. H. Hitchcock, State Geol¬ 
ogist. 

THE MARYLAND EXHIBIT embraces 
specimen work of wax flowers, worsted work 
made by scholars of the Maryland Institute 
for the Blind. Maps, architectural drawings, 
and examination papers from the State Nor¬ 
mal School. 

KENTUCKY AMERICAN PRINTING 
HOUSE FOR THE BLIND, Louisville, Ky. 
—Organized in 1853. Books in raised let- 
ters; also maps and dissected charts. 

YALE COLLEGE, N. Haven, Conn., pre¬ 
sents a partial collection of works written or 
edited by former members of the college, 
contributed mainly by the authors and pub¬ 
lishers, and numbering more than 1,100. 
In the center of the room is the original of 










130 


UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT-U. S. EDUCATIONAL EXHIBITION, ETC. 


the bronze statue at Yale, of Abraham 
Pierson, first president, 1701-1707. A fine 
display of work and examinations by the 
public school scholars. 

WISCONSIN presents a case of books, 
published by the present Faculty of the 
University of Wisconsin. Also examina¬ 
tion papers from the schools, showing the 
system in vogue. 

MICHIGAN displays a case of pharma¬ 
ceutical preparations from the School of 
Pharmacy. Also specimens from the State 
University, drawings, &c, A fine case of 
rare birds. Chart showing the courses in 
the schools, and illustrations of all the 
branches taught. 

IN THE NEW JERSEY EXHIBIT, Rut¬ 
gers College shows a case of specimens from 
its cabinet; among which is the compass 
used by Washington while surveying. Some 
fine drawings by public school scholars; ex¬ 
amination papers in all branches, &c. The 
College of New Jersey, Princeton, has a 
large case filled with books written by 
alumni and members of the faculty. 

RHODE ISLAND.—This exhibit consists 
of very fine mechanical and architectural 
drawings, maps, and examination papers 
from the public schools. 

MAINE.—The examination papers are 
taken from the various schools, and show the 
course pursued by the scholars. 

THE MINNESOTA EXHIBIT consists 
of examination papers, reports, &c. 

THE TENNESSEE EXHIBIT consists 
of the examination papers of the schools of 
Bedford and the annual reports. 

NEW ORLEANS, La., presents an exhibit 
of the examination papers of its various 
schools, and the reports concerning them. 

MISSOURI.—This State makes an exhib¬ 
it of Centennial examination papers in all 
branches. 

IOWA presents a display of examination 
papers and drawings from its several schools. 

VIRGINIA.—The Hampton Normal and 
Agricultural College makes an exhibit of 
pictures of the buildings and surrounding 
scenery, and of the music and song books 
controlled by the institution. The College 
is supported by philanthropists and its own 
exertions. There are 1,500 children now 
being taught by its graduates. Also an ex¬ 
hibit of the American Missionary Associa¬ 
tion and its colleges. 

MASSACHUSETTS.—In the east gal¬ 
lery, upon each side of the large organ, may 


be found this exhibit. The Worcester Free 
Institute enters a fine display of machinery 
and models, mechanical and architectural 
drawings, &c. Harvard University, Wo¬ 
men’s Colleges, present fine exhibits ot work. 
Examination papers and students’ work of 
all kinds from the public schools. 

AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL EN¬ 
GINEERS.—This society has its exhibit in 
the gallery at the west end of Main Build¬ 
ing. Here we find the original drawings for 
the first locomotive and marine engine; also 
of canals and railroads. The boiler engine 
and propeller used by Mr. Stevens on the 
Hudson in 1804. Electrical apparatus. In¬ 
struments of precision. Typographical 
maps, the original drawings for Main Build¬ 
ing and Machinery Hall. The society has 
been established for about thirty years. 

THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR THE 
PREVENTION OF CRUELTY TO ANI¬ 
MALS, New York.—This society has been 
established but a few years, and owes its 
origin and development to Henry Burgh, its 
present president. The exhibit is in the 
east end of the Main Building, and consists 
of pictures and instruments of cruelty. 

In connection with this subject, two 
texts of scripture seem applicable—“Thou 
shalt not muzzle the ox that treadeth out 
the corn,” and, “The merciful man is mer¬ 
ciful to his beasts.” When man was 
given dominion over “every beast of the 
field,” it was not intended that he should 
become the greater brute. The Arabs of 
the desert—the wildest men in the world— 
strange as it may seem, are the kindest to 
their horses, and camels. These form a 
part of their families. They are raised 
among the children, and are fondled by old 
and young. The horse obeys his master’s 
call, as our favorite spaniel starts at our 
whistle. The American horse tamer, 
Orloff, said, “ There never was a kind horse 
unless he had a kind master.” Many a 
noble animal has been made vicious and 
worthless simply by being beaten. 

Henry Bergh did not appear too soon in 
this world; and though abused and maligned 
by the ignorant and cruelly-disposed, but 
commended and encouraged by the more 
intelligent he has engaged in a noble 
cause, and has devoted both his time and 
fortune to the furtherance of the objects of 
the association; and the cruelty of man to 
dumb animals has been greatly moderated, 
if not entirely cured, by his noble efforts. 




GREAT BRITAIN. 


131 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

Under this head we have placed all ex¬ 
hibits which were not shown in sufficient 
numbers to warrant their being individu¬ 
ally classed. 

THE CELLULOID MFG. CO., of 
Newark, N. J. This is a new article of 
industry, and consists of a chemical and 
mechanical combination of cellular fibre 
with camphor. It is extensively used in 
various manufactures, and is found to be 
cheap and durable. The present exhibit 
consists of napkin rings, imitation red and 
white coral, combs, chains, necklaces, &c. 
Although of recent introduction, celluloid 
has already attained a position among arti¬ 
cles of useful ornamentation. M. SAND, 
of New York, presents a fine display of 
artificial flowers. E. CLINTON & CO. 
are brush-makers, of Philadelphia. They 
present a high and long case containing 
thousands of brushes, and yet no two are 
alike in the whole collection. Great taste 
has been exhibited in the arrangement of 
the goods, and they are of splendid work¬ 
manship. MILES BROS. & CO., of 
Brooklyn, N. Y., also have a large case 
and showy display of elegantly finished 
brushes. SCHUYLER, HARTLEY & 
GRAHAM, New York City,—an attrac¬ 
tive display of military and masonic trim¬ 
mings and jewels. They show full-sized 
figures of the Emperor of Germany 
and President of France. CHARLES 
RUMPF, of Philadelphia, has an attrac¬ 
tive collection of choice pocket-books. 
INDIA RUBBER COMB CO., College 
Point, N. Y. This is an extensive display, 
and consists of all varieties of combs, syr¬ 
inges, polished tubings, pistol handles, oil¬ 
cans, bowling-balls, &c., &c. A delicate 
bas-relief representation of the death of 
Warren, in cast rubber. A. S. GREEN- 
WALT, Millersville, Pa. Rubber shuttles 
for sewing machines, said to be strong and 
durable. TURNER, ANDREWS & CO., 
of Philadelphia, have an exhibit of rich 
and well-made pocket-books. WAL¬ 
LACE BROS., Statesville, N. C., herba¬ 
lists. A good-sized room covered inside 
and out with well-arranged and fresh bot¬ 
anical specimens, drawings, &c. The in¬ 
sect-eating plant of fine growth and vigor¬ 
ous—a curiosity in itself. CHARLES 
W. SPARR, Boston, Mass., has a hand¬ 
some room in the aisle built of butternut, 


red-cedar, and rosewood veneered panels. 
In the interior he exhibits specimens of 
wood wall-hangings. WM. DEMIJTH & 
CO., New York. These gentlemen pre¬ 
sent an exhibit of smokers’ articles, con¬ 
sisting of meerschaum and briarwood 
pipes of all designs, also figures in metal 
and wood. Established for twenty-five 
years. Value of exhibit, $15,000. EMIL 
W. MONTOUX, artist in hair, of New 
York, has a most interesting exhibit of 
two very elegant specimens, one of an 
eagle, the other of the goddess of liberty, 
made solely of human hair of different 
colors. 


GREAT BRITAIN. 

The history of Great Britain has been so 
often and so largely written upon the rolls 
of the world, that we need not at present 
add to the record. There are, however, 
some points that are so immediately con¬ 
nected with our present undertaking that 
they may serve to elucidate the connection 
of that country with our Centennial Exhi¬ 
bition. The entire population of Great 
Britain is, in round numbers, 32,000,000. 
This includes England, Ireland, and Scot¬ 
land, Wales, the Isle of Man, and the 
Channel Islands; and excludes, of course, 
the mighty provinces and colonies subject 
to the British Crown, and of which we 
shall speak, as we reach them, in detail. 

The Island of Great Britain is 300 miles 
wide and over 600 long. Scotland—the 
northern portion—is divided into Lowlands 
and Highlands, or mountains and valleys. 
England—the southern portion—has a sim¬ 
ilar topography, though not so definitely 
marked. Wales—on the western side—is 
remarkable for its stupendous mountains. 
Throughout the island great mineral wealth 
abounds, and its geology is rich and varied. 
The value of its mining products in 1874, 
were, of iron, coal, copper, tin, lead, gold, 
zinc, and other metals, $340,000,000. 

Of these, pig-iron amounted to $82,500,- 
000, and coal $235,000,000, while of gold, 
recovered from ores of other metals, the 
yield was only about $8,000. It will thus 
be seen that her geology was of the ruder 
minerals, and to her advantage; for gold¬ 
raising countries have seldom prospered 
largely; unless to that were added the 
former, or other prerequisites calculated to 
command the general industry of the peo- 






132 


GREAT BRITAIN.-JEWELRY. 


pie. For many centuries, therefore, Great 
Britain has been compelled to cultivate 
home industries, suggested or created by 
her home resources. Her lands have been 
largely improveci until now she has 47,- 
000,000 of acres tilled. 

Upon the introduction of steam her fac¬ 
tories began to multiply, and she now has 
over 7,000 factories confined to the manu¬ 
facture of textile fabrics, and employing 
more than 1,000,000 hands. In the carry¬ 
ing trade for her own and foreign products, 
she employs 21,000 vessels, with a tonnage 
of 6,000,000, the crews numbering over 
200,000. Her revenue for 1875-6 was 
$378,425,000, and her expenses $376,330,- 
000 . 

The possessions of England in the east, 
including India and several large Islands 
to the south, have an area of 1,583,518 
square miles, and a population of 243,150,- 
000. The Australian colonies have 3,087,- 
000 square miles of territory, and 2,105,- 
000 people. In North America, the area 
controlled by England is 3,620,500, with a 
population of 4,000,000. In Africa, 250,- 
000 square miles, and 1,400,000 inhabi¬ 
tants. The West Indies which are subject 
to this country contain 12,707 square miles, 
and 1,075,000 inhabitants. The European 
Possessions and various settlements, have 
a combined area of 96,291 square miles, 
and 360,000 people. The total area of 
Great Britain is 8,772,534 square miles; 
the population is 283,947,338; the revenue 
amounts to $728,405,900; the public debt 
to $4,457,511,000; and the combined im¬ 
ports and exports to $4,660,590,000. 

From the above condensed facts, it will 
be seen that Great Britain is deeply inter¬ 
ested in all gatherings where the industries 
of the nations are displayed; and next our 
own land, she makes the largest and most 
valuable display. 


JEWELRY. 

In this department our British friends 
have on exhibition very rare and beauti ful 
displays. They have brought over some 
of their choicest works, and attract uni¬ 
versal attention from visitors. 

ELKINGTON & Co., Manufacturing 
Silversmiths, London, Liverpool, and Man¬ 
chester, with manufactory at Birmingham, 
England. The exhibit of this firm will be 
found at the intersection of the main aisle 


and transcept, where they display a very 
rich assortment of various designs in re¬ 
pousse, cloisonne, and champ-leve enamels. 
The Helicon vase is a masterpiece of art 
in repousse silver and steel, damascened 
in gold; valued at $30,000 gold. The 
whole work is hammered out of flat silver 
entirely by hand, and further enriched by 
damascened tracery in gold and silver. It 
is devoted to the apotheosis of Music and 
Poetry. The Milton shield is also in re¬ 
pousse. The subjects are taken from Para¬ 
dise Lost, and strikingly and faithfully 
delineated. Value, $15,000. 

The Pompeian Toilette is another grand 
specimen of the highest order of art. Val¬ 
ue, $7,500. The exhibit in Main Building 
is valued at $750,000. The firm was estab¬ 
lished in 1842, employ 3,000 hands, and 
a capital of $5,000,000. Their manufac¬ 
tory at Birmingham covers several acres, 
and they have constant orders from the 
royal family and the nobility, as well as 
from residents of foreign countries. They 
have attended several world’s fairs; have 
always occupied prominent positions and 
taken high medals. 

WILLIAM GIBSON, Belfast, Ir.—Here 
we find the largest exhibit of first water 
diamonds, very elaborately set. One set 
consists of two earrings, a pin with pend¬ 
ant, and four connecting links, to form the 
whole into a tiara. Three large table cut 
emeralds occupy the centers, one in each 
piece, while the pendant is one cut pear- 
shaped. These are surrounded with the 
finest diamonds, very delicately set. The 
links are also encrusted with diamonds. 
The value is $20,000. There is a very 
beautiful pear-shaped pearl of a pink tint, 
the color being deepest in the lower por¬ 
tion, and shading to about white as it nears 
the top. There are many very elegantly 
carved articles, made of Irish Bog Oak. 
One, an Irish harp, delicate in design and 
faultless in execution. The firm has been 
established many years, and in their ex¬ 
hibit, which is valued at $400,000, is noth¬ 
ing inferior. 

JAMES AITCHISON, Edinburgh, Scot. 
—A. fine display of Scotch jewelry and 
Highland ornaments. Among others, the 
largest Cairn gorm—a stone resembling 
the topaz—weighing over six onnees. Very 
fine pearl studs and color buttons—the 
stones from the River Tay, Perthshire. 
Pleads of the Cheviot ram, the wild ram 










































































































































































































































































































































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GREAT BRITAIN.-METALS, HARDWARE. 


135 


of the Highlands, mounted on silver. 
Value of exhibit, $65,000 gold. Sixteen 
men employed constantly at this jewelry 
alone. House established twenty-three 
years. Capital employed, $350,000. 

JOHN NEAL, Gold and Silversmith, 
London, Eng.—Very elegant display of 
pyro-silver cutlery. Knives that do not 
tarnish in acids, requiring only to be 
wiped. Do not rust in vinegar. Swords 
of same metal. Have two factories. House 
established twenty-five years. Employs a 
large capital. JEREMIAH GOGGIN, 
Dublin, Ireland.—Irish Bog Oak Carver 
to the Queen. The exhibit consists of 
household and personal articles. The 
amount and delicacy of the carving de¬ 
termine the value, as the oak is cheap. 
The designs are unique and well executed. 
J. JOHNSON & CO., London.—Small 
jewelry caskets ornamented with shell- 
work. FRANC ATI & SANTAMARIA, 
London.—Whitby jet jewelry. A very 
attractive exhibit, showing delicate work. 


METALS. 

England is exceedingly well supplied 
with minerals.. The island produced in 
1871, 6,627,179 tons of pig iron, and 
5,566,175 tons of wrought iron and steel. 
The mines in the United States in 1872 
produced, 941,992 tons of iron and steel 
rails; 1,000,000 of other rolled and ham¬ 
mered iron; 58,000 from forges and bloom- 
aries; 32,000 of cast steel; 110,500 of 
Bessemer steel; 3,000 Martin steel; and 
2,830,070 of pig iron. England imported 
from Norway in 1871, 4,299 tons of cop¬ 
per ore, valued at $132,600, and 97 of un¬ 
wrought or partly wrought copper. For¬ 
merly the mines of Cornwall and Devon¬ 
shire were the most productive, but re¬ 
cently their yield has greatly diminished. 
In 1860 there were mined 15,968 tons, and 
in 1872, 6,000 tons. The ores yield 7 or 
8 per cent. In 1871 the imports of copper 
of all kinds amounted to $10,787,125. The 
gold coinage of Great Britain in 1872 was 
$76,307,205, nearly; and of Australia for 
1871, $14,352,090. The value of the gold 
mines of the United States for 1873 was 
$841,529,129.23, California having mines 
worth $640,030,657.59. The coal mined 
in Great Britain in 1864, was 86,000,000 
tons, and in 1872 it had increased to 
120,000,000 tons. The value of the coal 


product of the United States for 1870 was 
$38,495,745 for anthracite, and $35,029,- 
247 for bituminous. The aggregate value 
of all the minerals, metals, etc., obtained 
in the United Kingdom of Great Britain 
and Ireland in 1874, was $339,171,545, 
nearly. 

Beside raising metals, Great Britain has 
been constantly improving its manufac¬ 
tures, and in the extent and variety of its 
industries takes the first rank among the 
nations of the world. The WEST CUM¬ 
BERLAND IRON AND STEEL CO., 
(limited,) of Workington, and Cumberland, 
Eng., present an exhibit of sections of 
rails, car wheels, and boiler plate of Besse¬ 
mer steel, said to be 30 per cent, stronger 
than Low Moor, and three times as elastic. 
The cable for the Black Sea Company was 
made by SIEMEN BROS., of London, 
who also show strong specimens of sub¬ 
marine cables. W. D. HOUGHTON, of 
Warrington, Eng., is a manufacturer of 
patent steel piano wire. He shows a case 
containing his wires of all sizes. GOV¬ 
ERNOR AND COMPANY OF MI¬ 
NERS in England, A. D. 1691, Gwin 
Avon Works, Glamorganshire,Wales, man¬ 
ufacturers of iron, copper, and tin plate. 
They make a magnificent display of their 
productions, specimens of tin plate as thin 
as paper. Also, iron and copper pig, of 
fine grain and deep colors. They took 
medals at fairs in London in 1862; and in 
Paris in 1857 and 1875. STEEL & GAR¬ 
LAND, of Sheffield, Eng., show a fine 
assortment of grates and fenders. A 
raised fire-grate, with a very elegantly 
finished plated fender, ornamented with 
bronze figures, and the sides and hearth of 
painted tiles. This is valued at $335. 
There are many other meritorious exhibits 
under this head, one firm showing a lawn 
pavilion that is profusely ornamented and 
very elegantly wrought; it is one of the 
finest specimens of fancy iron-work on ex¬ 
hibition. 

The British exhibits of minerals, ores, 
and mining products, number 24; the met¬ 
allurgical products, 41; and the displays 
of precious metal work and artistic orna¬ 
mentation of the baser metals, 11. 


HARDWARE. 

In this line of wares there are several 
very attractive exhibits. W'lLLIAM 












136 


GREAT BRITAIN.-PINS, SAFES. 


SMITH & SON, of Warrington, Eng., 
show splendid twist drills for sewing-ma¬ 
chine makers, also piano wire, shears, 
cqmpasses, etc.; and taps and dies of all 
sizes. THE PHOSPHOR BRONZE CO., 
of London, present a handsome display of 
bolts, wrenches, buckles, hammers, busts, 
etc. The tools are all finely finished and 
well tempered. Under this head may*be 
placed the exhibits of the world-renowned 

SHEFFIELD STEEL. 

Sheffield is the capital of the district of 
ITallamshire, Eng., and as early as the 
time of Chaucer (1328-1400), was famous 
for the superior quality of its arms and 
general cutlery. In 1750 the river Don 
was rendered navigable for small vessels 
up to the town, and since then its growth 
has been rapid and steady. The art of 
plating goods with silver is carried on to 
a vast extent, and great quantities of Bri¬ 
tannia-ware are made. In 1871 the man¬ 
ufacture of heavy armor plates, railway 
springs, tires, and rails, was introduced, 
and gave additional impetus to the growth 
of the place. The conversion of iron into 
steel, both by the old and new process, is 
one of the most extensive and lucrative 
industries. At the present time, Sheffield 
cutlery is equal in finish and quality to any 
made elsewhere. Owing to the severe 
duties by which the manufacturers of the 
United States are guarded against the im¬ 
portation of foreign goods, one of the 
most prominent firms of Sheffield has com¬ 
menced operations in America, and for 
this purpose has sent skilled workmen and 
quantities of the same metal used at home. 
This scheme will eventually result in the 
improvement of American manufactures, 
and will enable their artisans to compete 
more equally for our patronage. 


PINS. 

There are in England, as nearly as can 
be ascertained, 580 pin machines, for pro¬ 
ducing pins either complete or by two pro¬ 
cesses—pointing and heading. Each of 
these machines will make on an average 
220 per- minute, giving 7,656,000 in an 
hour, or 68,904,000 in one day of nine 
hours (less intervals), or 413,424,000 in a 
week of fifty-four hours. These pins would 
weigh, of average sizes, thirty-four tons as 
the production of the whole of England, 


in fifty-four hours, or 1,768 tons per annum. 
This calculation is based on what machines 
have actually produced in that time. Out 
of this quantity, there are about five tons 
each week made from iron wire, which is 
coated with tin—an American invention, 
which produces an inferior and relatively 
dear article, as compared with the great 
bulk of the pins manufactured from brass, 
iron-plated pins being sold at nearly the 
same price as brass, although the metal of 
one is only one-third as much as the other. 
A good pin-machine for carding them on 
paper, will card about 1,000 per minute; 
one ounce of best granulated block tin 
will coat fifty-six pounds, as bright as sil¬ 
ver. To produce one sheet of three hun¬ 
dred pins, the machinery costs £70; if 500 
on a sheet, about £10 extra. To produce 
one ton of loose pins per week, £1,100 worth 
of machinery is required; if the pins are 
mounted on cards, the cost is £1,400. 
About three tons of pins are always neces¬ 
sary for stock, worth, on an average, £120 
a ton. To buy pins cheap they must be 
bought loose, as they have to be made thin 
and long to make them large, and also to 
meet the keenness of competition. If 
made loose, they are usually thicker and 
shorter, and are, therefore, made quicker, 
cost less to produce, and are more servicea¬ 
ble, not being so likely to bend or break. 
One firm in Waterbury, Conn., have in 
operation an improved machine for the 
manufacturing of pins which turns out two 
barrels per day. A barrel contains 4,000,- 
000 pins, consequently the product of that 
little manufactory is 8,000,000 per day, or 
48,000,000 per week, or 2,496,000,000 per 
annum. It will be seen from this that the 
trade in the United States will compare 
favorably with that in England, and that 
we make not only sufficient for our own 
consumption, but export quantities. 


SAFES. 

Burglar-proof safes have been known in 
England for ages; the first patent of im¬ 
portance for fire proof safes, was granted 
to John Milner, of Liverpool, in 1840. It 
was an ingenious device, by which steam 
was generated in the inside, when the exte¬ 
rior had become intensely heated. By this 
means the books and papers were com¬ 
pletely saturated, and were considered safe. 
CHATWOOD’S PATENT COMPO- 






GREAT BRITA1N - CHEMICALS, CHRONOMETERS, WATCHES, ETC., FURNITURE. 137 


SITE SAFE, London. These safes are 
substantially made, and of good materials, 
though the designs might be improved. 


CHEMICALS. 

In chemistry the English have made 
great advances, and to them is due the 
credit of discovering hundreds of the salts, 
of which we have now over 2,000, whereas* 
only fifty years since, there were much less 
than one hundred. The English manufac¬ 
turers of perfumes and soaps, though not 
well known in this country, are appreciated 
at home. The demand in the United States 
for these articles, is supplied, principally, 
by France and Germany. The exhibit of 
v-arnishes and polishes contains materials 
of splendid quality, being durable, and of 
rich luster. England presented twenty-six 
exhibits of chemicals, and two of chemical 
apparatus; there were twelve exhibits of 
soaps and perfumes; and eighteen of paints, 
oils, varnishes, and dyes. 


CHRONOMETERS, WATCHES, &c. 

The great importance of calculating lon¬ 
gitude led the House of Commons, on the 
11th of June, 1714, to appoint a committee 
to consider the question of encouraging the 
search for methods for ascertaining longi¬ 
tude. After due investigation they recom¬ 
mended the use of good chronometers. 
The first one used at sea was invented by 
John Harrison, in 1736, and after repeated 
trials, the reward of £20,000 was given to 
him, in 1764. From that time to the 
present, England has taken the lead in the 
manufacture of accurate chronometers. 
Although there are many claimants who 
seek to share part of the credit of having 
invented the thermometer, it is not accu¬ 
rately known by whom it was originated. 
The time of its discovery is generally placed 
in the beginning of the 17th century. 
Though the principle of the telescope was 
discovered by a spectacle-maker of Holland, 
its practical application is usually attribu¬ 
ted to Galileo, in 1609. Telescopes are of 
two kinds—reflecting and refracting. The 
largest refracting telescope ever construc¬ 
ted was built by Rev. Mr. Craig, and is lo¬ 
cated at Wandsworth Common, near Lon¬ 
don. The object glass is two feet in diame¬ 
ter, with a focal distance of 76 feet. It is 
so arranged as to revolve around a brick 

8 


tower, 65 feet high, and 15 feet in diame¬ 
ter. By a chain running over pulleys at 
the revolving top of the tower, it is raised 
or lowered. The largest reflecting teles¬ 
cope ever constructed was built by the Earl 
of Rosse, at an expense of $60,000, and is 
located at Burr Castle, Ireland. The spec¬ 
ulum is 6 feet in diameter and 5£ inches 
thick, and is composed of copper and tin. 
The tube is 7 feet in diameter and 56 
feet long, and is made of deal wood, 
hooped with iron. It is mounted between 
two north and south walls, 24 feet apart, 
72 feet long, and 48 feet high. The lower 
end rests upon a universal hinge. Its 
horizontal motion is limited, but vertically 
it can be moved from the horizon to the 
zenith. The early history of the micros¬ 
cope is obscure, yet it is evident that the 
property of a lens to concentrate heat rays 
and to magnify, were early known. For 
many centuries the lens was only used to 
obtain heat, and it was not until compara¬ 
tively recently that the microscope was 
perfected so as to assist science. 

In the Main Building, SEWILL, of Lon¬ 
don, makes an excellent exhibit of chronom¬ 
eters and watches, displayed with great 
taste, in blue satin-lined cases. The house 
is of long standing, and is most reliable. 
H. & J. BECK, of London, have $3,000 
worth of splendidly made microscopes and 
telescopes. EDMUND WHEELER, Lorn 
don, has a case of prepared microscopic ob¬ 
jects, very delicate and highly interesting;, 
they embrace hundreds of varieties, and 
some that are only obtained with great diffi¬ 
culty. 

All the exhibits under this head maintain 
the reputation of English makers, and will 
compare very favorably with those from 
any country. 


FURNITURE. 

The English manufacturers of furniture- 
are famous for their rich, old patterns, and 
their highly finished designs. During the 
last century and for a long period preceding 
that time, most furniture was of the massive 
style, carved in unique and elaborate 
patterns. These substantial articles were 
gradually supplanted by the spider-legged 
varieties, and furniture became extremely 
delicate and fragile. The style now becom¬ 
ing popular, especially in England, and 
known as the Eastlake, is nothing more 









138 


GREAT BRITAIN.-BOOKS, STATIONERY, ETC., THE LONDON GRAPHIC. 


than a revival of the taste for the magnifi¬ 
cent fashion of one hundred years ago. 
All the English exhibitors deserve great 
praise for the grand displays they have 
made at the Centennial. COLLIN SON & 
LOCK, London.—This firm was established 
in 1782, and presents a fine satin-wood 
cabinet, with panels inlaid with ivory and 
tulip-wood. Also a very massive mantel¬ 
piece of walnut, with cornices for the 
room, to match. The fire place is of highly 
polished and finely grained marbles. There 
are many other articles of superior work¬ 
manship. The firm employs a large capi¬ 
tal, and about 150 men. COOPER & 
HOLT, London.—Established about fifteen 
years, present a drawing-room cabinet 
of ebonized wood, with inlaid and tile 
panels, valued at $993. A carved oak 
bouffe, tiled and carved paneling, of 
superior workmanship, worth $2,360. 
Bed-room suite of black walnut, in¬ 
laid with oak, $1,233. Also a combined 
or reversible billiard and dining table, 
with adjustable toes for leveling; value, 
$538. 

M. FEETHAM & CO., London.—Here 
we find grates and fenders in all styles, 
from the fifteenth century to the present 
time. One very elegant bronze-figured 
grate and mantel, the ornamentations 
representing Comedy and Tragedy. A 
very large saloon grate, with finely-figured 
castings, valued at $900. Also the Griffin 
grate with mantelpiece and tiled si(jes. 
The whole array is very superior. Firm 
employs about 220 men, and has been es¬ 
tablished about seventy years. WRIGHT 
& MANSFIELD, London.—Exhibit furni¬ 
ture of the eighteenth century. Secre¬ 
taire of mahogany and satin-wood.— 
Writing table of the same. Elegant 
mirrors and frames, wardrobe, bureaus, and 
side board. Close and elegant workman¬ 
ship. Exhibit valued at $16,000. They 
have been established about seventy years, 
and employ constantly 200 men. 

HARRY HEMS, Sculptor, of London, 
exhibits a life-size statue of the Saviour 
with a child in his arms, elegantly chiseled, 
and marked “Safe in the arms of Jesus.” 
The drapery is extremely graceful. Mr. 
Hems also exhibits an old-fashioned family 
chest, with peaked top or roof. It is five 
feet long, two wide, and three high; made 
of oak beams 660 years old, and elaborately 
and tastefully carved. The timber was 


taken from the choir gallery of the old 
Salisbury cathedral. 

There are twenty-three exhibits of furni¬ 
ture and household utensils from Great 
Britain. And nine exhibits of grates, 
fenders, stoves, gas fixtures, and plumber’s 
fittings. They all show excellent workman¬ 
ship, and, with a few exceptions, are of 
good patterns. 


BOOKS, STATIONERY, &c. 

In Ezekiel, second chapter and ninth 
and tenth verses, we find the following: 
“ Lo ! a roll of a book was therein; and lie 
spread it before me; and it was written 
within and without.” Before the Christian 
era most of the manuscripts were written 
upon parchment, immediately following 
which came carefully prepared papyrus. 
The art of book-making reached a high 
degree of perfection among the Romans, 
at the time they were masters of the world. 
Their sheets were dextrously manipulated, 
one side being colored with cedat or saffron- 
oil, while the other was to receive the charac¬ 
ters. Their pens were made of reeds, the 
best kinds of which were obtained from 
Egypt. Their inks were remarkably dura¬ 
ble, as in the rolls found at Herculaneum 
and which are nearly 2,000 years old, the 
writing is still perfectly distinct and legible. 
When an author desired to present his 
work to the public, he employed transcrib¬ 
ers, who furnished as many copies as he 
desired. He then took his books to a class 
of artists who ornamented the title page 
and margin with elaborate and appropriate 
sketches, done in brilliant colors. These 
laborious and tedious operations rendered 
books extremely costly, and only to be 
possessed by the very wealthy. In the 
middle ages the rolls were abolished, and 
the sewed leaves were substituted. The 
English exhibits of stationery of every 
description, inks, pens, wax, etc., number 
seventeen. 


THE LONDON GRAPHIC. 

THE GRAPHIC, an illustrated weekly 
paper, London.—The Graphic company 
have a large space in Main Building, where 
they run a press, and print daily, by means 
of a new gas and atmospheric engine. Gas 
is admitted under the piston head, where 
it mingles with air, and when the point of 







GREAT BRITAIN.-GLASS, LEATHER, MUSIC, WHIPS, ETC., TEXTILES, CARPETS. 139 


explosion is reached a constantly burning 
jet fires the mixture. This throws up the 
piston, and starts the machinery. Its own 
weight returns the piston for another explo¬ 
sion. It is an economical engine, running 
off 750 copies per hour, at an expense of 
only about six cents. Can be run 1,000. 
The walls are covered with very elegant 
cuts, all printed by this gas engine. The 
outside walls are covered with fine illustra¬ 
tions of the Franco German war. 


GLASS. 

Many of the English exhibits of glass 
ware display the great skill of the manu¬ 
facturers in handling this fragile substance 
and in executing delicate and beautiful 
designs. JAS. ' GREEN & NEPHEW, 
Thames Cut-Glass Works, London, Eng.— 
In main aisle, thi3 firm has a very large dis¬ 
play of cut glass ware. One grand crystal 
chandelier, 7 by 15 feet, valued at $5,000. 
A pair of beautiful candelabras, $1,200. 
A set of wall lights, $800. One glass 
goblet, very delicately cut, $100; and 
another, still more elaborate in design, 
$150. Decanters per pair, $250. The 
entire exhibit is worth $50,000. THE 
AIRE & CALDER GLASS BOTTLE 
CO., Castleford, Yorkshire, Eng., present 
a high tower of shelves filled with a very 
extensive display of their handsome and 
well made bottles. The material is strong. 
The exhibits under this head, consisting 
of chandeliers, plain and cut table ware, 
and philosophical and chemical apparatus, 
number nine. 


LEATHER. 

The English have been quite celebrated 
for years for their durable sole leathers. 
This is due to their process of tanning, the 
hides being kept in vats for seven years or 
more. Their exhibit in the Main Building 
of boots and shoes and traveling bags 
number seven. 


MUSIC. 

Of late years, England has led the 
world in the manufacture of church organs, 
excellent in size, durability, and sonorous¬ 
ness. Although she makes no exhibit of 
these large instruments at the Centennial, 
there are several of them in America, and 
many in the capitals of Europe. F. BES¬ 


SON & CO., London; LOUIS SCHREI- 
BER, New York, Agent. Musical instru¬ 
ments of brass, handsomely silver-plated. 
The display is large and attractive. This 
firm are makers to the Army and Navy; 
and have taken nearly fifty medals at dif¬ 
ferent expositions. BOOSEY & CO.. Lon¬ 
don. Musical, wind, and percussion instru¬ 
ments for bands, choral, and household 
music. They are of clear tone and high fin¬ 
ish. The exhibits of wind and string instru¬ 
ments from Great Britain, number eight. 


WHIPS, &c. 

England has always been famous for her 
thorough-bred race-horses; and yet judging 
from the immense array of whips of every 
description shown in this building, they 
require a great expenditure of muscular 
power on the part of the driver to urge 
them along. The mountings on many of 
these articles are, in many instances, most 
elaborately and elegantly carved, at the 
same time being strong and durable. 


TEXTILES. 

Of these there are many large, rich, and 
varied displays; all choice articles, of the 
best material and finest workmanship. 


CARPETS. 

The real Turkish carpet is made in one 
piece, and being for oriental dwellings, is 
usually too small for the edifices of other 
countries. The patterns, are, in general, of 
dark colors. The warp is of cotton or 
linen, to which bunches or tufts of colored 
worsted are tied in places to suit the pat¬ 
tern. The surface is afterwards cut level. 
Rugs are made on the same principle., 

The Axminster is nothing more than an 
English-made Turkish carpet. They are 
usually made to order, and to exactly fit the 
room. The tedious nature of the process 
of manufacture renders them very costly. 

Brussels carpet is a mixture of linen 
warp and worsted filling, and like the 
former, only the worsted is shown on the 
upper surface. The pattern is formed by 
drawing to the surface between each inter¬ 
stice, a portion of the worsted filling of the 
color required at that point. There are 
five of these worsted threads, of various 
colors, yet only one is brought to the sur¬ 
face at a time, the other four remaining 















,140 


GREAT BRITAIN.-WOOLENS, SILKS, ETC., LINENS, COTTONS, ETC. 


underneath. Those updrawn threads are 
formed into loops by being carried over 
wires, which are afterward withdrawn. 

The Wilton carpet is made on the same 
principle, only the wire has a groove in its 
upper surface, along which a knife is 
passed, to cut the loops. By this means a 
velvet pile surface is formed instead of the 
loop. The Kidderminster, or Scotch carpet, 
usually has a woolen weft and worsted 
warp, and a combination of colors pro¬ 
duces the pattern. 

The Whytock Tapestry, and Velvet Pile 
Carpet is a cheap substitute for the Wilton 
and Brussels. Instead of the five colored 
threads, only one of which is used at a 
time, a single colored yarn is used. The 
variety of color is produced by dyeing 
intervals in the length of this yarn, differ¬ 
ent colors. This is coiled upon a cylinder, 
and printed by means of rollers, in such a 
manner that only the shade required by 
the pattern is used. JAMES TEMPLE¬ 
TON & CO., Glasgow, Scot.—Several dis¬ 
plays of very elegant Axminster carpets. 
Choice patterns; exceedingly brilliant. 
Also elegant silk and wool curtains; strong 
and durable. Display valued at $20,000. 
Hanging across one of the aisles is a full- 
sized copy of a splendid center piece of a 
carpet made for the Emperor of Siam. It 
represents the fabulous and divine three¬ 
headed elephant worshiped in that country. 

THOMAS TAPLING & CO., West 
London and Glasgow, Manufacturers of 
tapestry and Axminster carpets for saloons. 
They exhibit a very fine piece of work, 
consisting of the Saviour and disciples, each 
life size, and woven separately. An attract¬ 
ive display. The exhibits of carpets, tapes¬ 
tries, oil-cloths etc., number fourteen. 


GENERAL TEXTILE FABRICS—WOOLENS. 

The English manufacturers are especially 
noteworthy for their broadcloths and mili¬ 
tary cloths. The superiority consists in 
the manner of dyeing, as the colors retain 
their luster undimmed for years. 

CHAS. HOOPER & CO., Stone-house, 
West of England. This firm show every 
description of scarlet and other bright col¬ 
ored military cloths, Elysians, Weltons, 
hair lines, twilled coatings, etc., etc. They 
exhibit no less than thirteen distinct lines 
of goods, including some varieties peculiar 
to the English market. Also, a special 


article patented by themselves, and which 
is not a woven fabric; and it is claimed 
that it is superior to woven goods in elas¬ 
ticity and toughness. The firm has been 
established for fifty years, and has received 
various medals. MARLING & CO., Stroud, 
West of England. A fine exhibit of black 
and blue cloths, Venetians, doeskins, beav¬ 
ers, etc. This is also one of the first 
houses in England, and the display of 
superior goods fully sustains their great 
reputation. They have been established 
about sixty years, and received medals at 
Paris and London. WM. BLISS & SON, 
Chipping Norton. Firm established for 
120 years, and present an array of their 
Himalayan shawls, in plain mixtures and 
plaids, Chipping Norton tweeds, suitings, 
horse clothing, handsome rugs, etc. The 
exhibit of woolen and mixed cloths, and 
made-up clothing number nineteen. 


SILKS, &c. 

The Irish poplins are in great demand 
in all the markets of the world, and judg¬ 
ing by the exhibits in this building, their 
reputation is w r ell earned. The silk and 
silk damask cloths and costumes display 
great elegance. 

HITCHCOCK, WILLIAMS & CO., 
London, Eng.—A large case open upon all 
sides, containing costumes of silk and silk 
damask, very elegantly and tastefully made. 
This is one of the finest firms in England, 
and presents an exceedingly attractive 
exhibit. PIM BROS. & CO., Dublin, Ir.— 
A large, square case of Irish poplins, both 
plain and figured, and of all shades. Also, 
the same firm manufactures, under the 
name of the Greenmount Spinning Co., a 
fine quality of linens. Poplins are a mixed 
fabric of silk and worsted, and were first 
made in Dublin. 

The exhibits of silk cloths, and threads, 
laces, damasks, &c., number fifteen. 


LINENS, COTTONS, ETC. 

The display of these fabrics is large, at¬ 
tractive, and composed of materials of the 
finest quality. JOHN S. BROWN & 
SONS, Belfast, Ir.—A large array of fine 
table linens; pillow linen, claimed to be the 
finest ever made; fifty-four inches wide. 
In the damask table linen the border is 
made of just the size of the table, thus 












TIIE DOULTON POTTERY. 































































































































































































































































































THE DOULTON POTTERY. 














































































































































































































































































































































































GREAT BRITAIN.-PORCELAIN, STONE WARE, ETC., GUNS, PISTOLS, ETC. 


145 


bringing the figuring in the center. Ker¬ 
chiefs of all kinds. The firm has been 
established one century; employs an im¬ 
mense capital, and runs about 500 looms. 
THE COUNTESS OE DUNRAVEN, 
Limerick, Ir., exhibits specimens of em¬ 
broidery done by members of her work- 
school at Adare village, Ireland. THE 
ROYAL SCHOOL OF ART NEEDLE¬ 
WORK, has been founded under the presi¬ 
dency of H. R. H., the Princess Christian 
of Schleswig-Holstein, for the purpose of 
sustaining ornamental needle-work for secu¬ 
lar purposes, in the high place it once held 
among decorative arts. The work exhib¬ 
ited is of superior quality, and consists of 
curtains, chair embroidery, hangings, &c. 

The exhibits of linen and cotton cloths 
and threads, and embroideries, number 
thirty-two. 


PORCELAIN, STONE WARE, ETC. 

The English have devoted hundreds of 
years to the perfection of porcelain and 
stone ware, and their many exhibits give 
evidence of their great skill in designing 
useful articles at reasonable prices, and in 
advancing the manufacture until the orna¬ 
mentation of porcelain has become one of 

f n a n-n qnfcj 

H. DOULTON & CO., Lambeth, Eng.— 
Elegant display of pictures made of tiles. 
The business is chiefly in the manufacture 
of stone ware, such as stone spirit jugs, 
blacking and ink bottles, and drain pipes. 
Also for still-worms, and general chemical 
apparatus. Gradually Mr. Doulton has ad¬ 
vanced the stone ware into material for 
decorative pottery of most exquisite work¬ 
manship. A peculiarity of this ware is 
that a piece cannot be exactly duplicated, 
it being all done by hand. The ornament¬ 
ations are raised, encrusted figures, scroll 
work, or landscapes,—dull or glazed as best 
suits the pattern. One tile picture, six by 
nine feet, is extremely beautiful. Script¬ 
ural subjects in terra cotta panels. A pul¬ 
pit and staircase of terra cotta and Doulton 
ware, with scriptural paneling, worth $2,- 
500; also, a font to match, worth $1,400. 

The art pottery may be divided into the 
Doulton and Lambeth Faience. This dis¬ 
play consists of vases of all sizes, and of in¬ 
finite designs. The Faience ware consists 
of dishes, bottles, large bowls, tiles, &c., of 
varied and elegant designs. This ware is 


burnt, painted, dipped into a glaze, and 
finally reburnt. In the center aisle is a 
three-basin fountain, finely figured, made 
of the Doulton ware. Just beyond this is 
a pagoda, the columns of which are of terra 
cotta and Doulton ware; the slabs for the 
dome being Lambeth Faience. This firm 
have some twenty exhibits on the grounds, 
valued at $50,000. Many pieces have 
already been sold, and from the admiration 
the displays attract, the whole column will 
probably remain in this country. This is 
probably the largest of its kind in the world; 
employing an immense capital and 1 00 men. 

Chinese porcelain was imported by the 
Arabs in the thirteenth century,—known 
in Italy in 1330; in France in 1370; and 
in Germany and England much later. Jo- 
siah Wedgwood, the inventor of the fam¬ 
ous Wedgwood ware, was born in 1730. He 
commenced as a potter, and early strove to 
refine the materials; liis endeavors resulted 
in a beautiful cream-colored ware, since 
known by his name. He perfected the 
form and decorations. LAVERS, AL¬ 
FRED HAMILTON, London, Eng.— 
Whiting, plaster of Paris, cement, test 
block of P ortland and other cements. Has 
been used extensively for public works in 
England—for her Majesty’s fortifications, 
convict prisons, light-houses, railways, sew¬ 
erage, etc. Large works at Nine Elms, 
London, Eng. THOMAS PEAKE, the 
Tileries, Tunstale, Staffordshire, Eng.— 
Blue and red brick, plain and handsomely 
ornamented. An attractive display for 
builders. The Tileries were established in 
1740, and have an excellent reputation all 
over England. 

The exhibits of porcelain, china, earthen 
ware, etc., number forty. 


GUNS, PISTOLS, ETC. 

There are many manufacturers of fire¬ 
arms in Great Britain who have succeeded 
most admirably with their fowling-pieces, 
rifles, etc. Of those who have kindly 
crossed the ocean to exhibit their wares 
among us, we find the names of some of 
the most celebrated makers. Their dis¬ 
plays are all creditable, and their guns 
finished in the most workmanlike style. 

The nobility and gentry of Great Britain 
are largely given to field sports. Deer¬ 
stalking, pigeon shooting, and fox chasing 
among them have been resolved into regu- 







146 


CANADIAN 

r 


DEPARTMENT-COMMISSIONERS, FURS. 


lar seasons. The gun makers have there¬ 
fore devoted their energies to the produc¬ 
tion of arms suitable to these pastimes. 
Their fowling pieces are generally double- 
barreled, stub and twist; and they claim 
that the barrels are drawn from welded 
horse shoe nails. In fixed ammunition the 
English have produced an excellent article. 

The exhibits of guns, powders, and cart¬ 
ridges, etc., number twenty-four. 


DOMINION OF CANADA. 

The Dominion embraces Ontario and 
Quebec—formerly, Upper and Lower Cana¬ 
da—Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Mani¬ 
toba, British Columbia, and Prince Edward’s 
Island. Its area is 3,500,000 square miles, 
and its population over 3,600,000. It has 
—especially in the Upper Lake region— 
valuable mineral deposits, of iron, copper, 
zinc, gold, silver, cobalt, manganese, coal, 
marble, granite, and rich marbles. Of crude 
petroleum, Canada raises, annually, from 12 
to 14,000,000 gallons. Iron ore raised 
varies from year to year, and is all exported 
to the United States. The largest amount 
in any one year, was during the fiscal year 
ending June 30, 1873, having been 47,200 
tons, chiefly magnetite. In addition to this, 
about 12,000 tons were raised, but not 
shipped—making a total, in round numbers, 
of 60,000 tons. Subsequent shipments have 
scarcely reached 35,000 tons. The princi¬ 
pal mine from which ore is shipped, is at 
Blairton, in the township of Belmont, Ont. 

Iron pyrites are secured to the amount of 
400 to 500 tons, and used in the manufac¬ 
ture of sulphuric acid. Of Albertite, in 
1875, only 7,000 tons were mined. In 
1865-6, the yield was 20,500 tons. Man¬ 
ganese varies from 300 to 1,500 tons. So 
also, copper—the yield of 1875 did not ex¬ 
ceed 13,000 tons. 

Gold yields, annually, about $2,500,000; 
and silver about 70,000 ounces. The pro¬ 
duction of lead is scarcely worthy of notice, 
being quite small. Of bituminous coal, the 
yield of 1875 was about 900,000, including 
that of New Brunswick. Peat, 1874, 20,- 
000; 1875, 14,000 tons. 

Canada has a large number of manufac¬ 
tories, using a capital of $80,000,000, em¬ 
ploying 200,000 hands, paying annually 
$40,000,000 wages; using $125,000,000 of 
raw material, and producing various articles 
valued at $225,000,000. 


The various farm products are: wheat, 
17,000,000; barley, 11,000,000; oats, 45,- 
000,000 ; potatoes, 50,000,000 ; buckwheat 
and corn 4,000,000 (each) bushels ; and of 
hay, 4,000,000 tons. 

The valuable forests of Canada form a rich 
revenue. For the years 1873, 1874, and 
1875, the amount ran up to $80,186,311. 
Feet of plank and boards, 2,393,014,000. 
Shipments of cheese for 1875, 542,236 
boxes. Of butter, same year, 11,800,720 lbs. 
Same year the fish products amounted to 
$10,347,886. Railroads operated, 4,743 
miles ; contemplated, nearly 2,000. Public 
debt, $116,082,917. Revenue, $39,930,794. 
Expenses, $36,524, 876. 

One of the largest and most important 
industries of Canada is that of fishing. 
It is estimated that the fisheries employ 
991 vessels of various sizes, whose crews 
aggregate 6,984 men. The small boats 
number 16,876, and require 25,876 men. 
There are 4,647 shoremen engaged, and 
1,879,435 fathoms of nets used. The lead¬ 
ing items of the products of the fisheries 
were, 682,631 quintals of cod, 120,213 of 
haddock, 417,300 barrels of herring, 77,925 
of mackerel, 2,491 gallons of cod-liver oil, 
and 676,403 gallons of other fish oils. 


PURS. 

Since the discovery of America, Canada 
has ranked high as a fur-producing country, 
and though the trapping has continued for 
so many years, the highly-prized animals 
are still abundant. The exhibits of furs 
number five. 

HUDSON BAY CO., Montreal.—This 
company was established more than a cen¬ 
tury ago, for the purpose of collecting the 
American furs. Their agents may be found 
throughout the entire country. The capital 
is unlimited. They exhibit a case of very 
superior furs of various kinds. REY¬ 
NOLDS & VOLKEL, Montreal.—A case 
of very elegant furs. Several ladies’ jack¬ 
ets of seal skin, of fine quality. In another 
case is an exhibit of elegant fancy robes. 


LEATHER AND LEATHER ARTICLES. 

Canada has seventeen exhibits of boots 
and shoes, trunks, etc., in the Main Build¬ 
ing ; the principal array is in the Shoe and 
Leather Building. The articles here shown 
are made in the prevailing fashion, and 
are strong and durable. 


I 













CANADA. MINING PRODUCTS, SEWING MACHINES, MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, ETC. 147 


MINING PRODUCTS OF DOMINION OF 

CANADA. 

A pyramid representing tlie gold export¬ 
ed from British Columbia from 1858 to 
1875, valued at $38,166,970. This is sur¬ 
mounted by a crystal representing the 
annual yield. 

Iron is found in abundance in almost all 
parts of British Columbia, and is the chief 
mineral product. Native copper has not 
yet been found in rock in situ in British 
Columbia, but the loose nuggets which are 
occasionally met, indicate its existence. 
Zinc is found in the Lake Superior region 
principally; the ore is rich. Lead is found 
in the same locality. Nuggets and grains 
of native silver have been found in wash¬ 
ing for gold in almost all portions of British 
Columbia, the largest being obtained in the 
Omineca gold district on a branch of the 
Peace river. A nugget from here contained 
83.30 per cent, silver, 11 of mercury, 
besides traces of other metals. Notwith¬ 
standing that fine gold has been found in 
almost all parts of British Columbia, where 
it has been sought for in the river and 
creek sands, there are at present only three 
recognized gold fields: Cariboo, immediate¬ 
ly east of the Frazee river, Omineca, on 
one of the main sources of the Peace river, 
and Cassiar, located near the head waters 
of the Stickeen river. Platinum and anti¬ 
mony have been found in small quantities. 
Rich deposits of anthracite and bituminous 
coal have been discovered. All kinds of 
building stones are found in abundance, 
white and colored marbles, capable of 
receiving a high polish, are abundant. 
Plumbago is found in large quantities. The 
Dominion of Canada Plumbago Co. was 
organized in 1875 with a capital of $500,- 
000, and when in complete working order 
expect to turn out four tons of prepared 
stock per day. The exhibit made by 
Canada of her mineral resources is one of 
the most perfect and best arranged in the 
exhibition. The exhibits of minerals, 
ores, stone, mining and metallurgical 
products number 260, while the exhibits of 
ingots of metal and manufactured articles 
number sixty-one. 

THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ex¬ 
hibits specimens of the minerals, very 
handsomely encased; also, the native 
marbles, elegantly polished. This is large 
and well arranged. 


SEWING MACHINES. 

If our home industries were not pro¬ 
tected by such high import duties, the 
sewing machine manufacturers of Canada 
would soon flood our markets. They make 
good, reliable machines, which they claim 
they would sell for less than one-half the 
price of ours, if it were not for the duty. 

R. M. WANZER & CO., Hamilton, Ont. 
—This is one of the leading firms of Cana¬ 
da, and make from 1,000 to 1,500 sewing 
machines per week. They can be run 
either by hand or by treadle. They have 
also a reversible feed. It is a lock-stitch 
machine, the shuttle working upon a center. 
The working part is extremely simple and 
easily understood. Their exhibit consists 
of samples of their machines very elegantly 
encased. WILKIE & OSBORN, Guelph, 
Manufacturers of the Osborn Sewing Ma¬ 
chine.—Their special improvements are a 
swinging treadle and a patent lever to reg¬ 
ulate tension. Employ 120 men and large 
capital. 


MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. 

The exhibit under this head consist of 
cabinet organs, with cases of costly woods, 
upright, square, and grand pianos. The 
New Dominion Organ Co., of St. John, 
N. B., exhibit one very elegant cabinet 
organ, of two manuals and sixteen stops. 
It is handsomely encased, and has a full, 
rich tone. 


FURNITURE, &c. 

Canada does not present a large array 
of furniture, yet the articles shown are in 
good taste, and will bear a close examina¬ 
tion. P. H. STUART, of Hamilton, Ont., 
exhibits a very beautiful chess table, inlaid 
with various kinds of woods. One of the 
most attractive pieces is shown by J. A. & 
B. HANNUM, of Ottawa, Ont. It is a 
mosaic center-table, and is said to contain 
100,000 pieces of wood. All the parts are 
nicely joined, and the various colors are 
tastefully arranged. R. HAY & CO., 
Toronto. They present a large, massive 
sideboard of black-walnut. The pillars 
and panelings are elaborately and delicately 
carved in appropriate designs. It is a 
beautiful piece of work. The remaining 
exhibits contain billiard tables, cues, etc., 
secretaries of various shapes, and one 
inlaid center-table of 25,000 pieces. 










148 


COLONIAL DEPARTMENT-INDIA. 


SLATE, GRANITE, POTTERY, AND GLASS. 

Among the exhibitors under this head 
are: NEW ROCKLAND SLATE CO., 
Montreal, ST. JOHN STONE-CHINA 
WARE CO., ROBERT REID, Montreal, 
THE DORCHESTER FREESTONE CO., 
N. B. Other exhibits are a highly-polished 
slab and shaft of native red granite, square 
glass mirror, grindstones, and a full assort¬ 
ment of drain pipes, jugs, &c. 

TEXTILES, CLOTHING, &c. 

The exhibits under this head number 
forty-nine. 

EDUCATION. 

The Educational Department of Ontario, 
Canada, is most comprehensively displayed, 
and is exhibited in neat walnut cases. In 
these may be found philosophical and astro¬ 
nomical instruments of great accuracy; very 
powerful microscopes; geographical appli¬ 
ances of all kinds; relief maps, globes, and 
models; chemicals and chemical appliances; 
anatomical requisites. A case of books 
from Public School Library. Three cases 
from Quebec Educational and Benevolent 
Institution, containing models of dwellings 
and landscapes. A collection of education 
appliances for the instruction of the blind. 
Also a display of work executed by them. 

Adjoining the educational exhibit is a 
case containing Indian curiosities. Here 
we find very curious and some useful pieces 
of work. All showing the peculiar feature 
of Indian manufactures. 


STATIONERY, BOOKS, ETC. 

The publishers of Canada exhibit many 
fine specimens of printing and book-binding. 


INDIA. 

Next to Egypt, the oldest country in the 
world. A land of wonderful relics—of cities 
carved out of mountains—of cruel religious 
rites—of strange simplicities—of mighty 
rivers, of mountains that divide the clouds 
—of great mineral wealth—mines that have 
been worked for thousands of years, and 
that are not yet exhausted—of spices, 
myrrh, and frankincense—of the goat and 
the elephant, the tiger and the cormorant— 
of luxury and perfume. A country of de- 
cayed grandeur—a land of half-forgotten 
history—of curious legend and of Pagan 
mysteries. 


THE INDIA MUSEUM, of London, Eng., 
has furnished nearly the entire display made 
from this interesting country. The cases 
are loaned for the purposes of being exhib¬ 
ited at our Centennial, and many of these 
are filled with productions of great value. 
They are in charge of the British Commis¬ 
sioners, and as they are only for exhibition, 
no prices have been placed upon them. We 
can only approximate the value by the 
known prices of similar productions in 
America. 

The area of India is 1,558,254 square 
miles; it has a population of 240,000,000; 
a revenue of $243,500,000; a public debt 
of $550,310,000; and the imports and ex¬ 
ports aggregate $472,390,000. 

One case of elegant mulmuls, so delicately 
woven as to require microscopic aid to count 
the threads. A double thickness hanging 
over a shawl, scarcely interferes with the 
vision of the rich cashmere beyond. One 
dress of thirty-five yards can be folded and 
placed in a soda-powder box without injury. 
It is mere gauze. The same case contains 
rich turbans of silk and cotton, and dresses 
embroidered with gold and the green wings 
of the beetle—a favorite India ornament. 
There, too, are the dresses of the lower 
classes, or castes; dark and uncomely, of 
which fourteen yards are a full pattern—a 
mere straight cloth. Winding this about 
the waist with one or two tucks to keep it 
in place, the Hindoo woman throws one 
end over her shoulder, while of the other 
end she forms a graceful skirt. Well tucked, 
it is held tightly during all manner of exer¬ 
cise, and without the use of pin, tape, or 
button. 

Of brocade silks, the patterns are rich and 
elegant. 

Another case shows models of state ox¬ 
carts, heathen temples, chowries—that is, 
fly-brushes made of split feathers of the pea¬ 
cock ; elegantly carved ivory fans, &c. 

Another case, the rich and numerous min¬ 
erals of the country. Another, all kinds of 
native woods. Another of teas, coffees, 
spices, and curries. One of grains, includ¬ 
ing paddy—that is, unliusked rice, pulse, 
gums, resins, &c. 

On a revolving frame are large photo¬ 
graphs of ruins of temples, pagodas—interior 
and exterior views—very perfect; and, in 
themselves, giving a fair insight into the hid¬ 
den history of this ancient land. 

The temples are covered with sculpture 












COLONIAL DEPARTMENT-INDIA. 


149 


more elaborate tlian those of Egypt, but the 
tale told, no man can read. 

Drawings on mica are curious specimens 
of art. An elephant, made up entirely of 
men, and supporting a Hindoo deity, is a 
funny affair. Gold and silver laces; em¬ 
broidered slippers and scarfs, are the hand¬ 
work of Hindoo ladies. Beside one case, 
lies a Hindoo plow—a rude affair—roughly 
hewn wood, a single timber handle—one 
piece of iron to cut the sod in front, and the 
plow is perfect! Silk is shown from the co¬ 
coon to the perfected scarf. Boxes, caddies, 
and table legs, lacquered, are very hand¬ 
some. The goat products, from the long 
silky fiber to the pushm down —the inner 
wool from beneath, corresponding to the 
down of the goose, draws much feminine 
attention. The grotesque sun-sliade, is 
unique—being a high, straw stove-pipe, with 
a hang-down rim at least eighteen inches 
wide. 

One very interesting case shows a private 
collection—whose, not given—of bows, ar¬ 
rows, quivers, lances, guns, &c. Gun barrels 
six feet long. The collection is quite an¬ 
tique. One case of elegant cashmere shawls 
attracts much attention. There is one cash- 
mere coat, wrought entirely with gold, and 
so heavy that the body cloth is scarcely per¬ 
ceptible—it is literally covered with gold. 
These alone are for sale, being the property 
of Messrs. Farmer & Rogers, of London. 
The remainder of the collection will, at the 
close of the exhibition, be returned to the 
India Museum. 

MESSRS. WATSON & CO., Bombay, are 
the only private exhibitors from India. The 
house is the largest and oldest in the coun¬ 
try. They have several cases of elegantly 
carved wood—a rich cabinet filled with re¬ 
pousse and solid, frosted silver. By the way, 
repousse, though only recently introduced 
into England and America, is an old indus¬ 
try of the Hindoos, among whom it has 
been a favorite labor for more than a thou¬ 
sand years. 

WATSON & CO., exhibit a carving fork 
with a handle nearly two feet long, made of 
the crooked horn of the ibex: egg boilers 
made of ostriches’ eggs—lion and tiger claw 
jewelry. Also, bracelets of gold and 
swamev jewelry, which is made up of repre¬ 
sentations of Hindoo deities. There are two 
cases of choice Petabghur work—viz., gold, 
inlaid in stone. Bangles of gold three inches 
wide, all made by natives. Elegant and 


heavy carved furniture of black wood. The 
display is rich, costly, and instructive; and 
the owners deserve special credit as the only 
India exhibitors present. 

There is a display of carpets not con¬ 
sidered extra, sent in by Vincent Robinson, 
of London. 

MR. HENRT F. BRION, of London, has 
sent over a relievo map of India, that is 
highly interesting, giving an accurate topog¬ 
raphy of the whole country, with its tower¬ 
ing mountains and its deep-cut valleys. 


JAMAICA. 

An island province of Great Britain, lying 
about 90 miles south from Cuba. Area, 
6,900 square miles. Population, 510,749. 
Greatest length, 150 miles; greatest breadth, 
50 miles. A heavily timbered ridge, known 
as the Blue Mountains, rising 7,000 feet, 
runs the whole length of the island. It has 
many large and deep harbors. The chief 
exports are sugar, rum, coffee, and logwood. 
The annual School Fund amounts to about 
$ 100 , 000 . 

The chief imports of the island are flour 
and salt fish. 

At the very corner of the Jamaica exhibit 
is a pillar of the trunk of the cinchona, 
from the bark of which is made the quinine. 
It is five inches in diameter at base, and 
twenty-five feet long. The display embraces 
a great variety. There is tobacco speci¬ 
mens, cinchona bark, canella, sarsaparilla, 
betel nuts, baobab fruit, teas, cigars, coffee, 
lignum-vitae. A case of fans and doilies 
from lace bark, a rare production; mahog¬ 
any and other hard woods, vases of flowers, 
fine lace bark. A case of dye extracts, 
specimens of salt, the Yipi-yapa hats, bo¬ 
tanic drawings, very interesting. Bamboo 
paper stock, cocoanut paper, brushes and 
mats—a case of oil cake from the candle 
berry, walnut, &c. Specimens of nutmegs, 
alspice, wax, chocolate, bread from the yam, 
sweet potatoes, and plantain ; yam starch, 
dried bananas that are black, essential and 
fixed oils in glass jars, candied oranges, 
coffee, canned fruits. A pyramid of bottles 
filled with the famous Jamaica rum. 

Of fibers, sisal hemp, and American aloes. 

SOUTAR & CO., show their rich, black 
cigars. 

'"JOHN BRASS & SON.—Saddles, har¬ 
ness, and cocoa mats. The display is ex¬ 
ceedingly varied and remarkably rich. 










150 


COLONIAL DEPARTMENT-BERMUDA, AUSTRALIA. 


THE BERMUDAS, 

Or Somers’ Islands, about 100 in number, 
in the Western Atlantic, 580 miles east of 
Cape Hatteras, in North Carolina. Some 
fifteen or sixteen are inhabited—the rest very 
small. Bermuda proper is only about 
twenty miles long, being curved and narrow, 
so that it only contains about twenty square 
miles. 

The islands produce arrowroot and some 
very early and rich fruits and vegetables; 
also, cedar wood of great durability. The 
islands were first sighted in 1527. Henry 
May, having being shipwrecked there in 
1609, and upon his report, the Virginia 
Company claimed them, and obtained a 
charter for them in 1612, from James I. 
This charter was sold for $10,000 to a com¬ 
pany of 120 persons, who procured a new 
charter in 1616, granting extensive powers 
and privileges. The charter was annulled in 
1684-5. From 1824 to 1863, the Bermu¬ 
das were a sort of half penal colony. Early 
in the present century they were used as a 
naval station, and so remain now. The pop¬ 
ulation is only about 14,000, nearly two- 
thirds of whom are colored. Ireland island, 
one of the group, belongs exclusively to 
the government, and upon it a dockyard has 
been established. 

In 1874 the revenue was $145,330, the 
expenditure $149,000, and the public debt 
$66,170. 

BERMUDA. 

A small inclosure of cases of glass and 
black walnut, holds, in contracted space, 
specimens of all the productions of this in¬ 
teresting island. The first of these is filled 
with chip work, such as hats, baskets, boxes, 
&c., all made of very clear and beautiful 
white chip. Also, fly brushes of the same 
material, with neatly carved handles. Col¬ 
lar-boxes, snuffboxes, &c., of bird-eye cedar, 
a rich, dark wood. A chess-board, inlaid 
with plain and bird-eye, very handsome and 
highly polished. Cotton handkerchiefs and 
tidies of neat lace work. The upper part 
of the inclosure is covered with pictures of 
various home scenes, peculiar to the island 
and highly interesting. 

The specimens of coral are remarkably 
excellent. There are the branch, fan, leaf, 
and brain coral. One of the latter, very 
perfect, measures sixty inches in circumfer¬ 
ence ; and is probably one of the largest 
ever seen in this country. 


Then there are conglomerate and sea, or 
stick coral. Model of mail-boat, running 
by sails, between Hamilton and the Royal 
Navy Yard. 

Of woods, the Commission display the 
cedars, black mangrove, raspberry, pigeon 
berry, and lemon. The pigeon berry is cu¬ 
riously dotted in round black spots. Alspice, 
a dark wood ; fiddle wood, light; palmetto, 
pithy; and the yellow wood, hard and heavy. 
Supposed to be the yellow wood spoken of 
as early as 1612. Specimens of cotton and 
coffee. Shell work, neatly made. Views 
of Bermuda and a good map. Model of 
Dry-dock sent from Sheerness, Eng., to 
Porto Santo. Brief memoranda of Public 
Records from 1612 to date, the originals 
being in Philadelphia. The exhibit is well 
arranged, and gives at a glance a very neatly 
grouped display of various matters, interest¬ 
ing to the public. Our ladies are already 
noticing the chip work for imitation. 

The Bermuda collection is small, and yet 
interesting. Building stone, hard and soft, 
are shown. Potatoes, tomatoes, and onions 
of monstrous size. Bananas and other fruits, 
fresh and dried. Also, preserved fruits. 
Specimens of handsome hard woods. Conch 
shells (strombus gigas) used by cameo cut¬ 
ters. Although but a small colony, the dis¬ 
play is varied and very interesting. 

AUSTRALIA. 

This great Island Continent, once known 
as New Holland, is estimated to embrace an 
area of nearly 3,000,000 square miles. It 
is divided into five provinces under the 
British crown, and is said to be one of the 
richest countries in the world. It has its 
mountains, valleys, and rivers; its great 
plains for cattle and its valuable mineral 
lands. The products are various, and such 
as assure wealth. The colonies have been 
treated with marked liberality, and the loy¬ 
alty of the population thereby secured and 
strengthened. The provinces are New 
South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, 
Queensland, and Western Australia, each 
of which has a separate display, except 
Western Australia, which is shut out as it 
is the Penal colony. 


NEW SOUTH WALES. 

Discovered in 1770 by Capt. Cook, and 
first settled in 1788. Its real history com¬ 
menced with the 19th century, early in 








COLONIAL DEPARTMENT-NEW SOUTH WALES. 


151 


which Merino sheep were introduced. In 
1851, the southern districts were formed 
into the Colony of Victoria. In 1859, the 
northern districts were formed into the 
Colony of Queensland. The population is 
now over 600,000. It has several fine har¬ 
bors, among which Port Jackson, at Sydney, 
is pronounced one of the finest in the world. 
The territory is peculiarly pastoral, and the 
stock and holdings represent a capital of 
$ 200 , 000 , 000 .- 

This portion of the continent of Aus¬ 
tralia has an area of 323,437 square miles. 
In 1871, Sydney, the capital of the colony, 
had a population of 134,755. The moun¬ 
tain range, known as the Australian Alps, 
rises, in Mount Kosciusko, to a height of 
6,500 feet. The water-shed to the coast is 
gradual, and varies in length from 50 to 
150 miles. The rivers on the eastern side 
are extremely rapid, their courses tortuous, 
and their channels often through deep ra¬ 
vines. A few of the larger are navigable 
for a small distance by light steamers. 
Owing to the great latitudinal length of 
the colony, and the lofty elevation of the 
mountain range, the climate is extremely 
various. In the northern districts the cli¬ 
mate is tropical, and often the thermometer 
registers 120°, while at the capital the 
mean temperature for the year is 65°. 
In the north are grown, cotton, tobacco, 
and sugar-cane, and tropical fruits. The 
southern region produces peaches, oranges, 
grapes, pears, melons, pomegranates, and 
all the British fruits in great abundance. 
Wheat, barley, oats, and all the vegetables 
and cereals of Europe, are grown. 

In 1872, the sheep in the colony num¬ 
bered 5,615,054, the horned cattle 2,271,- 
923, the horses 223,220, and swine 146,- 
901. At the same date there were 297,575 
acres of land under cultivation, of which 
there were under wheat 154,030 acres, and 
under barley, oats, rye, and maize 138,555 
acres. 

It is generally believed that the richest 
coal district in Australia is in New South 
Wales. In 1873 the 26 mines worked, 
yielded 1,192,861 tons, valued at $3,328,- 
730. The gold mines cover a vast area; 
the Western Fields are the most valuable, 
yielding three-fourths of the total supply. 
The export of gold in 1873 was valued at 
$14,613,035. The next most valuable 
mineral product is copper, the mines fur¬ 
nishing in 1873 6,027 tons. 


In the year 1874 the exports were valued 
at $43,340,565, and the imports at $46,- 
299,080. 

The colony possesses 396 miles of rail¬ 
road, and in 1874 the length of tele¬ 
graph was 6,114 miles, with 105 stations. 
In the same year there were transmitted 
385,000 paid messages. 

In the same year there passed through 
the post-office 9,300,000 letters, 4,720 news¬ 
papers, and 250,000 packets. 

These results are very encouraging, the 
trade having more than quintupled since 
1850. The government of the colony 
vests in a Parliament of two Houses. 
The increase of population from 1865 to 
the present time has been, in round num¬ 
bers, 190,000. 


The exhibit of the Province is very neatly 
arranged, and the people have forwarded 
generous contributions. Of hard woods, 
they have large blocks, some of which are 
highly polished. 

Leather of kangaroo, strong and soft. 

Well made saddles of Sydney leather, 
strong and well finished. 

AVools are shown from Sydney, Barragon, 
Mudgee, Garrawilla, Merriwa, Burrawa, and 
other places. The average clip is thirty-one 
pounds. In 1875 they pastured 26,000,000 
sheep. The fiber is longer, stronger, and 
more silky than that of any other known 
breed. One owner has flocks numbering 
1,000,000. Average combing, 80 per cent. 
Three-year old wethers weigh from 160 to 
200 pounds. 

Fine exhibits of sugars, tobacco, wheat, 
and many minerals. Oranges, grapes, large 
clusters. A variety of canned fruits and 
vegetables. Excellent coal, copper, tin, and 
petroleum, handsomely refined. Well 
grained iron. Wines of native and culti¬ 
vated grapes, from numerous growers. Silks 
from the cocoon to the woven cloth. Fine 
qualities. 

Of woolen goods there are many samples. 
The tweeds are fine and strong. 

Several cases contain exhibits of miner¬ 
als, well arranged. 

The column representing the gold yield 
from 1851 to 1874, is marked $167,949,355. 

There are 300 specimens of birds, well 
preserved. 

Representation of coal seam, eight feet 
3 inches thick. 










152 


COLONIAL DEPARTMENT-SOUTH AUSTRALIA, VICTORIA. 


SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 

This Colony was founded in 1836. Area, 
914,730 square miles. Chief exports, wool, 
wheat, and copper. In 1875, they amount¬ 
ed to nearly $25,000,000. 

They consisted of $8,891,485 worth of 
wool; $8,440,175 of various agricultural 
products; $3,793,320 of metals; and $1,- 
085,520 worth of other products. In 1875 
the revenue amounted to $5,716,560, the 
rate being not higher than twenty-five shil¬ 
lings per head. The land sold to the peo¬ 
ple by the government amounted to 4,634,- 
711 acres, of which 1,400,000 are now un¬ 
der cultivation. The average price was 
about six dollars per acre. The public debt 
is $15,000,000; to offset which there is 
over $11,000,000 due for land sold to occu¬ 
piers, and payable within six years from 
the present time. 

The climate is remarkably healthy, the 
soil rich, and the mountains abound in val¬ 
uable minerals. The ports are large, safe, 
and advantageously situated. The edifices, 
both public and private, are mostly built of 
stone, with iron or slate roofs. In the 
ranches, outside the more settled districts 
are some 6,000,000 sheep, 200,000 head of 
horned cattle, and great numbers of horses. 
The government, laws, and social institu¬ 
tions are of the highest order. 

Silk from the cocoon upward. Eggs of 
the Emu, very large and black. Cases of 
Emu jewelry, where the eggs are embellished 
by gold and silver settings. 

Specimens of coorongik, a new mineral 
recently discovered ; not yet tested, but sup¬ 
posed to be valuable. A case of fruit, show¬ 
ing fine lemons, figs, plumes, bananas, pears. 
Also, the Brandis almond, large and thin 
shelled. Grapes of good growth ; the prin¬ 
cipal of those is the Loquats, in large 
bunches. They have a thick skin, a sub¬ 
acid taste, and are fine eating grapes. From 
these and other varieties they exhibit very 
rich wines from 114 different vineyards. 

The cases of birds attract much attention, 
as also those of reptiles and creeping things, 
handsomely arranged. Elegant hard wood 
of great variety, and some beautifully waved 
and spotted. They are highly polished. 
Specimens of hemp, flax, grass, and other 
fibrous materials; and strong ropes and 
cords made therefrom. Among these, ce¬ 
dars, apple, black wood, &c. 

Very tasteful muffs made of rich furs, and 


some from the skins of birds, of clear, white 
plumage. 

Of wools, the display is large and the 
quality strong and silky. One mat, made 
from the fleece of a Lincoln ewe, is thirty 
by forty-two inches square. 


VICTORIA. 

Victoria is in the southern portion of 
Australia, and is about 300 miles wide 
and 500 long. At the center it is only 120 
miles wide. Its area is 88,198 square miles. 
The surface is partly mountainous and partly 
lowland, capable of producing very rich 
crops. The present population is about 
900,000. It was founded in 1851, and, con¬ 
sequently, is now only twenty-five years old, 
yet it is strong, vigorous, healthy, and bids 
fair to compete favorably with the balance 
of Australia. There are now more than 
1,000,000 acres under cultivation ; one-third 
of which is used for growing wheat. 

Of wheat, oats, barley, and potatoes, in 
1875, Victoria raised 7,740,983 bushels, and 
made 577,493 gallons of wine, mostly from 
native grapes. 

The two staple articles of export are wool 
and gold. Her manufactures give employ¬ 
ment to 25,000 persons, and require a capi¬ 
tal of $25,000,000. 

Victoria was discovered by Captain Cook 
in 1770, but the first permanent settlement 
did not take place until 1834, when a whal¬ 
ing establishment was begun at Portland. 
In 1836 two adventurers crossed from Tas¬ 
mania, and took up their residence on the 
banks of the River Yarra near the site of 
the present city of Melbourne. The fact 
that sheep and cattle would thrive upon 
the natural grasses of the country, and 
would live in the open air throughout the 
year, attracted a large immigration. The 
discovery of gold took place in 1851, and 
enormously increased the population and 
revenue of the Colony. For many years 
the chief export was this precious metal, 
yet in 1874 the value of the wool exported 
was more than ten millions of dollars in 
excess of that of gold. 

The climate contrasts favorably with the 
rest of the continent of Australia, being 
more equable, and better suited to the pro¬ 
duction of its peculiar crops, which are a 
source of revenue to its agriculturists. 

Sir Redmond Barry, Acting Chief Jus¬ 
tice of the Supreme Court, John Mcll- 






COLONIAL DEPARTMENT-QUEENSLAND. 


153 


wraith, George Collins Levey, and John 
McIntyre, Esqs., acted as its commission. 


As we enter the inclosure we meet a young 
bear and stuffed kangaroo—neither very at¬ 
tractive ; but passing on, we find glass cases 
of cocoons and silks, fine thread and good 
colors. Cases of splendid butterflies and 
bugs, these not attractive. Boxes of mixed 
spices, neatly arranged. 

Mustard, oatmeal, sauces, made at Mel¬ 
bourne, are shown in profusion ; also, neats- 
foot oil, light and dark; chicory, wines, 
whisky, and even blacking. Cases of beau¬ 
tiful birds, black swans and others. Earth¬ 
enware resembling Egyptian. One hand¬ 
some case of edible fish; some of them 
queer looking enough. Saddles and harness. 
Very fine tweeds, light and colored, made at 
Ballarat. Case of stearin candles and oleic 
acid. Very elegant fur and feather garments, 
wool ruo-s and mats of immense size. Pilot 
and ship bread from Melbourne. Native 
wild turkey with heavy necks. Two cases 
of nuggets of gold are shown, that vary in 
value from $300 to $43,900 —total value, 
$146,180. They have apples, pears, plums, 
&c., in large variety, and of mammoth size. 

Excellent boots and shoes; and brass ma¬ 
chinery ; tin, lead, and antimony; pressed 
tin and lead tubing. Several patents are 
shown for safety hook, sheep support, spring 
rollers, &c., life raft of mattresses, nickel ore. 
Also, well made paper, paints, oils, varnishes; 
fancy bread and confectionery ; billiard 
tables, balls, and cues; fine pottery and 
tablets of imitation marble; mats and bas¬ 
kets of jute and other materials. The Vic¬ 
toria Asylum and School for the blind have 
furnished very neat specimens of wicker 
work, baskets,, net work, &c. The whole 
exhibit is very tastefully arranged and shows 
to fine advantage. Victoria does not show 
her gold by column, as it would reach too 
high, she having raised, since 1851, (25 
years) $875,508,780; or about two and a 
half times as much as all the other Austra¬ 
lian provinces. 


QUEENSLAND. 

This is a very large province in the north¬ 
eastern part of Australia. It has an area of 
700,000 square miles. It is divided into 

* Those marked with asterisks are the only mem¬ 
bers of the Commission now in this country. 


three districts: the East Coast or Pacific 
District—a country rich in gold and copper, 
and having fine pasturage for cattle. Car¬ 
pentaria, full of minerals, though but little 
agricultural land; and the Western Interior, 
possessing fine land for grazing and for rais¬ 
ing cereals. Within two years large deposits 
of tin have been found here, and are now 
being worked. The present population is 
about 150,000, of which there are about 
5,000 or 6,000 Chinese. Government lands 
may be purchased at moderate rates— $1.25 
to $2.50 per acre, according to location ; or 
may be leased on annual rentals. Exports 
for 1873 were, $17,712,565, and the imports, 
$14,427,495. On the 1st of January, 1875, 
the colony had 8,000,000 sheep, 1,400,000 
cattle, nearly 100,000 horses, and half as 
many pigs. The tallow is worth over $250,- 
000 a year, and the wool more than $10,- 
000,000. The copper mines yield over 
$1,000,000. Of tin, about $400 a month 
are mined. Coal is found of good quality, 
extending over a wide range; but the mines 
have not been much worked owing to want 
of capital. During eight years, the exports 
of gold alone amounted to $35,000,000. 

The farmer can, in some of the most 
favored localities of Queensland, turn out 
a fair quality of wheat at the rate of from 
twenty to thirty bushels to the acre of 
ground cultivated. 

The colony raises arrowroot and sugar, 
and makes a good quality of grape wine. 
Maize is extensively cultivated, while 
tobacco and the ordinary vegetables of 
domestic life are raised only in quantities 
to satisfy the home demand. 

The exhibit embraces several cases of 
wood from different stations ; some very fine 
—gold quartz and gold—lead ores and cop¬ 
per ores—copper in pigs—very beautiful 
green malachite—ore and metal of anti¬ 
mony—soils from various localities—por- 
phyritic dolorite—granite—marble—coal— 
barks for tanning—petrifactions—butterflies 
— books, government Gazette — saddles, 
heavy leather—piles of hard, close grained 
woods. 

The specimens of hard woods are numer¬ 
ous. The walls inclosing the exhibits are 
covered with fine oil-paintings, illustrating 
various scenes throughout the country. Ihey 
are very natural and good reminders of our 
western pioneer life. The column of gold 
and piles of tin add greatly to the exhibit. 









154 


COLONIAL DEPARTMENT-TASMANIA. 


The Commissioners have displayed great 
care in making their large collection attract¬ 
ive and easily to be comprehended. 


TASMANIA. 

Tasmania is an island lying south of 
Australia, and separated therefrom by Bass’s 
Straits, 120 miles across. It is 240 miles 
long, 200 wide at the greatest width, and 65 
at the shortest; and has an area of 26,000 
square miles. It is remarkably healthy, and 
the summer resort of those who are op¬ 
pressed by the summer’s heat of the other 
colonies. The capital is Hobart Town, 
22,000 inhabitants. Launceston, the next 
largest town, has a population of 12,000. 

There are fifty-five small islands clustered 
around Tasmania, and belonging to the 
province. The discovery of Tasmania was 
due to the Dutch, but it was not until 1803 
that any attempt was made to colonize it. 
In 1804, 367 convicts were landed at Sulli¬ 
van’s Cove, where Hobart Town now stands. 
In 1808, 1,100 free settlers came from Nor¬ 
folk Island. In 1839, the lamented Sir John 
Franklin was appointed Governor, and held 
that position until 1843. Since that period 
a large number of persons have made Tas¬ 
mania their permanent home. The popula¬ 
tion is now about 110,000. 

The Fauna of Tasmania has only twenty- 
seven species, among which are the tiger 
and devil, both of which are destructive of 
sheep. Of birds, there are 171 kinds, sev¬ 
eral of which have exceedingly beautiful 
plumage, used for dresses and ornament. 
There are twelve species of fish indigenous 
to Tasmania. Of various useful and orna¬ 
mental wood, the island is well supplied. 

The total area in the colony under culti¬ 
vation, is 326,486 acres. Wheat takes 
first rank m extent and importance, 57,633 
acres being allotted to this cereal; barley, 
5,129 acres; and oats, 32,704 acres. The 
export of grain in 1874 was valued at 
$578,940. 

Salubrity and comparative coldness of 
climate, make Tasmania an excellent breed¬ 
ing-station of good stock for all the Aus¬ 
tralian continent, especially as regards the 
ox, mutton, sheep, and draught horse. The 
number of horses in Tasmania in 1874 was 
23,208; cattle, 110,450, and sheep, 1,714,- 
168. 

The bulk of the wool produced is Me¬ 
rino. The export of wool during the year 


1874, amounted to 5,050,920 pounds, which 
represented a value of $1,753,565. 

The mining industry for many years 
past was confined to gold and coal, but 
during the year 1875, tin, iron, and slate 
attracted much attention. The total value 
of the produce of gold for 1874 was 
$92,455. The mineral which occupied the 
greatest share of attention was tin; the 
supply of ore being practically unlimited. 
The total amount raised in 1874 was 490 
tons. 

Education is compulsory, and of a most 
comprehensive character; there is scarcely 
any remote district in which there is no 
school, and no loophole is allowed to the 
careless parent to permit him to let his 
children drift into ignorance. Numerous 
industries have been established and are in 
a flourishing condition. 

Tasmania was formerly known as Van 
Diemen’s Land. Its governor is appointed 
by the Home government, but its constitu¬ 
tion gives a Legislative Council and a 
House of Representatives. The commis¬ 
sion embraced several gentlemen of ac¬ 
knowledged ability of both branches of the 
local government, with P. A. Jennings, 
Esq., of Sydney, and Henry P. Welch, 
Esq., of Melbourne. 

The display for Tasmania is well selected. 
There is a large array of skins—penguin, 
native cat, and opossum—.made into hand¬ 
some mats. Skins of birds—pelican, alba¬ 
tross, and others. Of wools, an abundance 
from several plantations. The quality very 
superior—fiber strong and silky. 

The display of gold is not very large; but 
of tin there is a heavy supply. Exhibit of 
the tin valued at $38,500. So, too, of iron 
and iron ore—masses of three tons each. 
Of coal, a great bulk. Elegant topazes, 
beryls, cornelians, and other gem stones, fur¬ 
nished by the Royal Society. Very fine 
marble and granite. Fine clay of superior 
quality. Ot oils, there are sperm and black 
whale, as also those made from the mutton 
bush and the leaves of the Blue Gum. Of 
skins, there are about twenty varieties, bird 
and beast. Of the usual grains, large sup¬ 
plies—wheat full and heavy. Of wood, 
thirty varieties, hard and close grained— 
some elegantly curled and spotted. Ten ex¬ 
hibitors furnish samples of their superior 
wools. The whole number of exhibits is 738. 








155 


COLONIAL DEPARTMENT-NEW ZEALAND, CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. 


NEW ZEALAND. 

This is another British province, consist¬ 
ing of three large islands—North, South, 
and Stewart’s—lying far to the east of Aus¬ 
tralia. Entire length about 1,100 miles; 
breadth varying from 46 to 250 miles; area, 
100,000 square miles. Population about 
420,000 whites, and nearly 50,000 Maori, or 
Indians. The islands are volcanic, though 
but few of the mountains are now active. 
From the very nature of the country, water 
and water-power are abundant. One-fourth 
of the area is densely timbered; one-half of 
rich soil, the balance volcanic scoria. The 
climate is fine and healthful. Mean temper¬ 
ature, 52° and 57°. Highest range, 68° ; 
lowest, 40°. All grains do well, yielding 
largely. The vine flourishes every where. 
The live stock of the colony, in round num¬ 
bers, 12,000,000 sheep; 1,100,000 poultry; 
500,000 cattle; 130,000 pigs, and 100,000 
horses. Gold, raised during 1862-1875, 
$151,271,293. In 1874, the colony export¬ 
ed 46,848,735 pounds of wool, valued at 
$14,173,475. In 1870, a loan of $20,000,- 
000 was authorized for public works, such 
as roads, railways, telegraphs, bridges, Ac. 
There are now 320 miles of railways in oper¬ 
ation, over 400 miles under construction, and 
300 miles authorized. 

The Island of New Zealand was discov¬ 
ered in 1642, by the Dutch navigator Tas 
man, who, however, did not land upon its 
shores. In 1769, it was visited by Captain 
Cook, who explored its coasts. The coun¬ 
try subsequently became a resort for whal¬ 
ers and traders, chiefly from Australia. 
In 1840, the native chiefs ceded the sov¬ 
ereignty of New Zealand to the British 
Crown, and the island became a colony of 
Great Britain. 


If our ladies should drop in and examine 
the muff and tippets made from the gray 
cormorant and the white albatross, they 
would find articles far exceeding in beauty 
any of the American or Russian furs. Of 
the value, we can obtain no clew, as none of 
the articles are for sale. A gloomy case 
contains stone implements, wooden gods, 
rough native combs, and barbarous skulls. 
A tall case shows garments of the Maori; 
shawls, coats; with coarse, feather trimmings. 
Of leather, the sheep skins are remarkably 
strong and soft. The fleece mats extremely 


beautiful. Specimens of very elegant hard 
grained woods. Rich native wines in bot¬ 
tles, and of superior qualities. Barks for 
tanning. Flax mats. Gum cloths. A re¬ 
markable specimen of mechanism—a mount¬ 
ed cannon that weighs only 2£ grains. It is 
the work of James Sykes, a lad only twelve 
years of age. It has been repeatedly fired. 
Ropes of hemp, grass, and other native 
fibers; strong and well made. Specimen 
of Kauri gum, which is found from two to 
six feet below the surface of the earth, in 
lumps of from one to 300 pounds. It is 
used for fine varnishes. The display of 
cereals is very fine, the wheat large and 
heavy. Arrays of glues, candles, soaps, 
canned meats, pictures, maps, Ac. Petro¬ 
leum that oozes from the crevices of the 
hills—very dark colored. Fire-clays of fine 
quality. A skeleton of the great Moa, the 
wingless bird found in the country on its 
discovery, but now almost extinct. It stands 
higher than the ostrich. The egg is white, 
having diameters of 7£ by 10 inches. In 
the midst of all these a golden column rises 
23 feet 5 inches high, and 4 feet 6 inches 
square, on which is marked the grand total 
of gold already mentioned. 


CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. 

The most southerly point of Africa, and 
the sight of the famous English observatory, 
for many years under the supervision of Dr. 
Herschell, the distinguished astronomer. 
The government has held the Cape as a very 
important point, and has made many valuable 
improvements. The exhibit is under the 
special charge of the British Commissioners. 
A small space is allotted to the Cape, hut 
the enterprising Commissioners have made 
the most of it. The display of copper and 
diamond is large. Native jewelry is shown, 
made of beads and cucumber seeds; forming 
necklaces, bracelets, <fcc., very neat. Un- 
doubtedlv, some of our ladies will imitate 
them in the long evening hours next winter. 
Ostrich eggs adorned with strings of cowries 
—small shells that pass for money in India 
—are exhibited. The display of shell jewel¬ 
ry is neat and comely. Several bitter barks 
and fifty-seven drug herbs are shown. Also, 
dark tobacco. There is a large display of 
wines—some said to be of very rich flavor. 
Fine model of a steam-dock, with steamer. 
Specimens of Crown Forest woods—that is, 
woods from forests belonging to the Crown. 











156 


COLONIAL DEPARTMENT-THE GOLD COAST, TRINIDAD. FRANCE. 


made of native woods. Conch shells of 
great beauty. 

JOHN S. GEORGE, Nassau, N. P., also 
presents a display of native woods; also, 
turtle shells, starch, and arrowroot; large 
cakes of wax ; lime building stone. 

JOHN G. MEADOWS, Nassau, N. P.— 
Salt specimens. 

S. R. SAUNDERS, Nassau.—100 varie¬ 
ties of Bahama shells, valued at $100. 

JOS. A. KNEWLES, Nassau.—Rope 
made of palmetto. 

ADAM BOYD.—Specimen of tobacco. 


THE GOLD COAST. 

This Colony, which comprises the British 
settlements on the Gold Coast, and at Lagos, 
was constituted July 24, 1874. It is on the 
western coast of Africa, and has been held 
by the British under various charters, for 
more than 200 years. The principal pro¬ 
ducts are native cloths, native prints, coarse 
and common; Ashantee silks; open work; 
grass cloth, leather, woods: under special 
charge of the British Commission. 

This exhibit consists of native implements, 
carved gods, earthen pots, stools carved from 
a solid block, with infinite labor. 

Swords, knives, and war instruments, Ac. 
There is a collection of native skins, cloths, 
straw mats, baskets, all showing neat and 
durable qualities. Distributed throughout 
the display are many calabashes, very 
uniquely carved. 


TRINIDAD. 

An island to the eastward of Venezuela, 
separated from the continent by the Gulf of 
Paria. Discovered by Columbus in 1498, 
and colonized by the Spaniards in 1588. 
In 1676 it fell to France, but was soon re¬ 
stored. In 1797, it was captured by the 
English. Area, 1,754 square miles. Port 
of Spain, the chief town, has a population 
of 27,421. It abounds in a great variety 
of heavy and ornamental timbers. Under 
the special supervision of the British Com¬ 
mission. 

Trinidad presents a fine assortment of 
native woods; cocoa; native baskets; wood 
fibers. The exhibit is attractively arranged, 
and from its novelty is much noticed. 

DR. J. G. B. SIEGERT & HIJOS, Port 
of Spain, exhibit their famous Angostura 
Bitters, handsomely shown. 


FRANCE. 

The most westerly country of Europe— 
greatest length, 620 miles; greatest breadth, 
550 miles; area, 201,600 square miles; 
population in 1872, 36,102,921. Population 
of Paris, nearly 2,000,000. River navigation, 
5,500 miles. Canals, 2,900 miles. Mineral 
springs abounds—about 1,000 in constant 
use. The production of grains in 1869 
amounted to 913,000,000 bushels. Of beet¬ 
root sugar, the annual production is 420,000 
tons; of wine, 1,000,000,000 gallons; of hon¬ 
ey, 15,000,000 pounds; of wax, 2,664,000 
pounds. The annual value of poultry is 
$9,000,000, and of eggs and feathers, $7,- 
000,000. France has 540 steam and 15,201 
sailing vessels. 250,000 men are employed 
in her coal and iron trade. Granite, marble, 
freestone, kaolin, and lithographic stones are 
largely produced. Alabaster is found in the 
Pyrenees. 

Of textile fabrics, jewelry, gilt wares, 
bronzes, ceramics, minerals, leather, ivory, 
chemicals, papers, timber, &c., manufactured, 
she annually produces 1,020,200,000. Es¬ 
timated expenses for 1876, $515,000,000, 
and receipts, $514,000,000. Public debt, 
$4,480,000,000. Railways in operation, 
14,000 miles. There are several colleges 
and academies in France, and education is 
made thorough. She has over 300 public 
libraries, some very extensive. Many valua¬ 
ble works have been published by the gov¬ 
ernment direct, the expense being too great 
for private enterprise. 

The colonies and possessions of France 
in foreign countries are : in Africa, Al¬ 
geria, Senegambia, the islands of Bourbon, 
St. Marie, Nussi-be, and Mayotte, in the 
Indian Ocean, and Gaboon, on the coast of 
Guinea. The possessions in Africa aggre¬ 
gate 270,000 square miles, and have 2,840,- 
000 inhabitants. The islands of Martin¬ 
ique and Guadaloupe, in the West Indies, 
and French Guinea, St. Pierre, and Mique¬ 
lon, near Newfoundland, comprise the 
possessions in America. Together they 
have an area of 45,000 square miles, and a 
population of 345,000. The area of the 
Asiatic possessions is 19,600 square miles, 
and the inhabitants number 265,000. In 
the Pacific Ocean there are two groups of 
11,182 square miles, and 87.000 inhabi¬ 
tants; and a settlement in Cochin China of 
1,336,000 people, occupying 21,700 square 
miles of territory. 







FRANCE.-PORCELAIN, TERRA COTTA, ETC. 


157 


In France there are four great mountain 
chains, the largest and most important be¬ 
ing the Pyrenees. 

In mineral springs this country is par¬ 
ticularly rich. Of these, more than 400 
are located in the Pyrenees mountains, 
where there are ninety-three establishments 
engaged in sending supplies of the waters 
to market. It is estimated that there are 
1,000 springs in use, and that there are at 
least 4,000 unemployed. 

France, owing to its large extent of area, 
has great diversity in the temperature of 
its widely-separated districts, and yet pos¬ 
sesses one of the most healthful climates in 
Europe. 

The principal forest trees on the central 
mountains are the chestnut and beech, 
while the oak and cork trees abound in the 
Pyrenees, and the fir in the Landes. It is 
estimated that one-seventh of the entire 
surface of France is covered by forests, and 
the consumption for fuel and other pur¬ 
poses has been so enormous that measures 
have been taken to plant trees, in order to 
protect those mountain slopes which are 
exposed to inundations from the streams, 
and to supply the demand. 

According to the last census—1866— 
France contained 3,312,637 horses, 518,- 
000 asses, 350,000 mules, 12,733,000 
horned cattle, 30,386,000 sheep, 5,500,000 
swine, and 1,680,000 goats. 

France is rich in valuable minerals, the 
chief of which are coal *and iron. There 
were 150 iron mines in operation in 1868, 
and also mines of copper, lead, manganese, 
and traces of other metals. These em¬ 
ployed 250,000 men. The country is rich 
in quarries of granite, marbles, and lime¬ 
stones. 

Public instruction is presided over by a 
special ministry, and nearly half the ex¬ 
penses are borne by the state, the depart¬ 
ment incurring the remainder. In the 
provinces there are 338 public libraries, 
open to all classes. 


PORCELAIN, TERRA COTTA, ETC. 

The French houses present very rich 
displays of porcelain, both plain and orna¬ 
mental, and some fine terra cotta work. 
Several of the pieces are very highly orna¬ 
mented with figures, landscapes, etc., raised 
or painted. A few of these specimens are 
exquisitely executed, and of great value, I 

9 


while the majority are of a cheaper style 
of decoration. The manufacture in France 
has become a science, and the French china 
finds its way to nearly all the markets of 
the world. Many of the houses have been 
long established, and give employment to 
vast numbers of workmen. The trade may 
be reckoned as one of the great industries 
of France. 

The perfection to which this manufac¬ 
ture has reached may be seen by a minute 
and impartial examination of the articles 
displayed at the Exhibition. One gentleman 
presents a very beautiful exhibit of faience 
vases, stands, etc., mostly after the style of 
Louis XVI. The decorations are elabor¬ 
ate, and exceedingly well drawn and exe¬ 
cuted. 

One house from Loiret, GEOFFREY & 
CO., presents a pleasing array, valued at 
$6,000. The firm has been established for 
many years, employs several hundred 
workmen, and a capital of $360,000. 

CITAS. FIELD HAVILAND, of Paris, 
has a large display of porcelain, made ex¬ 
pressly for the American market. He has 
been established for forty years, and has 
obtained patents on several new patterns.. 
They use wood instead of coal, and claim 
that it makes a better ware. They employ 
from 1,300 to 1,400 hands, an immense, 
capital, and value their display at $50,000. 

JULES HOURY, of Paris,, is one of 
the first houses in France.. The display 
consists of wares of pier wood, ebonized 
and paneled with painted porcelain. Here 
is found a picture of the French monument 
to be erected in the harbor of New York. 
The work is a faithful likeness, elegantly 
executed. 

EUGENE BLOT, of Paris, has a large 
number of small figures in terra cotta, rep¬ 
resenting the various characters in the 
public market at M arseilles.. Fish, baskets,, 
ropes, and vegetables are all truly repre¬ 
sented, and were all made by hand. 

M. BARBIZET, of Paris, exhibits speci¬ 
mens of the Palissy ware, of which he was 
the originator. This ware is richly enam¬ 
eled pottery, and originated in the 16th 
century, when the art was lost; but some 
fifty years since M. Barbizet succeeded in 
rediscovering the process. 

The exhibits under the two preceding 
heads number- twenty-six. They consist of 
crucibles and laboratory furnaces, mosaic 
tiles, handsomely decorated and enameled, 










158 


FRANCE.-BRONZES, ETC., CARPETS, LYONS SILKS. 


table chma, both plain and decorated, 
white and ornamental porcelain, and clay 
pipes. The articles are of splendid work¬ 
manship, and in their embellishments are 
very superior. 


BRONZES, ETC. 

This is another line to which the French 
have devoted many years, and in which 
they have succeeded in producing the very 
poetry of art. They combine bronze with 
silver and gold, in ornamentations that are 
most beautiful and delicate. Under this 
head they display very elegant statuary 
and mantel clocks,—one fine piece repre¬ 
senting a full-sized setter dog marking a 
pheasant he has just flushed. This work is 
perfect in all its details. There is a large 
collection of artistic statues, of charming 
designs and most correct workmanship. 


TEXTILE FABRICS—CARPETS. 

The carpets shown from this country are 
of fine quality and unusually rich patterns. 
One of the most attractive exhibits is made 
by BRAQUENIE BROS., of Paris. They 
have three pieces of tapestry, twelve feet 
square, elegantly worked. The represen¬ 
tations are perfectly drawn, and wrought 
with a delicacy and appropriateness of color¬ 
ing seldom met with. They are each val¬ 
ued at $4,700, making all worth $14,100. 
Another gentleman presents one superb 
piece of embroidered tapestry, twelve by 
twelve feet. It was worked entirely by 
hand, and contains 3,000 different shades, 
blended so as to represent a most beautiful 
scene. 


LYONS SILKS. 

The city of Lyons, France, is situated 
'on the Rhone and Saone, which unite be¬ 
low the city, at an elevation of 532 feet. 
The imposing style of architecture of the 
public buildings, and the beautiful private 
residences in the suburbs, combine to 
make a most attractive picture. The city 
was founded B. C. 43. when it became the 
capital of Celtic Gaul. It was the resi¬ 
dence of the kings of Burgundy till the be¬ 
ginning of the sixth century. It was an¬ 
nexed to France in 1312, and great care 
has since been bestowed upon it to render 
it a valuable military post. 

The silk manufacture was introduced 


during the reign of Louis XI, by mer 
chants from Lucca and Florence. The 
trade flourished greatly, and an immense 
business was begun in 1536 by Genoese 
manufacturers. It has been estimated 
that from 1650 to 1680 there were in op¬ 
eration from 9,000 to 12,000 looms. In 
1788 the number decreased, owing to the 
revolution. After the close of the war it 
again revived, and has continued to in¬ 
crease, until it is now the largest manufac¬ 
turing city of silk goods in the world. It 
now has a population of 323,000, making 
it the second city in France, and in 1873 
there were 70,000 looms at work, employ¬ 
ing 140,000 hands. The value of the raw 
silk annually imported is $60,000,000, 
while the products are worth $76,000,000 
to $90,000,000, according to the condi¬ 
tion of trade whether profitable or not. 
The work is not conducted in factories, 
but in the dwellings of the master weavers, 
and there are froth two to eight looms in 
each house. The city has a school of art 
for teaching the adaptation of designs to 
the loom, and also drawing, and other 
branches. The authorities have done all 
in their power to instruct and elevate the 
workmen, and it is to this that a large 
share of their success is due. 

J. M. JACQUARD was born in the city 
of Lyons in 1752. When he was twenty 
years old his father died, and he com¬ 
menced business for himself as a weaver, 
with two looms. • He devoted so much 
time to improving the loom, that he neg¬ 
lected his trade, and was obliged to sell his 
workshop and fixtures to pay his debts. 
He joined the army when the revolution 
broke out, and served with great courage 
and coolness until its close, in 1793. To 
maintain himself he took up straw weaving, 
in connection with his wife, in Lyons. He 
was next employed by a silk manufacturer. 
In 1800 he produced the first model of his 
appliance for superseding the use of draw- 
boys in weaving figured goods. It simpli¬ 
fied labor, and could easily be attached to 
any loom. Not long after this he con¬ 
structed a machine for weaving nets, with¬ 
out using a shuttle. In the year 1806 the in¬ 
vention was purchased by the government, 
and made public property. The principle 
of Jacquard’s loom is the basis upon which 
all the looms for weaving figured goods 
are now made. Though it has been in use 
throughout the civilized world for more 











PRANCE.-CHEMICALS, CARRIAGES, EDUCATION. 


159 


than three-quarters of a century, and 
though many attempts have been made to 
improve upon it, it is to-day the most ef¬ 
fective, simple, and durable loom known. 

The display of French silks in the Main 
building was composed of silk and velvets 
of rich colors and delicate shades; elegantly 
figured damasks, and superb gold cloths, 
and a large assortment of heavy black 
silks. The laces, muslins, etc., were of the 
finest quality. The woolen goods consisted 
of plain and militaiy cloths of fine quality, 
flannels of all kinds, and a variety of felts. 
The exhibits of textile fabrics numbered 
101 . 


CHEMICALS. 

The world has long been familiar with 
the marked success of the French chemists. 
Although they do not lead the world, as 
in scientific instruments, they keep pace 
with the best. The exhibits they have 
sent to the Centennial are of the finest, 
quality, and are shown in attractive and 
costly cases. The displays consist of phar¬ 
maceutical preparations, powders, capsules 
and pills, dyes of all colors, glues, soaps, 
perfumes, etc. In perfumery and scented 
soaps the French certainly take the lead, 
their preparations being in demand among 
all people. The exhibits of chemicals and 
chemical preparations of all kinds number 
eighty-two. 


CARRIAGES. 

For many years the manufacturers of 
France have been noted for the durability 
and elegance of their carriages. Their 
displays at the Exhibition increased this 
reputation, as all their wares exhibited the 
finest workmanship. MILLION, GUIET 
& CO., Paris.—A grand display of seven of 
their very elegant carriages. Among these, 
one sporting coach, after the style of the 
old English mail coach, though much more 
complete in its appointments. Like the 
“ One-Horse Shay,” it was made strongest 
in the weakest place. It is amply provided 
with storing places for special picnics. It 
has its ice closets, wine cellars, vegetable 
boxes, umbrella and cane baskets; with 
seats for four inside and ten outside pas¬ 
sengers. The coach driven in New York 
by young Bennett, of the “Herald,” is one 
of the same pattern, and was purchased 
from this firm. Mr. B. has eleven other 


carriages, all made by the same French 
house. The remainder of the display con¬ 
sists of coupes, landaus, caleches, &c., all 
of the best workmanship and highest 
finish. 

the wheels are all made of American 
hickory. Besides their elegant coaches, M., 
G. & Co. exhibit a large case of superior 
harness; and in a conspicuous position have 
placed drawings of the various rooms in 
their factory. One of their carriages has 
been purchased by Thomas Goddard, Esq., 
of Boston, one of the judges of the Centen¬ 
nial, and an old carriage builder himself. 
Value of the exhibit, $25,000. The house 
employs 250 to 300 hands; has been estab¬ 
lished twenty-five years, and uses a capital 
of $1,000,000. In consequence of Mr. 
Guiet, a member of the firm, having been 
appointed as one of the Centennial judges, 
the house is not competing at the Exhibition. 


EDUCATION. 

Since the time of Louis XIV, the intel 
lectual character of the French has been 
brilliant, and has exercised a powerful in¬ 
fluence in Europe. The French Academy 
has given a high place in society to men of 
letters. During the revolutionary period, 
learning was greatly dimmed, though as 
soon as the country became quiet, the Na¬ 
tional Assembly constituted a new body, 
called the National Institute, enrolled upon 
whose books may be found the most illus¬ 
trious names in the scientific world. At 
this time the French excelled in mathe¬ 
matics, physics, and chemistry, while in 
poetry and general literature they were 
inferior. At the present time the scholars 
of France have but few equals. 

In 1839 there were twenty-six universi¬ 
ties for public instruction, that of Paris 
being the most celebrated in Europe. In 
1825 the royal colleges instituted by Na¬ 
poleon were attended by 10,000 pupils. 
In the same year there were 22,900 pri¬ 
mary schools, intended for the general in¬ 
struction of the people, and having 116,000 
scholars. These establishments were under 
the control and patronage of the govern¬ 
ment. At the present time, nearly one- 
half of the school expense is defrayed by 
the government. The academies now 
number fifteen, located in different parts 
of the Republic. There are also numerous 
schools and colleges for giving instruction 








160 


FRANCE.-MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, ETC., HARDWARE AND CUTLERY, GLASS. 


in special branches. The public school 
system is excellent, and is under the direct 
supervision of the authorities. France is 
most liberal in the matter of public libra¬ 
ries, as they are placed in the most needed 
localities, and every facility extended to 
encourage the people to obtain knowledge. 

In this department we find an exhibit of 
various school-books, from the simplest A, 
B, C primer, to the most profound abstract 
works. The arrangement is gently pro¬ 
gressive, and well calculated to arrest the 
attention of scholars of all ages. The ele¬ 
gant display of Dore’s works and others, in 
rich bindings of massive material, arrests 
the attention of all interested in educa¬ 
tional progress. 


MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. 

The French wind instruments are more 
celebrated than their stringed ones. The 
flutes and brass horns and cornets are 
particularly fine. Their pianos and organs 
contain the most noted improvements, and 
are excellent in tone and durability. The 
firm of JEROME SHIBONVILLE & 
LANEY, of Paris, exhibit a newly in¬ 
vented instrument, called the pianista. By 
turning a crank after the pianista is at¬ 
tached to a piano, the former plays the 
latter by means of a perforated card-board 
that acts as a guide. It is a very inge¬ 
nious and accurate performer, always keeps 
perfect time, and never misses a note. 
The same house have another exhibit—a 
case filled with flutes, horns, violins, etc., 
and all instrumental appliances. The dis¬ 
play is extensive, interesting, and very 
valuable. 


PHILOSOPHICAL, ASTRONOMICAL, AND 
OTHER INSTRUMENTS. 

The French have exhibited a wonderful 
skill in the manufacture of all kinds of 
delicate instruments. Their close and ac¬ 
curate measurements have been acknowl¬ 
edged throughout the scientific world. 
They have made large contributions to our 
great exhibition, and not an instrument 
but is valuable in itself, and made in the 
most excellent manner. The nicety of 
their work is proverbial. One of the most 
interesting and valuable exhibits is made 
by RUDOLPH KCENIG, Paris.—Acous¬ 
tic instruments. This gentleman is here 
personally, and himself attends the several 


cases that are filled with his various inven¬ 
tions. M. Koenig has made sound a faith¬ 
ful study, and has perfected a great variety 
of very remarkable appliances. He has 
tuning forks, from a half ounce to many 
pounds weight, adjusted to the most deli¬ 
cate influences. Also, instruments by 
which he can detect sixty-five different 
tones in a single octave. lie is not here 
on speculation, but to bring his inventions 
to the notice of scientists. He has given 
two exhibitions to chosen parties, and be¬ 
fore the fair closes, purposes to give still 
further exhibits of the control he has in 
detecting the most delicate tones. He has 
instruments that give all the vowel sounds, 
and is really far in advance of all who have 
heretofore studied acoustics. 

Among the other exhibits may be found 
very perfect telescopes, elegantly-mounted 
opera glasses, carefully made and nicely 
adjusted spectroscopes, and a grand dis¬ 
play of microscopes of every description. 


HARDWARE AND CUTLERY. 

The Hardware and Cutlery of French, 
manufacture are of excellent quality and 
the most approved patterns, and is finished 
in the most perfect style. The Safes and 
Locks, though not shown in great profu¬ 
sion, are most meritorious. One firm 
makes a large display of safes and combi¬ 
nation “ indestructible ” locks, elegantly 
finished, and valued at $8,000. 


GLASS. 

Glass was known to the early Egyptians, 
by whom it was used as drinking vessels, 
and in mosaic work to ornament their 
temples. Cutting or grinding, and color¬ 
ing, was probably invented about 370 B. C. 
Remains of beautifully-cut and elaborately- 
wrought figures are now found in ancient 
ruins. In the ruins of Nineveh, lenses 
and articles of glass have been discovered. 
Glass-making was extensively and success¬ 
fully practiced by the early Greeks, a fact 
corroborated by the exhuming of fine 
relics. Roman glass has been found at 
Herculaneum and Pompeii, in which cities 
it was used to admit light. This is, in all 
probability, the earliest instance of its be¬ 
ing used in windows. In the thirteenth, 
and for many centuries after, the Venetian 
manufacturers were the most famous in 
the world. It is generally thought that 











FRANCE.-JEWELRY. 


1G1 


glass mirrors were first made here, and 
took the place of polished metals. The 
Bohemians next occupied the first rank. 
Their success has been due more to the 
purity of their materials than to any supe¬ 
rior skill in the manipulation. In delicate 
work, and exquisitely fine engraving, they 
lead the world at the present time. Glass 
in windows first made its appearance in 
England in 674, and was confined to eccle¬ 
siastical structures. In the eighth century 
colored glass for church windows became 
common. Even as late as the sixteenth 
and seventeenth centuries only the wealthy 
had glass in their edifices. The manu¬ 
facture was introduced in 1439, and was 
started in London in 1537. The English 
crown glass is unrivaled. 

The French early imitated the V enetians, 
and in 1634 attempted to produce mirrors 
from blown glass, as they did; but in 1666 
it was found necessary to import skilled 
workmen. The method of making large 
plates by casting the glass, instead of blow¬ 
ing, was introduced in Paris in 1688, by 
Abraham Thevart. He produced heavy 
plates, that measured 84 inches long by 50 
wide, while the length of those previously 
made barely equaled the width of these, 
and were necessarily evry thin and fragile. 
(In the year 1665 the manufacture of glass 
was established at St. Gobain.) The busi¬ 
ness of this house has been very prosper¬ 
ous, and the products now rank among the 
first in quality in the world. The table for 
casting glass was originally made of bronze, 
but at present cast-iron is used, as it is less 
liable to crack. Placed along each side of 
the table are bars of metal, which prevent 
the molten mass from running off, and 
which determine the thickness of the plate 
by their height. A cylinder of copper or 
bronze, about one foot in diameter, ex¬ 
tends across the table and rests upon these 
bars. After being heated by hot coals be¬ 
ing thrown upon it, it is carefully cleaned, 
preparatory to receiving the liquid. The 
cistern containing the melted glass is placed 
upon a car, rolled to the side of the table, 
and the exterior scrupulously freed from 
impurities. It is now swung over the table, 
over which a felt-covered roll has been 
drawn to remove specs and dust, the sur¬ 
face skimmed, and the molten glass 
poured out in front of the cylinder, which, 
being rolled from end to end, spreads out 
the glass in a uniform sheet. Before it 


has had time to cool, about two inches of 
one end is turned up, and a flat instrument 
placed against. it, and it is slid forward 
into the annealing oven. Another plate is 
immediately cast upon the table, and thrust 
forward. Thi.b operation, which occupies 
from five to ten minutes, is repeated until 
the oven is filled. It requires five days to 
cool the plates. "W hen cooled they are 
taken out, and searchingly examined to 
see how they may be cut to the best ad¬ 
vantage.. Afterwards they are smoothed 
and polished. As this process often re¬ 
veals cracks and. imperfections that were 
before invisible, the glass must be again 
examined and again cut, when it is ready 
for market. To smooth the plates, they 
are placed upon a table, secured with plas¬ 
ter of Paris, and a quickly-revolving disk 
passed over them. The polishing is ac¬ 
complished by the aid of fine emery. The 
PLATE GLASS CO., of St. Gobain, Fr.; 
Chauny & Cirey, Manufacturers.—A fine 
display of heavy plate glass. A largo 
gateway, thirty feet high. On each side 
of the main arch, a single piece of plate 
glass, one-half inch thick, ten feet wide, 
and twenty-one feet five inches high. The 
surroundings cased in red velvet, giving a 
very fine effect to the great archway. 
Several pier looking-glasses, almost as 
large, from the same house. 


JEWELRY. 

BOUCHERON, Paris.—This exhibitor 
has a small, unpretentious glass case; but 
it contains the most valuable assortment of 
rich jewelry in the Main Building. One 
diamond necklace, very superbly set, is 
valued at $40,000; and a coronet, spark¬ 
ling with precious stones, is marked $42,- 
000. The entire ^ exhibit is placed at $1,- 
500,000. The house has been long estab¬ 
lished; employs a large number of the 
very best designers and workmen. An¬ 
other valuable exhibit is made by B. 
HAAS, Jr., & CO., Paris.—A case of very 
superb, highly-finished, and richly-jeweled 
watches. Exhibit valued at $70,000. The 
house has been long established, and has a 
high reputation at home and abroad. Has 
received five decorations and eighteen 
medals. An interesting display is that of 
B. BONTEMS, Paris.—A highly amusing 
case of very elegant clocks, and of cages 
containing little canary birds on perches. 








102 


FRANCE.-BOuTo AND SHOES, LEATHER, ETC., RELIGIOUS STATUARY, ETC. 


Erery three minutes the little fellow flaps 
his wings, turns about his head, opens his 
bill, and chirps out a perfect canary bird 
song. A bronze figure, about two feet high, 
holds a glass face of a clock above her 
head, but no works are to be seen. The 
clock keeps excellent time. Mr. B. has 
received one decoration and fifteen medals. 

It is a singular fact that in all branches 
of trade, no sooner is a genuine production 
successful, than a thousand and one imita 
tions spring up. So, in the jewelry line, 
every article has been duplicated by infe¬ 
rior fabrics. Not only are the finer metals 
attenuated so as to cover large surfaces, 
but even gems are made so perfect as to 
deceive thousands. When a rich pattern 
is produced at much cost to the original 
introducer, the vultures pounce upon it 
with perfect fac-similes, but made up of 
inferior and worthless material. France, 
so famous for grand and beautiful designs, 
has her full share of hungry cormorants. 
Her imitation gems are more than ten 
times her pure water articles. Her paste 
diamonds, perhaps the most deceptive, 
abound in every city, and have actually 
found their way into imperial crowns be¬ 
fore being detected., Of these fabrications 
there are many displays, but, fortunately for 
visitors, there is no deception here, as the 
spuriousness is avowed, and prices made 
reasonable. 


BOOTS AND SHOES, LEATHER, ETC. 

The French are more expert in the 
manufacture of fancy than of sole leathers. 
As a natural consequence, their fine boots 
and shoes are of splendid quality, and 
made with a great display of taste. Be¬ 
side showing samples of dressed hides of 
all kinds, they present large and attractive 
exhibits of dress boots and shoes, and la¬ 
dies’ gaiters and slippers of silk and satin, 
most elaborately embroidered. Their kid 
gloves are very celebrated, and judging 
the general line by those exhibited, the re¬ 
nown is deservedly earned. 


LADIES’ AND CHILDREN’S WARE. 

The ladies of Paris are the acknowledged 
leaders of fashions in the civilized world. 
If a new style become prevalent, or be 
likely to, it is quickly copied by devotees in 
other lands. Customs often originate in 
that famous city, which are at first ridiculed, 


then criticised, and finally adopted. As a 
consequence, this feature of the French 
exhibit fascinates all the lady visitors. The 
displays consist of tastefully trimmed bon¬ 
nets, superbly fitting corsets, dresses for 
small children, trimmed with lace and em¬ 
broidery worth a small fortune, fine cloth¬ 
ing of every description, underclothes, and 
several costly dresses. The artificial flow¬ 
ers are true copies after nature, made of 
various substances, one beautiful array be¬ 
ing entirely composed of china. 


RELIGIOUS STATUARY, ETC. 

Among a people whose religion is for 
the most part Roman Catholic, and whose 
churches are crowded with images of all 
the saints in the calendar, and whose 
household gods are nothing more than 
small editions of the said saints, it would 
be unnatural if large establishments did 
not spring into existence for the purpose 
of manufacturing these articles. A few 
of these are works possessing great artistic 
merit, yet the majority are mere abortions. 
One of the best exhibits under this head is 
made by RAFFEL & CO., of Paris, and is 
a group called the “ Birth of the Saviour.” 
The Infant is seen in the rudely constructed 
manger, reposing upon straw. A little to 
one side is the sweet figure of the Virgin 
leaning toward the Child. In the fore¬ 
ground, prostrate and worshiping, are the 
shepherds and magi, while on the ground 
beside them are the gifts, “gold, frankin¬ 
cense, and myrrh.” Overhead is the 
thatched roof of the shed and the droop¬ 
ing branches of a tree. The scene is ad¬ 
mirably conceived and naturally portrayed. 
FROG, ROBERT & SON, of Paris, have 
a large collection of images, of full size, 
and made of papier-mache; also a small col¬ 
lection of paintings of biblical series, some 
of w T hich are varnished and hardened by 
heat. Their specialty is statuary and holy 
subjects and paintings for churches. 


CYNOPHORE. 

This is a carriage for one person, and is 
driven by dogs. Raised six inches within 
the tires of the wheels are wire enclosures, 
with circular floorings of the same material. 
The dogs being placed, one in each of 
these cages, and started up hill—for it 
is all up-hill work—give motion to the 










GERMANY.-PORCELAIN. 


163 


wheels, and drive the carriage. One of 
these carriages has been tried on the 
grounds, and made ten miles an hour. It 
is said that the device is approved by emi¬ 
nent members of the Paris Society for the 
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals; but, 
nevertheless, it seemed as if it would be 
pretty hard on the unfortunate canines. 
N. Huret, Phila., agent. 


GERMANY. 

Germany covers an area of 208,000 
square miles, and has a population of 42,- 
757,812. The empire is remarkably rich 
in minerals, as the following statistics of 
the most important metallurgic products 
during 1874 will show:— 


Mineral coals, - 

- 

$160,603,688 

Ores, - - - 


17,447,968 

Mineral salts, - 

- 

1,232,655 

Common salt, * 

- - - 

2,778,147 

Pig-iron, - - 

- 

36,217,948 

Cast-iron goods, 

- - - 

27,782,225 

Wrought-iron, 

- 

61,828,928 

Steel, - - - 

- 

23,248,626 

Zinc, - - - 


7,161,880 

Lead, - - - 


7,239,753 

Copper, - - - 


2,720,336 

Silver, - - - 

- 

6,643,338 

Gold, mercury, 

cadmi- 


um, nickel, cobalt, tin, 


bismuth, antimony, 


uranium, and 

arsenic, 


together, 

- 

1,351,010 


Sulphuric acid from ores, 1,18 6,15 8 

The various mines, smelting, and salt 
works, gave, during the same year, em¬ 
ployment to 443,211 workmen. The iron 
industry is the most extensive, and is scat¬ 
tered throughout the whole country; single 
works where pig-iron is made into cast 
ware being numerous. The coal mines are 
principally located in Upper Silesia; the 
rest in various portions of the empire. 

The porcelain industry is carried on to 
an immense extent, and from the works 
controlled by the government, the treasury 
receives a large income. 

The textile manufactures consumed dur¬ 
ing the year 1871, 2,336,508,000 pounds 
of raw cotton, and 1,350,000,000 pounds of 
raw wool. The manufactures of silk goods, 
during 1873, amounted to $50,000,000. 

The exhibit, though very completely and 
systematically arranged, is deficient in all 
of its departments. The manufacturers 


who exhibit, invariably have superior 
goods, yet most of the industries repre¬ 
sented are wanting in many particulars. 
One of the principal causes of this defi¬ 
ciency is the great distance to the seat of 
the exhibition, incurring heavy expense 
and risk, and in but few cases being of any 
advantage pecuniarily. 

Bavaria ranks prominently among the 
hop-producing countries of the European 
continent. The cultivation of this plant is 
quite old in the northern part of said coun¬ 
try; the provinces of Upper and Middle 
Franconia produce the very finest qualities 
of hops. The culture in Bavaria occupies an 
area of about 44,500 acres, and the average 
production is 250,000 cwt. Nuremberg 
constitutes the center of the German hop 
trade—more than one hundred and twenty 
firms being found there. In Bavaria, beer 
is produced in nearly 5,000 breweries; the 
greater part thereof finding home consump¬ 
tion. The annual production amounts to 
336,887,000 gallons. The export to the 
United States amounted to: 

1871-2. 1872-3. 1873-4. 

Of hops, - - $286,635 $538,400 $613,820 

Of beer, - - - 72,250 33,075 

In Germany there are 310,000 acres of 
land devoted solely to the cultivation of 
the vine. The total production in the Em¬ 
pire—excluding Alsace-Lorraine—amount¬ 
ed to about 53,000,000 gallons in 1870. 

More earnest and systematic attention is 
paid to education in Germany than in any 
other part of Europe. Children are com¬ 
pelled to attend school for four or five 
years at least, and, as a consequence, the 
proportion of persons w T ho can read and 
write is exceedingly large. The elementary 
schools number 60,000, and have an at- 
tendance of 6,000,000 scholars. In 1873 
there were over 1,000 middle schools, at¬ 
tended by 177,379 pupils. The universi¬ 
ties number 21, have 1,620 professors, and 
17,858 students. Besides the above, there 
are ten polytechnic schools. Public libra¬ 
ries, to the number of 150; museums, gar¬ 
dens, and art collections are found in all 
the principal cities, and in many of the 
larger towns. 


PORCELAIN. 

It was one of the aims of Frederick the 
Great to introduce the manufacture of por¬ 
celain into Germany. During the most 

















164 


GERMANY.—GLASS-WARE, GOLD AND SILVER WARES. 


prosperous period of his reign, a young 
man who was familiar with all the details 
of making this fictile ware, was met and 
engaged by a prominent merchant of Ber¬ 
lin. Under the supervision of this man a 
factory was commenced, and as soon as its 
success was assured ft became subject to 
the ruler. As a recompense for his secret, 
the young foreigner received $10,000 
down ; a life income of $1,000, and a house 
and firewood free. 

ROYAL PORCELAIN MANUFAC¬ 
TORY; established by Frederick the 
Great in Berlin, in 1763.—The center of 
the exhibit is occupied by a large speci¬ 
men, known as the V ictoria V ase, which 
has upon it, very delicately and faithfully 
portrayed, the picture of “Aurora,” after 
Guido Reni. Value, $6,500 gold. Directly 
in front of this is the Germania Vase, with 
the pictures, Germania cultivating the Arts 
and Sciences, upon one side, and Borussia, 
the Shield and Protectress of the Empire, 
on the other, after Heyden. Value, $4,- 
500 gold. The vases shown are of un¬ 
usual size and elaborate ornamentation. 
Many dinner sets, (ranging from $800 to 
$1,300,) vases, figures, ornaments, etc., are 
shown, all displaying unvarying superiority 
in design and execution. 

The exhibits of china and porcelain, cru¬ 
cibles and kilns, and mosaic flooring, etc., 
number twelve. Owing to the expense 
and risk of exhibiting so far from home, 
the German porcelain industry is not fairly 
represented. This deficiency will be found 
not only in this trade, but in many others. 
The German commissioners state that their 
manufacturers did not know how much in¬ 
terest the Americans took in the Centen¬ 
nial, and, as a consequence, did not make 
extensive displays. They now feel deeply 
chagrined, and promise when another Ex¬ 
hibition shall take place in America to 
have every industry fully represented. 


GLASS-WARE. 

The manufacture of looking-glasses in¬ 
cludes four different processes: making the 
glass, grinding and polishing, foliating with 
an amalgam of tin, or with silver, and fram¬ 
ing and finishing the mirrors. The making 
of glass by casting and blowing is carried 
on in Thuringia and the Bavarian Forest. 
The plates are ground and polished in 
widely separated establishments, water¬ 


power being exclusively used. The ma¬ 
chinery for this purpose is still rather 
primitive, the improvements being but 
slowly adopted. The foliating of the glass 
is performed at Fiirth only, where there 
are thirty prominent, and several smaller 
houses for amalgam, and three for silver 
foliating. The finishing also takes place 
in this city. They manufacture about 60,- 
000 small looking-glasses per annum. The 
exportation of looking-glasses and mirror- 
plates to the United States amounted to 

1871-2. 1872-3. 1873-4. 1874-5. 

$796,890 $819,000 $787,150 $773,120 

The Company of the MIRRORS AND 
CHEMICAL MANUFACTURERS, of St. 
Gobain; Chauney & Cirey, of Stolber- 
gand, Manheim, was established in 1854. 
They have a fine exhibit of mirror plate- 
glass, raw glass, etc. They show two very 
large, clear, and even plate glass panes, 
also superior mirrors of great clearness 
and admirable finish. There are several 
other exhibits, which contain fine speci¬ 
mens of glass-ware. 


GOLD AND SILVER WARES. 

The manufacture of gold and silver ware 
is carried on extensively in the city of 
Berlin, by the aid of various machines. 
Transplanted there in the sixteenth and 
seventeenth centuries by French and 
Dutch immigrants, the producing of jewel¬ 
ry employs a considerable part of the popu¬ 
lation of Hanau and its vicinity, counting 
about 20,000 souls. In the last-mentioned 
section there are 130 manufacturers of 
jewelry and gems, 35 of chains, three of 
silver-ware, and 12 precious stone and 
cameo cutters, besides several auxiliary in¬ 
dustries. The number of workmen is esti¬ 
mated at about 2,000; the value of the 
material worked up, at more than $1,500,- 
000. Only one-third of this finds a market 
in Germany; the remainder is exported. 
The value of the products of Pforzheim is 
$8,750,000. In Gmimd there are melted 
precious metals to the value of $875,000. 
One prominent industry is the art of work¬ 
ing agate into jewelry. This takes an hon¬ 
orable standing in German manufactures, 
not only on account of its singleness, but 
also for the sake of the beauty and value of 
its productions. This branch now employs 
190 cutting mills, 1,600 grinders , 27f) 
borers, 700 jewelers, 300 cutters, and 130 







GERMANY. IVORY WARE, METAL PRODUCTS, MATHEMATICAL INSTRUMENTS, ETC. 1G5 


traders. Their goods find a market in 
foreign countries. 

HUMBERT & HEYLAND, Berlin.— 
Established 1820. This exhibit consists of 
a set of twenty-one pieces of solid silver, 
in imitation of those found at Hildesheim a 
few years since. The originals were sup¬ 
posed to have belonged to a Roman gen¬ 
eral, and to have been buried by him 
when the invasion of Germany took place. 
The set exhibited is valued at $4,080. 
The German government paid $200,000 
for the original, and placed it in the Berlin 
Museum. Another interesting exhibit is 
made by KOCK & BERGFELD, of Bre¬ 
men, established in 1831. The center of 
this display is occupied by an equestrian 
statue, in solid silver, of the Emperor Wil¬ 
liam. The piece is well designed and ele¬ 
gantly wrought, and valued at $1,000. 
Near this is a solid silver tea-set, trimmed 
in gold, consisting of seven pieces, and 
valued at $2,000. There is still another 
set, beautifully ornamented in mosaic, and 
worth $2,500. The exhibits of polished 
stones number nine; of gold and silver¬ 
ware, forty-nine. 

One of the finest exhibits of bronze 
goods is made by C. FELSING, of Berlin, 
established in 1820. He displays bronze 
figures in abundance, very elegantly and 
truthfully executed, consisting of statu¬ 
ettes, busts, clocks, and large, fine-toned 
music-boxes. The display is attractive, 
both for the real superiority of the work, 
and for the variety and taste of the ar¬ 
rangements. 


IVORY WARE. 

HEINR. AD. MEYER, Hamburg.— 
Established 1864. This is one of the most 
attractive displays in the building, both for 
the unique case and the elegance and vari¬ 
ety of its contents. The base of the cen¬ 
tral case is square, having the desk and 
side portions inclosed in glass. From the 
top of this rises a high square column, with 
carved corners, and beautifully domed. 
This contains the ivory as received in tusks. 
In the larger case are ivory articles in pro¬ 
fusion, and for all purposes, most delicately 
carved. Standing at each corner of this 
case is a smaller one, though of equal 
finish. In these are balls, chess-men, orna¬ 
ments, jewelry, etc. All the goods will bear 
the closest scrutiny, and are much admired. 


METAL PRODUCTS AND WARES. 

The national development of mining has 
in Germany always been greatly aided by 
the progress of geology. This science had, 
for a long time, been pursued by merely 
scientific men. In Prussia, in 1873, how¬ 
ever, a special national institution has been 
called into existence, which extends geo¬ 
logical investigation over the whole coun¬ 
try in a most methodical manner, and en¬ 
ters into the minutest details thereof. In 
the Royal Prussian Saltwork, at Stassfurt, 
mining was begun in 1851; the extraction 
of rock-salt in 1857, and that of salt of 
potassium in 1861. Of the former a mil¬ 
lion cwt.; of the latter, about three million 
cwt. a year are produced. There are other 
fine exhibits containing rich specimens of 
lead, zinc, iron, and other ores. The dis¬ 
plays of worked-up metals contain iron and 
steel boiler and stamped plate, rolled double 
T-iron, and several cannons. Under this 
head may be placed the many attractive 
exhibits of cutlery,'of superior metal and 
excellent workmanship. 


MATHEMATICAL INSTRUMENTS. 

The manufacture of mathematical instru¬ 
ments in Germany goes back in its begin¬ 
nings as far as the sixteenth, or, perhaps, 
the fifteenth, century, and was then always 
found connected with that of watches, 
clocks, astronomical and geodetical instru¬ 
ments. Moving within but a limited sphere 
of action in the seventeenth and eighteenth 
centuries, it developed greatly about the 
middle of the present, and the quality of the 
products was lessened. The manufacturers, 
during the past score of years, have re¬ 
sumed the proper way, and now they pro¬ 
duce instruments of splendid quality. The 
exportation to the United States may be 
valued at about $9,000 a year. A correct 
statement of its value cannot be made, since 
mathematical instruments are always reg¬ 
istered in the shipping invoices, together 
with other philosophical instruments. 


CLOCKS, ETC. 

Owing to the barrenness of the soil, and 
the natural inclination of the intellect, 
clock-making was introduced at the end of 
the seventeenth century. Starting from a 
simple furniture, made merely of wood, 
time pieces of high perfection have been 












166 GERMANY.-GOLD LEAF AND BRONZE POWDERS, MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, ETC. 


produced. At present the works are made 
either of wood or of metal of various 
grades of preparation. They run from a 
day to several weeks, worked by weights or 
springs. In striking-clocks, the bell or 
sounding spring is frequently replaced by 
a small musical box, producing the song of 
a bird, fanfares, and the like. The size 
varies from that of a little fancy clock— 
smaller, often, than a watch—to that of a 
steeple-clock. There is little variety in the 
outer completion, which is generally ac¬ 
commodated to the destination of the 
work and the taste of the buyers. Owing 
to this variety, enormous quantities of 
clocks are exported to the most distant 
countries, the annual production amount¬ 
ing to about 1,800,000 clocks, worth $4,- 
500,000. The clocks are made partly in 
manufactories of a late creation, which 
make use of the latest improvements in 
machinery, and of the abundant water¬ 
power of the forest; and partly they are 
productions of domestic industry. 

The exhibit in this line consists of one 
accurate steeple-clock, with a very elegant¬ 
ly ornamented bell, of clear tone, swung 
upon an iron frame. Also astronomical 
clocks, regulators, etc., of superior work¬ 
manship. The cases are of wood, both 
plain and carved. JOINT EXHIBIT OF 
SCHWARZWALD CLOCKS—Here we 
find a great variety of wooden clocks, all 
attractive, and some very elaborate in or¬ 
namentation. Many are cuckoo and musi¬ 
cal clocks, and when about to strike the 
hours, invariably have many spectators. 
One case is in the form of a castle, the 
face being just above the door, before 
which a sentinel paces up and down. The 
hours are told by a cuckoo. One large 
clock with a compensating pendulum, 
carved case of walnut, is valued at $500. 
All are of superior make and reliable. 


GOLD LEAF AND BRONZE POWDERS. 

The manufacture of metal foils and 
bronze powders, of which, for quite a con¬ 
siderable length of time, the two neighbor¬ 
ing towns, Nuremberg and Fiirth, have 
been the principal seats, is represented by 
more than seventy establishments in the 
former place, and by more than two hun¬ 
dred in the latter. Besides these, the 
entire vicinity of these places, to a compass 
of several German miles, participates there¬ 


in, the various large and small water- 
powers being made tributary to this 
manufacture. Several of the firms pro¬ 
duce to the value of $100,000 per annum. 
Metal foils are, for the most part, exported 
to East-Asia, America, Italy, Russia, and 
the Orient, while bronze powders are mostly 
consumed at homp. The exportation of 
these goods to the United States amounted 
to $204,740, of metal foils and bronze 
powders in 1874-5, and $16,340 of leonic 
goods, in the same year. The exhibits 
under this class are of goods of fine quality, 
shown in handsome cases. 


MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. 

The manufacture of musical instruments 
takes a prominent standing in German in¬ 
dustry. Building of pianos is developed 
above all. The chief seats of this industry 
are Berlin, Leipsic, Stuttgart, with an an¬ 
nual production of 5,000. German organ¬ 
building enjoys an equal reputation. The 
manufacture of stringed instruments takes 
place in the entire empire. The produc¬ 
tion of wind instruments, and the like, 
beaten by the player, takes place in all the 
larger, and a good many smaller, towns of 
Germany. As a specialty, the production 
of mouth-harmonicas may be mentioned, 
for which the Wurtembergian towns of 
Trossingen and Knittlingen are famous. 

The exhibits consist of splendidly-made 
square and upright parlor and grand 
pianos, with elegantly-finished cases, with 
clear and full tones; several excellent or¬ 
gans; a large collection of violins, guitars, 
and brass and German-silver wind instru¬ 
ments of all kinds. Considered as a whole, 
the display is of superior workmanship, and 
of fine designs. 


FURNITURE, TOYS, ETC. 

The German furniture on exhibition is 
of the heavy, massive style, richly orna¬ 
mented with carvings. One large side¬ 
board, with carved panels, representing 
hunting scenes, is of superior workman¬ 
ship; the design being natural and well 
carried out. There are several cabinets of 
polished ebony with panels of painted por¬ 
celain. One very attractive exhibit is 
made by MAYR’S WORKSHOP FOR 
CHURCH ARTICLES, Munich. — The 
center of this exhibit is occupied by a very 
elaborate church altar, ornamented in gilt. 









GERMANY.-CHEMICALS, ETC., TEXTILE FABRICS. 


167 


with recesses in which are small images. 
Surrounding this are various figures used 
in the Roman church. The works dis¬ 
played are all of a superior grade, and 
constantly attract the attention and admir¬ 
ation of visitors. 

Nuremberg and Fiirth are the chief 
seats in the trade in toys and small goods; 
the former possessing more than one hun¬ 
dred, and the latter over fifty exporting 
houses, all of which produce goods worth 
almost a million of dollars a year. The 
production of small goods, however, has 
also one of its chief seats here, and is 
partly traced back by tradition to the six¬ 
teenth century. The' toys are of wood, 
paste-board, sheet-iron, and tin. The small 
goods of bone, ivory, shell, and horn, are 
most prominently manufactured here in 
great quantities and at low prices. In a 
few cases the manufacture is carried on 
upon a large scale, following the principle 
of dividing the work. They make some 
200,000 dozen combs a year, valued at 
$400,000. They use 750,000 horns, 200 
cwt. of ivory, and 100,000 hoops. The 
production of hair pencils in Nuremberg 
had, in the last few years, a value of nearly 
$400,000. The brier-wood pipes annually 
made are worth more than $60,000. The 
exports to the United States in 1874-5 of 
toys and small goods were worth $219,- 
840; of brushes and hair-pencils, $6,500; 
of combs, $190. The huge displays of 
the above articles are tastefully arranged 
in large handsome cases of black walnut. 


CHEMICALS, ETC. 

The principal products of the chemical 
industry of Germany are, mineral acids, 
soda, and bleaching agents. The high 
duties on these articles render their ex¬ 
portation to the United States impossible. 
Scarcely ten years ago potashes were al¬ 
most exclusively imported from America 
and Russia; they are now produced at 
home. At present Germany produces 
about 150,000 cwt. of carbonate of potash. 
Germany has quite a number of establish¬ 
ments wherein only alkaloids are manufac¬ 
tured. An important specialty consists in 
the production of chemical preparations of 
value and interest in a scientific point of 
view. Essential oils, for the preparation 
of which Leipsic has long been a world- 
renowned center, are made in great quan¬ 


tities. Of mineral colors, ultramarine is 
by far the most essential. Germany ex¬ 
ports four times as much ultramarine as 
all the other countries put together. Her 
annual production is valued at $2,500,000. 
Coal-tar products, especially aniline colors, 
are produced in great abundance. A 
chemical manufacture which must be 

looked upon as a specialty of the empire_ 

mineral oil and paraffine—is well repre¬ 
sented in the Exhibition. Since German 
mineral oils are not able to compete with 
American petroleum, foreign manufactur¬ 
ers have devoted their whole energy to im¬ 
proving the process involved in the pro¬ 
ductions of paraffines. Much of this is 
worked up in the form of candles, while a 
large proportion is exported crude. A mong 
other branches of German chemical indus¬ 
try which contribute to the American, 
are soaps, perfumes, toilet articles, gela¬ 
tine. glue, lacs, varnishes, and inks. 

The specimens of the above articles 
shown in the Centennial, are carefully ar¬ 
ranged, correctly labeled, and contained in 
handsome cases. The Germans make a 
larger display in this line than any foreign 
country. 


TEXTILE FABRICS. 

The textile industry is one of the most 
important in Germany. The production 
is so extensive that this country competes 
with the most prominent manufacturing 
states in the world’s market, and the 
fabrics rank first as articles of export. 
The manufacture of woolen cloth was de¬ 
veloped at an early date—in the district of 
the Lower Rhine as early as the twelfth 
ceutury; later, it spread to the Russian 
provinces. Spanish merino sheep, intro¬ 
duced in 1760, particularly influenced the 
development of the industry. The wool 
produced in Germany in 1873, was 625,- 
000 cwt. The import amounted to 1,088,- 
700 cwt., and the export to 249,000 cwt., 
so that the wool consumed in the empire 
in 1873 weighed 1,464,700 cwt. There 
are about 1,400,000 spindles for carded 
yarns. Next to the manufacture of cloth, 
that of fabrics for dress of worsted woolen 
yarns, and that of mixed fabrics, are of 
prominent importance. The process of 
dyeing pursued in this country is far supe¬ 
rior to that of any other. England has 
been obliged to resign a considerable part 










163 


GERMANY.-PRINTING AND PUBLISHING, BOOKS, STATIONERY, ETC. 


of the transmarine business in this line to 
German manufacturers. The shawl man¬ 
ufacture has its chief seat in Berlin, and 
furnishes goods of excellent designs at 
moderate prices. The carpet industry is 
well developed, and of especial importance 
are the imitations of Smyrna carpets, 
which are made in the Oriental way, in 
fine qualities and patterns. France, Eng¬ 
land, and America are the principal 
markets. 

Cotton spinning by machinery has as¬ 
sumed considerable dimensions, and em¬ 
ploys at present about 5,100,000 spindles. 
Cotton weaving is mostly done with power 
looms. Printing is probably the most im¬ 
portant branch of this industry. 

The linen industry ranks next in import- 
tance to the cotton. German silk goods 
manufacture has its chief seat in Rhenish 
Prussia. 

The total value of the silk production in 
1872 was estimated at $37,900,000. In 
the district of Crefeld alone, there were in 
1872, 33,310 looms in use, with an aver¬ 
age business capital of $19,750,000. The 
most varied kinds of fabrics—black and 
colored dress stuffs, from the heaviest faille 
textiles to the lightest linings, figured and 
striped dress stuffs, church paraments, 
figured and plain articles in silk and semi¬ 
silk, satins, and black and colored velvets, 
and velvet ribbons — are manufactured 
there. 

The German lace industry is far ad¬ 
vanced in Saxony, where it is the employ¬ 
ment of the female population. 

The manufacture of gloves of every de¬ 
scription is carried on to a great extent. 
They are made of kid, wash-leather, wool¬ 
en, and silk, and the surplus finds markets 
in America, England, Holland, and Russia. 

In the manufacture of ladies’ wearing 
apparel, the city of Berlin ranks next to 
Paris. The articles in some instances are 
of rare elegance of materials, and of splen¬ 
did patterns. 

One of the most prominent houses ex¬ 
hibiting, is that of GEBBARD & CO., 
Elberfield.—Established in 1810. A very 
large and magnificent walnut and plate- 
glass case contains' this exhibit, of plain 
and figured velvets, silks of delicate shades, 
figured gold cloths, in beautiful patterns, 
and made for the East India market, etc. 
The display is remarkable for its great va¬ 
riety and elegance. The firm employs five 


thousand men and an immense capital. 
Another fine exhibit is made by the ME¬ 
CHANICAL WEAVING CO., Linden, 
near Hanover.—Established 1835. This 
is the finest case in the building, being oc¬ 
tagonal in form, the sides being enclosed 
in glass, the pillars and sashes covered 
with velvet. The dome is of glass, and 
surmounted by a small cupola. The in¬ 
terior is divided into four compartments, 
in each of which is a display of cotton 
velvets, of all shades, and tastefully ar¬ 
ranged. The exhibit excites universal ad¬ 
miration, both from the quality and beauty 
of its wares. 

Here are other exhibits of the textile in¬ 
dustry of Germany, which contain the 
finest specimens of each branch. They are 
arranged with great taste and care, and in 
handsome walnut cases. The displays in 
the above mentioned branches number 
seventy-six. 


PRINTING AND PUBLISHING. 

The collective exhibit of the German 
publishers is very complete and attractive, 
and consists of the German and classic lit¬ 
erature, elegantly printed and profusely 
illustrated. As this nation stands among 
the first in science, and her scientific works 
comprise a large portion of her writings, 
the display in this line is unexceptionable. 
A much admired part of the display is the 
lithography and color printing, which are 
very superior, and well merit the enconi- 
ums passed upon them. There are works 
in abundance, handsomely illustrated with 
wood cuts. The array is conveniently ar¬ 
ranged and well located. 


BOOKS, STATIONERY, ETC. 

The development of the German book 
traffic was augmented by the discovery of 
printing. German printing missionaries 
transplanted the new art to France, Italy, 
Spain, Sweden, and Poland; and Caxton, 
the founder of printing in England, learned 
the art in this country. In Germany the 
trade in Scriptures was, even in the time 
of manuscripts, free and unimpeded. Fa¬ 
vored by these circumstances, the book- 
trade developed rapidly, and became of 
vital importance to the mental culture of 
Europe. At present, there are published 
in the domain of the German tongue, 12,- 
000 volumes of new works, continuations 







AUSTRIA. 


1G9 


and new editions, a year. The statistics 
of France and England do not present 
much more than 5,000 publications. 

The German publishers are more liberal 
in the use of wood cuts in their books, 
than those of any other land. Although 
plate engraving has been greatly perfected, 
the wood-cut occupies the largest position. 
Lithography and color-printing are exten¬ 
sively used, and have, in the past few years, 
greatly advanced. 

The exhibits under these heads consists 
of fine chromos, engravings, and blank- 
books, and paper of every description. A 
minute examination of these will convince 
the visitor that Germany ranks high as a 
printing people, and produces work equal 
to that of any other country. 

In the manufacture of lead-pencils, Ger¬ 
many has led the world for many years. 
One of the finest exhibits in this line, is 
made by A. W. FxVBER, Stein, near Nu- 
remburg.—Established, 1761. This is a 
very large exhibit of the famous lead- 
pencils, water-colors, artists’ materials, etc. 
The appearance is very attractive and 
much admired. 

It may be of some interest to the mil¬ 
lions of consumers of lead pencils to know 
a little of the material of which they are 
made. Graphite or plumbago is but spar¬ 
ingly found in the earth. 

At Borrowdale, England, a kind of irreg¬ 
ular vein is found traversing the ancient 
slate beds. This produces the finest plum¬ 
bago in the world, but the mine is worked 
but once a year, and then only for a short 
period—sometimes not over three weeks. 
The supply for the London market, whence 
it is shipped to all quarters, only amounts to 
£3,000, or $15,000. A portion is sent to 
New York, and a further supply to Stein, 
Germany. It consists essentially of pure 
carbon, although most specimens contain 
iron, the quantity of which varies from a 
mere trace to 5 per cent. Crystals are not 
common ; when they occur they have the 
figure of a hexagonal prism. In the 
United States it is found at Sturbridge, 
Mass., Ticonderoga, N. Y., Brandon, A t., 
and at Wade, N. C. A large bed is said 
to have been lately found upon the 
Shawangunk mountain near Middletown, 
N. Y., but the deposit contains crystals that 
have thus far proved quite unmanagable. 

Graphite is infusible at the highest heat 
of the furnace, and is therefore extremely 


valuable for crucibles and melting pots. It 
is purified by Brodie’s process, being treated 
with potassium and nitric acid. After 
drying, it is condensed to a solid by hydro¬ 
static pressure. Our scientists have long v 
sought other uses for graphite ; and appear 
to contemplate its further employment. 

In the display of Seychelles is an ele¬ 
phant made entirely of plumbago. It 
stands nearly one foot high, and is a very 
perfect representation. It is very black in 
color—has a dull polish, and feels greasy. 
Though much handled by visitors, it does 
not appear to have suffered; being ap¬ 
parently as perfect now as when the Main 
Building was first opened. The exhibition 
of this little toy—for it was really nothing 
else, drew hundreds to the small though 
highly interesting display of Seychelles. 


AUSTRIA. 

The Empire of Austria is composed of 
two component parts, which are denomin¬ 
ated Austrian State Territory, or Western 
Half of the Empire, comprising all those 
kingdoms and dependencies that are repre¬ 
sented in Parliament; and Hungarian State 
Territory, or Eastern Half of the Empire, 
comprising the kingdoms and dependencies 
of the Hungarian Crown. The total area 
of the united realm is 374,427 square miles. 
The population at the last census was (ex¬ 
clusive of the military in active service) 
35,034,858. The population of Vienna, the 
capital, was, in 1875, 1,020,770, including 
the army. 

Nearly one-third of the total population 
are employed in husbandry and the culture 
of timber. The average value of the crops 
in this industry amounts to $490,000,000. 
Austria is, next to Switzerland, the most 
mountainous country in Europe, and is very 
rich in minerals. According to the census 
of December 31, 1869, 154,489 persons 
were engaged in mining and smelting. 

The quantitative returns for 1874, were 
330,000 tons of iron; 2,800 of zinc; 6,700 
of lead and litharge; 900 of sulphur; 1,800 
of alum; 280,000 of salt; and 7,500,000 of 
pit coal and brown coal. The value of min¬ 
ing and salt productions amounts to $50,- 
000,000. The glass ware made in Bohemia 
is world-renowned, both for its elegance and 
delicacy. This industry engages many thou¬ 
sand people, and requires an immense capital. 

The system of education is very com- 







170 


AUSTRIAN DEPARTMENT—GLASS AND PORCELAIN. 


plete, and it may be mentioned that, in the 
Western division of the Empire, the estab¬ 
lishment of a public elementary school is 
enforced upon every parish where, within 
the circuit of an hour’s journey, there are at 
least fortv children of from six to fourteen 

%r 

years of age, bound by law to attend school. 
The monarchy is especially rich in museums 
and libraries. 

The above statistics were obtained from 
the Austrian catalogue. 

The most important plants used in man¬ 
ufactures and commerce are flax and hemp. 
The first is cultivated in all parts of the 
country, while the second is confined to a 
few districts. Bears are abundant in the 
wooded sections, and wolves, jackals, and 
lynxes are met on the frontier. Animals 
valued for their fur are found mostly in 
Dalmatia. The rivers of Austria produce 
valuable fish; one article of considerable 
importance is the leech, found chiefly in 
Hungary. 

Austria yields about 2,500,000 silk 
cocoons annually. The silk trade is most 
extensively carried on in the Tyrol, the 
supply being 32,000 cocoons a year. The 
annual value of the industry is estimated 
at nearly $30,000,000. 

The imports during the year 1874 were 
valued at $282,800,000 ; and the exports 
at $226,100,000. The exports and imports 
of Dalmatia—not included in above—were 
$4,800,000, and $3,300,000, respectively. 


GLASS AND PORCELAIN. 

J. & L. LOBMERS, Vienna.—Firm estab¬ 
lished in 1823, and at present employs 
1,000 men, and offers an exhibit of Bohe¬ 
mian glass ware valued at $40,000. White 
crystal glass finished in white, red, and green 
enamel and gold. Cut-glass crystal, cut in 
“Kococco” style and decoration. Several 
kinds of Bene, or milk-glass, painted and 
decorated very beautifully. One complete 
set, carved in royal blue, valued at $1,200, 
duty included. Same quality of glass dec¬ 
orated in Etruscan style. A collection of 
ten superbly ornamented vases, in the high¬ 
est style and finish. German antique and 
Venetian specimens richly decorated in white 
enamel and gold. White crystal, covered 
with a film of pink, blue, or green. In cut¬ 
ting, the colored layer is removed and re¬ 


veals the white, making beautiful work. 
Very rich, dark blue specimens, with white 
enamel decorations. Crystal table ware in 
profusion, and of equal elegance. One plate, 
in which the cutting is afterward polished, 
thus produces a fine effect. Value, $180. 
Also, crystal chandeliers, in Oriental and 
Renaissance style. Mirrors in Venetian style, 
with painted figures on the glass plate; and 
one with engraved inlaid frame. The ex- 
hibit is deservedly admired, and is a fine 
specimen of the celebrated Bohemian glass. 

NEUWELT GLASS MANUFACTORY, 
of H. H. Count Ilarrach.—Every descrip¬ 
tion of glass ware. One pair of elegantly 
painted pink vases, valued at $150. One 
complete toilet set in “ cali ” blue, decorated 
in gold, valued at $400. The whole work is 
superior, and is collectively valued at 
$ 12 , 000 . 

In the glass department we find Bohemian 
colored and stained hollow ware, artistic in 
form and beautiful in ornamentation. Toilet 
sets, table services, vases, wine-glasses, and 
decanters, in great abundance; and all pre¬ 
senting the same superiority. One glass 
pitcher, with the figures Morning, Noon, 
Evening, and Night, very elegantly cut, 
worth $400. Engraved goblets, valued at 
$216 in gold per dozen. Very beautiful 
opal glass articles; vases, crystals, services, 
&c. Chandelier crystals, glass buttons, 
pearls, and trinkets in great variety. Large 
assortment of glass for chemical purposes. 
Spun glass and glass silk, and articles made 
of it. 

PORCELAIN MANUFACTORY, I. R., 
Chartered of H. Excellency Count Thun, at 
Klosterle.—The house was established in 
1794 ; at present employs 400 men, and the 
business annually amounts to $162,500. 
Here we have presented an exhibit of richly 
finished dinner, coffee, and tea services, of 
fine ornamentation. 

MORIZ FISCHER’S SONS, of Vienna.— 
Established 1839. This firm has been al¬ 
most exclusively engaged in the reproduc¬ 
tion of antique porcelain ware, after the 
most celebrated models. The articles shown 
are fine specimens of porcelain manufacture. 
The collection is valued at $4,000. 

Clay ware tiles, enamels for porcelain, 
handsome dinner and tea services. 

J. ZASCHE, of Vienna, presents a re¬ 
markably fine exhibit of porcelain and en¬ 
amel paintings. One elegantly painted plate 
valued at $325. In a small case is a jewelry 





AUSTRIAN DEPARTMENT-MEERSCHAUM AND AMBER, TEXTILE FABRICS, ETC. 171 


casket of ebony, with painted panels and lid. 
The work is exceedingly well executed. It 
is valued at $1,000. 


MEERSCHAUM AND AMBER. 

L. HARTMANN & SON-IN-LAW, of 
Vienna.—This firm was established in 1829, 
and the value of the annual productions is 
$195,000, only one-tentli of which remains 
in the country. The house presents a large 
exhibit of smokers’ articles, of meerschaum 
and amber, carved and decorated. The 
case containing them is square, and has each 
side filled with an endless variety of their 
goods. The center of the side facing the 
main aisle, is occupied by a chandelier made 
entirely of amber. A very handsomely 
carved column rests in the center of a six- 
pointed star, surrounding which is a balus¬ 
trade made of turned posts, covered by a 
delicate bar. The ornamentation under¬ 
neath is very profuse and attractive. Upon 
each point of the star rests a small cande¬ 
labra to hold four candles. A chain extends 
from each point to the capital of the col¬ 
umn. The design is very beautiful. Value, 
$ 8 , 000 . 

There are many exhibits, containing, su¬ 
perbly carved pipe bowls of meerschaum ; 
bowls that have been colored a rich brown ; 
plain and carved mouthpieces of amber; 
cigar holders cut in delicate patterns. One 
large and elegantly carved meerschaum bowl, 
with cover to match, valued at $800. The 
work of FRANCIS HIESS of VIENNA. 


TEXTILE FABRICS. 

The exhibit of textile fabrics is comprised 
of goods of elegant patterns and excellent 
quality. 

IILAWATSCII & ISBARY, from Vienna, 
have an exhibit of elegant cashmere, wool, 
silk, and cotton shawls, worked in very at¬ 
tractive patterns. The firm was established 
in 1831, and during the past five years, has 
produced 43,419 shawls. Workmen em¬ 
ployed, 1,031. 

A large array of silk goods, plain and 
figured ; black and colored silk cloths, of 
finest quality; silk ribbons and velvets. 

The exhibit of Austrian laces is large and 
of rare elegance. The pieces are spread out 
upon appropriate backgrounds, thus en¬ 
abling the critic to fully examine the pattern 
and work. Many splendidly embroidered 
kerchiefs, lace collars, and cuffs. 


E. A. RICHTER, of Vienna.—Very beau¬ 
tiful exhibit of embroideries for furniture, 
ottomans, &c.; their specimens will bear the 
closest scrutiny; also, chenille wool, silks, 
and all necessary articles for work of this 
description. 

A large array of linen cloths, threads, and 
embroidered house linen of every kind. 

J. GINZKEY, Maffersdorf, Zittau.—Ware- 
house in Vienna. This firm employs 1,100 
men. Their display consists of heavy car¬ 
pets, rugs, and blankets, of superior quality. 

Woolen cloths of every style are shown, 
ranging in quality from the coarse, though 
strong goods, to the finest. Black and 
fancy and military cloths. Ready made 
clothing in the prevailing fashions; strong 
and durable. 


HATS, CAPS, ETC. 

Large array of felt, beaver, and silk hats, 
of every imaginable shape. 

An exhibit of very elegant feather fans, 
with carved ribs of ivory, horn, and wood. 


BRONZE ARTICLES. 

The bronze articles exhibited are infinite 
in variety and of unsurpassed workmanship. 

DZIEDZINSKI & HANUSCI1, Vienna. 
—In the center of this exhibit is a bronze 
clock, the face of which is a globe supported 
by two kneeling figures, and surmounted by 
a figure “ Time.” The decorations are very 
superior. It is valued at $800. 

There are bronze library sets in a great 
variety of patterns. One handsome pitcher 
and plate worth $150. Candelabras, flower 
stands, and frames. One small gilt bronze 
carved frame, decorated with enamels, val¬ 
ued at $350. Also, ornaments and jewelry 
caskets. 


IRON. 

Large collection of highly finished cut¬ 
lery of every description ; tinned and iron- 
plated spoons; names and letters in cast 
metal; indicator plates for house doors. 
The exhibit, though not large, shows supe¬ 
rior workmanship. 


JEWELRY. 

L. A. GOLDSCHMIDT, Dubnik.—This 
gentleman has an exhibit of an uncut opal, 
which weighs 602 carats, and is valued at 











172 AUSTRIAN DEPARTMENT-MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, LEATHERS, FURNITURE, ETC. 


$25,000. One gold bracelet, with figured 
head of the Emperor, cut in opal, and sur¬ 
rounded by diamonds, emeralds, and rubies, 
valued at $10,000. 

The exhibit of garnet jewelry is large, and 
presents many very attractive pieces of work. 
Also, a combination of garnet and turquoises. 

Gold chains very finely chased. Fob and 
vest chains of silver, with carved lockets. 


MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. 

The exhibit under this head, consists of 
finely finished and pleasantly toned brass 
and German silver wind instruments; wood¬ 
en instruments of all kinds; fine violins and 
bass-viols; and a great number of harmo¬ 
nicas. 


LEATHERS. 

This display consists of upper and sole 
leathers; calf-skins; fancy leathers of all 
kinds 


GLOVE LEATHER AND GLOVES. 

Here we find every shade and color of 
glove leather of the finest quality. 

In the manufacture of kid gloves, the 
Austrians are justly celebrated ; and, judging 
from the variety and elegance of their ex¬ 
hibit, their fame is well deserved. In one 
case, twenty exhibitors from Prague, have 
shown an endless variety of kid gloves. 
Scattered about are several small cases con¬ 
taining gloves and gauntlets of all kinds. 

BOOTS, SHOES, ETC. 

Exhibits of strong boots; also, elegant 
boots and shoes for higher classes. 

FANCY LEATHER ARTICLES. 

RODECK BROS., Vienna.—Leather al¬ 
bums ornamented with inlaid flowers and 
scenes painted upon porcelain. Portable ink- 
stands, of fancy leather, trimmed in plated 
gold and silver. 

Very splendid ostrich feather fans, valued 
at $120 apiece. 

CHROMO-LITHOGRAPHS, ETC. 

Large and very beautiful chromo-litho¬ 
graphs are shown. The specimens are of 


great merit, and invariably attract much 
attention. Also, lithographs and books well 
printed. 

Some fine oil paintings which will bear a 
critical examination. Painted medalions for 
decorators; and pictured boxes. 

A collection of very superior engravings; 
drawings, maps, Ac.; photographic views, 
and works upon music. 


STATIONERY. 

Rolls of white paper; plain and fancy 
wall papers; fancy paper boxes; lamp shades 
and lace papers; paper for writing and 
drawing. 

A large variety of printing and writing 
inks and water-colors. 


FURNITURE. 

JACOB A JOSEPH KOIIN, Vienna.— 
Bent wood furniture. Here we find the 
largest article ever made entirely of bent 
wood. It is a high arch, or frame-work, 
resting upon six pillars, and elaborately or¬ 
namented in bent wood. The display is 
replete with handsome and durable chairs 
of all kinds. 

TIIONET BROS., of Vienna.—This is 
the first firm that made bent wood chairs, 
and was established in 1835. Their exhibit 
consists of these articles in great profusion, 
and of every description. The firm at pres¬ 
ent employs 4,500 men and an immense 
capital. 

There is one very elegantly carved side¬ 
board, with extension table and chairs to 
match, all made of ebonized wood, valued at 
$1,800. Picture-frames, with inlaid orna¬ 
mentations. Wooden blinds and mats, very 
strongly made. Veneers aud inlaid floor¬ 
ings in handsome patterns. 


WOOD CARVINGS. 

J. B. UNTERWEGER, Trient.—An ex¬ 
hibit of carvings in wood, of celebrated 
pictures and sculptures. The pieces are re¬ 
markably well executed, and will bear the 
most minute examination. One represents 
a “Tyrolese Dance,” after Deferegger, and 
and another the “ Emperor Maximilian I.’s 
entry into Vienna, after the Turks left it, in 
1490;” carved after the bass-relief in mar¬ 
ble on Maximilian’s tomb. Valued at $350. 
Also, carved church figures, very well done. 
















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BELGIAN DEPARTMENT-BRUSSELS LACE. 


175 


SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS. 

The exhibit of optical and mechanical 
instruments embraces fine scales for measur¬ 
ing gold and silver; apparatus for measuring 
petroleum ; shooting spectacles; chemical 
and philosophical apparatus, very perfectly 
made ; gypsum dressings and dental models ; 
artificial teeth. 


BUTTONS. 

Exhibit of horn buttons; fancy, metal, and 
carved pearl buttons. 

MINERALS. 

Under this head are shown aniline colors, 
glass and soda; crude and smelted ozokerite; 
large array of iron ores; nine kinds of white 
lead ; many colors and varnishes. 


WAX AND SOAPS. 

In this exhibit we find a large sign, the 
center of which is of white stearine, with 
the manufacturer’s name in wax letters; the 
whole being surrounded by a mosaic frame 
of different colored waxes. A great variety 
of toilet soaps and perfumes neatly arranged. 


CHEMICALS. 

This exhibit consists of volatile oils and 
essences; extract of pine spurs; mineral 
products and herbs; insect powders. 


BELGIUM. 

This Kingdom lies north and north-east 
of France ; and south-east of the North Sea. 
Its greatest length is 173 miles, and its great¬ 
est breadth 112 ; whole area, 11,313 square 
miles. It is divided into nine provinces or 
cantons, and has a population of 5,087,105. 
It is the most densely inhabited country of 
Europe, having over 400 souls to the square 
mile. The surface is generally low and 
level, though occasionally diversified by 
mountainous districts, yet there is no eleva¬ 
tion exceeding 2,000 feet. Water is abund¬ 
ant, there being several fine streams; and 
these improved by a general canal system. 
The country is rich in minerals, which, with 
agriculture, add to the national prosperity. 
Iron, lead, zinc, slate, marble, and coal are 
abundant. Of coal, it produces the heavy 

10 


anthracite and the light bituminous; the 
latter especially desirable as a gas coal. In 
1871, Belgium raised 13,753,176 tons, 
worth $30,720,000. Miners employed, 94,- 
186. Miners receive fifty cents a day. 
Cost of production, $1.90 per ton. 

Another source of industry is wool; the 
factories of Venders alone employing 50,- 
000 operatives. Flannels, serges, camlets, 
and carpets are made exclusively; while the 
laces are of the finest texture, and known 
the world over. A lady ignorant of Brussels 
lace is entirely out of the fashion. Most of 
these fabrics are made by hand, though re¬ 
cently very delicate lace machinery has been 
introduced. In the working of metals, the 
Belgians have been remarkably successful; 
and in their sheet-iron fairly rival the cele¬ 
brated Russian material. The exports for 
1873 amounted to $664,500,000, and the 
imports to $769,500,000. Government ex¬ 
penses in 1875, $47,656,288 ; receipts, same 
year, $48,606,520. Schools are supported 
by the communes and State combined, but 
education is not compulsory. Expenses an¬ 
nually, about $2,000,000. 

At the end of 1875 there were 2,020 
miles of railroad, 2,900 miles of telegraph, 
and 574 stations. 

There are 479 post-offices, which trans¬ 
mitted in 1874, 58,036,638 private letters, 
6,035,861 official letters, 58,825,598 news¬ 
papers, and 30,094,027 packets. 


BRUSSELS LACE. 

The display of laces is very large, filling 
several immense cases, and exhibiting the 
finest specimens to be found in the world. 
The industry has been particularly encour¬ 
aged in Belgium, and many families are 
brought up especially devoted to this deli¬ 
cate branch of trade. The exhibitors make 
a collective display, and many of them have 
brought over their very finest fabrications. 
Some specimens are of indifferent qualities, 
and intended to be disposed as cheap laces. 
Others are very costly and of surpassing 
fineness, as well as beautiful and elaborate 
designs. One person only works at a lace 
dress or a lace- shawl, and is frequently oc¬ 
cupied for years before it is completed. 

They pretend to say that if a person dies 
while making a dress,, the unfinished work is 
thrown away, as no other one can perfect 
the design. This is, of course, a fiction, for 
as all the needle work is made by a given 



















176 BELGIAN DEPARTMENT-WOOLENS, COTTON, SILK, FLAX, GLASS, BOOKS, ETC. 


pattern, any one competent to understand 
the design can undoubtedly finish the dress. 
The fable, however, answers to enhance the 
value of the fabric, and is therefore winked 
at by those who are better informed. The 
principal exhibitors are :— 

LEON SACRE, who lias laces of elegant 
designs, at $410 a yard. Lace fans at $200. 

VERDIS-DELISLE & CO., have very cost¬ 
ly laces. One of Applique, $1,500, and 
another of $2,000. Shawls, $1,500. Sub¬ 
ject to duty. 

BUCHOLTZ & CO., for whom Homer 
Collady A Co., Phila., are agents.—One lace 
dress, $7,000. One small butterfly neck 
charm, $10. 

JULIE EVERDERT & SISTER.—One 
shawl on which one girl labored four years; 
price, $1,400. This, though more reason¬ 
able in price, is declared to be the richest 
work of all. 

There are several other exhibitors, who 
offer very choice laces. 


WOOLENS. 

The woolen manufacturers have a fine 
display arranged in handsome and uniform 
cases. The cloths, blankets, yarns, &c., are 
of superior qualities and attract deserved 
attention. There are quite a number of 
these woolen men, and some of the displays 
are large. Among so many, we may name— 

CLEMENT BETTONYILLE, Yerviers. 

BIOLLEY BROS. & CO., Yerviers, for 
whom Leister & Sommerhoff, of N. Y., and 
A. A. Butler, of Phila., are agents. 

BRAQUENIE BROS., Maline.—Rugs, 
$500. Tapestry carpet, $1,000. 

ROLIN, SON & CO., St. Nicholas.— 
Woolen shawls and scarfs. 


COTTON, SILK, AND LINEN. 

In this line there are also many exhibit¬ 
ors, and the goods are well made, while the 
materials are unexceptionable. The cotton 
cloths are remarkably firm, and the linens 
strong and heavy. Among other fabrics, we 
notice the old-fashioned corduroy; once so 
generally used among us. The threads are 
strong; the colors perfect. 

EXHIBITORS :—Parmentier, Yan Hoe- 
garden &, Co.; A. Baertsoen & Buysse ; D. 
Smedt, Ghent; Dcclercq & Clement, Iseg- 
hem, and others. 


FLAX. 

A very fine display of flax, in different 
stages, is made by Ch. Taulez-Bottelier, of 
Bruges. Thev show the male and female 
plants; the first bearing seed and yielding 
white flax; the latter having no seed, and 
producing an inferior, colored article. The 
fiber is very long and strong. 

A very perfect carding machine is in 
this connection. It is from the old house 
of Felix Delrez, of Yerviers. 


GLASS. 

In this line there is a very extensive col¬ 
lective exhibit, mostly confined to common 
plate and window glass, with a few speci¬ 
mens of cut goblets. 

One very elegant mirror, 11 by 16 feet, is 
remarkably clear and perfect. It is said to 
be the largest plate glass that has ever been 
silvered. It was made by the St. Mary’s 
Society, of Oigmes. Shomaker, Phila., 
agent. There is also a very large oval mir¬ 
ror, from Charleroi, that is pronounced a 
perfect glass. 


SCHOOL-HOUSE MODEL. 

In the midst of the Belgian exhibit, is a 
model of a school-house, showing the ar¬ 
rangement of rooms and the location of 
seats and desks. The main entrance is to a 
cloak and wash-room. On one side are pins 
for hats, &c. On the other, wash trough and 
reservoir. No basins are allowed. From 
this room the children pass to the main 
school-room, where the arrangement is simi¬ 
lar to that of our own school-rooms; but 
objects of study are placed in conspicuous 
places, so that the attention of the scholar 
may be constantly drawn to them. 


BOOKS AND STATIONERY. 

In this department we find a goodly dis¬ 
play, mostly from Brussels, Liege, and 
Ghent. The primary books are well pre¬ 
pared ; and the works upon medicine, theol¬ 
ogy, science, and art, are of the most valua¬ 
ble character. Blocks for demonstrating 
geometrical problems, and others for instruc¬ 
tion in architectural designs, are numerous. 
Also, very elegant engraved patterns for lace 
work, and models of tiny figures for illus¬ 
trating army maneuvers. Pictures made by 











BELGIAN DEPARTMENT-CARVED WORK, CHEMICALS, CHOCOLATE, WINES, ETC. 177 


CHOCOLATE, COFFEE, ETC. 


raising the front portion in leaves, trees, rail¬ 
ings, Ac., distinct and apart from the main 
drawings, are extremely beautiful. One of 
these represents a tomb, with railing brought 
quite forward of the stone-work, giving a 
naturalness to the sketch that is most truth- 
tub As these drawings are very attractive, 
and yet simple, though ingenious, we may 
expect to find our ladies employing their 
winter evenings at successful imitations. 

If any one desires to sec the combination 
of old shoes, gloves, paper boxes, tangled 
shoestrings, buttons, and buckles, that are 
mingled with the filthy rags from which our 
white paper is formed, all they have to do is 
to peep in - upon a case of refuse , sent over 
by a paper-maker of Ghent. A more con¬ 
fused and indiscriminate mass is not to be 
found in all Main Building. 


CARVED WORK. 

It is a singular fact that carved work is 
being more generally used in furniture than 
it has ever been heretofore. Belgium has 
forwarded some fine specimens. Goyers 
Bros., of Louvain, furnish an old-fashioned 
pulpit with sounding-board, and large panels 
on which are carved, very elegantly, Scrip¬ 
tural scenes. Price, $4,000. There are 
others who have sent on wooden mantles, 
sideboards, cabinets. These works will bear 
the closest examination, and are delicately 
carved. 


CHEMICALS. 

The chemicals of Belgium are generally 
in bottles with appropriate labels, and 
evince a very proper care in their arrange¬ 
ment. A gunpowder house have their sam¬ 
ples in small, glass-stoppered vials. Salts 
of potash are very perfect. The 

ULTRAMARINE WORKS, of Ghent, 
show this fine preparation, as well as crys¬ 
tallized blood, ready for the use of sugar 
refiners. Of sulphur and roll brimstone, 
there is a good assortment. Various dyes 
are exhibited, as well as choice soaps. A 
good drawing is shown of a new plan for 
making sulphuric acid; said to be quite 
economical. 

From Louvain we find a handsome display 
of very white starch, made from rye. 
Though the chemical display is small, the 
articles are of excellent quality. 


Of these wholesome preparations there 
are several exhibitors. Some cases show 
pure coffees; and others, coffee mixed with 
eliickory. Dried fruits are shown in small, 
square cakes of dark color. Of apples, one 
piece said to be equal to two good sized 
apples. Those who have tried these small 
lumps pronounce them excellent; and state 
that they retain all the flavor of the fruit. 


WINES AND LIQUORS. 

Of these there are quite a number of ex¬ 
hibitors. The beverages are put up very 
neatly, and are certainly quite attractive. 
The wines are light, sour wines, and even 
these are not extensively made. The gins 
are of a better quality, and command a freer 
market. The domestic wines, as currant 
and gooseberry, are very good specimens. 
Bitters are shown made of native wines. 


MARBLE WORK, ETC. 

The wrought mantles are of fine-grained 
stone, and very elegantly polished. One 
mosaic mantle and fireplace is quite attract¬ 
ive. One, style of Louis XVII., $1,300 ; 
another, $1,200. 

THE ANDENNES SOCIETY, near 
Ghent, exhibit very strong stone ware for 
chimneys and furnaces. 


MINERAL AND IRON WORK. 

M. REMY PAQUOT, Director-General 
of the Government Works, of Bleyberg, 
sends fine specimens of the ores of lead and 
zinc; of lead and sulphur, and sulphur and 
zinc. Various other specimens. The dis¬ 
play in itself giving a metallurgic history of 
the celebrated Bleyberg mines. Also, three 
large specimens of rock crystal, each weigh¬ 
ing from thirty to forty pounds ; and of 
which are made lenses for spectacles. 

PROSPER SCIIRYVERS, a Brussels 
blacksmith, has sent over a very beautiful 
piece of heavy scroll and leaf work, all ham¬ 
mered out of flat iron. It is wrought with 
wonderful precision, and is very elegant. It 
has been already sold as a specimen of me¬ 
chanical art, to the Pennsylvania Museum 
and School of Industrial Art, and will be 
placed in the general collection after the close 
of the Centennial. 














178 


NETHERLANDS DEPARTMENT. 


The specimens of sheet-iron are fine, and 
by many considered equal to the noted Rus¬ 
sian sheet-iron. The grain hoop iron is also 
a feature in the display, and is pronounced 
tough, strong, and close-grained. Guns, 
mostly fowling-pieces with stub-and-twist 
barrels—pistols of the same material, and 
separate barrels, are to be seen ; as well as 
various parts of guns and gun-locks. The 
work is unpolished, but of superior make. 

Coarsely made tea and coffee sets, in cop¬ 
per and nickel, are to be seen, though not 
much noticed. 


LEATHER. 

The exhibits of finished calf-skins are 
good; and the boots and shoes made there¬ 
from are strong and handsome. Some small 
cases of leather are valued as high as $200. 
The kids are very fine, and the kid gloves 
superior. Gloves from one to twenty but¬ 
tons. Ladies’ shoes embroidered. 


INLAID WORK. 

JUSSON & WASHER exhibit an inlaid 
floor formed of different woods, and made 
for Mr. Hopp, a wealthy banker of London. 
Also, a copy of the floor of the dancing- 
room in the Royal Palace, Brussels; made 
by order of the king. 

L. BOUCNEAU has sent over a beauti¬ 
ful mosaic table, formed of circles, stars, 
sprigs, and scroll-work, upon a body of white 
marble 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

Cigars ; small and black. Do not look 
very inviting to old smokers—strong flavor. 
Clay pipes; plain and ornamented. Felt 
roofing, 30 cents a yard. Mantle clocks; 
very handsome. No name, either attached 
to exhibit or given in the catalogue. Wigs 
and hair oils. Brushes; neat and well 
made. Musical instruments; a large, well 
filled case of handsome and well finished 
wind instruments. Among others, the 
Boehm flute. Metallic splints in suitable 
forms for fractured limbs. 


NETHERLANDS. 

The Kingdom of the Netherlands, usually 
called Holland, lies south and east of the 
North Sea, and west of Hanover. Its great¬ 


est length is 195 miles, and its greatest 
breadth 110 miles. It has an area of 13,- 
627 square miles, including the Grand 
Duchy of Luxembourg, of which the King 
of the Netherlands is the Grand Duke—and 
a population of 3,716,002. The surface of 
the country is generally low, being in some 
places several feet below the level of the sea. 
This has compelled the exercise of much in¬ 
genuity and the expenditure of millions to 
prevent the sea washing away the farms and 
towns. Hence we find that the Dutch have 
been required to constantly fight the inroads 
of the waters. Manfully have they striven, 
and not only saved the lowlands, but have 
reclaimed many square miles of territory 
from the jaws of old Neptune. 

Strong dykes have been constructed under 
the superintendence of engineers, called 
Officers of the Waterstaat. North Nether¬ 
lands is very fertile; the lowlands affording 
fine pasturage, and the lighter soils being 
well adapted to fruits and cereals. The 
country is well supplied with canals. A 
great canal is now being constructed through 
the Y, that will be eighty yards wide and 
twenty-three feet deep. It will shorten the 
distance, between Amsterdam and the sea, 
fifteen miles. Farms are small and well cul¬ 
tivated. The principal products are wheat, 
madder, hemp, butter, and cheese. The 
chief mauufactures are silk, woolen, cotton, 
and linen fabrics. Gin is largely distilled. 
Until recently the windmill was the chief 
motive power, though it is now being rapid¬ 
ly superseded by steam. Fishing is largely 
pursued by the people; 108 vessels being 
employed. The herring yield is worth near¬ 
ly half a million, and the anchovy trade runs 
to $100,000. 

The imports of 1873 w r ere $272,833,600. 
Exports, $205,854,000. Revenue, $49,439,- 
279. Expenses, $45,221,448. Debt, Jan. 
1, 1874, $370,928,030. Regular army, in¬ 
cluding provinces, 78,901. Navy, 88 steam¬ 
ers, 27 sailing vessels, 669 guns. Pupils in 
schools, 510,000. 

The Dutch colonies in the East Indies, 
comprise the islands of Java, Madura, and 
four smaller; beside, portions of Borneo, 
Sumatra, and New Guinea. Area, 666,756 
square miles. In South America the Dutch 
hold Surinam; and in the West Indies, five 
small islands. Total population, India and 
and West Indies, 25,090,000. Exports, 
Indigo, rice, tobaccb, sugar, coffee, &c. 












NETHERLANDS DEPARTMENT-PUBLIC WORKS, COLLECTIVE 


EXHIBIT, CARPETS. 


179 


The colonial possessions of Netherlands 
have an area of 666,756 square miles, and 
a total population of 24,386,991. 

The islands of Java and Madura, located 
in the East Indies, are the most valuable. 
Their trade is carried on almost exclusively 
with Netherlands, the commercial relations 
with other countries being of little impor¬ 
tance. All of the East Indian possessions 
are controlled as dependencies of Java. 
The most important exports from this 
colony are sugar, coffee, rice, indigo, and 
tobacco. The Dutch possessions in the 
"West Indies, of which Curacoa is the 
most essential, have an area of about 400 
square miles, and a population of 36,160. 

Jauuary, 1875, there were 1,036 miles 
of railroad open for traffic, 2,131 miles of 
telegraph, and 238 offices. 

In January, 1871, there were 2,608 public 
schools, 6,538 male teachers, 477 female 
teachers, and 1,119 private schools with 
2,332 schoolmasters, and 1,565 school¬ 
mistresses. 

PUBLIC WORKS. 

THE HOME DEPARTMENT occupies 
the vestibule, in the center of which is a 
pentagonal stand, having upon its walls ex¬ 
tremely interesting drawings of bridges, 
canals, caissons, piers, canal-locks, &c.; 
while the intermediate spaces are occupied 
by various models of the same structures. 
The d rawings and picture of the bridge 
across the river Lek, near Kinlenburg, is"a 
perfect representation of the model of one- 
half the same, made of brass, and placed in 
front of the drawings. This bridge was 
completed in 1868, after five years great 
labor. The picture is by Mr. Kannemans, 
of Breda: the drawing bv Mr. A. W. Stor- 
tenbeker; the model by Messrs. Caminada 
Brothers, of Rotterdam. 

Then we find the bridge across the Waal, 
at Boinmel—that across the Hollandsch 
Diep—the swinging bridge over the Maas, 
at Dordrecht—another over the North Hol¬ 
land canal, and the Crane-bridge over the 
Linge, at Geldermalsum. Drawing and 
model of the Blanken lock-gate, a neat piece 
of work. Models showing the manner of 
sinking the cribs and filling them with stone. 
Various models for the construction of bar¬ 
riers to protect the sea-coast. The works 
are immense—have cost many millions of 
dollars, and are not yet completed. The 


model of Harlem Lake drainage is in relief, 
showing the course of the river to the sea. 
A quaint verse is attached to this model, 
that reads thus:— 

“Harlem Lake is drained; 

And drained is the Y ; 

If peace is maintained, 

Zuiderzee gets dry.” 

These drawings and models show the face 
of the country with great accuracy, and fully 
demonstrate the monstrous labor and ex¬ 
pense required to preserve the lowlands from 
inundation. 


COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT. 

THE TILBURG WOOLEN MANUFAC¬ 
TURERS make a collective exhibit that is 
remarkably well arranged. The trade was 
commenced in that city in the beginning of 
the 18th century, and has continued to pro¬ 
gress and improve until the present time— 
nearly 200 years. The manufacturers have 
been prompt to seize upon all improved ma¬ 
chinery until their goods have attained a 
world-wide reputation. In 1826 they com¬ 
menced to use steam, and since 1840, the 
country has ceased to look abroad for wool¬ 
ens. The Tilburg Collective Exhibition 
took the silver medal at Paris, in 1867, and 
Vienna medal of progress in 1873. 


CARPETS. 

The Dutch are known as proverbially 
neat, and though not extravagant in the 
use of carpets, they admire a handsome as 
well as a useful and well made article. 
Their tastes appear to run to the plain and 
natural more than to the elaborate and 
tawdry. Their carpets are of very choice 
patterns, of compact body and fine colors. 
Red appears to be a favorite, and they make 
very tasteful combinations. Much of the 
work still remains simple hand-work, 
though they have long-established factories. 
The ROYAL CARPET MANUFACTO¬ 
RY, at Deventer, was founded in 1798, and 
has been well patronized ever since. Deven¬ 
ter contains several carpet factories, and 
they have generally connected with them 
botanical gardens that are placed in the 
hands of skilled horticulturists, furnished 
at almost a nominal cost. 

Very handsome carpets and floor-cloths 
are shown from Amersfoort, and hand-made 
sofa rugs from the Hague. M. PRINS, a 













180 NETHERLANDS DEPARTMENT.-OTHER TEXTILES, WOOLENS, WALL-PAPERS, ETC. 


carpet-maker of Deventer, employs 106 
workmen, and produces $75,000 worth of 
work annually. 


OTHER TEXTILES. 

There are in the kingdom over 3,000 
factories for different textiles, the largest 
interest being linen factories, of which 
there are 1,509, aggregating a capital of 
$59,000,000. The large establishment of 
J. ELIAS, at Strijp, is handsomely repre¬ 
sented by rich and varied linens, table¬ 
cloths, and napkins, and cloth for clothing, 
and bed linen for the royal army. The 
factory was founded 1852, employs 540 
males and 150 females. A sick fund 
raised from one per cent, of wages, and a 
by-law giving employees who are sick two- 
thirds ordinary wages, adds to the comfort 
of the people. The average manufacture 
is valued at $375,000. Holland linen has 
a world-wide reputation. 

Amsterdam, a city built on piles, and 
originally little but a swampy marsh, owes 
its success to the skill and energy of its 
people. Numerous canals form ninety 
islands, and there are 290 bridges. It is 
the seat of learning, the center of the 
Holland manufacturing interests, the en¬ 
trepot of various foreign industrial 
products, and almost the modern Tyre of 
the world. The HILVERSUM STEAM 
SPINNING AND WEAVING MANU¬ 
FACTORY make a rich display of cotton 
yarns and cloths—the yarns have a remark¬ 
able evenness adaptable to making a close 
web in weaving. The works were erected in 
1871, and already employ 500 operatives. 
In 1875 they turned out 1,100,000 pounds 
of yarn and 5,000,000 yards of cloth. 
There is another large establishment of 
the same kind in the city that was 
founded 1855, and has 850 hands. Nearly 
all the Holland factories have a sick fund, 
by which medical attendance is furnished 
at almost a nominal cost. 


WOOLENS. 

Tilburg has been long noted for its 
woolen goods, hand-work factories having 
been established as early as the beginning 
of the eighteenth century, though not very 
extensive at that time; the country depend¬ 
ing principally upon England for its 
supplies. The first regular woolen mill 


was started in 1826, and in fourteen years 
after that the English trade with Tilburg 
had nearly ceased; and the busy little town 
is now sending her goods to Belgium and 
the north of Europe. The people make 
a collective exhibit of WOOL INDUS¬ 
TRY. There are twenty-five establish¬ 
ments represented, employing, variously, 
from twenty-five to ninety operatives, and 
from twenty-five to ninety horse-power 
engines. The goods embrace every variety, 
from the coarse yarn to the finest flannel, 
from the heavy beaver to the most delicate 
cassimeres. 


WALL-PAPERS. 

The displays in this line, though made by 
less than a dozen exhibitors, are remark¬ 
ably attractive. The imitations of wood 
are faultless, giving every knot and vein. 
But as wall-papers are printed directly 
from the wood itself, this masterly perfec¬ 
tion is not so wonderful; yet, when we 
examine the evenness of the Holland speci¬ 
mens, together with high calender, and 
yet soft, velvety finish, the samples are 
worthy large commendation. The VAN 
DER BURGH BROS., of Rotterdam, 
whose house was established in 1869, show 
seventy-two specimens made by boys of 
twelve to fourteen years, after only three 
months’ teaching. 


HARDWARE, ETC. 

In this line we find but a very limited 
display, and note but few articles of estab¬ 
lished merit. Powerful Elias magnets are 
shown, and very beautiful designs for 
stamping embroidery. DE BETOU, of 
Delft, shows a delicate measuring instru¬ 
ment for determining the 100,000th part 
of an inch. 

In the way of time-pieces, we are much 
astonished to find that the home factories 
produce a very limited annual number. 
One makes only eight chronometers and 
three astronomical clocks; and the value of 
another is only $15,000 a year. But the 
fine quality and exquisite finish of these 
instruments cannot be questioned. A few 
arms are shown from the ROYAL FAC¬ 
TORY at Delft,—they consist of swords, 
rifles, and pistols, handsomely made, but 
not remarkable as arms of precision. 









NETHERLANDS DEPARTMENT.-EDUCATION, PAINTS, DYES, CHEMICALS. 


EDUCATION. 

The subject of education has received 
much attention in the Netherlands, and, 
from the practical development of systems, 
deserves more than a mere cursory notice. 
Two of these are more prominent than 
others. The PUBLISHERS’ COLLEC¬ 
TIVE EXHIBIT embraces the works of 
one hundred and twenty-three standard 
authors. These are neatly arranged, and 
serve to press the writers into a general 
notoriety, to which their ability so justly 
entitles them. 

Rotterdam, at the confluence of the Rotte 
and Meuse, within forty miles of Amster¬ 
dam, is famous for its public buildings and 
charitable institutions. Here was built in 
1450 the cathedral of St. Lawrence, with 
its magnificent organ. The great reformer, 
Erasmus, was born here, and his bronze 
statue has been erected on the market-place. 
The house where he was born is preserved 
in all its antique simplicity. Easy commu¬ 
nication by river, rail, and canal, gives the 
place a desirable centralization, by which it 
can hold ready intercourse with the entire 
kingdom. For these reasons it was selected 
in 1869 as the proper location for the 
ARTISANS’ SCHOOL. The institution 
is supported by voluntary contributions, 
and subsidies from the corporation of Rot¬ 
terdam and the Province of South Holland. 
On the payment of only two dollars, boys 
from twelve to fifteen years of age are 
received and educated. 

The first year it was opened there were 
one hundred and eleven pupils; and the 
sixth (1875), one hundred and ninety-eight. 
There are twenty-one teachers, all practical 
and educated gentlemen. There are shops, 
dwellings, library, hospital, and all the 
appliances necessary for a very thorough 
though plain education. While at the 
school, the boys are trained in all branches 
of mechanical science. Various articles 
manufactured are sold, and the proceeds 
placed in the school treasury. Students 
completing three years of study are honor¬ 
ably mustered out, while the Board of Direc¬ 
tors procure them journeymen’s places, and 
keep them under advisory superintendence 
for five years more. 

The DUTCH ASSOCIATION FOR 
THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE, 
founded in 1752, at Haarlem, and the 
TEYLER INSTITUTION, nearly as old, 
have contributed largely to the objects for 


lfil 

which they were organized. Then there are 
Agricultural, Horticultural, and Botanical 
societies, that have exerted a strong influ¬ 
ence upon the people. 

terrestrial and celestial globes are shown 
made of zinc. They are neatly covered, 
and will not break when they fall or hap¬ 
pen to be struck. The musical associations 
are quite numerous, and a few instruments 
are shown, but these are of cheap construc¬ 
tion^ and have no very great merit. ’ Sheet 
music is largely exhibited. 


PAINTS, DYES, CHEMICALS. 

In all these the Dutch stand very prom¬ 
inent. From time almost immemorial 
they have been artistic students, and prac¬ 
tical operators. The industries peculiar to 
a flat, level country have been those gen¬ 
erated by the peculiar requisites of the land, 
and the incidental development of profita¬ 
ble investments. They delight in produc¬ 
ing chemical dyes, and in imparting rich 
coloring to cloths. For hundreds of years 
English cloths were sent to Holland mere¬ 
ly to be colored, after which, they were re¬ 
turned to the weavers. 

There are several very old houses engag¬ 
ed in preparing chemical dyes, and in many 
instances they adhere to the antique meth¬ 
ods of long, plain boiling. In others, they 
proceed with more recent drug manipula¬ 
tions, by which time is saved, though not 
always to the advantage of the process. 
Very superior dyes are shown, especially 
an extract of madder. D. & M. 
GROOTE’S BROS, exhibit their superior 
blues, mineral and vegetable. The firm 
originated in 1825, and they now employ 
35 workmen. They use a windmill and a 
steam-engine ten-horse power. Their annu¬ 
al products are valued at $80,000. 

The paint makers of Holland form a 
large class, and owing to the humidity of 
the atmosphere they have been compelled 
to combine coloring matters that will not 
suffer seriously from dampness. Wood, 
iron, zinc, and copper are shown well color¬ 
ed, and it is claimed that the paint will ef¬ 
fectually prevent the rust of these metals. 
If it really preserves iron from rust, it is ex¬ 
ceedingly valuable; but we must confess 
too great doubt on that point. Our me¬ 
chanics have striven for years to discover 
any anti-rust compound, and have thus far 
failed. Rust appears almost to possess life, 









182 


GRAND DUCHY OF LUXEMBOURG DEPARTMENT. 


and once fixed in iron, it is very problem¬ 
atical whether it can be effectually killed. 

BRICK AND TILE. 

The Holland bricks and tile were large¬ 
ly imported into this country two hundred 
years ago. In the city of New York, and 
in several country places in New Jersey, 
are to be seen houses built of Dutch brick. 
The old double house, No. 1 Broadway, is 
of this material, and looks as if it might 
stand for centuries yet to come. So, too, the 
old fancy Dutch tile, of which chimney 
jambs and fancy hearths are constructed, 
may be found in many of our old mansions. 
A column of tile and brick shown by 
RAVESTEIJN BROS, brings up old mem-, 
ones of these very pretty adornments. 1 
VAN HEUKELOM of Utrecht, makes 
5,000,000 of brick annually. 

FANCY ARTICLES. 

It has been a very general opinion that 
the Japanese were the only people who 
could produce what is known as lacquered 
ware, but the finest display in this line in 
Main Building is made by Netherland peo¬ 
ple. Two establishments from the Hague 
and Amsterdam exhibit trays, screens, ta¬ 
bles and caddies of most elegant finish. 
The screens show lights and shadows, 
wfith grand perspective—something never 
seen in either Japanese or Chinese pictures. 
Several models of restaurants and farm¬ 
houses are shown—one small eating-house, 
with people at tables, eating and drinking— 
one farm-house of brick with thatched roof 
—one boarding-house, with various apart¬ 
ments well arranged, and all plainly shown. 


EAST INDIA WEAPONS. 

The Netherlands Commissioners have pro¬ 
cured from the Royal Palace, Het- Loo, a 
collection of weapons that fill a large case. 
Several creeses, with straight and waved 
scabbards. A head-chopper (koppensneller.) 
Several swords, blow-pipes for arrows, and a 
bundle of fishing arrows. 

One creese, gold hilt, mounted with jew¬ 
els. Presented to the King by the Sultan 
of Djokjocarta. Velvet belt, jewel mounted. 
Several such weapons, all presents. 

ORES, marble and coal, collected by R. 
D. K. Verbeck. Also, iron ore, lead, quick¬ 
silver, gold ; coffee, rice, sugar, pepper ; nut 


soap, gutta-percha, camphor, nutmegs, spices, 
indigo ; fruit tree, hard woods. Objects of 
hewn stone ; sulphur, india rubber, cassia, 
tobacco. Various fibrous materials, rope, 
embroidered caps, cloths, kerchiefs, cloves, 
work-box of cloves, sedan chairs; birds of 
Paradise; lacquered ware ; Chinese slippers; 
water jugs; mother of pearl. Elegant silver 
work, representing Malay dwellings, chapels, 
rice barns, baskets, broaches. Tallow from 
the tree called the tingkawany tree, &c. 


GRAND DUCHY OF LUXEMBOURG. 

Luxembourg lies between Germany, 
France, and Belgium, and contains a popu¬ 
lation of 210,000. The King of the Neth¬ 
erlands, as already stated, is Grand Duke. 
Prince Henry des Pays-Bas, brother of the 
King, is Lieutenant of the Duchy, and re¬ 
sides at Luxembourg. He is assisted in the 
government by the Council of State, con¬ 
sisting of forty-one members. Annual re¬ 
ceipt from taxes, $1,500,000. Debt, $2,- 
000,000. The city guard is only one 
battalion of one hundred men. Banks; 
National, capital, $6,000,000; Savings, 
guaranteed by government. There are sev¬ 
eral societies for the working classes. The 
people are largely engaged in agriculture and 
manufactures. Iron ore and pig-iron, are pro¬ 
duced to the amount of 600,000,000 pounds 
annually 

They are able to sell pig-iron at $8 per 
ton. Next to iron, the manufacture of cloths 
and clothing predominate. Leather also 
forms a valuable staple among the people; 
sold principally at home, and in France and 
Germany. Of gloves, the annual value 
reaches 7 to $800,000. This trade em¬ 
ploys 3,000 people ; and the gloves are sold 
at rates much below those of France. Hor¬ 
ticulture is largely patronized. Of fruit trees 
and rose bushes, one house furnishes 1,433 
different species. There is a large yield of 
Moselle wine, of light color and good quali¬ 
ty. Refined sugars reach $200,000 a year. 
Granite and other stone of fine grain are 
abundant—brought chiefly from the quarries 
on the river Sure. Porcelain of good quali¬ 
ty, plain and painted, are to be found ; and 
an excellent variety of ornamental iron 
work. A large amount of beer is made 
annually; and in the interior of the country, 
gin, brandy, and other liquors are made. 
Paper is also among the industries; and for 
concentrated vinegar, there are two large 














SWISS DEPARTMENT-WATCHES. 


establishments. Of the exhibitors, there are 
not a dozen, but they present good arrays 
of their specialties; all of which are em¬ 
braced in the classes already named. 


SWITZERLAND. 

This is an inland and mountainous coun¬ 
try of Europe. Greatest length 180, and 
greatest breadth, 130 miles. Area, 15,233 
square miles. Population, 2,800,000. More 
than half the country is wild and mountain¬ 
ous, interspersed with smooth lakes, rapid 
rivers, and precipitous cataracts. The moun¬ 
tains consists of parallel ridges, inclosing 
deep and narrow valleys. The mean eleva¬ 
tion does not exceed 4,000 feet above the 
level of the sea, though there are peaks that 
rise nearly two miles above the sea. Be¬ 
yond 9,000 feet, the heights are covered 
with snow. The valleys are fertile, pro¬ 
ducing many varieties of fruit and grain. 
Of every 100 square miles, fully seventy are 
improved. Over 2,000,000 of the popula¬ 
tion support themselves by agriculture. The 
principal cities are, Geneva, population, 
46,783; Basle, population, 44,834; Bern, 
36,000; Lausanne, 26,550, and Zurich, 
21,199. 

In 1870, the factories employed 216,468 
persons, and the handicrafts, 241,425. In 
Basle, 6,000 persons are employed in the 
annual production of $7,000,000 worth of 
silk ribbons. In Zurich, $8,000,000 worth 
of silk stuffs are made by 12,000 work peo¬ 
ple. Watches and jewelry employ 36,000 
workmen, who produce 500,000 watches, 
valued at $9,000 000—three-sevenths gold 
and five-sevenths silver. 6,000 people make 
$2,000,000 worth of embroidery. Cotton 
goods employ 1,000,000 spindles; 4,000 
worms; and 20,000 operatives; beside 
38,000 hand-loom weavers. The govern¬ 
ment is republic, and the chief officers are 
not eligible to a continuance in office with¬ 
out an intervening period of civil life. Rev¬ 
enue of 1875, $7,903,200; expenditure, 
$7,853,200; public debt, $6,125,110. The 
State holds property worth $6,356,600. 
The army consists of four classes, amount¬ 
ing in all to 201,260. There are 1,200 
miles of railways, and extensive telegraph 
lines. 

During the year 1871 there were 256,- 
851 head of cattle imported; also agricul¬ 
tural implements, carts, and railroad 
passenger and freight cars to the value of 


183 

$208,798; also other goods weighing 
2,805,902 tons. The exports consisted of 
127,490 head of cattle; wood and coal 
invoiced at $1,070,390; and other goods 
weighing 450,552 tons. 

In 1875 there were 3,736 miles of 
telegraph, with 9,538 miles of wires; the 
offices numbered 815. During the year 
1874 there were 2,625,104 messages sent. 

SWISS WATCHES. 

All have heard of cheese making in 
Switzerland, and particularly in the valley 
of the lake of Joux; where, early in the 
last century, a population of 4,000 supported 
themselves by this industry alone. Certain 
restrictions being put upon these people, 
some of the more enterprising determined 
to seek fortune in other directions. In 
1740, a few young men left Brassus, one of 
the villages of the valley, to learn to make 
the elementary parts of a watch. On their 
return they got into trouble with the guilds, 
and sixteen years later were obliged to form 
a guild of their own for their mutual pro¬ 
tection. One hundred years ago, on the 
6th of March, 1776, their guild was dis¬ 
solved. Instead of being disheartened, after 
thirty-six years of disappointment, they de¬ 
termined to continue at work on certain 
branches—principally on cadratures —that is, 
the mechanism of watches for striking the 
hours. 

Louis Audemars, Philippe Samuel Mey- 
lan, and Louis Lecoultre, with several others, 
seem to have confined themselves to perfect¬ 
ing the repeating watch. From 1811, great 
success has attended the manufacture of all 
Swiss watches, and the descendants of the 
cheese makers, are now the most prominent 
in the manufacture of simple and accurate 
chronometers of all kinds and sizes, from 
the mammoth church dial to the tiny time 
keeper, not so large as the iris of the eye, 
that reads its index. The exhibitors at the 
Centennial are many, and all of them those 
who have earned reputations, not only at 
home, but the world over, wherever the 
Swiss watch has made its way, and that em¬ 
braces all Christendom. 

LOUIS AUDEMARS, Brassus; J. Eu¬ 
gene Robert, New York, agent.—A fine ex¬ 
hibit of watches. One, with a face one inch 
in diameter, strikes the hours and minutes; 
repeating when needed. lie has received 
five medals. Value of exhibit, $5,000. 

J. M. BADOLET & CO., Geneva.—Pock- 











184 


SWISS DEPARTMENT-ELECTRIC CLOCKS, EDUCATION, MUSICAL BOXES. 


et chronometers. An extensive display; 
valued at $28,000. He shows one watch 
set in a finger ring; face one-third of an inch 
in diameter. It keeps good time, and is 
probably the most perfect small watch, 
though not so complicated as some others. 
Price, $2,000. The house of Badolet & Co. 
is considered one of the first in the country. 

HENRY GROMDJEAN & CO., Lode.— 
Marine and pocket chronometers. They 
have certificates from observatories as to the 
accuracy of the watches as reliable time- 
keepers 

LOUIS FRANKFELD A CO., Geneva.— 
Double one-fiftli second and minute chrono¬ 
graphs, star watches, and watch movements. 
They exhibit one very small watch set in a 
pencil case. It has three faces, and is 
claimed to be the “ smallest watch in the 
world.” Of all the small watches, this is 
undoubtedly the most complicated. Price, 
$800. 

BRETING BROS., Locle.—Pocket chro¬ 
nometers and lever escapements. Very ex¬ 
cellent time-keepers. 

There are many other exhibitors who 
present valuable watches; some very cheap 
—as low as $6, our money. One house has 
watches down to $3 and $4. Then there 
are a number who confine themselves to 
making watch movements, leaving others to 
put the works together. Very recently 
some parties have commenced making 
watches by machinery, and after the pattern 
of the Americans. Again, there is still an¬ 
other class in Switzerland, that work exclu¬ 
sively upon machinery for constructing parts 
of watches. 


ELECTRIC CLOCKS. 

M. IIIPP, Neuchatel, makes a very hand¬ 
some display of electric clocks, fine tele¬ 
graphic apparatus, and chronographs. He 
has a number of clocks in various positions, 
and all driven by a battery under the floor 
of Main Building. The mechanism is so ar¬ 
ranged that the course of the electric cur¬ 
rent is changed every minute. The chro¬ 
nograph is to record astronomical observa¬ 
tions. He has still another extremely 
ingenious instrument for reading the obser¬ 
vations, so arranged that it is not affected 
by atmosphere or any ordinary accident. 

LEUENBERGER & SON,* Summiswald. 
—Clocks, regulators, &c. A fine display. 
First class time-keepers. 


EDUCATIONAL DEPARTMENT. 

Tiie Swiss have devoted much attention 
to the subject of education, and it is made 
compulsory that every child between the 
ages of five and eight years shall attend 
school. Various Boards of Education in 
the several cantons have forwarded reports, 
books, maps, designs, laws, and ordinances. 

The Kindergarten, in St. Gallen, has sent 
over a full set of the models used in teach¬ 
ing after their manner. 

Of maps, there is a large display; and 
among these, two made by Gen. Dufour, of 
the Swiss army. These were exhibited at 
the Paris Exposition, and pronounced the 
most perfect in the world. 

C. ZWICKY-LAAGER, Mollis, exhibits 
interesting drawing books in series, com¬ 
mencing with mere lines, and running on to 
elegantly finished sketches. 

Beside the Educational Boards, Switzer¬ 
land abounds in learned and useful societies, 
nearly all of which have forwarded some 
thing illustrative and appropriate to the Cen¬ 
tennial. Every town has its historical and 
statistical societies; and these have likewise 
liberally contributed. Then the 

NEUCHATEL OBSERVATORY has for¬ 
warded its extremely interesting reports. 

Elementary works are voluminous, and re¬ 
markably free from complexity. The several 
cases are neatly arranged and their contents 
plainly defined. Woods, shells, seeds, barks, 
minerals are clearly marked. For easy gra¬ 
dations and thoroughness, the Swiss school 
system will compare favorably with that of 
any other country. Among other important 
branches, there are several schools of design 
where patterns for lace and other ornamental 
work are elegantly prepared. 


MUSICAL BOXES. 

This is another branch of delicate mechan¬ 
ism in which the Swiss excel. There are but 
a few boxes in Main Building, but they are 
thus far entirely unsurpassed. 

C. PAILLARD & CO., Ste. Croix; M. J. 
Paillard & Co., New York.—Watches and 
bronzes. Their musical boxes are wonderful 
instruments. One large box on an elegant 
cabinet, that holds extra rollers, plays thirty- 
six tunes. Price, $2,600. A harp attach¬ 
ment, termed the “ sublime harmony,” gives 
a flute and vocal tone to the music, that is 
extremely touching and effective. Another 
box is $2,500, and a third, $1,500. Entire 






SWISS DEPARTMENT.-CARVED WORK 


exhibit $10,000. The house has been es¬ 
tablished twenty-six years, and employs 
between 500 and 700 workmen. 

KARRER & CO., Teufenthal.—Musical 
boxes. Large, and of remarkably sweet 
tone. House has been established seventy 
years, and has an extensive list of customers. 


Switzerland has been said to be all 
mountains, and though this is in a large 
sense true, yet there are some low and 
remarkably rich valleys. In these the 
mulberry flourishes, and the silk-worm is 
carefully tended. In the cantons of Basle 
and Zurich, 18,000 operators are engaged 
in the silk and silk-ribbon trade, producing 
a stock valued annually at $15,000,000. 
Besides dress goods of a very excellent 
quality, a fine article is made for bolting 
flour. There are but a few displays in 
this line, but these are of goods of the 
best make. The Swiss ribbon machines 
are superior specimens of machinery espe¬ 
cially adapted to the purpose. The main 
point, after making the ribbon, has been 
to have as little waste as possible; and even 
that which is produced is carefully saved 
and utilized. The introduction of machin¬ 
ery for silk weaving is rather recent, and 
there are companies who claim particular 
notice from the fact that their goods are 
mechanically woven. 

A goodly display of laces is made by 
less than a dozen manufacturers. They 
will bear a favorable comparison, even 
with Brussel laces. A few specimens of 
gold and silver lace work are of rich 
designs, and are costly productions. It is 
a well settled truth that positive uniformity 
can be attained by machinery, and that 
handwork always has, and always must 
differ—the unaided eye and the trembling, 
over-worked fingers cannot always pro¬ 
duce unvarying figures. 

Of cotton hosiery and general underwear, 
the Swiss make a large exhibit, though from 
only a few establishments—principally in 
Ulster and Zurich. Colored cottons are 
plentifully displayed, and there are two 
entire cases of bed-spreads that are the 
envy of our young housekeepers. 

Woolen goods—all wool and mixtures— 
are shown, and the display is creditable. 
Beside cloths and ready-made clothing, 
they show webbing for boots, made of 
rubber and cotton mixed with wool and 
silk. The winter nights of the Swiss are 


agricultural products. 

largely employed in home industries, where 
the father provides the material, the 
mother instructs in the art, and all the 
children take some part of the manufacture. 
These are horse-hair and straw braids for 
hats and baskets. Of course this is all 
hand work. The labor is often enlivened 
by interesting tales of mountain venture; 
and some of those who are able, procure 
books that are read by some of the older 
children, while the work never ceases. 


CARVED WORK. 

Here the Swiss excel. It is another of 
those useful and profitable domestic employ¬ 
ments, where the whole family circle 
contribute to the general stock. Though 
mostly confined to the manufacture* of 
small articles, they sometimes indulge in 
larger productions. The exhibits display 
models of cottages that are extremely 
beautiful, and perfect representations of 
Swiss tenements. Most of these cottages 
have the upper windows thrown promi¬ 
nently forward, with a large amount of 
trimming. In the models all points are 
attended to with strict regard to accuracy. 
No matter how small the details, they are 
all faithfully portrayed. Their clock cases 
are elaborately as well as delicately carved. 

We may mention two very prominent 
and attractive exhibits—J. FLUCK, of 
Brienz, among his cottage models, displays 
a set of chessmen that would do credit to 
the famous Chinese carvers; and ZUM- 
BRUNN, SCHMOKER & CO., ot Ringen- 
berg, show a variety of animals—dogs, 
cows, etc., carved to the life. The dogs 
are particularly well done, and if only life- 
size, we might almost expect to hear them 
bark. 

Those who have read the beautiful and 
touching story, entitled “ Six Months under 
the Snow,” will be able to appreciate the 
truthfulness of ABEGGLEN PERRIN’S 
charming model of a Swiss chalet. In 
such a place, grandfather and grandson 
were snoived-in all winter. The place was 
dug out as early as the spring would 
admit, but only the boy and goat were 
there—the grandfather had perished in the 
long night. 


AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS. 

The displays in this branch are quite 
limited, scarcely half a dozen, and yet they 
cannot be passed in silence. The honey of 















186 


SWEDISH DEPARTMENT. 


the SOCIETY OF AGRICULTURE is 
remarkable for its exquisite sweetness, as 
well as for the solid character of the wax. 
The wild honey of Switzerland has conti¬ 
nental notoriety, being sold throughout 
Europe, and always commanding a high 
price. The exhibits of wines, cordials, 
etc., are limited, but highly esteemed. The 
cordials made for medicinal purposes are 
richly flavored, but like the French liquors, 
are almost clear alcohol, and must be 
partaken of in very minute quantities. 

Several interesting displays are made of 
what are termed medicated food for chil¬ 
dren. These are principally fig meal and 
granulated milk—both most excellent 
articles. Besides these, the Swiss are 
famous for their mountain cheeses, made 
in large quantities, during the summer, at 
the chalets already mentioned. The milk 
used is from goats that run upon the most 
elevated pastures. 


PHOTOGRAPHY AND ENGRAVING. 

In these branches there are 19 exhibitors, 
and they have fortunately been generally 
national in their designs. Who has not 
read of the charming mountain scenery of 
Switzerland, and the simple and attractive 
costumes of her people ? F. CHAR- 
NAUX, of Geneva, has sent over photo¬ 
graphs of the wild views near his native 
city; and T. RICHARD, of Zurich, shows 
us a very elegant album of costumes, 
myths, and traditions—together with more 
weird mountain sketches. 

Though the Swiss displays are quite 
limited, as compared with those of other 
nations, their peculiar character makes 
them remarkably interesting. Switzerland 
is a small country, shut in among moun¬ 
tains; occupied by a race partially secluded 
from the balance of the world, and yet all 
alive to the beauties of nature, and filled 
with deep and fervent reverence for the 
All-Father, who has wonderfully provided 
for their independent preservation among 
the peoples of the earth. 


SWEDEN. 

Sweden and Norway, two independent 
kingdoms, but under one king, from the 
Scandinavian Peninsula; the first named 
being the eastern portion, the other the 
western. The length of the peninsula is 
about 920 miles; each kingdom possessing 


about one-half. The whole area is about 
230,000 square miles. They have a com¬ 
bined population of rather more than 
6,000,000, about 70 per cent, of which 
belongs to Sweden. 

In Sweden the prevailing religion is 
Evangelic Lutheran, and it is requisite that 
the King and members of the Council of 
State, and every one who holds a clerical 
office, involving the duty of instructing in 
religion, or the science of theology, must 
profess the Lutheran faith. 

It is reported that every Swedish adult, 
both male and female, can read print, but 
•the art of writing is generally confined to 
the rising generation. 

The Laplanders, who occupy the most 
northern part of the peninsula, number, in 
Norway, 17,178; and in Sweden, 6,711. 
They are remarkable for their low stature; 
light, but sinewy frame, and for the ever 
present scowl upon their countenances, 
caused by the smoke in their huts, and the 
dazzling light without. 

Sweden is very rich in. ores, especially 
iron, gold, silver, nickel, and coal; together 
with a few others more sparingly produced. 
The marbles and granites are beautifully 
marked and will receive a high polish. 

The culture of silk-worms and the.manu¬ 
facture of silk have long been industries 
of the country, and are of more pecuniary 
value than any other textile manufacture. 

It is estimated that about eight per cent, 
of the area of Sweden lies at an elevation 
of more than 2,000 feet above the level of 
the sea. About one-third the total area of 
the kingdom is not raised 300 feet above 
sea level, and it is in these comparatively 
low regions that the most prolific lands are 
located. A large portion of the country is 
covered by large and valuable forest trees. 
Sweden, next to Finland, is the best 
drained country in Europe, her lakes and 
rivers having an area of 14,428 square 
miles, or 8.4 per cent, of the entire territory, 
besides which there is a coast line 1,500 
miles long. Owing to the high mountain 
chains, the streams flow rapidly, and form * 
roaring cataracts. The people possess in 
these innumerable falls an inexhaustible 
water power, which, at the present time, is 
but sparingly utilized. The rivers are not 
navigable, except in places for two or three 
miles, unless provided with canals. 

The climate in the southern extremity of 
the peninsula is mild, though liable to 






SWEDISH DEPARTMENT-ORES AND MANUFACTURES, HARDWARE, CUTLERY. 


187 


sudden and great changes in the temper¬ 
ature. During the summer there is 
scarcely any night, merely a twilight, so 
that vegetation is extremely rapid. The 
more hardy cereals are successfully grown, 
although the crop may be killed by a heavy 
frost at night, even though the preceding 
day may have been warm. The winters of 
the northern districts are intensely cold 
and dreary. 

There were in Sweden in 1870, 428,446 
horses, 1,965,800 horned cattle, 1,780,000 
sheep and goats, and 354,303 hogs. 

Two years later—1872—there were 2,549 
manufactories, with a production valued at 
$39,654,630. The products of the mines 
and furnaces are not included in these 
figures. * 

In January, 1874, the merchant navy of 
Sweden numbered 1,865 vessels engaged in 
foreign trade, of a tonnage of 366,370. 


ORES AND MANUFACTURES. 

Fine specimens of nickel, zinc, and lead 
ores; several beautifully polished articles of 
porphyry, especially one center table, with 
turned pedestal and mosaic top, exceedingly 
well joined. 

ROYAL WAR OFFICE, Artillery De¬ 
partment, Stockholm. —- Exhibit of arms, 
guns, and gun-carriages and harness; also, 
live figures showing the military uniforms. 
These figures are remarkably life-like, and 
are decidedly superior to any of the kind 
elsewhere exhibited. Field forge, ammuni¬ 
tion carriage, and fuses ; also, set of surgical 
instruments of fine finish; model of a pon¬ 
toon bridge. 

Pig and bar iron; minerals; map and 
drawings; rifles, shot-guns, pistols, and re¬ 
volvers. Wire ropes, and a large display of 
Bessemer steel, boiler plates, bars; crucible 
cast steel ingots. 

FAGERSTA IRON & STEEL WORKS, 
Westanfors.—Exhibit of square and round 
Bessemer steel; spring steel; crank axles 
and shafts; rails and angle steel; boiler 
plates; gun-barrels in every stage of the 
manufacture; rock drills, <fcc. There are 
also four cases containing tested specimens 
of their steel, showing remarkable tensile 
strength. The annual production of Besse¬ 
mer ingots is about 3,100 tons; workmen, 
250. 

SANDVIK BESSEMER STEEL 
WORKS.—This is the largest firm for the 


production of Bessemer steel in Sweden. 
The exhibit consists of large forgings, piston 
rods, shafts for steamers, railway axles, con¬ 
necting rods, &c., all splendidly finished. 
Also, tires, and every description of tool 
steel. Twisted and bent bars to show the 
quality. 

SURAHAMMARS IRON CO., (limited,) 
Westeras.—The annual production amounts 
to $240,000 gold. The exhibit consists of 
railway axles and wheels. 

MOTALA MECHANICAL WORKS CO., 
(limited,) Motala.—This company was estab¬ 
lished in 1822, and exhibits a large array of 
their productions ; viz., iron ores, tool steel, 
Bessemer steel, boiler plates; hoops made of 
coils for 4, 10, and 11-inch guns. The steel 
work shown is superior, both in quality and 
finish. 


HARDWARE. 

A large exhibit of brazen hardware of 
every description; brass and iron netting 
and rings; faucets and brass stove doors; 
handsomely finished tongs, shovels, <fec.; 
circular, timber, and handsaws; knives, 
trowels, ship-scrapers, and thin sheet-iron; 
iron vises, bolts, and nuts; wrought and cut 
iron nails; kitchen utensils of iron and tin; 
files of all kinds. 


CUTLERY. 

The exhibit under this head is very ex¬ 
tensive, and shows goods of splendid metal 
and superior finish. The display consists of 
fine razors, knives, and hangers; elegantly 
polished surgical instruments; well made 
scissors of all sizes; and skates; edge tools, 
highly finished ; pocket knives of superior 
steel, and any number of blades; table cut¬ 
lery of every kind; swords, sabers, foils, 
and hunting knives, nicely finished. 


PADLOCKS. 

This assortment consists of padlocks of 
all kinds, some elegantly finished in nickel- 
plate. _ 

MISCELLANEOUS IRON MANUFACTURES. 

An air telegraph and kitchen range; fire 
and burglar proof safe; Swedish patent 
letter box; one accurate and neatly encased 
pendulum clock; “ Bull-dog apparatus ” for 
deep sea soundings ; also, apparatus for sci¬ 
entific explorations of the sea; exhibit of 









188 


SWEDISH DEPARTMENT-TEXTILES, FURS, GLASS, PORCELAIN, WOODWORK. 


very splendid mathematical instruments; 
galvanic battery. 


MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. 

There are square and grand pianos, with 
handsome cases and fine tone ; cabinet or¬ 
gans and harmoniums; brass and German 
silver wind instruments, of superior finish. 


TEXTILES. 

This exhibit is large and shows goods of 
all qualities, and in pleasing patterns. Plain 
and fancy woolen cloths, of good quality; 
woven and felt cloths of wool; civil and 
military clothing; leather gloves of excel¬ 
lent quality; d}'ed cotton fabrics of every 
description; plain woven silks of superior 
quality and pleasing colors; worsted cloths, 
very superior; dyed cotton yarns. 


GYPSUM FIGURES. 

ROYAL SWEDISH COMMISSION ex¬ 
hibit twenty-nine figures, scattered through¬ 
out the buildings, and designed principally to 
show the costumes of the people. The fig¬ 
ures are made of gypsum, and painted and 
dressed. They are all remarkably life-like, 
and invariably attract the attention of visit¬ 
ors. Those who see them for the first time 
are frequently deceived, thinking them ani¬ 
mate, and it requires the closest scrutiny to 
convince them of their error. 


FURS. 

D. FORSSELL & CO., Stockholm.—Here 
we find one of the richest exhibits of furs in 
the Building. One large wall is completely 
covered with skins, most of them from ani¬ 
mals native in Sweden. There is also a large 
octagonal case, filled with fur clothing of 
every description; and the top, which is 
pyramidal in form, is also hidden beneath 
very rich articles of the same material. The 
display is universally admired, and is valued 
at $24,000. 

P. N. BERGSTROM, Stockholm.—Large 
exhibit of very fine furs of every descrip¬ 
tion, and presenting an attractive appearance. 


GLASS, PORCELAIN, ETC. 

SHAREHOLDERS IN GUSTAFS- 
BERG’S MAN’F’T., Stockholm.—This firm 
was established in 1826 ; employs 400 work¬ 
men ; and, during 1875, the business 
amounted to $300,000 gold. The exhibit 


is very varied and beautiful, and consists of 
a collection of terra cotta and architectural 
pottery of faultless workmanship; decorated 
faience ware; one fountain of majolica ware 
finely ornamented; large array of elegantly 
figured table china. All the articles shown 
are very superior. 

FRED. BRUSEWITZ, Limmared.—Glass 
ware handsomely decorated. Glass for 
chemical purposes. 

RORSTRANDS CO., (limited,) Stock¬ 
holm—This firm was established in 1726 ; 
employs 539 workmen; and the business 
annually amounts to $375,000 gold. Ex¬ 
hibit of plain and decorated faience ware of 
great beauty; table china ornamented in 
attractive patterns; a large and handsome 
fireplace of porcelain, with two column can- 
delab ras to match. The articles, from their 
beauty and massiveness, are much admired. 

REYMYRA CO., (limited,) Reymyra.— 
Est’d. 1810. Exhibit of glass ware, deli¬ 
cately cut and decorated. 

C. A. KULLGREN’S WIDOW, Udde- 
valla.—Table tops, columns, monuments; 
table weights, made of polished granite. 
The stone is of various kinds, and has re¬ 
ceived a most perfect polish. 

THE HOG ANAS COAL MINING CO., 
(limited.)—Est’d. 1796 and 1827. Employs 
750 persons. Exhibit of fire-bricks, pipes, 
and pottery. 

J. W. KLINTBERG & CO., Wisby.— 
Polished table slabs of Gottland marble. 


ARTICLES OF WOOD. 

JAMES DICKSON & CO., Sandarne.— 
Exhibit of various specimens of plain and 
ornamental carpenters’ work, of neat pat¬ 
terns and nice joining. The production 
amounted to $139,000 in 1874. 

BARON IT. II. VON ESSEN, Tidaholm. 
—Plain and ornamental woodwork of every 
description, handsomely and substantially 
made. Also, locksmiths’ and other hard¬ 
ware. 

GLOMSTA MAN’F’G. CO., Huddinge.— 
Exhibit of handsomely varnished pine wood 
furniture. 

J. P. OSTERGREN, Westerns.—Chess¬ 
board with carved pieces, which are symbol¬ 
ical of the struggle now going on between 
Ultramontanism and the modern spirit in 
Germany. On one side of the board appear 
the Emperor William and the Empress Au¬ 
gusta, as King and Queen ; Prince Bismarck 















THE NORWEGIAN DEPARTMENT, MAIN BUILDING. 




























































































































































































































































































NORWEGIAN DEPARTMENT, 


MAIN BUILDING 
























































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































NORWEGIAN DEPARTMENT-JEWELRY. 


193 


and the Minister Falk, as Bishops ; the 
Knights are Prussian Uhlans, and the 
Pawns are soldiers and recruits. On the 
other side stands Pio IX., as King , while 
the Queen is an abbess holding a waxen 
taper well nigh burned out. The Bishops 
are Cardinals; the Knights are Monks 
riding on asses, and the Pawns are Monks 
on foot. 

Handsomely figured and japanned center 
table; carved gilt table and frame contain¬ 
ing an embroidered figure of Washington; 
a handsome corner cabinet of Swedish birch- 
wood ; oak chair carved in Northern style; 
basket work furniture of all kinds, well made. 


MATCHES. 

There are seventeen firms making exhibits 
of matches. These consist of lucifer, phos¬ 
phorus, and safety matches. Also, a very 
fine exhibit of paraffine articles, stearine can¬ 
dles, oleine, and glycerine. 


PAPER. 

Fine quality of filtering papers; wool 
pulp for paper manufacture ; heavy wrapping 
paper; strong and even pasteboard; build¬ 
ing paper of stout make; wall paper in 
attractive patterns. 


PUBLICATIONS. 

Exhibit of typographical productions; 
photographs of the Royal Family and Pal¬ 
ace ; periodical medical paper and studies in 
anatomy; exhibit of “ The Workmen’s 
Magazine,” an illustrated weekly. 


MAPS AND DRAWINGS. 

THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, of Swe¬ 
den, exhibits geological maps and specimens, 
all of which are classified and distinctly 
labeled. The polished marbles and granites 
shown are verv beautiful. 

COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT OF THE 
TECHNICAL SCHOOLS, of Sweden.— 
The display consists of architectural and 
free hand drawings ; plaster casts; models 
illustrating different mechanical principles. 
All the work shown is neat and well 
executed 

THE MILITARY SURVEY, of Sweden, 
exhibit several maps made by the general 
staff of the army. These works are remark¬ 
able for their accuracy and neatness. 


E. SIDENBLADTH, Stockholm. — Ex¬ 
hibit of statistical accounts of Sweden. 


CHEMICAL PREPARATIONS. 

This display comprises inks and varnishes; 
toilet preparations; chronometer bone oil; 
Glauber’s salt, and soda. The array though 
not extensive is of fine quality. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

A patent lamp-wick cleaner; wigs, braids, 
and their auxiliaries; hand and machine 
made shoes of good leathers. 


NORWAY. 

This is the western portion of the Scan¬ 
dinavian peninsula. Its length is 1,100 
miles, and its greatest breadth, 250 miles. 
Area, 121,779 square miles. Population, 
1,800,000. Only about one-sixth of the 
land can be cultivated. The forests form 
20, and the mountains, glaciers, rivers, and 
lakes, about 76 per cent. It is famous for 
its draft horses, of which it has 150,000. 
Cattle, 950,000; sheep, 1,700,000, and rein¬ 
deer, 100,000. Value of annual product, 
$25,000,000. Of oats, barley, corn, rye, 
wheat, and potatoes, the product amounts 
to 25,260,000 . bushels. Value of the har¬ 
vest, $16,000,000. The forests are of great 
importance, being worth $16,000,000. The 
fisheries yield as much more. Mineral pro¬ 
ducts yield $1,000,000. Revenue, about 
$7,000,000. Expenses, $600,000 more. 
Debt, $9,200,000. Highways, 12,000 miles. 
Railways, 360 miles. Canals, 147 miles. 
Telegraphic wires, 5,845 miles. 

The exports for the year ending Decem¬ 
ber 31, 1373, valued at $33,000,000, and 
the imports at $45,800,000. 

Education is compulsory between the 
ages of seven and fourteen. The common 
schools are attended by 241,000 pupils, 
and the higher by 16,500. During the 
year 1873, the higher schools cost the 
Government $827,000. 

The post-offices of Norway number 719. 


JEWELRY. 

The Norwegian exhibition of jewelry con¬ 
sists of specimens of chased and filigreed 
silver work, which may truthfully be pro¬ 
nounced the most varied and elegant in the 
exhibition. 


















194 NORWEGIAN DEPARTMENT-FURNITURE, MATCHES, PAPER, METAL ORES, ETC. 


J. SOSTRUP, Christiania.—Exhibits of 
very elegant filigree silver ware, consisting 
of jewelry, stands, small candelabras, &c. 
One large table ornament is valued at $1,300. 
The work is exceedingly delicate and well 
done. 

P. A. LIE, Christiania.—Silver jewelry 
and ornaments of neat and beautiful pat¬ 
terns, ornamented with very fine filigree 
work. 

S. OLSEN, Bergen.—Silver neck chains, 
pendants, very beautiful in design and fault¬ 
less in workmanship. 


FURNITURE. 

WILLIAM GRAM, Christiania.—Exhibit 
of two figures, male and female, dressed in 
the national costumes, from Hardanger, and 
adorned with silver jewelry. They are both 
remarkably life-like, and are much admired. 
One oak cupboard, trimmed with ebonized 
wood, valued at $330 gold. One very ele¬ 
gant buffet, with columns and panels carved 
in fine designs, valued at $430 gold. One 
bedstead, ornamented with very finely 
carved figures, valued at $550 gold. A col¬ 
lection of ancient fire-arms, swords, cross¬ 
bows, Ac. Also, old coins and books. This 
exhibit is very large and valuable. 

CIIR. KLEMETSEN, Joiner, Christiania. 
—Surrounding the Norwegian exhibition is 
a frame-work of pine, consisting principally 
of an open worked cornice supported upon 
pillars; the portions over the passages are 
quite elaborate in design. The arch over 
the entrance from the main aisle is very 
deep, and has the word “ Norway” painted 
in large, plain letters in the center. All the 
work is well done and attractive; and adds 
much to the general effect. 

A combined chest and cupboard is shown; 
a very superior piece of furniture. Basket 
ware chairs, and cases; carved wood orna¬ 
ments executed by the Norwegian peasantry. 


MATCHES. 

The manufacture of matches is largely 
carried on in Norway, and the exhibit is 
consequently extensive and well arranged. 
The goods are mainly safety and phosphorus 
matches. 

DRAWINGS AND MODELS OF VESSELS. 

Drawings and models of sailing vessels; 
iron ships of fine designs. The specimens, 


both upon paper and in reality, are superior 
in workmanship. 


PAPER. 

Exhibit of wood pulp for paper manufac¬ 
ture; strong wrapping paper; strong and 
reliable goods. 

THE STATISTICAL BUREAU, Chris¬ 
tiania.—This Bureau was established in 
1837, and presents a valuable collection of 
official statistical publications and carto¬ 
graphical productions. The work is all re¬ 
markably accurate and neat in appearance. 


METAL ORES AND MANUFACTURES. 

CATHRINEHOLMS IRON WORKS & 
FOUNDRY, Fredrikshald. — Est’d. 1827. 
The works are driven by motors of about 
350 horse-power. This exhibit is very at¬ 
tractively displayed, and consists of the 
prow of a vessel, the sides of which are 
sheet-iron. Through holes upon either side 
of the figure-head project the massive an¬ 
chor chains. The mast is a column made 
of different sizes of iron rods, lashed to¬ 
gether with chains. The shrouds upon each 
side of the mast are made of cables, the 
rungs being cold knotted bars of iron, grad¬ 
uated in size, the largest being first. Upon 
the deck is a cargo of iron. Standing upon 
the deck is a figure of Laif Erikson, who 
was the first Norwegian who visited America. 
Upon the platform upon which the vessel 
rests, are many projectiles, manufactured by 
this company. 

NORWEGIAN TOURIST CLUB, of 
Christiania.—A large exhibit, handsomely 
encased, of silver ores and bars, valued at 
$800. Fine, rich nickel ores. Iron hand- 
valve, and rotary pumps; brass faucets, of 
every description; burglar and fire-proof 
safes, of neat patterns and faultless work¬ 
manship. Various kinds of locks. Stoves, 
handsome in pattern and well made. 

Tourists’ knapsacks, with the necessary 
implements; also, an array of knives such 
as are used by tourists in Norway. 


MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. 

The only musical instruments shown are 
pianos; two by Brantzeg, of Christiania, 
and one by J. Aarestrup, of Bergen. They 
are inclosed in plain though elegant cases, 
and have very fine tones. 













DENMARK AND EGYPT, MAIN BUILDING. 























































































































































































































































































































DANISH DEPARTMENT. 


197 


MINERALS. 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, of Southern 
Norway, Assistant Geologists, "W. Bragger 
and H. Rensch, Christiania,—Exhibit °of 
eruptive rocks, granites of fine grain and 
susceptible of a high polish, and newly dis¬ 
covered crystallizations. Several fine geo¬ 
logical maps that are very interesting. 


STONES. 

Burnt clay bricks and tiles; hard paving 
stones; fine millstones; slate for table tops, 
roofs, &c. These are all mined in Norway, 
and are very superior. 


TEXTILES. 

Exhibit of dyed cotton fabrics of pleas¬ 
ing patterns; also, dyed yarns of all colors; 
strong quality of sail cloth, fishing twines, 
and nets; ropes of all kinds; handsome 
floor oil-clotlis. 

O. C. FANDRENV, Karasjok, Finnmark. 
—Exhibit of Lapp costumes. There are 
three figures, a man, woman, and child, made 
°f gypsum, and dressed in the costumes of 
Lapland. The faces have the characteristic 
scowls and forbidding expressions common 
to the natives. The figures, in every detail, 
are wonderfully natural. 


FURS AND LEATHER. 

Very elegant and costly furs are shown, 
consisting mostly of native skins. Also, 
well made boots and shoes. 


GLASS AND PORCELAIN. 

The exhibit in this department, though 
not large, will stand the closest scrutiny. 

HARALD BERG, Christiania Glass Mag¬ 
azine.—A large and attractive exhibit of 
wineglasses, decanters, and glass lamps. 
The articles are artistic in shape, and beauti¬ 
fully cut. 

F. VON SCHWARZENHORN, Christi¬ 
ania.—Est’d. 1859. Exhibit of elegantly 
painted and decorated porcelain ware. This 
is the oldest firm of the kind in Norway, and 
has presented samples of superior workman¬ 
ship. _ 

CARRIAGES AND SLEDGES. 

CHR. CHRISTENSEN, Christiania.— 
This gentleman exhibits a karriol , (Norwe¬ 
ll 


gian traveling carriage for one passenger,) 
and antique and modern racing sledges. 

There are also Norwegian fishing sledges, 
propelling sticks, and snowshoes. The arti¬ 
cles all show fine work. 


CHEMICAL PREPARATIONS. 

The exhibit of cod liver oil is very ex¬ 
tensive, and of good quality. Also, a 
medicinal preparation of the oil, for which 
many advantages are claimed. Tonic pills; 
=» toilet soaps, perfumery, and pomades, neatly 
’’ shown; inks and aceptine; preparations of 
» ammonia. Exhibit of apatile, (phosphate 
of lime) ores, and safety percussion caps. 

Also, handsomely carved meerschaum 
pipes. These articles are cut in very at¬ 
tractive patterns, and can well be closely 
examined. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

Model of automatic smoke-consuming 
apparatus to be applied to boilers. Knives, 
with handsomely carved handles and sheaths 
of wood and walrus teeth. 

BERGEN SCHOOL BOARD.—Exhibit 
of desks with benches for a class of thirty- 
five scholars; also, blackboards, maps, teach¬ 
ers’ chairs and writing books for scholars of 
different ages. The display is very com¬ 
plete and well arranged. 


DENMARK. 

Denmark and its possessions—Farve Is¬ 
lands, Iceland, Greenland, and the Danish 
possessions in the West Indies—have a com¬ 
bined population of 1,988,000. The king¬ 
dom has an area of 14,553 square miles. 
The chief industries are agriculture and 
cattle breeding; the annual yield of grain, 
being 100,000,000 bushels, and 200,000,000 
barrels of potatoes. The live stock numbers 
as follows: horses, 350,000; cattle, 1,250,- 
000; sheep, 1,900,000; and hogs, 450,000. 

Public debt, April, 1876, $38,539,356 ‘ 
revenue, $13,000,000, and expenses about 
$1,000,000 less. In the last five years the 
debt has been reduced nearly $20,000,000. 

The most important manufactures are 
terra cotta and china ware, linen, cloth, to¬ 
bacco, soap, and paper. 

In 1875 the merchant navy consisted of 
2,766 sailing vessels of 183,740 tons burden, 
and 114 steam ships of 24,323 tons. 

The army numbered 52,000 men in all. 




















198 DANISH DEPARTMENT-TERRA COTTA WARE, SILVER WARE, CLOTHING, ETC. 


The naval force is composed of 34 vessels. 
At the end of 1874 the railroad measured 
606 miles, and the telegraph lines 1,500 
miles; the wires 4,146 miles; the offices 
numbered 174, and there were 762,609 
messages sent during 1874. 

During the year 1873-4 the post-office 
forwarded 16,487,777 letters, and 15,134,- 
812 newspapers. 


TERRA COTTA WARE. 

WENDRICH & SON, Copenhagen.— 
This firm exhibits a small, though splendid 
array of terra cotta bas-reliefs; beautifully 
decorated bowls, vases, &c. The work is 
neat and very attractive. 

GEORGE W. HEESE, Copenhagen.— 
Arranged upon a pyramidal stand is this 
gentleman’s exhibit of terra cotta vases, jugs, 
&c., very artistically and beautifully deco- 
rated 

P. IPSEN’S WIDOW, Copenhagen.— 
This is a large exhibit, neatly shown, of terra 
cotta ware. Here we find black ware, verv 
beautifully painted in flower patterns. Also, 
many bas-reliefs, well executed. The assort¬ 
ment is large, and from its great beauty and 
uniqueness, is much admired. 

ROYAL PORCELAIN MAN’F’Y., Co¬ 
penhagen.—An exhibit of biscuit bas-reliefs, 
after Thorwaldsen, the greatest sculptor of 
the present century. The pieces are fine 
representations of some of his great bas- 
reliefs. 


CHEMICAL MANUFACTURES. 

This exhibit consists of butter and cheese 
coloring, rennet extract. Double distilled 
bay spirit and oil of bay leaves. Large dis¬ 
play of stearine candles. Handsomely ar¬ 
ranged exhibit of cherry cordial. 


SILVER WARE. 

Y. CHRISTESEN, Copenhagen.—In the 
center of this exhibit is a large and very 
elaborately ornamented table center piece, 
made of oxidized silver. The design is 

o 

beautiful and the workmanship unsurpassed. 
Value, $4,290. Also, a full set of silver 
ware, having a smooth surface of gold, orna¬ 
mented with frosted and chased silver. 
Very rich and elegant. 


ARTICLES OF WOOD. 

V. FIGELDSKOV Copenhagen.—Exhib¬ 


it of statuettes and models carved in wood. 
The positions are natural, and the execution 
faultless. 

C. B. HANSEN, Copenhagen, exhibits 
very rich ebony furniture. The articles are 
pleasing in form, and of excellent finish. 
Also, building timbers, boards, &c. ; rough 
and finished. Model of a scaffold. Varnish, 
and specimens of wood varnished with it to 
show polish._ 

CLOTHING, MAPS, ETC. 

Large exhibit of very superior kid gloves 
and gauntlets; and a machine for sewing 
gloves. Clothing made of water-proof oil¬ 
cloth. Strong and durable soles made from 
leather scraps. Topographical maps, accu¬ 
rately drawn; also, geographical, historical, 
and other maps; several fine architectural 
designs; lithographic signs; handsomely 
done. Cartoons from “Punch.” Very ac¬ 
curate school maps. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

C. HARBOE, Copenhagen.—This gen¬ 
tleman exhibits a large collection of curiosi¬ 
ties from Greenland. An Esquimaux kayak, 
or fishing boat, consists of a frame-work 
having skins stretched tightly over it. The 
boat is long and of a width just sufficient to 
permit one man to sit in it. In the center 
is an opening to admit the voyager, who, 
when seated, draws tightly around him the 
cord running around the hole, thus effec¬ 
tually excluding all water. Resting upon 
the boat are the paddles, weapons, and float. 
The spear, when about to be thrown, is at¬ 
tached by a long thong to a large float, 
which prevents the fish from diving or going 
to too great a distance. An experienced 
Esquimaux will propel one of these crafts 
safely and swiftly over seas that would 
quickly swamp a large row-boat. There are 
also shown knives with carved ivory han¬ 
dles; a model of an Esquimaux hut, in 
which the door-way is low, requiring the in¬ 
truder to bend;—and the entry six feet 
long, opening into one large compartment, 
which serves as parlor, kitchen, and bed¬ 
room. The bed is a bunk, slightly raised 
from the floor. Upon this, with their feet 
projecting into the middle of the room, the 
whole family repose. There are also several 
suits of clothing of Esquimaux and very ele¬ 
gant furs displayed. 










EXHIBITION OF DANISH POTTERY. 












































































































































































































































































































































I 























































































































































































































































































































































Enameled Silver Tankard. Serf Emancipation Cup. Enameled Silver Tankard 

RUSSIAN. ____ 


















































































































































































































RUSSIAN DEPARTMENT-JEWELRY, BRONZE ARTICLES. 


205 


MRS. OYRE, Copenhagen.—Embroidered 
flower patterns, very naturally made. 

II. MULLER, Farve Islands.—Exhibit of 
birds, feathers, eggs, &c. Also, an array of 
comfortable woolen clothing. 

F. WEIDEL, Copenhagen.—Exhibit of a 
strong fire-proof safe. 

It must be remembered that these exhibits 
are by private parties entirely; the home 
government having made no appropri¬ 
ation for the Centennial. The exhibitors 
came at their own expense and deserve a 
generous credit for their magnanimity in fill¬ 
ing a space which their country failed to 
occupy. 

RUSSIA. 

The empire of Russia comprises nearly 
the whole of the north and north-eastern 
portion of Europe; the whole of northern 
Asia and a part of central Asia. Popula¬ 
tion, nearly 90,000,000. Imports, $333,- 
743,410. "Exports, $273,493,550. Army, 
peace footing, 846,424. War footing, 1,- 
213,257. Revenue, 1875, $430,608,072. 
Expenses, $428,201,165. National debt, 
$1,855,503,096. Railways, 14,073 miles, 
nearly one-half of which belongs to the gov¬ 
ernment. In Russia there are 23,623 schools 
of all grades, in which 926,353 scholars are 
educated. Most of the schools are main¬ 
tained by the government, although educa¬ 
tion is not compulsory. So great is the 
desire for education that there are more 
applications for teachers than can be filled. 

That part of Russia lying along the Ural 
Mountains, is exceedingly rich in minerals. 
In 1873, there were mined 35 tons of gold; 
2 of platinum; 14 of silver; 1,392 of lead; 
4,392 of copper; 3,271 of zinc; 2 of tin; 
247,000 of iron; 1,121,703 of coal; 63,000 
of petroleum ; 46 of nickel and several hun¬ 
dred tons of chromes and minerals of less 
value. 

There were in 1870, 158 cotton-spinning 
mills and weaving factories, producing 
goods worth $49,770,000. The products 
of tanning are worth $15,000,000. Prc 
ductions of machine-shops in 1870, were 
$1 1,500,000; sugar refineries $20,400,000, 
paper-mills $4,300,000. The merchant 
navy consisted, Dec. 1874, of 2,512 vessels 
of 521,008 tons burden, including 621 
ships in foreign trade, and 1,672 coasters, 
many of which belonged to the Greeks, but 
sailed under the flag of the Czar. Of river 


and lake steamers there were 385, not 
noted in the above. In 1875 the navy 
proper consisted of 223 vessels of 188,120 
tons, and 561 guns, including a fleet of 29 
iron-clads carrying 184 guns. During 1874 
there passed through 3,191 post-offices 
83,560,000 letters, etc. In the same year 
3,512,003 telegrams were sent, over 58,675 
miles of wire. 


JEWELRY. 

PAUL OVTCHINNIKOF, Moscow. - 
Silver articles ornamented with enamel and 
niello, chased and figured work; very ele¬ 
gant goblets and pitchers. The works have 
been established for twenty-five years; en¬ 
gage 275 hands, and annually produce goods 
valued at $375,000. 

VALENTINE SAIZKOF, St. Petersburg 
and Moscow.—Exhibit of articles in silver, 
consisting of candelabras, statuettes, chased 
and embossed tea services; one elegant 
piece of repousse work. The wares are all 
of rare elegance and beauty. The factories 
were established in 1793. Between 250 
and 300 men are employed, and the annual 
value of products is $600,000. 

JOHN KHLEBNIKOF, Moscow.—Bas¬ 
kets, jugs, bowls, pitchers, services, <fec., in 
silver. The work is well designed and deli¬ 
cate. Annual products, $750,000. 

N. IVANOF, St. Petersburg.—One jug, 
in shape of a tower, having, at each of the 
four doors, an embossed group, representing 
the principal epochs in the history of Russia. 

JOHN TCIIITCHELEF, Moscow.—Ex¬ 
hibit of gold necklaces, bracelets, diadems, 
&c. The goods are elegant and highly fin¬ 
ished. House established in 1815. Em¬ 
ploys at present 50 hands, and values the 
annual production at $111,600. 

There are many other exhibits of jewelry, 
in which we find bracelets ornamented in 
niello and enamel; belts, scarf pins, and 
studs of silver; very handsome trays and 
baskets; elegantly embossed silver plates; 
silver gilt jugs and vases ; crosses and images. 

BRONZE ARTICLES. 

These consist of ornamented crosses and 
rings, well made. 

FELIX CHOPIN, of St. Petersburg, 
makes a fine display of bronze groups and 
statuettes, very finely finished. One large 
candelabra, beautiful in design and elaborate 







206 RUSSIAN DEPARTMENT-AMBER, HORN, STATIONERY, ARTICLES OF WOOD, ETC. 


in ornamentation, is valued at $7,000. 
There are many other very attractive arti¬ 
cles in the assortment, all of which will bear 
a close examination. 


AMBER, HORN, ETC. 

BERNSTEIN BROS., Loinza.—Beautiful 
articles made of amber. Jewelry, cigar 
mouthpieces, and cigarette cases, handsome¬ 
ly made. An array of very excellent me- 
dalions. They are of fine designs delicately 
wrought. The firm was established in 1798, 
and now employs six men. The annual pro¬ 
duction is valued at $9,000. 

A. LOOKOOTIN & SON, of Moscow, 
present a pleasing exhibit of albums, cigar, 
snuff, and match boxes, portmonies, &c., all 
made of papier mache. Some of the arti¬ 
cles are beautifully painted. The firm start¬ 
ed in 1817, and now employs 45 men. 


STATIONERY. 

The articles shown in this exhibit are— 
writing papers, of fine quality ; photographic 
paper; very substantially bound account 
books. - 

ARTICLES OF WOOD. 

The specimens of furniture presented are 
elegant in form and finished in a most work- 
manlike manner. Carved and stained wood 
furniture. One arm-chair, carved in the 
Russian style ; walnut arm-chair and writing 
table; excellent church furniture; one hand¬ 
somely carved oak billiard table, with cues, 
racks, &c. Wooden and card-board frames ; 
also, gilt frames, image shrines and images. 


IRON AND IRON ARTICLES. 

These articles are neatly encased and 
make a fine display. Iron in bars ; cast and 
forged steel; large exhibit of cast-iron and 
iron wires; rivets, bolts, and nuts; one pe¬ 
troleum stove ; household articles of tin. 


SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS. 

Surgical instruments for urethrotomic 
operations; veterinary surgeon’s case; draw¬ 
ings of ambulance with appurtenances; steps 
for ambulances; model of hand litter. The 
articles are all well made and highly finished. 

ARTIFICIAL TEETH. 

Very large exhibit of well made artificial 
teeth. 


MATHEMATICAL INSTRUMENTS. 

Accurate instruments for measuring dis¬ 
tances; compass and Frenel’s lamp for light¬ 
houses ; optical apparatus, splendidly made ; 
photometer; signal light for ships; ap¬ 
paratus for drawing a parabola, and a scale 
for finding the radius of a given arc; self¬ 
registering indicator for a ship’s way ; magic 
lantern slides; apparatus for filtering liquids. 


CUTLERY. 

A fine assortment of cutlery of every de¬ 
scription, very highly finished. Sporting 
guns, of most approved patterns; knives 
and scissors, of all kinds, elegantly made. 


MALACHITE AND PORCELAIN. 

HOESSRICH & WOERFFEL, St. Peters¬ 
burg.—Here we find an exceedingly rich ex¬ 
hibit of Russian malachite, jasper, &c. One 
fine mantle of malachite, trimmed with jas¬ 
per stone of different colors, all highly pol¬ 
ished, valued at $6,500. At the top of the 
side columns are two bunches of grapes, one 
of amethyst, the other of nephrite. Vases 
of lapis-lazuli, of a rich blue color, valued at 
$2,000. One superb malachite table worth 
$2,400. There are many other articles, all 
of which show the most exquisite workman¬ 
ship. The whole display is valued at 
$ 100 , 000 . 

KORNILOF & BROS., St. Petersburg.— 
Porcelain articles of Russian designs. 

E. A. EGOROFF, St. Petersburgh.—Ele¬ 
gantly painted, deep porcelain plate, valued 
at $250. 

LEOPOLD BONAFEDE, St. Petersburg. 
—Enameled stone tiles, painted vases, dishes, 
and plates, with designs in Russian, Byzan¬ 
tine, and Arabian style. 

HARLAMOFF, St. Petersburg. — Two 
very handsome statues in terra cotta, each 
valued at $150. 


TEXTILES. 

KONDRASHEF BROS., Moscow.—Silk 
faille and poplins, of very superior quality. 
The factory was started in 1763, employs 
500 men, and annually manufactures goods 
valued at $225,000. 

SIIELAIEF BROS., Moscow.—Silk tis¬ 
sues, satins, black and colored failles. 300 
men are employed in the factory and 400 
out of it. Annual yield valued at $300,000. 













RUSSIAN DEPARTMENT-LINENS, COTTONS, CLOTHING, FURS, UMBRELLAS. 


207 


JOHN SITOFF, St. Petersburg.—Bro¬ 
cades, figured in gold, galloons, Ac., exceed¬ 
ingly rich and elegant. Established in 1800, 
employs sixty men, and the yield per year is 
worth $75,000. 

A. & W. SAPOJNIKOFF, Moscow.— 
Gold and silver figured cloths, of superb 
finish. Brocades figured in velvet and gold. 
One piece of gold cloth is valued at $115 
per yard. Also, four woven chair patterns 
of silk. The collection is exceedingly rich 
and valuable. 

ALEXIS FOMITCHEF, Moscow.—A 
large and fine exhibit of silk goods; moire- 
antique, faille, figured furniture, Ac. Estab¬ 
lished 1820. 700 employes. $300,000 

annual yield. 

MOSSHOOCHIN & SONS, Moscow.— 
Elegant silk tissues and damasks, satins and 
reps. Established in 1845. 300 men em¬ 

ployed, and $300,000 worth of goods made 
annually. 

BRASHNIN BROS., Moscow.—Hand¬ 
somely figured Oriental silk stuffs. House 
began in 1816. Employs 800 men, and 
value the yearly productions at $600,000. 

ELIAS SHADRI, Moscow.—Embroidery 
in gold. Image of St. Alexander Newsky 
embroidered in gold. The figure is stand¬ 
ing, leaning with one hand on a table, upon 
which rests a crown set with jewels. A 
corona of superb brilliants surround the 
head. In the angles of the border are 
represented twenty figures of the saints cel¬ 
ebrated by the Russian Orthodox Church, 
on the name days of the Russian Sovereigns, 
beginning with Peter the Great. The figure 
is valued at $3,750. Firm established in 
1859. 120 employes. Annual manufacture 

valued at $150,000. 

EMELYANOF & ROCHEFORT, Mos¬ 
cow.—Silk and mixed tissues. Established 
1859. Makes yearly 25,000 pieces, valued 
at $450,000. 450 workmen. 

ALEXANDER TIMASHEF, Moscow.— 
Mixed silk and woolen tissues. Established 
1856. $525,000 worth of goods yearly. 

1,000 hands. 

WEDERNIKOF & MIKHAILOF, St. 
Petersburg.—Elegant ladies’ cloaks, trimmed 
and lined with furs. Two very fine ones, 
lined with Thibet goat fur. The goods are 
very rich. 

There are many other very attractive ex¬ 
hibits, containing specimens of silk and 
woolen ribbons; embroideries and laces in 
old Russian designs; mixed woolen and silk 


tissues, figured and plain, of rare splendor; 
superior smooth and fancy figured failles ; 
reps and satins; good quality of black and 
colored cloths; military cloths; woolen 
yarns; knitted and woven kerchiefs and 
scarfs; union cloths; alpacas and crapes; 
camel’s hair cloth ; handsome knitted and 
woven articles of swansdown; worsted and 
mixed woolen goods. 


LINENS AND COTTONS. 

This exhibit comprises linen yarns and 
cloths; embroidered handkerchiefs and 
covers for furniture; also, shirts and jackets; 
bleached calico; cotton yarns; very pretty 
cotton prints; cotton underclothing of all 
kinds; handsomely embroidered cambric 
kerchiefs. Marking inks and brushes, 
claimed to be very superior. 


CLOTHING. 

Ladies’ Peterines made by hand; helmet 
for the Horse Guards; hosiery and kid 
gloves. Specimens and drawings of mili¬ 
tary uniforms, exhibited by the Chief In¬ 
tendancy of War, St. Petersburg. 

The assortment of hats and caps displayed 
embraces articles of every fashion and of 
fine quality; they are principally silk, 
beaver, and felt. 


FURS. 

M. GRUNWALDT, Riga.—Here we find 
an exhibit of furs valued at $100,000. One 
black fox skin worth $300. Skins of the 
silver fox, ranging from $60 to $200. One 
silk velvet cloak, lined with fur of the Thibet 
goat, valued at $300. Mosaic carpet, con¬ 
taining 20,000 pieces of skin, $250. Cloaks 
of black sable, $2,000. Large assortment 
of Russian sables, Royal ermines, best qual¬ 
ity of seal skins, Ac. Muffs, capes, and 
collars in all skins. 


UMBRELLAS. 

JOHN PEREPELIvIN, St. Petersburg.— 
Silk for umbrellas. Established 1855. 90 

men employed. 

GREGORY PRAYOTOROF, Moscow.— 
Umbrellas. Established 1857. Makes above 
30,000 umbrellas yearly ; worth $30,000. 

There are also exhibited very costly canes 
and umbrellas. 












208 RUSSIAN DEPARTMENT-RUBBER GOODS, EDUCATIONAL, CHEMICALS. SPAIN. 


RUBBER GOODS. 

RUSSIAN-AMERICAN INDIA RUB¬ 
BER CO., St. Petersburg.—The case con¬ 
taining this exhibit is circular, having goods 
displayed both upon the interior and exterior, 
and entered by three steps. The articles 
shown consist of rubber articles of dress, 
and boots and shoes. Traveling and house- 
hold articles. The company was founded in 
18G0. 1,378 work people are employed, 

and goods are manufactured yearly to the 
value of $2,250,000. 


EDUCATIONAL. 

PEDAGOGIC MUSEUM OF THE MIN¬ 
ISTRY OF WAR, St. Petersburg.—Syste¬ 
matic collection of educational appliances, 
made in Russia, which, in many instances, 
are of original designs. Religion is shown 

o o o 

by pictures showing the holy history; and 
accompanying maps, whereby the scenes 
may be located. The principles of mathe¬ 
matics are made plain to the student by 
simple though comprehensive apparatus. 
Geometrical figures of great accuracy. In 
Natural History, stuffed animals and skele¬ 
tons are used. To supply the demand in 
schools which can not afford the real article, 
imitations in papier mache are used. The 
anatomical aids are very fine. There are 
busts made to show the peculiarities of the 
different races. And in the collection are 
over two hundred models, showing all the 
Russian costumes. Collection of native 
woods polished, both with and across the 
grain. In the study of Geography, the be¬ 
ginner is first made familiar with a map of 
his own town. For the advanced pupils, 
are aids of great preciseness, and very 
cheap. Simple aids for the study of Astron¬ 
omy. In Physics there are several new ap¬ 
pliances, to demonstrate its theories. One 
for showing the parallelogram of forces. 
Models for drawing, and drawings from the 
specimens in the Zoological collection, very 
finely done. A new barometer, invented by 
Mendeleeff. This instrument is of great 
delicacy, and is being rapidly adopted. 

All the forms used in the schools are 
shown, and a great many very valuable maps. 
Maps of triangulation from Ireland, through 
England, Germany, and Russia. In the 
schools the abacus is used. Several large 
ones shown. 

MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS APPLIED 
TO INDUSTRY, Moscow.—This is a large 


and fine exhibit, consisting of ornamental 
clay tiles; articles in porcelain and faience, 
with designs in Russian style. Also, works 
published by the Museum. The Art and 
Industrial Museum was opened in 1868, and 
is composed of three departments—Artistic, 
Industrial, and Historical. There are 6,600 
objects, and 6,235 books. 

THE MUSEUM OF THE MINING 
SCHOOL, at St. Petersburg, presents a large 
and very interesting exhibit. An extensive 
array of fossils found throughout Russia. 
Rocks from the Ural mountains. Minerals 
selected from the main collection: consist¬ 
ing of native gold, copper, iron, and corun¬ 
dum; with feldspar, chrysoberyl, tin stone, 
garnets, lapis-lazuli, rose turmaline, fine to¬ 
paz, and malachite. There is also a very 
beautiful exhibit of jaspers, of different col¬ 
ors, elegantly polished. All the articles 
from the Museum are classified, and plainly 
labeled, and furnish a very attractive display. 

Connected with this exhibit is one con¬ 
sisting of arms, belonging to the— 

ZLATOUST WORKS.—Asiatic saber and 
dagger, crooked steel dagger, with gilded in¬ 
cisions ; hunting knives, broad-swords, foils, 
and cavalry sabers. The goods are in all 
stages of finish, those completed being of 
remarkable beauty. 


CHEMICALS. 

Elixir for toothache; specimens for 
lackering and painting; handsome display' 
of glycerine and toilet soaps; also, cosmetics. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

Buttons of all kinds; pictures made of 
dried plants and insects; children’s toys; 
exhibit of wigs. 

DR. WYWODZOFF, St. Petersburg.—A 
method of embalming the dead by the use 
of thymol. Exhibit of the apparatus. 


SPAIN. 

Spain occupies the greater portion of the 
peninsula which forms the south-west cor¬ 
ner of Europe. Its greatest length is 560 
miles, and its greatest breadth is 650 miles. 
The area, including the Balearic and Canary 
Islands, is 196,031 square miles; the popu¬ 
lation is 16,835,506. The provinces of 
Spain are Cuba, whicli has an area of 43,- 
225 square miles, and a population of 










SPANISH DEPARTMENT. 


209 


1,400,000 ; Porto Rico, with an area of 
3,544 square miles, and a population of 
625,000; the Philippine Islands, with a 
combined area of 66,426 square miles, and 
a population of 6,034,410; Fernando Po, 
Annobon, Islands of West Africa, with an 
area of 483 square miles, and a population 
of 35,000. 

Spain is one of the most fertile countries 
of Europe, with a temperate climate. One] 
of the most important industries is the rais¬ 
ing of sheep, principally merino. 

The state religion is Roman Catholic, and 
until recently no other was tolerated. The 
whole number of Protestants, in 1874, being 
from 30,000 to 120,000. There were, in 
1867, 26,362 public schools, having nearly 
1,500,000 pupils. There are now ten uni¬ 
versities, with an attendance for each of 
1,200 pupils. There are also fine institutes 
for instructing the deaf, dumb, and blind. 

In manufactures, Spain is noted for her 
fine silks and beautiful metal work. 

Spain is very rich in minerals, producing 
fine ores of the following metals: galena, 
iron pyrites, cobalt, lead, iron, zinc, silver, 
quicksilver, antimony, nickel, tin, and mag¬ 
netic iron. The stones produced are beau¬ 
tiful marbles, granite, alabaster, jasper, mala¬ 
chite, and building stones. 

Though the Spanish exhibit is deficient in 
many particulars, it will, as a whole, be 
judged more leniently when we remember 
that when the invitation to participate in 
the Centennial anniversary was received, the 
country was in the midst of a severe civil 
war. It is owing to this that many very 
prominent and important manufactures are 
so feebly shown. 

In 1873 the merchant navy consisted of 
3,069 vessels, of 678,886 tons burden. 

Imports in 1874, $76,400,000, exports, 
$80,600,000. The most essential imports 
are sugar, yarn, raw cotton, textiles, coal, 
iron, machinery, and preserved fish; the 
exports are metals, bullion, cereals, tropical 
fruits, and cork. 

On June 1, 1874, the public debt was 
$2,024,057,044; the receipts for the year 
1874-75 were $121,908,228; and the 
expenditures were $121,025,114. 

The army consists of 216,000 men on a 
war footing. The navy is composed of 123 
steamers, mounting 755 guns. In addi¬ 
tion to these there are 3 school-ships, 
with 54 guns, and 2 sailing vessels. The 
entire fleet is manned by 14,000 seamen, and 
5,500 marines. 


In the beginning of the year 1875 there 
were 3,810 miles of railways open for 
traffic, and 1,264 miles were being con¬ 
structed. At the same time the lines of 
telegraph measured 7,510 miles, and the 
wires, 16,950 miles. During 1874 there 
were 937,845 messages forwarded. 

During the same year the postal service 
forwarded 75,300,000 letters; on the first 
day of 1875 the offices numbered 2,365. 

The exhibit of Spain in the Main Build¬ 
ing is surrounded by a large and imposing 
inclosure, painted in imitation of colored 
marble, and decorated with the national 
coat of arms and clusters of flags. In the 
center of the side facing the main aisle may 
be seen very elegant damascened work. 
There is one superb clock, with two mantle 
candelabras to match, made of iron, orna¬ 
mented with inlaid gold and silver. The 
design of the work is very beautiful, and 
the execution really faultless. There is a 
large array of bronze work, consisting of 
shields and armor, the shape and ornamen¬ 
tations taken from ancient models. Large 
array of locks, hinges, and church orna¬ 
ments of brass, all highly finished. The 
damascened work was originally made by 
the Moors of the middle ages. The work 
exhibited consists of shields and armor of 
the ancients, reproduced in this work. 
Several splendid chandeliers in the Renais¬ 
sance style. Also, an assortment of jewelry 
of damascened iron. 

The Spanish exhibit of minerals is large 
and complete. One lump of very rich cop¬ 
per ore, weighing 8,000 pounds; lead ore, 
of 5,000 pounds. Valuable iron ores con¬ 
taining from 50 to 60 per cent, metal, and 
in one the per centage is 85. 

There are fine specimens of alabaster, co¬ 
balt, silver, manganese, antimony, zinc, cal¬ 
careous spar, rock and marine salt, gypsum 
lime, jasper, sulphur and mica. Copper in 
its various stages; lead and iron pigs. 
There are also shown building stones and 
polished marbles, together with some fossil 
remains. 

Among the chemicals are shown marine 
salt; resins for medicinal use; medicinal 
preparations of sarsaparilla and iron; 
cantharides, or Spanish flies, in various 
forms; collodion for the use of photogra¬ 
phers; pharmaceutical preparations, &c. 

Castile soaps, pure white and mottled with 
red; toilet and fancy soaps. Wax and stear- 







210 


SPANISH DEPARTMENT-PORCELAIN, GLASS WOOLENS, WEARING APPAREL. 


ine candles, some of the former are very 
ornamental, and all intended for church use. 

In the brass department we notice large 
braziers, for heating and cooking with a 
charcoal fire; censers for church service; 
also, ornaments, door trimmings, &c. 

The most attractive article of furniture is 
a massive carved sideboard of oak. It is 
ten feet high by six in width, and is com¬ 
pletely covered with elaborate carvings, some 
of the panels being very beautiful. The 
value is $1,500 gold, exclusive of duty. 


PORCELAIN. 

Some plates and dishes and large vases, 
contributed by his majesty the King of 
Spain. They show delicate designs and su¬ 
perior workmanship. Large array of earth¬ 
enware ; some, of red clay, are glazed upon 
the interior, and are intended for kitchen 
use. There is a large assortment of tiles in 
imitation of the old mosaics. Terra cotta 
tiles for roofing, of various colors; drain 
pipes, of all sizes. 


GLASS. 

The glass ware consists of wine decanters 
and glasses delicately engraved; also, table 
ware of good quality. Prettily shaped toilet 
sets made of opaque glass. 

From the girders of the building are hung 
fishing nets, of all sizes, sent from Barce¬ 
lona. There are some of extraordinary size, 
intended for use in the sardine fisheries. 

The display of muslins and prints is large 
and attractive. The largest exhibit is from 
the— 

BATTLO HERMANES MANUFAC¬ 
TORY, at Barcelona.—The mill was erected 
in 1870, and covers nearly fifteen acres. It 
has 54,000 spindles, and 1,348 power-looms. 
The machinery is driven by fourteen steam- 
engines, which have an indicated horse-power 
of 900. The annual production is 4,500,000 
pounds of yarn, 223,600 pieces of cloth, and 
nearly 1,000,000 pounds of starch. The 
employes number 2,650. The exhibit con¬ 
sists of unbleached muslins of various widths. 
Assortments of showy cotton prints, and 
cotton, linen, and hempen canvas. 


WOOLENS. 

In the woolen department we find flan¬ 
nels, suitings, and military cloths; elabor¬ 
ately figured shawls and fancy cassimeres. 


Among the felt are long “Capotes de Monte,” 
or rain cloaks, made of heavy felt, and in¬ 
tended for horseback riding in the moun¬ 
tains. Woolen scarfs and shawls in brilliant 
colors; carpet rugs; dress goods; and a 
superior quality of woolen blankets. 

Raw silk, colored and uncolored; black 
grosgrains; satins and damasks in various 
colors. Portraits of the Royal Family 
woven in silk. Lace shawls, mantillas, and 
handkerchiefs, of delicate patterns. 


WEARING APPAREL. 

Large exhibit of shirts in various styles; 
collars, cuffs, hose, and underclothing. Cor¬ 
sets, very elaborately trimmed. Gloves and 
fans, some of the latter, being very finely 
carved and painted, are very valuable. An 
exhibit of human hair goods. 

Hats and caps of silk and felt. Boots 
and shoes; ladies’ fine shoes of satin, kid, 
and morocco, tastefully trimmed. Heavy 
riding boots. 

In the exhibits of paper, the most exten¬ 
sive and varied are those for cigarettes. 
Excellent quality of writing paper. Card¬ 
board for the manufacture of playing cards. 

In the horse equipments we find complete 
cavalry outfits; saddles, handsomely em¬ 
broidered ; horse covers, of gay colors; 
spurs, bits, and bridles, tastefully decorated. 
Iron tools and engraving upon iron. Model 
of a mill for grinding sugar-cane. Also, 
model of a system of movable rails, for use 
upon sugar plantations. Exhibit of sewing 
machines, handsomely encased. One fine 
upright piano. 

Palmetto leaves for hats. A great variety 
of articles made of Esparto and Gunco 
grasses. Carpets and mattings of straw and 
grass. 

THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS have a 
remarkably rich soil, though but a small 
area is under cultivation. The uncultivated 
land is covered by an immense growth of 
trees; some from seven to eight feet in di¬ 
ameter. The shipments of sugar in 1874, 
were 104,000 tons. The shipment of hemp, 
in the same year, amounted to 35,000 tons. 
In 1874, there were 40,000 tons of sugar 
shipped to the United States, and 42,000 to 
Great Britain. The exports for 1873 were 
valued at $33,000,000, and the imports at 
$23,000,000. 

The main product of the Islands is timber, 
oak, and teak, for ship building, being the 









PORTUGUESE DEPARTMENT-MINERALS, PORCELAINS. 


211 


most important. Next these, are barks for 
tanning, dyeing, and medicinal purposes; 
and resins, gums, and extracts. A large 
assortment of Manilla ropes, of all sizes; 
also, the same fiber made into mats. The 
exhibits from the Philippine Islands have 
mostly been placed in the Spanish Building 
and Agricultural Hall, under which heads 
will be found a more explicit description. 


CUBA. 

The principal exports of Cuba are sugar, 
of which the supply is enormous, though at 
present somewhat diminished by the war in 
that country. Many of the great sugar 
plantations have been entirely destroyed by 
the military; and the disturbances upon the 
island account for the absence of exhibitors 
therefrom. 


PORTUGAL. 

Portugal is the most westerly portion of 
the Spanish peninsula; is 368 miles long, 
by an average width of 100. The area of 
the country is 37,510 square miles, and its 
population 4,360,974. The Portuguese have 
possessions in Asia, in the Indian Archipel¬ 
ago, of 336 square miles, and 1,477,817 
people. Also, in Africa, the Cape de Verde 
Islands. Settlements in Senegambia and 
Guinea. Islands of St. Thomas and Prin¬ 
cipe—Angola, Benguela, and Mossamedas. 
Mozambique and Sofala ; the combined area 
of these is 34,486 square miles, with a pop¬ 
ulation of 2,395,142. 

The mining industries of Portugal are of 
great magnitude; but the agricultural pur¬ 
suits do not furnish material sufficient to 
supply the demand. The minerals mined 
from 1871-1872, are 146,894 tons of pyrites 
of copper; 1,892 tons copper; 2,213 tons 
lead; 19 tons antimony; 12,387 tons an¬ 
thracite coal; 14,226 tons manganese; and 
2,423 tons of iron. Of these, all but the 
lead are exported. This is used in the sev¬ 
eral lead foundries scattered throughout the 
country. The supply is governed by the 
demand; for in 1873, 211,000 tons of py¬ 
rites of copper were exported. 

In the year 1872, marble, cement, clay, 
lime, plaster, mill and building stones, and 
flint, to the value of $52,000, were exported. 
In the same year, the manufacture of marine 
salt amounted to $358,000. 

In the year 1872, the raw cotton imported 


/ 

was valued at $625,000, part of which came 
from their colonies and part from Brazil. 
In the same year, the avooI imported for 
manufactures was worth $3,500,000. The 
wool produced in the country, in the year 
1873, was worth $1,094,904. 

The exportations of manufactured silk 
amounted to $12,000, and of manufactured 
cotton, in one year, to $248,000 ; raw silk 
and cocoons, to $46,000. 

Linen is manufactured on a large scale 
throughout the entire kingdom ; one district 
alone, producing $54,000 worth per year. 

The culture of Indian corn in the year 
1873, was worth $474,000; of common 
corn, $206,000, and of oats, $158,000. 
These are the principal cereals grown; and 
though the soil is fertile, agriculture is fol¬ 
lowed but as a necessity. 

One very important industry is the raising 
of oranges and lemons. In 1873, there were 
250,000,000 oranges grown, and 330,000 
lemons. 

In 1875 the navy of Portugal consisted 
of 21 steamers and 11 sailing vessels. The 
steamers w r ere composed of 9 corvettes, 8 
sloops, and 7 gunboats, having 170 guns. 
The army on a peace footing numbers 
31,826 men. 

There were in 1875, 523 miles of rail¬ 
road, and 1,944 miles of telegraph lines. 

On the 30th of November. 1873, the 
public debt amounted to 364,165,000. The 
revenue for the year 1875-76 was $23,152,- 
000, and the expenditures, $24,129,000. 

MINERALS. 

In the display of minerals we notice some 
very beautiful specimens of marble, highly 
polished; antimony, lead, copper, iron and 
tin ores; fine quality of slate and building 
stones; lime, cement, pumice, clay, and 
kaolin, for porcelain manufacture ; anthra¬ 
cite coal. One bath tub cut out of a solid 
block of marble, highly polished, is very at¬ 
tractive. 


PORCELAINS. 

The displays of porcelain and glass ware 
are large and attractive. There are wares 
shown made of a red clay, remarkably por¬ 
ous, which consist mostly of water jugs. 
When these are filled with water, the evap¬ 
oration is very rapid, and therefore keeps the 
liquid sweet and cool. A large assortment 
of terra cotta figures, to show the national 








212 PORTUGUESE DEPARTMENT-FURNITURE, TEXTILES, STRAW GOODS, ETC. ITALY. 


costumes, well executed. Chamber sets 
beautifully painted; gold rimmed dinner 
and tea services. A very handsome exhibit 
of majolica stone ware, in neat designs. 
The glass ware consists of toilet sets, and 
tea services, some quite attractively cut. 
Very clear plate and cylinder glass. 


FURNITURE. 

In the department of furniture we notice 
principally chairs, settees, and toilet basins, 
made of iron wire. Billiard table, with 
slate top; several mosaic tables made of 
handsome stones. 


TEXTILES. 

In the department of textiles there are 
several qualities of coatings and military 
cloths; plain and plaid flannels, of good 
quality; handsomely figured shawls and 
large square ponchos; heavy blankets; very 
elegant silks for dress and upholstery; 
church ornaments and vestures, and costly 
gold cloths. A varied display of silk vel¬ 
vets, of excellent quality. Linens, of every 
description; handsome embroideries, attract¬ 
ively shown; large assortment of bed and 
table linen. Cotton yarns and prints in 
pleasing patterns; cotton cloths and strong 
canvas. 

In one large and handsome case may be 
found an array of hats, consisting of silk and 
beaver high hats; felt hats, of all kinds, and 
elegantly trimmed military hats. An ex¬ 
hibit of kid gloves and gauntlets. 


STRAW GOODS. 

There is a large array of straw mattings, 
of good patterns, and very strongly made. 
Also, many hats made of a much finer straw. 
An attractive display of boots and shoes, 
some of the latter with wooden soles, and 
very strong and durable. Also, comfortable 
slippers made of straw. 

In the fabrics of vegetable materials we 
find a large exhibit of strong baskets, of 
various shapes; several kinds of brushes; 
flax and hempen ropes and twines, and 
heavy cordage. 

There is a small though attractive assort- 
ment of mathematical instruments exhibited, 
all of them showing excellent workmanship. 
Also, a small case of wind and string musi¬ 
cal instruments. 


WATCHES AND JEWELRY. 

The jewelry shown consists of exceedingly 
delicately wrought silver filigree work. One 
silver plate bowl and pitcher, the chasing of 
which is very accurate, and done by a lathe 
known as Guillocher. Silver knives and 
forks and plate of elegant patterns. Gold 
and platinum jewelry, very costly and at¬ 
tractive ; also, gold-cased watches of fine 
workmanship. 


CARVINGS. 

In the center of the department we find 
some carvings in wood, consisting of cornices 
and saloon decorations, which are remarka¬ 
ble for their beauty of design and delicacy 
in execution. 


SOAPS AND CANDLES. 

Wax-candles, some beautifully cut and 
colored, for church services; fancy soaps; 
artificial flowers; large exhibit of mineral 
waters, said to be very healthful. 


STATIONERY, ETC. 

The exhibit of maps is complete, and pre¬ 
sents many geological, geographical, and 
topographical maps, of great accuracy. 
There is also a large assortment of photo¬ 
graphs, which are very fine. 

The stationery consists of paper for all 
purposes; strongly bound blank books; and 
a large array of elegantly printed and bound 
volumes. We find specimens of printing 
upon satin. These consist mainly of pro¬ 
grammes of theaters and bull-fights, and are 
only sent to the royal family. 

The mint makes an exhibit of all the cur¬ 
rent coins of Portugal and specimens of 
stamped paper. There are twelve maps, 
showing the coast line ; also, scientific works 
and reports, durably bound. 

In one large case may be seen kitchen tin 
and iron ware, of every description, very 
strongly made. The articles are all durable 
and would please any domestic. 


ITALY. 

This country lies in the south of Europe, 
forming a peninsula that runs well out into 
the Mediterranean sea; and from its peculiar 
structure has received the name of the Boot. 
Its greatest length is 600 miles, and its ut¬ 
most breadth 300. Population, 26,796,013. 















ITALIAN DEPARTMENT-JEWELRY, CARVED WOODWORK. 


213 


Area, 112,677 square miles. Density of 
population, 237 to the square mile. Chief 
mountains, the frontier ridge of the Alps; 
and their continuation, the Apennines. The 
volcanos are Vesuvius, near Naples; AEtna, 
in Sicily, and Stromboli, in the Lipari Is¬ 
lands. The rivers are generally navigable 
for small craft. Canals are numerous, par¬ 
ticularly in the north. The Naviglio Grande, 
or Ticinello, is the finest hydraulic construc¬ 
tion in Italy. It passes between the Ticino 
and Milan, 28 miles, navigable for vessels of 
large size. 253 canals intersect Piedmont, 
extending over 1,377 miles. Venice com¬ 
prises 203 navigable and 40 minor canals. 
The Naviglio Martesana, 38 miles long, was 
begun in 1179. The water system is of 
great value to the agricultural districts. 

The staple products are—corn, oil, raw 
silk, rice, olives, wines, and fruit. Only two- 
thirds of the tillable land are cultivated. 
The extent of productive soil is 57,592,740 
acres. Rock and marsh occupy 9,662,647 
acres. Naples wines are the best, among 
which are the famous Lachrima Christi and 
the Vind d'Asti. Silk is manufactured in 
the northern provinces. The fisheries are 
extensive, and Italy exports large quantities 
of anchovies and sardines. Exports of 1874 
were $251,863,905 ; and the imports, $190,- 
193,496. Public debt, $1,864,219,330. 
Railways, 4,607 miles. Lines of telegraph, 
12,622 miles. Parliament votes annually 
$2,895,000 for education, and yet nine- 
tenths of the population can not read and 
write. 

On the first day of January, 1874, the 
merchant navy consisted of 17,562 sailing 
vessels of 925,337 tons burden, and 103 
steamers of 24,476 tons. 

The navy proper consisted of 95 war 
ships, mounting 1,256 guns. Of this 
number 9 were iron-clads, with 346 guns, 
46 were propellers, carrying 693 guns, and 
32 were paddle-wheel steamers, equipped 
with 113 guns. 

The army consisted of 199,557 men on a 
peace footing, and 244,952 men on unlim¬ 
ited furlough. 

The Court of Italy commences at the 
nave of the Main Building, at the extreme 
western end, and runs to the north wall. It 
is built of open, ornamental trellis-work, 
rising twenty feet high over the central en¬ 
trance, and twelve feet over the two side 
gateways. Many handsome cases fill the 


court; and these contain most of the 
exhibits. 

The display of jewelry is large, but, with 
few exceptions, confined to the cheaper 
kinds; and the models to religious subjects. 
1 he character of a people may often he 
judged from the jewelry, and so it is with 
the Italians; inward aspirations are seen in 
their outward adornments. Broaches, pend¬ 
ants, bracelets, and necklaces, are marked 
emblematically. The mosaics are very 
handsome, and the filigree work remarkably 
delicate. There is a large display of coral 
jewelry, though much of it lacks brilliancy, 
the colors being pale. 

N. A. BELLEZZA, of Rome, exhibits very 
rich cameos, diamonds, pearls, smaltz, &c. It 
was of this house that the Empress of Brazil 
purchased a necklace and a pair of bracelets, 
for which she paid $10,000. They are to be 
seen in the case, and are much admired. 
This gentleman reports his entire exhibit as 
worth $1,000,000. 

. E. GERALDINI, Rome.—This exhibitor 
has a large display of cameos and mosaic 
jewelry. The gold settings are neatly de¬ 
signed. 

Beside these, there are many Italian houses 
exhibiting coral jewelry, and cheaper porce¬ 
lain. In coral, the displays are numerous, 
though very few seem to have the rich red 
coral that generally reaches the United 
States. The colors are pale and the pieces 
quite smooth. 

Still another class exhibits tortoise-shell 
and horn jewelry. Of cheap jewelry, there 
is an endless display. 


CARVED WOODWORK. 

In this department the displays are nu¬ 
merous, and the carving generally heavy and 
elaborate. Mantles and high fireplaces, bu¬ 
reaus, tables, mirror frames, book cases, and 
cabinets, form the principal attractions. 
Among others— 

FERRI & BARTOLOZZI, Florence, ex¬ 
hibit a deeply carved arm-chair. The work 
is well designed and smoothly cut. Also, 
two unique chairs, with high and very nar¬ 
row, and queer looking backs. 

FANCIER A BESARD, Venice. — A 
carved frame, with ten very beautiful cupids 
peeping out in all directions. 

BARBETTE, Florence, shows us a heavy 
chair and lectern, chastely carved, but not 
remarkable, except for Quaker plainness. 








214 ITALIAN DEPARTMENT-STATUARY, TERRA COTTA, BRONZES, FURNITURE, ETC. 


OTTAIANO, of Naples, shows an inter¬ 
esting carving in wood of a portion of the 
ruins of Pompeii. 

STATUARY. 

In statuary, the Italians have long been 
prominent among the first artists. Their 
marble work is world-renowned, and their 
sculptors have immortalized their names. 
Yet in the present exhibition in Main Build¬ 
ing, there are but few rare works, the most 
celebrated pieces, both of statuary and paint¬ 
ing, having been placed in the Art Gallery, 
where the attention of the reader will be 
called to them more particularly. 

TORELLI, of Florence, gives us David, 
by Michael Angelo—a very natural and ar¬ 
tistic statue in marble. Attitude excellent, 
and the delineation true to nature. 

BAZZANTI, of Florence, offers a charm¬ 
ing marble statue of Venus of Canova. 
This is a rich and luscious piece of work, 
and finds thousands of admirers. 

RICCI, of Florence, has a small statuette 
in white marble, of Dante, that draws the 
attention of all acquainted with the writings 
of the great poet. 


TERRA COTTA. 

The national artistic scenes are largely 
shown in the terra cotta work. Many of 
the figures are life-size, and exhibit a truth¬ 
fulness of delineation seldom met with in 
this coarser material. 

BONI, of Milan, presents statues of Amer¬ 
ica, Europe, and Asia; all worthy of atten¬ 
tion. 

LEINE, of Catania, gives some very 
beautiful statuettes, showing the costumes 
of the Sicilians, that are very faithfully made 
and of much interest. 


BRONZES. 

The same characteristics run through the 
bronze line. The works are well conceived, 
and wrought with acknowledged taste and 
skill. 

NELLI, of Rome, offers his Caesar Augus¬ 
tus ; an admirable portraiture of the noble 
Roman. Also, several statuettes. 

CERIANI, of Milan, produces a brilliant 
bronze chandelier, and other artistic con¬ 
ceptions. 


FURNITURE. 

In this line the carved work predominates, 
as the ordinary furniture is not very interest' 
ing. The carved bedstead is massive and 
rich, but scarcely approaches the other 
carved displays. 

BAZZANTI, of Florence, has a hand¬ 
some gilt table and looking-glass frame, with 
rich Florentine mosaic. 

COCO, of Palermo, shows a fine ebony 
bureau inlaid with mother of pearl and cop¬ 
per; and rich bronze statues of the 16 th 
century. 

CATALANO, of Palermo, has tables of 
lacca- work, that are very pretty. Beside 
these, there are several stands and tables 
variously inlaid. One ebony bureau, with 
mosaic, is remarkably well made. 


MAJOLICA WARE. 

Of this there is a good display, and many 
of the articles are extremely handsome; but 
many of them are quite common. 

ASCIONE, of Naples, makes a good 
display. 

MILIANO, Fabriano, has very fine artistic 
work. 


ARTIFICIAL TEETH. 

NOEL WINDERLING, of Milan, presents 
a large case of artificial teeth set upon dif¬ 
ferent material. They are very finely fin¬ 
ished, and show evident skill. 


MUSICAL. 

Italy is as celebrated for her music as for 
her statuary, and presents a large exhibit of 
choice compositions from her best masters. 
Our musical people are delighted with the 
display. A soft-toned piano is shown that 
also invites the passers by. 

LABRIOLA shows two fine toned violins, 
and— 

VENTURIM a large array of violin strings. 

LACQUER-WARE. 

Here is a goodly exhibit, and the wares 
are highly praised. 

STATIONERY. 

Of papers we find a small assortment, 
though the quality is good. 












ITALIAN DEPARTMENT-TEXTILES, STRAW GOODS, LEATHER, ETC. EGYPT. 


215 


THE ELECTRO-GALVANIC WORKS, 
of Florence, show plates, card-holders. 

PROF. NATALE VALLINI presents 
specimens of vegetable and animal hydro- 
graphic paper; showing various cheap ma¬ 
terials from which the article may be made. 


TEXTILES. 

Of silks, the display is small. Of rich 
velvets, there are a few very choice. Of 
woolens, the exhibitors are many, and the 
cloths superior. Cassimeres are fine and 
strong, while the colored blankets are thick 
and comfortable. The Province of Salerno 
is the principal exhibitor. 


STRAW GOODS. 

Here the Italians excel. Their straw hats 
and bonnets are delicately fine, and yet ap¬ 
pear very strong and durable. The baskets 
and smaller straw articles are remarkably 
neat. 

G. G. KUBLI, principal exhibitor of 
straw hats. 


LEATHER. 

There are several exhibits of boots and 
shoes that are extremely ornamental. High- 
heeled shoes appear to predominate. Some 
are very elegantly worked, while the slippers 
are perfect fairy patterns. There is an array 
of gloves that are also handsomely made. 


CERAMICS. 

Display extensive. The Pennsvlvania 

%> 

Museum comes in here as purchaser of 
several articles. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

Beside the above, there are displays of 
brushes made of broom corn, coarse straw 
hats and mattings, neatly made and very 
uniform. Elegant umbrellas, fancy boxes, 
buttons, wax-candles, glue, &c. In the can¬ 
dle and taper line, the show is large. Many 
wax-candles, made for church altars, are very 
elegantly ornamented. A table, sofa, and 
two chairs, carved of stone, price $350. 


GARIBALDI. 

Toward the north wall is a full-sized 
statue, in plaster, of Garibaldi, with his back 
turned toward Italy, and his face to a map 


of the country in relief. Why so placed we 
know not, for none love Italy more than he. 


EGYPT. 

The territories under the Sovereign of 
Egypt, including those on the Upper Nile 
and Central Africa, are estimated to cover 
1,719,947 square miles; while the gross 
population is placed at 16,952,000. Egypt 
proper has an area of 158,227 square miles, 
and a population of 5,252,000. Though the 
climate is mild and the air moist, there is no 
rain in Egypt. The great river Nile com¬ 
mences to rise in the spring, and by the 
middle of July the red waters appear, and 
from that time the rise is dated. It con¬ 
tinues until the middle of October, when the 
decline commences. By the end of Octo¬ 
ber, the irrigated land has dried; is sown, 
and the fields grow rapidly until March, 
which is the harvest month. 

Most of the lands of Egypt are below the 
level of the Nile, and the inland towns are 
all inclosed with earthworks to prevent them 
from being suddenly washed away. Even 
the banks of the river are carefully attended 
to, in order to prevent any sudden inroad of 
the waters. When the rise is expected, 
guards are stationed by government along 
the borders of the river to give notice of the 
coming of the flood, in order to prepare the 
inhabitants for the outbreak. Notice is 
given by blowing horns, at the sound of 
which the people watch eagerly their houses, 
flocks, and herds. 

Egypt is not a healthy country, as beside 
the plague and cholera, other diseases pre¬ 
vail. The European races can not become 
acclimated in Egypt. 

The date, sycamore, acacia, and tamarisk, 
are peculiar to Egypt. Also, the papyrus 
that in ancient times supplied paper material, 
and the lotus, or water-lily, of the Nile. 
The papyrus has almost disappeared, while 
sugar-cane, tobacco, cotton, and indigo have 
been introduced. Melons abound. The 
rocks of Egypt have been known for ages. 
The immense pyramids, built thousands of 
years ago, contain stone enough to build a 
modern city. 

The people are considered the oldest in 
the world. The nation has seen change 
after change—has been at the very pinnacle 
of fame and in the depths of misery. Has 
seemed doubly blessed, and has been doubly 
prostrated. The land has been overrun, and 












216 


EGYPTIAN DEPARTMENT-BRONZE, FURNITURE. 


licr true history is blotted from the record¬ 
ing page. 

Revenue for 1874, $49,557,850. Ex¬ 
penses, $42,558,200. Funded debt, $246,- 
351,900. Floating debt, $38,000,000. 
Personal debt of the Khedive, $65,871,800. 
Total debt, $350,222,800. Expenses of 
1873, $72,500,000. Imports, $30,000,000. 
Army, 26,000. Navy, 56 vessels, large and 
small. 

The Suez Canal, running from Port Said 
to Suez, 92 miles, is not wide enough for 
two vessels to pass, but has sidings to obvi¬ 
ate that difficulty. Vessels 430 feet long, 
drawing 25£ feet of water, can go through 
the canal. It cost (including bonds issued 
to pay coupons accruing during construction) 
$94,393,645. It has greatly benefited the 
commerce of the world. During the first 
four years after its opening, 4,769 vessels 
passed through it—the number for the last, 
being three times as many as during the 
first year. 

In Egypt the army is raised by conscrip¬ 
tion. In January, 1875, it was composed 
of four regiments of infantry of 12,000 
men; one battalion of chasseurs of 1,000 
men; 3,500 cavalry, and 1,500 artillery; 
and two battalions of engineers of 3,000 
men. Besides these there were two regi¬ 
ments of Soudan black troops, numbering 
5,000 men. 

In the same year tne navy consisted of 
74 vessels. In the year 1872 the merchant 
navy was composed of 585 vessels of 59,874 
tons burden. 

Egypt has a large and lucrative com¬ 
merce. The exports during the year 1873 
were valued at $72,500,000, and the 
imports at $30,000,000. 

On the first day of January, 1875, there 
were 955 miles of railroad open for traffic, 
and 502 miles being constructed. All the 
Egyptian roads belong to the Government, 
except a short line of about 5 miles. 

At the same time there were 4,094 miles 
of telegraph lines, with 8,690 miles of 
wire, all of which belong to the States. 

Commencing on the south side of the 
nave, and running southward, is the Egyp¬ 
tian Court. On the nave is presented a 
heavy Egyptian wall and gateway. At each 
end is a heavy square column—the two 
being forty feet apart. Each leans inward, 
after the oriental style of architecture. 

Each side of the gateway is a massive 


round column, the capitals being formed of 
heavy leaves turned down. The gateway 
proper, has a square column on either side. 
Over the gate the wall rises twenty-four feet, 
while the side walls are about half that 
height. Over the gate are the flags of 
Egypt and the United States, grouped. On 
each side thereof is a bust of ancient sculp¬ 
ture, and the grand inscription:— 

“The oldest People of the world sends its 
morning greeting to the Youngest Nation.” 

As we enter, we are met by two Egyptians 
dressed in their national costumes; and who 
welcome us to the country of the Pharaohs. 
We turn to the right, where we find a plaster 
model of the great pyramid of Cheops—a 
work that has stood the decaying influence 
of forty centuries, until its history and its 
uses are blotted from the roll of ages. Even 
the people, now familiar with every stone of 
the mighty structure, are ignorant of the 
slightest inkling of its ancient use. 

NATIONAL MUSEUM.—With perhaps 
half a dozen exceptions, the entire display 
in Egypt conies from the National Museum. 
The directors have chosen from both ancient 
and modern objects, and the selections are 
such as to most interest the visitor. 

Upon the western wall of the first apart¬ 
ment, are one hundred choice photographs 
of ruined temples and tombs; of the gods, 
Isis and Osiris, and copies from walls sculp¬ 
tured thousands of years ago. 


BRONZE. 

Of bronze the display is not large, but 
one round flat dish is five feet in diameter. 
Beside this, there are several smaller ones. 
Bronze patterns from ruins of an ancient 
column, purchased by the Penn. Museum. 


FURNITURE. 

Of this there is a goodly assortment, both 
ancient and modern. A tripod stool, with 
bronze tray and vase, very singular in con¬ 
struction; has been sold already for $190. 

Stools and ottomans inlaid with pearl, 
sold to T. Wyeth. A tall table, of the same 
description, sold to Mr. Armstrong. 

One piece of very elegant work is a copy 
of a door belonging to the sanctuary of a 
mosque in Cairo. It is carved and charm¬ 
ingly inlaid with ebony and ivory. It has 
been sold to the Boston Museum. 

Table furniture of porcelain, solid gold, 



























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GROUP OF ANCIENT HORSE EQUIPMENTS—SPECIMENS OF IVORY—'WATER FILTERS, Ac., 8. BRIDLE. 









































































































































































































































































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EGYPTIAN DEPARTMENT—SADDLES, TEXTILES, PHARAOH OF MOSES, SILKS. 


223 


and silver ware, coffee and tea sets; and 
vessels of brass. Also, kitchen and tin 
ware. Phe gold and silver sets are very 
delicate and richly carved. The cups are 
tiny affairs, but valuable. 

Ebony arinoire inlaid with gold, silver, 
and mother of pearl; 9 by 14 feet; price, 
$4,000. Extremely beautifnl. Another 
large arinoire is marked $5,000. A white 
pine door, carved in the Arabic style, the 
raised work fretted in irregular lines, is much 
admired. 

The Egyptian bed and bedstead seem to 
us rather quaint. The posts do not rise 
above the bed. The bed is a mere flooring 
to the bedstead; and is of coarsely woven 
twine cloth. Over this is a spread of as 
coarse woolen matting; and this forms the 
Oriental couch. 


SADDLES. 

Of these there are varieties. Some for 
horses and others for dromedaries. Some 
are very clumsily finished, and appear merely 
intended to be strong; others are gaily 
adorned in rich velvets, with silver and gold 
trimmings. One, fitted with holsters, is very 
attractive, and probably intended for some 
one of high rank. 

ESTATE OF THE KHEDIVE.—The 
Khedive presents a collection of over 2,000 
samples of cotton, representing the crops of 
eight years. They are neatly marked in 
separate packages or rolls, with the Egyptian 
and London prices. 


TEXTILES. 

In one case is a wrought tray cover of 
blue cloth, embroidered in gold, with beads 
and fringe, $2,000. Lady’s undershirt—a 
small affair, $25. A boy’s jacket, $50. 
Lady’s silk sash, $25. Cushion covers, $10 
to $12. Man’s cloak, blue and gold, $40. 
One silk dress for a man, $70. 

Many reed mattings are shown, some of 
which are quite pretty. Reed curtains, also, 
that are of finer material and better patterns. 
One wide curtain is inscribed, in large Ro¬ 
man letters, “ Long live the President of the 
United States, and the Illustrious Commis- 
sion. 

In front of one of the cases is a copy of 
the Koran, about 1 by l-£ inch. 

One case contains a gold necklace, $4,000. 
Very rich and pure. Silver incense box. 
Elegantly inlaid backgammon boards; brace¬ 


lets of silver and ivory, Ac. Amulets on 
cords, velvet slippers. 


PHARAOH OF MOSES. 

There is also in this court, a bust of 
Pharaoh Rameses, supposed to be the Pha¬ 
raoh of Moses, who reigned and was de¬ 
stroyed with his host in the Red Sea, 1350 
B. C. It is evidently a very ancient work, 
and bears unquestionable marks of antique 
sculpture, though the head is small with 
pleasant features. 

Just as we enter the second apartment of 
the court, we find another antique bust—- 
that of Khafra, or Khephres, 4,000 years 
B. C. He is supposed to be the builder of 
the second of the three great pyramids of 
Egypt. We give the date as marked, and 
leave others to speculate upon the possibility 
of the second great pyramid having been 
built in the first century of the creation. 
Dr. Russell places the time of “ Cephres,” 
1,032 B. C. 


SILKS. 

In this line we have twisted silks in spools 
and skeins—woven silk goods, lute-strings, 
foulards, and satins; together with very ele¬ 
gant silk and velvet ribbons. 

MR. TRAMONTINO, of Cairo, adds to 
the display of the National Museum an ele¬ 
gantly arranged case of cocoons and raw 
silk. 

One case contains expensively embroidered 
shawls, shoes, caps; and necklaces made of 
tiny, white cowries — a pretty shell that 
passes for money among some of the east¬ 
ern nations. 

Another case is filled with wines; but as 
the Moslems are not wine-drinking people, 
the display is limited, and principally con¬ 
fined to the pure juice of the grape; unfer¬ 
mented, yet of rich flavor. The same case 
has wrought cups and cup-holders ; wooden 
pipes, large and small; goblets and bottles 
of wood and earthenware. 

There are neatly carved wooden and 
bronze plates; Turkish tobacco, dark and 
strong; chibouks and cigarettes; ostrich 
eggs, plain; and one beautifully engraved 
with deep and ornamental cuttings. Pieces 
of wood resembling our spiced birch, which 
the Turks use for tool brushes. By splitting 
the end repeatedly, they form a good and 
healthful tooth-brush. A Turkish dulcimer 














224 EGYPTIAN DEPARTMENT-TOMBSTONES, CERAMICS, CHEMICALS, ETC. TURKEY. 


is shown. It resembles a small harp placed 
upon a sounding-board. Long, gilt, and 
ornamented chibouk holders. 


TOMBSTONES. 

There are shown a few old Arabic tomb¬ 
stones, with inscriptions closely engraved, 
and the lettering very perfect. The stones 
are brown and hard. Many copies are to be 
seen of curious inscriptions, that exhibit 
greater evidence of age, as they are much 
worn and defaced. 


CROCODILE. 

In the middle of the exhibit, stretched 
upon a raised platform, is a stuffed crocodile 
from the Nile. A countryman, after a dumb 
show with his hands, and pointing first to 
the crocodile and then to a Turk, explained 
to the crowd that he was right—pointing to 
the upper jaw—“It works on a hinge!” 
The crocodile is about twelve feet long, and 
has a sinewy tail that looks dangerous—al¬ 
most as much so as his terrific jaws and 
teeth. Among the ancient Egyptians, the 
crocodile was one of the principal gods, 
whose special province was the holy Nile. 
It is now an abomination. 


CERAMICS. 

Brick from Lower Egypt, earthenware 
and porcelain are to be seen ; but the speci¬ 
mens are not remarkable. The ancient 
cups, pitchers, and bottles, are only interest¬ 
ing for their quaintness and great antiquity. 

MR. BRUGSCH BEY, of Cairo, presents 
majolica and porcelain of very pretty pat¬ 
terns and fine finish. 


CHEMICALS. 

The chemical exhibit is larger than we 
expected to find it; and arranged with re¬ 
markable neatness. It consists of officinal 
tinctures, compounds, and general pharma¬ 
ceutical preparations; oils and flavoring ex¬ 
tracts, both solid and liquid. 


STATIONERY. 

At the lower end of the court are cases 
containing samples of thin, light paper, of 
indifferent quality; though there are books 
in Arabic on much better material, and of 


very clear print. Arabic types are also 
shown, and books in relief, for the blind. 


STONE. 

More than fifty specimens of stone are in 
the collection, showing several varieties of 
marble, granite, &c. Each block is about 
one foot square, and a few of them are part¬ 
ly polished in order to exhibit the quality 
and grain to the best advantage. 


NATIONAL COSTUMES. 

An exhibit is made of the costumes of the 
new Provinces of Abyssinia and Sondan. 
The garments are of various materials and 
qualities—some being coarse and illy thrown 
together; and others of silk, satin, and vel¬ 
vet, richly embroidered with silver and gold. 
The collection contains dresses, shawls, scarfs, 
turbins, shoes, and a variety of smaller 
articles. 


EGYPTIAN CORN. 

The display of seeds is large. The corn 
is very different from our own, being much 
heavier, with a rough and gnarled appear¬ 
ance. Wheat and other grain have the 
same ruggedness, which is attributed to the 
peculiar irrigation and the parching heat of 
the sun. 


RUDER MATTERS. 

In one corner we found the gourd-like 
drums—small, and dark colored. Ruder 
saddles, that appear to have been made 
without much regard for the comfort of the 
beast or his rider. Then a singularly 
crooked handled guitar, with but few strings 
drawn over a surface so bent as to require 
no bridge. Wooden stirrups and wooden 
shoes; rowels, two inches long, complete 
this display. These, with a few specimens 
of flax and grasses, and two elephant tusks, 
nine inches in diameter at base, and nine 
feet long, close the Egyptian Court. 


TURKEY. 

The Turkish possessions comprise large 
portions of the continents of Europe, Asia, 
and Africa, and have a total area of 1,812,- 
048 square miles, of which Europe has 
207,438 square miles; Asia, 660,870; and 
Africa, 943,740. The total population is 


















TURKISH DEPARTMENT-METAL WARES, ARTICLES OF WOOD, PIPES, TOBACCO. 


27,250,000, divided as follows:—Europe, 
9,700,000; Asia, 16,750,000; and Africa, 
600,000. 

Some portions of the country are remark¬ 
ably fertile, producing the cereals and fruits. 
Valuable timber lands are also met with, 
yielding cedar, cypress, and oak, in the 
Asiatic part; and forests of fir and pine, oak, 
beech, maple, sycamore, walnut, box, myrtle, 
and chestnut, in the European. Although 
the method of agriculture is very primitive, 
the extreme fertility of the soil makes ample 
amends for want of progress. 

The mineral productions are large quanti¬ 
ties of iron, argentiferous lead ore, copper, 
sulphur, salt, alum, a little gold, silver, rock 
salt, and limestone. 

The average annual value of the imports 
of Turkey in Europe is $92,500,000 ; and 
of the exports, $50,000,000. 

In 1875 the foreign debt of Turkey was 
$924,908,915, and the internal and floating 
debt from $65,000,000 to $150,000,000. 

The military force consists of 586,100 
men. The navy in 1875 consisted of 20 
iron-clads, 70 steamers, 4 steam transports. 

The railroads measured, on January 1, 
1875, 825 miles, and the telegraph lines, 
17,597 miles. There were 910,130 mes¬ 
sages sent during the year 1874. 


METAL WARES. 

Turkey exhibits some unique specimens 
of silver and gold filigree ornaments. The 
work, though not so delicately executed as 
some shown from other countries, is still 
very attractive. An assortment of knives 
and swords, beautifully ornamented and of 
superior metal. Rifles, knapsacks, and car¬ 
tridge boxes. Pistol-belts and saddle-bags, 
elaborately decorated. Carpenters’ tools of 
strange forms, though well adapted to the 
work they are intended to perform. Iron 
hatchets, pincers, files, and scissors of silver. 
A small collection of brass ware, consisting 
principally of large bowls and dishes, can¬ 
dlesticks, Ac. 


ARTICLES OF WOOD. 

There is one case completely filled with 
very elegant articles, made of olive wood. 
The wood is beautifully grained and will 
receive a high polish. The articles are in¬ 
laid writing desks, carved center tables, and 
candelabras. There are also exhibited sev¬ 
eral cabinet and center stands, with attract¬ 

12 


ive designs inlaid with pearl. The work¬ 
manship here displayed is faultless. Carved 
wooden chessmen, and handsomely cut 
crosses and ornaments of ivory; also, neck¬ 
laces and charms of olive wood, some being 
exceedingly well executed. 


PIPES AND TOBACCO. 

In the ornamentation and elegance of its 
pipes, Turkey stands among the first. The 
exhibit under this head is large, and presents 
many articles peculiar to the country. The 
chibouk is a bowl with a stem about five feet 
long, and having a large mouthpiece of am¬ 
ber. Several very fancy hookahs —these are 
pipes in which the smoke is made to pass 
through water. A large exhibit of the re¬ 
nowned Turkish smoking tobacco. 


TEXTILES. 

The greater portion of the whole Turkish 
department is devoted to textiles. The silk 
goods consist of brilliantly striped cloths; 
plain and fancy colored cloths; damasks are 
very rich and of beautiful patterns; cloths 
in which gold is interwoven, producing, with 
the dyes, a fine effect. Large assortment of 
embroideries, some of great splendor, while 
others, though not so startling in color, are 
very rich. Gold embroideries, in which the 
precious metals are worked in. 

The carpets shown are mostly hung from 
the girders of the building, thus enabling 
the visitor to judge of the pattern much 
better, but to conjecture as to the quality. 
In coloring, the specimens are not so bril¬ 
liant as many shown from other countries, 
though still very elegant. There is also a 
large assortment of linen and cotton goods,, 
embroideries, and articles of clothing. 


LEATHERS, ETC. 

A large exhibit of hides and fancy 
leathers, of various colors; also, an assort¬ 
ment of skins from the native animals. 
There are also native shoes and slippers, and 
strong, substantial boots. 


BOOKS. 

There are many books shown, of good 
topography and excellent bindings. The 
subjects are mostly historical and statis¬ 
tical. 
















226 


TURKISH DEPARTMENT-CHEMICALS, MINERALS. TUNIS. CHINA. 


CHEMICALS. 

An array of thermaceutical preparations; 
native herbs, all neatly encased. One of the 
industries of the country is the culture of 
roses, for the manufacture of the famous 
“Attar of Rose.’’ When full blown the 
leaves are gathered and boiled in water; the 
oil is thus liberated, rises to the surface, and 
is skimmed off. The perfilme is shown in 
glass vials, four inches long, yet containing 
only about two drams. This perfume is 
always worth its weight in gold; and in 
former years was actually so sold—the coin 
being placed in one scale, the attar in the 
other. 


MINERALS. 

The minerals exhibited are all neatly en¬ 
cased and attractively shown. They consist 
of specimens of the ores and building stones 
found in the country. Also, a large assort¬ 
ment of shells. 


* MISCELLANEOUS. 

There is one case entirely filled with 
sponges of all sizes. Exhibit of wax, and 
candles of good quality. Large array of 
basket work, strongly made. Attractive ex¬ 
hibit of plain and fancy soaps. Boxes of 
native figs. 

TUNIS. 

Tunis is a country of Africa, and is situ¬ 
ated in the northern part, being bounded 
upon the north by the Mediterranean sea. 
Its length is 440 miles, and its width 160. 
It has an area of more than 75,000 square 
miles, with a population of 1,200,000. The 
soil is remarkably fertile, and though the in¬ 
habitants know but little about agriculture, 
most of the cereals are raised, together with 
several fruits. The sheep are raised in great 
herds, and are noted for their wool; horses 
and dromedaries are also extensively raised. 

The mineral products are marine salt, lead 
ore, quicksilver, and saltpetre. The exports 
during 1874 were valued at $7,203,839. 
The imports at $6,298,446. The Bey of 
Tunis is subject to the Sultan of Turkey, 
without whose -consent he can neither make 
war, conclude peace, nor cede territory ; the 
Sultan’s name is upon all coinage; the army 
is also at his disposal. The power of the 
Bey is only absolute in internal affairs. 

, The army on a peace footing consists of 


15,500; during a war about 3,000 cavalry 
can be added. The navy consists of 2 
ships, mounting 10 guns, and manned by 
250 men. The merchant navy consists of 
300 ships. 

The exhibit of Tunis in the Main Build¬ 
ing consists of silk cloths, some of which are 
very brilliant, being striped with gold, and 
of pleasing colors. Saddles and trappings, 
covered with a rich velvet, and decorated 
with gold bullions. Slippers embroidered 
in gold. Among the textiles, the predom- 
inence of gold can not but be noticed. All 
of the most valuable stuffs are either woven 
or trimmed with it. 

Exhibits of guns, pistols, and swords, 
handsomely engraved and decorated. A 
small collection of ancient fire-arms, highly 
ornamented. The jewelry shown consists 
of earrings, pendants, &c., made in unique 
patterns, of gold and silver ; also, many im¬ 
itation articles. A small collection of unique 
silver ware, jewelry caskets, candlesticks, and 
library sets, all profusely chased. 

There are several very attractive cabinets, 
inlaid with pearl; also, tables and caskets. 
The mosaic is in pleasing designs, and well 
executed. Exhibit of perfumes in pretty 
cut-glass vials. 

In one corner of the department is a 
Mosaic Lion which was found within the 
precincts of the Byrsa of Carthage, and in 
close proximity to the site of the Temple 
of Astarte, the Juno of the Phoenicians. 
The design and exquisite execution of the 
wrnrk assign it to the most flourishing 
period of Carthage. 


CHINA. 

This extensive empire lies 6ast of India 
and South of Russian Siberia. It has a 
coast line of 2,500 miles, and an inland fron¬ 
tier line nearly double that length. It is 
separated from India by the Himalaya moun¬ 
tains, and has a mountainous border next to 
Siberia, and a complete horseshoe range be¬ 
tween it and Turkestan. The population 
has been variously estimated between 450 
and 600,000,000. It is now supposed to be 
about 500,000,000. For thousands of years 
the country has been shut up from foreign¬ 
ers ; though recently the restrictions have 
been partially removed, and a large part of 
the empire is now open to the world. It is 
divided into several provinces, each of which 










THE CHINESE PAVILION—UNPACKING CHINA WARES. 





























































































































































































































































































































CHINESE DEPARTMENT-PORCELAIN. 


229 


has its own government and pays its own 
expenses, besides contributing to the annual 
expenses of the empire. 

Its chief exports are tea, silk, and cotton. 
Of the first, nearly 300,000,000 pounds are 
exported annually; of cotton, 30,000,000 
pounds; of opium, (although forbidden by 
government) the Chinese raise large quanti¬ 
ties, worth at home from $1.40 to $1.60 per 
pound. It is inferior to the India opium 
imported into China at nearly double that 
price. The standing army is nearly 1,000,- 
000; and more than that number can be 
put in the field when necessary. The sol¬ 
diers live at their homes and pursue trades, 
supporting themselves when not in actual 
service. The great wall of China, built 
2,000 years ago, to prevent Tartar inroads, 
is 1,500 miles long, 24 feet high, and 15 
wide. It has been counted as one of the 
peven wonders of the world. The religion 
is Buddhism, or the worship of Fo. The 
people venerate the memory of Confusius, 
as an ancient teacher of sound morality. 

The people are remarkably industrious. 
Every spot of ground that will raise seed is 
utilized. Though their agriculture is rude, 
their system of land irrigation is said to far 
excel other nations. Porcelain and silk 
spinning originated with the Chinese. They 
make fine lacquered ware, and their mother 
of pearl inlaid, and their carved ivory work, 
excel the same styles in other countries. 
Their paper is made of various material, 
principally bamboo; and is not sized with 
out great care and difficulty. 

Value of exports for 1875, $173,609,085; 
imports, $238,504,520. 

Railroads and telegraph lines have not 
. yet been extensively introduced. To facili¬ 
tate the internal trade of the country, there 
are large canals, and about 20,000 roads 
under the supervision of government, anc. 
which traverse the empire in all directions. 

Great attention is being paid to educa¬ 
tion, and there are now in Hartford, Conn., 
115 Chinese youths, who are being 
instructed with the object of becoming 
teachers in their own country. 

The Court of China, commences at the 
nave, on the south side, near the western 
end of Main Building, and runs back to the 
south wall. The gateway is on four columns 
of carved wood painted in dark colors. Flie 
ends of the inclosure rise to about 15 feet, 
and are crowned with the turn-up roof pecu- 


iar to pagodas and all Chinese structures. 
On these roofs are images of the never-fail- 
ing dragon, with his head near the peak, and 
lis tail running far above. The central gate¬ 
way is 25 feet high, with another roof, and 
other dragons, done in gold. The columns 
are of gold, with large black letters or char¬ 
acters in Chinese, descriptive of the exhibi- 
ion. Across the three openings are speci¬ 
mens of small carved works, representing 
ish, birds, fruits, &c. On one side of the 
gateway very elegant fire screens. On the 
other side, jars, vases, &c., of porcelain. 
The principal exhibitors are the— 

IMPERIAL MARITIME CUSTOMS, of 
Canton, Kinkiang, and Shanghai. 


PORCELAIN. 

The porcelain of China has ever been 
noted as the most elegant of all countries, 
and great efforts have been made to equal it. 
IMPERIAL POTTERIES, Kingteh-chen. 
-At these works the largest quantity and 
finest qualities are produced. A special 
kind of China ware, ornamented with the 
five-clawed dragon, is made there for use in 
the Imperial household, and sent annually as 
tribute to Pekin. 

Large factories of porcelain are also at 
Tung-an-hien and Changchow-fu, but the 
articles are inferior to those of the Imperial 
Potteries. Of the quantity made, it is im¬ 
possible to give any idea. The only reported 
yield is of the potteries at Kaopeh, where 
532,000 pounds were made last year. This 
probably does not represent one-twentieth 
of the actual production. 

The Kingteh-chen pottery exhibited by 
the Imperial Maritime Customs consists of 
blue and red vases, smooth and crackled 
bowls, flower pots, wine and snuff pots, bot¬ 
tles with and without stands, drum cups 
with lids, teacups with covers, plates, dishes, 
garden seats, basins, &c. 

I1U KWANG-YUNG, of Shanghai, makes 
a fine display of vases with covers, porcelain 
lions, stamp boxes, dinner dishes, reptiles, 
and elephants. 

E. WADMAN, of Ningpo. — Crackled 
vases, some of drab color and dark blue. 

TACK LOONG, of Canton.—Vases and 
black wood stands, cigar holders and water 
bottles. 

These and others all exhibit rich wares. 
The designs are peculiarly characteristic, and 
the execution brilliant. There are bells of 






230 


CHINESE DEPARTMENT-FURNITURE, BRONZE, LANTERNS, IVORY. 


porcelain that have quite musical tones. 
Nearly the whole display is for sale, and 
many articles have already been purchased 
by the Pennsylvania Museum, and by private 
parties. Prices range according to quality 
or age, and vary from $1 to $2,000. 

One piece of porcelain in relief is the as¬ 
cent to a temple. At the base are seen 
men driving animals. Three flights of stairs 
run in different directions. Part way up 
among the trees are woodmen felling timber 
for the altar. On the top the temple. On 
one side a man watching. On the other, a 
man and full-dressed ape by his side. With¬ 
in the temple, the altar with sacrifice burn¬ 
ing. Behind this, the priest in his robes. 


FURNITURE. 

In this line the display is large, curious, 
and extremely elegant. The same Imperial 
Maritime Customs presents screens faultless¬ 
ly inlaid with porcelain; small screens in 
carved black wood frames; arm-chairs, en¬ 
amel and marble; lacquered tea-poys (tables,) 
stools, writing desks, &c. 

One elegant couch, for opium smoking, in¬ 
laid with pearl. 

SUNG SING RUNG, of Ningpo, presents 
very attractive furniture elaborately carved. 
Among others, a $4,000 bedstead. At each 
corner are two small, laughing, fat figures 
supporting thin columns on which the roof 
rests. Above these, and with his head 
almost reaching the figures, and the con¬ 
tinuous upward tail, is the golden dragon. 
Above and below, the carving is very prom¬ 
inent, embracing scrolls, leaves, birds, frogs, 
and grapes. Carved sideboard, $230 ; cab¬ 
inet, $180 ; round bedstead, with panels all 
round of gauze paintings; rattan bottom; 
has a cool and inviting appearance; price, 
$4,000. The carving, though not so fine as 
some other work, is cut through and clearly 
defined. Book-shelves, $150. Inlaid chess¬ 
boards. 

There are several other exhibits of carved 
work, and an endless variety of articles. 
The prices do not appear extravagant. 
Screens, $120. Lanterns, $50. Tile inlaid 
in wood, $240. 

THE CHINESE PUZZLE.—Our readers 
are probably nearly all familiar with the 
seven little ivory blocks sold in small boxes, 
and which can be formed into 7,000 differ¬ 
ent shapes. The Marine Customs presents 
seven pieces of very elegant furniture—each 


piece corresponding to the seven in the puz¬ 
zle. They are made of mahogany, beauti¬ 
fully inlaid with white wood and ivory. 
Each piece about the height of a table, and 
the seven may be formed into 7,000 shapes. 
By changing the arrangement, a new article 
of furniture can be produced every day for 
nearly twenty years. 


BRONZE. 

The articles of bronze are in great variety 
and of all shapes. Vases, plain, straight, 
crooked; ornamented pots, kettles, shelves, 
lamp stands, &c. Some of the antique pat¬ 
terns are covered with grotesque figures of 
all kinds of reptiles; among which, lizzards, 
frogs, toads, and dragons abound. Nearly 
all of these vessels are tripods, and are in¬ 
tended to be used with lamps beneath. The 
dragon and dove are prominent, with holes 
in their backs and covers fitted thereto. 
Elephants, whose caparisons are pagodas, 
with bells that ring when the water boils in 
the vessels beneath. Large bronze bells are 
shown, full of projections of uncertain use. 


LANTERNS. 

The Chinaman would be unhappy with¬ 
out his lantern ; and here w r e find an endless 
variety, from the cheap paper article to the 
most expensive porcelain and bronze. Many 
of these are valued as high as $50 and $75. 
These are very highly ornamented, and when 
lighted produce a very brilliant effect. Sev¬ 
eral of them have been sold to private per¬ 
sons, whose halls they will probably adorn 
the coming winter. 


IVORY. 

The display of carved ivory is one of the 
most interesting in the Chinese Court. 
Among others, we find balls within balls to 
the number of fifteen, each elaborately 
carved in vines, flowers, fretwork, &c., the 
outside being not over four inches in diam¬ 
eter. Price, $160. Being asked how this 
is done, we can only answer—“ By patience,” 
for thay must be the most patient people in 
the world, or they could never persevere in 
such intricate and tedious labors. A beau¬ 
tiful nine-storied pagoda of carved ivory, 
with temple beneath, and figures in various 
positions, covered with infinite scroll and 
vine work, $600. Ivory boat, with oars, 








CHINESE DEPARTMENT—SILKS, SHELL WORKS, LACQUER WARE, ETC. JAPAN. 231 


sails, and crew, $150. Fans, $7 to $50. 
Carved chessmen, each piece in character, 
$150. Chess-board, inlaid, carved border, 
$50. Carved basket, extremely delicate, 
one foot diameter, eight inches high, $400. 


SILKS. 

There are several cases of silks, satins, 
and velvets, plain and embroidered ; colors 
various; some wrought with gold and silver. 
Crape shawls and scarfs. Prices of silks 
from $1 to $3 per yard. One very elegant 
crape shawl sold to Miss Biddle. Embroid¬ 
ered crape shawl, $98 ; another, $70. 


SHELL WORKS. 

Fans, combs, and other articles of shell 
are to be seen; some of which are fine 
specimens of work, and others cheap and 
indifferent. 


OFFICE. 

The office of the Commissioners in Main 
Building, is emblematic. It is constructed 
in panels, the outer sides being filled with 
Chinese paintings, good sized figures of men, 
women, and children, in various positions; 
but, as usual, all shadowless. The absence 
of shade gives a peculiar appearance that is 
not agreeable to those who can always dis¬ 
cern a perspective ; and there is no relief to 
the dry flatness of the picture. Still, these 
are not without interest, as the faces are 
always good-natured. The scroll work be¬ 
tween the panels is of the coarser kind, 
though it furnishes a contrast that is quite 
agreeable. 

Bamboo chairs are strong but coarse. 
Other bamboo work is indifferent. One 
black vase of Jade stone, is valued at $140. 
It is a plain article, and is probably only 
valuable as a rarity. Among the ancient 
wares, made, as they say, 1,000 years ago, 
the family likenesses are the same as at the 
present day. There is no variation in 
feature or attitude. 


LACQUER WARE. 

The Chinese display a great variety of 
lacquered ware; such as trays, cabinets, cad¬ 
dies, snuffboxes, &c. Some pieces are of 
charming patterns, and all highly finished. 
Many pieces have been already sold, and 
generally at moderate rates. 


FEASTS. 

There was a good supply of kites, but 
they have all been sold. Some of these 
were highly ornamented, and brought fair 
prices. 

The Feast of Lanterns, among the Chinese, 
is a tribute of respect for the dead. They 
light their lanterns in all directions, and carry 
out their choicest dishes to show the spirits 
of the departed their tender remembrances. 
And at that particular time, these spirits are 
supposed to revisit the earth to observe the 
prosperity of their descendants, and to re¬ 
ceive these welcoming attentions. 

The Feast of Kites takes place a few days 
later, when the spirits are supposed to com¬ 
mence their return to heaven. The kites 
are raised to help them on their way, and 
each spirit mounts the kite of his children. 
Notwithstanding the solemnity of the occa¬ 
sion, the Chinese will have his sport. He 
glues sand and broken glass on a portion of 
his kite string, and with this tries to saw off 
the string of his neighbor’s kite, so that his 
spirits shall get first back to heaven. 


JOSS SHELLS. 

These are curious matters and involve 
much of the fabulous. They are large 
muscle shells that are peculiarly the property 
of Joss—the Chinese god. It is said that 
every five hundred years he enters the Joss 
shell and there places a small image of him¬ 
self. 

W. ROWBOTHAM, U. S. N., Ningpo, 
kindly showed us one of these remarkable 
shells, containing twelve images, each about 
three-quarters of an inch long, and all alike. 
The shell passes among the Chinese as 6,000 
years old—or was before one was taken out 
and presented to us by Mr. Rowbotham. 
The secret of the image is —some Yankees 
made the figures of lead—placed them in 
the shell, and returned the shell to the sea. 
In a short time the lead became covered 
with pearl. The innocent Chinaman is easily 
induced to credit the story of five hundred 
years, and as ready to worship the little 
images of lead as a true Joss. 


JAPAN. 

The Empire of Japan consists of four 
large islands, situated in the Pacific, just 
east of China, the combined area being 59,- 
350 square miles, with a population of 













232 


JAPANESE DEPARTMENT-MINERALS, BRONZE WARES, PORCELAIN. 


Old Japanese legends attribute the inven-1 The exhibit of bronze goods is located 
tion of pottery to Oosei-tsumi, who lived, facing the main aisle, and contains articles 
before the year 660 B. D. Towards the!never before met with in this country. Case 


end of the sixth century, a Corean man¬ 
ufacturer came to the capital to teach his 
profession, and in 655 A. D., an experi¬ 
ment was made to tile the roof of the 
temple belonging to the imperial residence, 
which was formerly thatched. A little 
later a pagoda was built of bricks. In 
724 A. D., a priest introduced the potters’ 
wheel, and samples of earthen-ware made 
at that time are still extant. From this 
time the progress was rapid, and to-day the 
Japanese lead the world in some branches 
of this industry. 

Silk is the principal export from Japan, 
and constitutes nearly three-quarters of the 
total merchandise exported. Although 


of bronze ware, elaborately figured, and 
decorated in gold and silver; two massive 
vases, the urn being supported upon ele¬ 
phants’ heads, just below and surrounding 
which are leaves and vines; perched upon 
one of the branches is an irritated eagle, 
while crawling toward it is the cause of its 
anger—a serpent. The execution is fault¬ 
less. The pair are valued at $4,000. One 
candelabra represents a crane standing upon 
the back of a turtle, and holding in its mouth 
a vine with three branches, each designed to 
hold a candle. The small articles are mostly 
vases of different sizes, but all most profusely 
ornamented, and show wonderful execution. 
All the designs are to an American unique 


the silk trade comprehends hardly anything and strange, though attractive. Upon a 
but raw silk and silk-worm eggs, the man- pyramidal stand is a collection of vases in 


ufacture of silk-fabrics has attained a very 
high degree of perfection 


MINERALS. 

Japan is rich in minerals; those mined in 
1875 being valued as follows:— 

Gold, $250,000; silver, $390,000; cop¬ 
per, $900,000; iron, $150,000; lead, $21,- 
275; tin, $3,000; coal, $1,950,000; coal oil, 
$23,000; making a total of $3,687,275. 

Most of the mines, though rich, are in¬ 
sufficiently worked on account of the rude¬ 
ness of the machinery. Specimen ores are 
exhibited. 

The building stones being in demand only 
for foundations and temple stairways, are 
not produced in great quantities. The speci¬ 
mens shown consist mostly of marbles and 
granites cut in square blocks. 


BRONZE WARES. 

The industry of casting bronze in Japan, 
is of very ancient origin, a bronze statue of 
Buddha being planned and executed in 724- 
749 A. D. Statues of all kinds, bells and 
temple adornments have been manufactured 
in large quantities; also, household articles. 
“The bronze is cast in molds formed upon 
models made of a mixture of clay and resin, 
which is melted out from the finished mold 
previous to pouring the metal in.” Many 
of the bronzes are ornamented with patterns 
inlaid with gold and silver. Small articles 
are also made in repousse work. 


various shapes, painted in imitation of por¬ 
celain. One case contains beautiful damask- 
patterned wares, called “ Moku-me .” To 
produce this ware, thin sheets, each one- 
eighth of an inch thick, of silver, copper, 
and shaku-do, (an alloy of copper and five 
per cent, of gold,) are soldered together. 
Upon each surface, holes and lines are cut. 
The whole is then lengthened by hammer¬ 
ing, until the under metal appears through, 
and continued until the design is fully 
brought out. The vases are exceedingly 
beautiful, and the blending of the three 
colors very pleasing. 


PORCELAIN. 


Adjoining the bronze vases, on the main 
aisle, are the ceramics. Upon each side of 
the entrance to this department are massive 
ises ; two of figured blue ware, and two of 
wares highly decorated in gold. There are 
several vases shown, which are remarkable 
for their great size, it being extremely dan¬ 
gerous and difficult to burn large pieces. 
Also, large bowls and tea services, painted 
in designs peculiar to the country. Small 
vases of pleasing shapes, and completely 
covered by paintings and decorations. One 
case contains vases painted and rimmed with 
gold. In an adjoining case we find fan¬ 
shaped trays, and beautiful vases of a deep 
blue color. Facing upon the side aisle, are 
two large exhibits, both of them being elab¬ 
orately ornamented in gold. In one, the 
background is mostly of a fine red, upon 














JAPANESE POTTERY. 









































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































BRONZE AND LACQUER WORK IN JAPAN. 
















































































































































































































































































































































-ARTICLES OF WOOD, SCREENS, FANS, ETC., TEXTILES. 


which the gold shows to advantage. Ad¬ 
joining these, is a large assortment of stone¬ 
ware, of two shades of blue, in attractive 
designs. To the rear of these cases, are 
others filled with wares of delicate patterns 
and pleasing colors. One vase of unglazed 
porcelain, having upon the side a figure o 
an old man, with long, flowing beard, hold- 
inn- in his hand an urn, shows exceedingly 
superior workmanship, and is valued at $450. 

ARTICLES OF WOOD. 


in handsome designs and upholstered in rep. 
One piece of lacquered ware, which lias been 
under salt water for fifteen months, still re¬ 
tains the superior gloss peculiar to these 
articles. 


In the manufacture of lacquered wares, 
the Japanese have always been noted, pro¬ 
ducing lacquers superior to any found else¬ 
where. The articles in this department are 
of the usual elegance, and in endless variety. 
There are pieces of lacquer over 200 years 

old still retaining their polish.. . 

One room contains an exhibit of furniture, 
consisting of a carved bedstead, valued at 
$1 000, and covered by an elegantly embroid¬ 
ered quilt of silk. Carved sideboard, worth 
$650. Also, a mantle and glass frame, with 
what-nots, chairs, and center tables, Hand- 
some checker-boards, with squares, of silver 
and ebony. In one case is a cabinet with 
trimmings of silver, the design being carried 
out in gold upon a black background. 

Value, $550. 

The finest piece in the department is a 
small cabinet of lacquered ware, manufac¬ 
tured solely for the purpose ot showing the 
varieties of the finest lacquers; upon it four 
kinds are displayed. One side is gold in¬ 
laid, gold lacquered, then red, green, brown, 
and gold lacquers, then black flowered work. 
The border is of finest, carved tortoise-shell. 
Value, $2,000. This is pronounced by the 
Japanese to be one of the finest specimens 
of lacquer work. One very beautiful cabi¬ 
net, made of several kinds of woods, inlaid. 
The inlaying in this specimen will bear the 
closest examination, being faultless. In this 
article the lower portion consists of drawers 
and a cupboard, above which is an open 
space. Value, $450. Many specimens ot 
cabinet ware covered with basket work. 
One case contains many fine specimens ot 
mosaic work, in all of which the same nicety 
of joining is displayed. Large lacquered 
cabinets of various shapes. One beautilu y 
carved cabinet, the frame-work of wlncli is 
a fine red, the remainder being ornamented 
lacquers. Basket work in trays, cabinets, 
and mats. Chairs, the frame-work lacquered 


SCREENS. 

The Japanese screens consist of oblong 
frames hinged together upon the long sides, 
and covered with cloths; they are designed 
to act as movable partitions in rooms. One 
set of silk screens of eight doors, decorated 
with embroidered flowers, is valued at $500. 
One very elegant fire-screen, the design ot 
the embroidery being peacocks standing in 
in a bed of roses. 


FANS AND FANCY ARTICLES. 

One case contains a large assortment of 
fio-ured paper and silk fans; cigar cases, 
covered with netting; also, of papier mache, 
metal, tortoise-shell, and. leather; shell fans. 
Display of very beautiful inlaid writing- 
desks, and handsomely carved canes. One 
case of fancy leathers. 

STATIONERY. 

The exhibit of Japanese paper is large, 
and cpnsists mostly of a kind resembling our 
tissue paper, and upon which most of their 
books are printed. Also, brushes and inks 
used in writing. 


TEXTILES. 

The textiles exhibited are rich silks and 
sold cloths. Large array of cocoons and 
raw silk. Very elegant, figured, and plain 
silks in all colors. Plaid and striped cloths 
of fine quality. Silks of black and white 
and one piece of a rich purple. Crapes ot 
all colors, some of which are handsomely 
embroidered. Wrappers of brown silk, 
elaborately embroidered. . One large su¬ 
perbly worked spread. Oil-cloths in pleas¬ 
ing patterns. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

One case contains vases, boats, figures, 
and ornaments, carved of ivory; the designs 
are well executed. One case of native mu¬ 
sical instruments. One room contains fig- 
ures showing the national costumes; two 
figures upon horseback are valued at $^,uuu. 
Extending across the whole court, is a room 


♦ 




















238 


BRAZILIAN DEPARTMENT. 


in which we find scales, measures, dividers, 
and protractors; large assortment of Japan¬ 
ese books and scientific instruments; cases 
of shells; marbles and granites; ores; am¬ 
bulances upon two wheels, and litters; cop¬ 
per plates, types, and wood-cuts; a few 
chemicals, herbs, seeds, and anatomical 
paintings; bas-relief embroideries, exceed¬ 
ingly well executed; maps, charts, photo¬ 
graphs of schools, school furniture and 
books; cases of birds and fishes. 

The educational system is good; public 
primary schools being frequent, and the 
facility with which private institutions are 
started, makes them spring up wherever 
needed. In the higher courses, foreign pro¬ 
fessors are engaged. The want is chiefly for 
teachers in practical chemistry and engineer¬ 
ing. To obtain which, many Japanese 
youths are ardently pursuing these studies 
in America. 


BRAZIL. 

The Empire of Brazil is the most easterly 
portion of South America—is 2,600 miles 
long, and 2,500 broad—with an area of 
3,100,000 square miles, and a sea-board of 
1,200 miles. Population, 12,000,000. Gen¬ 
eral income, $58,888,880. Provincial in¬ 
come, $12,073,000. Municipal income, 
$2,528,000. Absolute general income, $71,- 
972,672, and general expenses, $67,234,620. 
Railroads in operation, 1,106 miles; in course 
of construction, 16 lines, 908 miles. Pro¬ 
jected lines under survey, 4,354 miles. 
Capital invested, $102,778,000. Capital de¬ 
creed by government, $200,000,000. Annual 
subsidies, sea-coast, and fluvial lines, $2,000,- 
000. From railroads, $5,000,000. Annual 
expenditures on public works, $7,000,000. 
Telegraphic lines, nearly 4,000 miles. Ex¬ 
ports, $158,743,000. Imports, $138,172,- 
800. Regular army in peace, 16,000; in 
war, 32,000. National guard, 772,000; re¬ 
serve, 125,180. Navy, iron-clads, 15; wood¬ 
en vessels, 55; marines in service, 5,340. 

Brazil has 6,000 schools, in which are 
educated 200,000 children; and several 
high schools have 4,400 students. The an¬ 
nual expenditure for the former amounts to 
$3,000,000; and for the high schools, $1,- 
388,888. There are 110 libraries, with 
461,300 books. Newspapers, 300; printing 
offices, 320; museums, 12; scientific socie¬ 
ties, 40, and industrial societies, 50. 

Of general industries, there are invested 


in agriculture, $38,304,000; in cattle rais¬ 
ing, $1,080,000, and in manufactures, $1,- 
620,000. Brazil covers a vast extent of 
agricultural and grazing land; while her 
mineral wealth is simply inexhaustible. 
Every species of plant grows within her 
borders, yielding abundantly, while her 
climate is remarkably bracing and healthy. 

Principal articles of export—coffee, cotton, 
sugar, cacao, caoutchouc, hides, wax, nuts, 
medicinal herbs, tobacco, tapioca, cereals, 
matte, vanilla, copaiba, cloves, piassava, copal, 
feathers, bones, hoofs, horns, tea, gold dust, 
diamonds, and spirits. 

The soil is in general mountainous; though 
less so toward the south. The empire has 
vast plains, extensive valleys, and mighty 
rivers. In the interior are many mountain 
ranges. The loftiest peak of the Itatiaia 
ridge, is 10,302 feet, or nearly two miles. 
Brazil has many fine sea-ports, and numer¬ 
ous small lakes. It has four great fluvial 
basins, of which the Amazon is the most 
remarkable. This river has a course of 
nearly 2,500 through the empire. The sur¬ 
face occupied is estimated at about 18,000 
square miles. During floods, it rises 10£ 
feet above the usual level. Such is the 
velocity and volume of the current, that the 
water may be drank when taken up at a dis¬ 
tance from the coast quite out of sight of 
land. The river and its affluents admit of 
steam navigation covering 28,000 miles. 

Of minerals, gold is found in every pro¬ 
vince ; and though in some; places it is not 
in sufficient quantities to engage much atten¬ 
tion, in others it is of great value. 

The gold of the provinces of Minas, 
Geraes, and Mato-Grosso, is known as black 
gold, and contains an average ten per cent, 
of palladium. The silver is procured from 
lead, but the proportion is small. Of lead, 
quicksilver, and copper, there are many rich 
districts. 

Though there are nearly 1,500,000 slaves 
in Brazil, the institution is being gradually 
extinguished. By a law passed in 1871, no 
more slaves are born in the country, and 
government is annually appropriating a lib¬ 
eral fund for manumitting those now en¬ 
slaved. From 1871 to 1875 (both inclusive) 
this sum amounted to $4,057,712. 

The government desires to induce immi¬ 
gration, and for this purpose very liberal 
laws have been enacted, and the prices of 
lands made most reasonable. Beside these, 
the immigrant has a portion of his fare paid 







BRAZILIAN DEPARTMENT. 


239 


by the state, is provided with seed and im¬ 
plements, and can have employment on 
public works for six months at moderate 
wages. 

At the opening of the American Centen¬ 
nial, the Emperor of Brazil was present, 
assisting the President of the United States 
in starting, for the first time, the great en¬ 
gine in Machinery Hall, that gave life and 
activity to miles of shafting, running thou¬ 
sands of bands and cog-wheels, and driving 
more machines than the world ever saw be¬ 
fore under one roof. Under his supervision, 
with the assistance of the lea'rned and emi¬ 
nent gentlemen of the Brazilian Commis¬ 
sion, the exhibits of the empire have been 
very neatly and instructively arranged. His 
Majesty has come among us as a private 
gentleman—has laid aside all imperial pomp, 
and devoted his time to the study of what¬ 
ever may be ot use or interest to his coun¬ 
try and his people. lie has most studiously 
avoided all efforts of empty display. He 
has won quietly the admiration of our peo¬ 
ple, and made us anxious to draw still 
closer our connection with our brethren of 
Brazil. 

Diamonds are found in the province of 
Minas Geraes, along the Espmhaco range, 
and in the provinces of Goyaz, Mato Grosso, 
Parand, S. Pedro do Rio Grande do Sul 
and S. Paulo, but in the last mentioned 
districts they are of reduced value and are 
accidental in the itacolumitic rocks. It is 
supposed, however, that later on, larger 
stones and in greater abundance will 
appear, when the population of the interior 
shall have increased and the mining 
industry shall have advanced. Diamond 
mines now belong to private individuals, 
under the conditions and clauses of the 
laws which regulate this special branch of 
administration. Emeralds, euclases, sap¬ 
phires, rubies, topazes, beryls, and black, 
blue, and green tourmalines, called Brazil¬ 
ian emeralds, are also found in the Empire. 
Rock crystals of great purity and large 
sizes are exported, while opals, chalce- 
donys, agates, and jaspers are met with 
throughout the greater part of the interior. 

The whole of the vast southern coast of 
of the Empire, comprised between 12° and 
30° south latitude, is almost exclusively 
composed of primitive rock, such as granites 
of different kinds and colors; gneiss, more 
or less foliated ; diorites, quartzites, porphy¬ 
ries, and in some places of beautiful varie¬ 


ties of syenite. Limestones of various 
kinds are met with in almost all the 
provinces. Potters’ clay exists throughout* 
the whole empire. It comes from the 
decomposition of the rocks, as yet undis¬ 
turbed, and therefore, the deposits corre¬ 
spond in bulk to these rocks. 

The Commissioners have erected a very 
ornamental court, extending from the main 
aisle to the north wall of Main Building. 
On the nave, this inclosure is forty feet high, 
resting on small columns at the base, and 
still smaller above. At this end there is a 
high, open arch, with an ornamented roof. 
The front at top bears the name, “ Brazil 
while on one side is, “Para,” and on the 
other, “ Sao Pedrodo Sul.” Within the arch 
is another smaller temple-patterned case, 
with a glass dome and fancy roof, resting 
upon a white marble floor. This very pretty 
inclosure contains the exhibits of the—- 

MISSES NATTE, of Rio de Janeiro. 

The cases are filled with ornaments made 
of feathers, shells, Ac. Several specimens 
ot native birds are well preserved. The 
noted Toucan is among these, as well as the 
beautiful Gave , with its handsome white 
body and long black legs. 

Upon the walls of the court are hung to¬ 
pographical maps and blank diplomas; also, 
cereal maps, and chromo-lithographic draw¬ 
ings of native birds, from the Artistical In¬ 
stitute of Brazil. There are thirty very 
accurate drawings of the Coast Survey, made 
under Prof. Hart, of the Cornell University, 
New York. Beautiful sketches made by the 
students of the Lyceum of Arts and Trades. 
Equally interesting electrotypes, Ac. The 
drawing of the breakwater at Pernambuco 
has many admirers among our scientific 
people. 

The government has provided well for the 
unfortunate, and the exhibit of the appli¬ 
ances for teaching the blind is replete with 
evidences of the care for this benighted 
class. 

Raised letters and plates are the assistants 
provided to enable the blind to read. These 
are from the Imperial Institution for the 
Blind, at Rio de Janeiro. From this Insti¬ 
tute there are also exhibits of shawls, scarfs, 
Ac., worked by the blind, and very neatlv 
made. 

The drawings from the Institution for 
Deaf-Mutes are also to be seen. Very accm 
rate pictures of the Dry-Docks at Rio. A 
landsome specimen of work is done on silk 






240 BRAZILIAN DEPARTMENT-STONE, TEXTILES, LEATHER, JEWELRY, SURGICAL, ETC. 


with golden hands, spelling—in the deaf 
manual alphabet, and in Spanish— 

“God save Dom Pedro II.” 

Further on we find the little primers of 
the Primary schools, with the neat needle¬ 
work of the smaller children. Further still, 
the maps, books, and pictures from the Col¬ 
lege of Dom Pedro II. These embrace a 
higher range of thought, and invite a close 
examination. 

Another case furnishes the music of the 
empire, choice selections, beautifully printed. 

The Brazilian Faculty of Medicine have a 
case of medical and surgical works, and 
drawings of very accurate delineation ; and 
the Artistical Institute presents drawings 
that, for accuracy of detail and beauty of 
design, find few equals. Drawings of the 
Government Exhibition. Book of the emi¬ 
nent men of Brazil, commencing with Dom 
Pedro I., the father of the present emperor. 
Public newspapers of the empire; maps of 
the provinces, and various scientific and 
agricultural reports. All these add greatly 
to the value of the exhibit; and, together 
with the full display of Brazilian coin and 
the secretary’s reports, attract many visitors. 

PARANA COMMISSION.—The second 
apartment of the court brings us to this 
division, where we find a good display of 
household furniture. 

THE SUPERIOR COMMISSION, Rio. 
COMMISSION OF ST. CATHARINE. 
COMMISSION GENERAL, of Brazil. 

All these display furniture well made, and 
after the Brazilian style. Some made of 
native Jaca.randa , a very beautiful wood. 

F. J. MOREIRA & CO., Rio.—Chairs of 
native Genipapo wood. This firm employs 
120 men, and use exclusively native woods. 

KEPPLER & IRMAO, Province of S. 
Pedro do Sul.—Wooden chairs. The fac¬ 
tory is driven by steam, and is reported as 
making all the chairs used in the province. 


STONE, ETC. 

The same Commissioners exhibit marbles 
from Jatajhy; fine slate from San Paulo; 
hematites, or blood-stones; clays and kaolins 
from Parana. Attention is called to the 
kaolin as of superior quality, fit for making 
very excellent porcelain ware. 


TEXTILES. 

F. REYHNER, Rio, shows a large case of 
silks and yarns, well made. 


CEDRO COTTON MILLS, Province of 
Minas Geraes.—Fair cotton cloth. The firm 
employs 53 workmen. 

COTTON CO., Petropolis.—Good cloths. 
They require 100 workmen, and use 3,500 
spindles and 103 looms. 

GENERAL COMMISSION, Rio.— Cotton 
goods, quilts, &c., from three provinces. 

BRAZIL INDUSTRIAL COTTON 
MILLS CO., Macacos.—Cottons and canvas. 
A large establishment, driving 400 looms, 
60 carders, and 20,000 spindles. Hands 
employed, 125 men, 44 boys, 32 women, 
and 28 girls. 

Of linens there is a large exhibit from 
several institutes and some private com¬ 
panies. All these manufactures will bear 
examination. Though not so fine as might 
be desired, they are well made and of ex¬ 
cellent material. 


LEATHER. 

The display of leathers is attractive. The 
tanning is of superior quality, and the finish 
quite perfect. Hides, skins, boots, shoes, 
gloves, saddles, bridles, and harnesses 
abound. The principal exhibitors are the 
General and various Provincial Commis¬ 
sions. 

FIGUEREDO & CO., Rio, present sam¬ 
ples of boots and shoes made by them for 
the Imperial army and navy. 


JEWELRY. 

VICTOR RESSE, SON & BRO., Rio; 
Jewelers to the Imperial family.—Collection 
of Brazilian decorations; rich and rare work. 

M. J. VALENTIM, Rio.—Some very neat¬ 
ly made jewelry. 


SURGICAL, CHEMICAL, ETC. 

MERINO & CO., Rio, present forty-three 
neatly made surgical instruments. Two in¬ 
vented by Dr. Fragoso. 

PARANA COMMISSION.—Several spec¬ 
imens of homeopathic pills; soaps, per¬ 
fumery, inks, and pharmaceutical prepara¬ 
tions, all neatly arranged. 

IMPERIAL COMMISSION, Rio.—Stear- 
ine candles elegantly ornamented, intended 
for churches and public entertainments. 


HIGH NOON. 

THE ARSENAL, of Porto Alegre, pre¬ 
sents an ingenious sundial. The glass is so 












ARGENTINE REPUBLIC DEPARTMENT-MINING AND METALLURGY, LIME, ETC 


arranged that precisely at noon a cannon is 
fired by the heat of the sun. 


MINERALOGICAL. 

TIIE GOVERNMENT occupies a large 
space in this department, and there are no 
private exhibitions. The specimens are ar¬ 
ranged in several cases, and show to good 
advantage. The display consists of stalac¬ 
tites, stalagmites, various marbles, several 
kinds of coal, iron ore, sulphur, amethyst, 
ochres, lithographic stones, shale, bitumen, 
chalcedonyx, mica, magnetic hematite, dia¬ 
monds, pearls, and topazes. 


THE GREAT TOPAZ. 

It is hard to spoil a good story, but we 
are recording facts and not fancies. A quite 
interesting tale has been running through 
the papers for some time past, relating the 
incidents connected with the finding of a 
large topaz. As the account reads, a slave 
found the precious stone and claimed his 
freedom, as by the law of the land he had 
the right to do. It was declared a diamond, 
and the largest the world had ever seen. 
The fiction gives an account of the man 
being borne on the shoulders of his com¬ 
rades to the Imperial Palace, and there pro¬ 
ducing his “ diamond,” and handing it to 
the Emperor, who at once declared his free¬ 
dom. That the “ diamond ” was next sent 
to the scientists who declared that the “ dia¬ 
mond” was only a white topaz. So runs 
the story, but it is all fiction, though well 
woven, except that the slave did find an en¬ 
ormous white topaz. That topaz is in the 
government exhibit. Its dimensions are 3-£ 
by 4 by 5 inches. It is almost square except 
that the corners are well rounded oft*. It is 
unpolished and will so remain, as it is to be 
placed in the Imperial Museum as a curiosi¬ 
ty. It is remarkably clear—almost trans¬ 
parent. It is valued at $150,000. We are 
not certain, but have been informed freedom 
was granted to the finder. 


ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

This country is located in the southern 
part of South America, and is divided into 
fourteen provinces, or states, and three ter¬ 
ritories. It contains 1,200,000 square miles, 
and has a population of not quite 2,000,000. 
The principal exports of the country are— 


wool, salt beef, tallow, and hides. The live 
stock consists mostly of horn cattle, horses, 
and sheep, which are collectively valued at 
$200,000,000, and annually yield about 
^50,000,000 worth of exports. The mining 
industry of the country is very extensive; 
rich specimens of the following being found 
—silver, copper, lead, iron, and gold.° 

Imports for 1874, $55,961,117; exports, 
$43,104,712. Revenue, $16,090,661; ex¬ 
penditure, $28,596,006,—being much lower 
than previous year. 

The army consists of 10,806 men; the 
navy of 26 vessels, with 900 men. At the 
end of 1873 there were 664 miles of railroad 
open for traffic, and 642 being built (State 
property). In the same year 1,997 miles 
were sanctioned by the government. There 
were 4,170 miles of telegraph. Messages 
sent during year ending Sept. 1873, 170,- 
079. The postal service carried 1,493,700 
parcels, and 4,574,188 letters. 


MINING AND METALLURGY. 

The exhibit in this department is large, 
comprehensive, systematically arranged, and 
plainly labeled. Native silver ores, ingots, 
and some specimens of silver filigree; rich 
ores of copper, lead, galena, iron, antimony, 
and gold; slag from ancient Spanish smelt¬ 
ing furnaces; some fine wood petrifactions, 
showing the grain very plainly; limestones 
and stalagmites; petroleum from native 
springs; white and pink alabasters; slate; 
red jasper; fine quality of marble; flint, 
agate, and mica; various granites; beautiful 
specimens of malachite and porphyry ; rock 
crystal and red jasper; many specimens of 
coal. 


LIME, CEMENT, ARTIFICIAL STONES, ETC. 

Hydraulic cement and stones for founda¬ 
tions ; paving-stones; raw and burnt cement; 
artificial marble; water and stalagmite lime, 
and sulphate of lime. 


MATERIALS FOR PORCELAIN MANUFAC¬ 
TURE, ETC. 

Clays for tiles, bricks, and porcelain; 
pure, chalky, and sandy clay; artificial vol¬ 
canic earths; refractory bricks; marl; fire¬ 
bricks; kaolin of fine quality; earth for 
pottery ware. 

Lithographic and whet-stones, of superior 
quality. Mineral waters and natural brines. 



















242 


ARGENTINE REPUBLIC DEPARTMENT-CHEMICALS, PAINTS, DYES, ETC., ETC. 


CHEMICALS. 

This exhibit is well arranged, under shelv¬ 
ing cases, and upon a pyramidal stand in the 
center of the department. There are shown 
mineral salts; elixir de pepsina in bottles; 
syrup of quinine and iron; artificial guano 
from blood; saltpetre ; peanut oil; glycer¬ 
ine ; soaps in profusion and of good quality; 
olive oil. 


PAINTS, DYES, ETC. 

A collection of 312 samples of wools 
dyed different colors; twelve bottles of inks 
of different colors; cochineal of three kinds. 


MEDICINAL COMPOUNDS, ETC. 

Tooth powders; pepsine; remedies for 
curing animals. 


BRICKS, TILES, ETC. 

Burnt and raw bricks; architectural pot¬ 
tery ; burnt tiles in attractive patterns. 


FIRE-CLAY GOODS. 

Flower pots and bottles, of clay; earth¬ 
enware pieces, consisting of jugs, uniquely 
ornamented, made by the Indians; pots of 
native porcelain; water bottles; glazed fruit 
dishes. 


GLASS WARE. 

One cruet stand of cut glass. 


FURNITURE. 

One very useful article, consisting of 
writing table, wash-stand, dressing-case, &c., 
all combined in a sofa. It is handsome in 
appearance, strongly made, and valued at 
$650. Handsome small tables; one carved 
arm-chair; mate cups of silver and wood, 
plained and carved; brooms and ostrich- 
feather dusters; mattings made by prisoners 
of the penitentiary of Mendoza; wooden 
dishes and trays. 


TEXTILES. 

Cotton Fabrics. —Cotton yarns; figured 
coverlets; ponchos; embroidered towels; 
plain and fancy napkins; fine quality of 
table-cloths. 

Linen Fabrics. —Cloth made by the In¬ 
dians of Misiones from a textile plant, called 


by them Ucf and Hortiga Grande (large 
thistle); napkins and table mats; cuirass 
made of chaguar grass. 

Woolen Fabrics. —Plain, striped, and 
figured woolen cloths, of fine quality; wool¬ 
en ropes; blankets ; bags; coverlets, pon¬ 
chos; yarns of all kinds and colors; common 
and fine saddle-bags; one superior blanket, 
valued at $100; also, several of merino 
wool; carpets and handsome shawls. 


HAIR GOODS, ETC. 

Highly colored shawls; large, seamless 
vicuna ponchos, valued at $150. Very ele¬ 
gant shawl of same material, worth $400. 
One vicuna shawl, containing 6,600 warp 
threads, very attractive in pattern, valued at 
25 oz. of gold; mufflers; coverlets. 


CLOTHING. 

Suits of clothing, and shirts. 


HATS, BOOTS AND SHOES. 

Fine quality of felt hats and caps; strong 
and durable boots and shoes, of various 
styles; fine straw hats of Pampa grass. 


LACES, ETC. 

One round case containing some elegant 
laces, of handsome patterns, and beautiful 
specimens of embroidery. 

JEWELRY. 

Under this head may be found a neck¬ 
lace and locket of gold, valued at $800. 

LEATHER WORK. 

Various sized trunks, and handsome 
valises. 

LEATHERS. 

The collection of leathers is very r com¬ 
plete, and shows,some remarkably fine skins. 
Leathers in all the stages of manufacture. 

BLANK BOOKS. 

Sets of account-books, and fine speci¬ 
mens of binding and printing. 


MEDICINAL HERBS 

are largely shown, and are classified and 
labeled. 





















CHILIAN DEPARTMENT. 


243 


CARRIAGE AND HORSE FURNITURE. 

Large array of elegantly made and fancy 
mounted harness and saddles ; plaited lasso ; 
native saddles; girths, spurs, and pillions. 

EDUCATION. 

Statistical reports, and text-books; maps 
and charts. 

MARBLE BUST of the Emperor Nerva, 
and two bas-reliefs—one representing Jesus 
and Mary, and the other, La Infancia del 
Salvador. Fine samples of mosaic work. 

MODELS of vessels, of fine patterns and 
well done. 


WOODS. 

A large collection of the native woods, 
some showing very handsome grains; also, 
barks, seeds, and leaves. 


CHILI. 

The country of Chili is located upon the 
south-western coast of South America. It 
is bounded upon the north by Bolivia, upon 
the east by the Argentine Republic, and 
upon the south and west by the Pacific. 
The country is about 1,240 miles long, and 
has an average breadth of 120. Area, 148,- 
800 square miles. Chili is surrounded upon 
every side, but that facing the ocean, by 
high and rugged mountains; a few passes 
only ranging from 12,450 feet to 14,370. 
The cold of winter makes them impassable, 
and even in summer it is tedious and danger¬ 
ous to travel them. The sudden and im¬ 
mense height of its mountains, together 
with its great latitudinal length, gives to 
the land a variety of climate seldom met 
with. 

At the close of 1873 the public debt of 
Chili was $48,149,850. Revenue for 
1874, $16,440,000; expenditures, $>16,474,- 
890. Imports for 1874 were estimated at 
$38,810,000; exports, $36,510,000. 

The army numbered 3,516 men. The 
navy consisted of 10 vessels with 34 guns. 
In 1872, the merchant navy consisted of 
250 vessels, numbering 2,900 men, with an 
aggregate burden of 58,230 tons. 

In the year 1875 there were 583 miles 
of railroad open for traffic; nearly two- 
thirds of which belong to the State. There 
were 2,199 miles of telegraph, and nearly 
3,000 miles of wire. During 1873 the 
messages numbered 265,318. 


In the middle districts the land is rich, 
and yields maize, hemp, and European grains 
and fruits. Timber and pasturage occupy 
the land where it is unfit for farming. Parts 
unfit for any of the above pursuits are re¬ 
deemed from being valueless by rich mines. 
The manufactures are earthenwares, copper 
wares, linens, cordage, soap, leather, and 
brandy. 

In the department devoted to minerals, 
we find silver ores very rich; copper pyrites; 
copper and copper ores; large piece of co¬ 
balt ; salt and sulphur ores; gold ores; iron 
ores and pyrites; lead. There is a large 
assortment of very beautiful polished mar¬ 
bles; lime, slate, alabaster, and amethyst. 
Most of the specimens are contained in a 
large and attractive pagodal case, the arti¬ 
cles being placed upon shelving platforms. 
All are classified and plainly labeled. 

There is a large assortment of wines and 
liquors, beer, ale, and porter, medicinal and 
tonic wines; cogniacand whiskies; white and 
red wines and grape cider. 

The leather and leather articles displayed 
consist of sole leather, goat skins, japanned 
and patent leathers, morocco leathers for 
furniture; leather boots, with cork soles; 
patent leather boots; ladies’ satin shoes, in 
several colors. 

Among the building articles, we find arti¬ 
ficial stones and colored bricks; one table- 
top, of Oriental alabaster; one of marble, 
elegantly decorated with mosaic; one of 
black marble, ornamented with views, and 
shield of arms of Rome in the center of the 
mosaic; artificial marble floor; articles of 
plaster of Paris. Also, very elegant speci¬ 
mens of wood mosaic. 

There is exhibited a large assortment of 
the various publications of the country. 
LTpon examination, the topography of the 
country will be found very superior. 

There are also exhibited fine specimens of 
wheat, rye, barley, oats, maize, sorghum, 
beans of various kinds, peas, large assort¬ 
ment of garden seeds; also, seed of trees; 
the various kinds of potatoes; a collection 
of medicinal plants; a large and fine assort¬ 
ment of native woods; barks for tanning, 
dyeing, <fec.; collection of wool. 

There are also exhibited several shawls of 
very pretty patterns. 

There are forty : six samples of rope and 
cordage; also, wire rope; sample of starch; 
seven bundles of tobacco, cigars, cigarettes, 
snuff, and smoking tobacco; extract of cof- 











244 


ORANGE FREE STATE. MEXICO. 


fee; case of maccaroni; array of strong 
brooms; preserved shell-fish, &c. 


ORANGE FREE STATE. 

This country is situated on the north¬ 
eastern boundary of the Cape Colony, in the 
southern portion of Africa; has an area of 
about 70,000 square miles, and a population 
of 75,000 white, and 25,000 colored or native. 
The chief industries of the country are agri¬ 
culture and cattle raising. Indications of 
valuable minerals are abundant, but mines 
have never been worked. The average ele¬ 
vation of the country being about 5,000 
feet, the climate is remarkably salubrious. 
In the year 1872-73, the revenue of the gov¬ 
ernment was valued at $570,200, while the 
expenditures were $510,700. 

Commission: 

Chas. W. Riley, Consul-General. 

The exhibit from this country is located 
in the south-west corner of the Main Build¬ 
ing. Encircling the whole department is a 
handsome frame-work of continuous arches, 
in which are tastefully draped the national 
colors; over the main entrance is the coat 
of arms of the country. 

In the center is a case containing dia¬ 
monds ; one, of a light yellow color, weighs 
34 carats; mineral ores; diamondiferous 
soil, showing one imbedded gem. The 
stones are found upon the surface, and at 
any depth to a hundred feet below. Adjoin¬ 
ing is an exhibit of bituminous coal. 

Near by is a shelving case containing 
specimens of wheat; Kaffir corn, both red 
and white; Indian corn, dried peaches, and 
apricots and sumach leaves. There are two 
bales of merino wool, of excellent quality ; 
one washed, one raw; one bale of mohair; 
native robes, and hides of the spring-bok , 
blesbuck, harte-beeste , and both horns and 
hide of the Koodoo cow ; long horns of the 
gems-buck. Case of double set draft har¬ 
ness, made by hand; strong shoes, made by 
natives; giraffe and rhinoceros hide whips. 

Specimens of polished olive wood, and 
the blue gem wood, the planting of which 
in a district infested with malaria will drive 
off the disease. Baskets made by native 
Kaffirs, which are so closely woven as to 
hold water. Wood carvings, consisting of 
small figures, by the Dutch inhabitants. 
Model of a wagon loaded with bales of wool. 


To these vehicles are hitched seven yokes of 
oxen. The load is 15,000 pounds. Case 
of pipes, with stone bowls, cut by the blacks 
after the Dutch models. 

One case of elegant ostrich plumes, and 
eggs. There are also four cases, containing 
specimens of the South African birds. 

In the aquatic division, we find the peli¬ 
can, spoonbill, and crowned crane, Stanley 
blue crane, herons, bittern and giant bittern, 
egret, cormorant, kingfisher, coast duck, and 
many others. Among the terrestrials are— 
parrots, paraquets, sacred Ibis of the Egyp¬ 
tians, orioles, grenadiers, widow bird with 
long black tail feathers, owls, &c. The 
African birds are remarkable for their 
brilliant plumage, and the assortment here 
shown is very rare and beautiful. 

There are two cases containing insects; 
one case containing cream of tartar vege¬ 
tables. There is one outer shell, inside of 
which are the seeds, covered by a white sub¬ 
stance, which is ground and sent to market. 


MEXICO. 

The Mexican Republic lies between the 
United States, Guatamala, the Gulf of Mex¬ 
ico, and the Pacific ocean. Its greatest 
length is 1,800 miles, and its area 710,000 
square miles. It is traversed by the Sierra 
Madre mountains, which break into spurs, 
tall peaks, and elevated table lands. Toward 
the Gulf the land is low, sandy, and un¬ 
healthy ; but toward the interior, and at 
elevated locations, it is salubrious. The 
table land is reached at an elevation of 
7,000 feet. The plain is about 150 miles 
wide, and descends rapidly to the Pacific 
coast. Between the cities of Mexico and 
Puebla are the celebrated volcanoes, the 
Popocatepetl (hill that smokes) and Istac- 
chuatl (white lady.) The former is still 
active at a height of 17,720 feet, but the 
latter is extinct and only 15,250 feet. Near 
Orizaba is another extinct volcano, 17,380 
feet high. It is covered with perpetual 
snow. 

There are no good harbors on the Gulf, 
the shifting sands producing continual bars; 
but the Pacific coast abounds in safe anchor¬ 
ages. The land produces all the grains and 
fruits of higher latitudes, as well as those of 
the tropics; while in variety, Mexico may 
rival any other country. Corn, coffee, indi¬ 
go, sugar, and tobacco are raised. Pulque , 
an intoxicating beverage, is made from the 







MEXICAN DEPARTMENT-MINERALS, ONYX, SILVER BLOCK, TEXTILES, AGAVE. 245 


juice of the maguey, a species of the agave, 
or aloe tree. Cochineal bugs are found on 
the large cactus, known as the prickly pear. 
Most valuable woods are found, including 
the mahogany, Brazil wood, campeche, 
ebony, Ac. 

The silver mines are particularly rich, and 
yield $25,000,000 annually. Other mines 
are worked imperfectly. Few improvements 
have been effected. Puebla has factories for 
iron, glass, and soap. At Cholula is a large 
pyramid of unburnt brick. 

Imports during year ending June, 1873, 
were valued at $29,062,407. Cottons 
occupy the first rank. Exports, $31,473,- 
607. Silver coin was the most prominent 
article of export, $22,602,493 leaving the 
Republic. 

In eighteen of the States, children are 
compelled to attend school during certain 
ages. 

The Mexican Court fronts the nave be¬ 
tween columns 65 and 66; and runs to the 
north wall. It is a castellated structure, 
rising ten feet to the battlement. The main 
entrance is eighteen feet high. The walls 
are hollow, four feet wide ; the interior being 
divided into glass cases to contain the vari¬ 
ous exhibits. The top is neatly trimmed, 
while several open niches serve for statues 
and large mineral specimens. Some of these 
are also filled with Mexican plants of rare 
beauty. In one of these we find a rich 
piece of cinnabar. In another, sulphuret of 
manganese. Again, native sulphurs; lead ; 
Livingstonite, Ac. 


MINERALS. 

The exhibit of minerals is very extensive, 
and embraces a large variety ; some rare and 
extremely valuable. The galena is plentiful, 
and contains a large proportion of silver. 
Specimens of sulphur and salt of sodium, in 
different cases, but so much resembling each 
other that visitors generally call both cases 
sulphur. Very rich nuggets of gold, and 
gold in its black dust. 

Sulphur from Potocatapetl, and various 
curiosities from the volcanoes. 

COLLEGE OF MINES.—Most of the 
specimens are from this college, and have 
been well selected and scientifically arranged. 
They exhibit the great resources of the 
country. 

NATIONAL MUSEUM.—This institution 


also contributes largely to the exhibition; its 
displays being equally well disposed. 


ONYX. 

On the floor, just within the principal en¬ 
trance, is a block of onyx 22 inches thick, 
36 wide, and 10 feet long. This has been 
sold to A. L. Fauchere & Co., of New York. 
Passing on we reach benches covered with 
highly polished slabs of onyx that are almost 
transparent. They are of various sizes, from 
a few inches to several feet; and are as much 
admired as the celebrated Russian malachite. 
M. Fortuno, of Phila., is the agent. The 
prices are reasonable, and most of the ex¬ 
hibits are already disposed of. 


SILVER BLOCK. 

Advancing still we reach a block of silver 
seven feet in diameter, ten inches thick at 
the center, and tapering to the edges. 
Weight, 4,002 pounds. It is silver recov¬ 
ered from lead. The mines of precious 
metals in Mexico produce annually nearly 
$30,000,000; and of this, five-sixths are ex¬ 
ported. 


TEXTILES. 

Some fine silk cloths are shown that are 
of excellent material, the valleys of Mexico 
being favorable to the worm. The woolens 
are strong and handsome. The blankets 
very white, and of substantial thickness. 
The ponchos are very tastefully made, and 
give one a very independent air when fully 
arrayed therein. There are also spreads of 
woolen and cotton, table-cloths, kerchiefs, 
neckties, Ac. Hammocks of fine twine, 
made of grass. These are cool and com¬ 
fortable, and are offered at very low rates. 


The product of— 

THE AGAVE. 

This plant is prolific in Mexico, and is ex 
tremely valuable. From the ripe fruit, the 
juice is extracted by sucking; and from this 
are made several varieties of liquors —a 
good, rich wine, and a poor quality of 
whisky. From the leaves a strong fiber is 
obtained, that is manufactured into twine, 
rope, and ship cordage. Reduced to a pulp, 
a very excellent quality of paper is pro¬ 
duced. The Hanequen is another plant 
from which a still finer quality of twine is 
made. 













246 MEXICAN DEPARTMENT-TILES, WOODWORK, WINES, TOBACCO, ETC. HAWAII. 


TILES, ETC. 

A good quality of tile and brick are 
shown. The clay is easily worked, and 
found in favorable locations. Some speci¬ 
mens of porcelain are quite handsome. 


WOODWORK. 

A variety of cups, bowls, &c., made of 
wood, by the Indians, may be seen. They 
are very simple, and rather uncouth speci¬ 
mens of carving. 


STRAW WORK. 

Of this the display is large, consisting of 
hats, bonnets, baskets, <fcc. They also use a 
kind of wild grass, from which they make 
baskets that are water-tight. These are 
used for carrying fruits and flowers. The 
celebrated Panama hats are also made in 
Mexico. The qualities are extremely vari¬ 
ous, running from $5 to $300; and some 
have been sold at still higher rates. 


SCENERY. 

The government ha$* forwarded many 
photographs of the wild mountain scenery 
that form attractive pictures. They repre¬ 
sent the most romantic views in the country. 
There are about fifty of these in different 
positions. 


WINES AND CORDIALS. 

A good display. The grapes are all na¬ 
tive. From these and other plants very rich 
beverages are made. But few are exported. 


TOBACCO. 

The Mexican tobacco is finely flavored; 
dark, and rather strong. There are several 
exhibits of cigars and cigarettes. 


COFFEE. 

Several species of coffee are raised in 
Mexico. One of a small grain, well turned 
in at the center, is said to be fully equal to 
the celebrated Mocha. This is raised spar¬ 
ingly, as it requires much attention. A 
large, coarser bean makes the largest crop, 
though the quality is quite inferior. 


VANILLA. 

Of vanilla beans, the exhibit is large. The 


bean is very rich, raised in large quantities, 
and exported to all quarters. The principal 
exhibitors are:— 

J. L. SILVERA, 

J. B. SILVERA, 

MATIAS COLLADO, 

A. FONLECILLA, all of Paplanta. 


ladies’ work. 

There are several displays of very hand¬ 
some embroidery and lace work by the Mex¬ 
ican ladies. Also, artificial flowers and wax 
fruits. Many of these are made with great 
skill and taste. 


STATIONERY. 

Books, maps, music, and paper form sev¬ 
eral exhibits. 

The principal exhibitors in the Mexican 
Court are the National and State Govern¬ 
ments. There are but few private displays. 


HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 

The Hawaiian, or Sandwich Islands, lie in 
the North Pacific, about 2,080 miles from 
San Francisco, and 4,880 from China. There 
are twelve islands in the group, eight of 
which are inhabited; the combined area is 
6,000 square miles. The total population is 
49,044 natives, 2,48V half castes, and 5,366 
foreigners. There are no metals found upon 
the islands—they being all of volcanic origin. 
In agriculture, coffee and sugar are the prin¬ 
cipal articles grown. During nine months, 
in 1875, the following amounts were ex¬ 
ported:—20,212,910 pounds of sugar, 68,- 
084 gallons of molasses, 1,103,969 pounds 
of rice, 105,558 pounds of coffee, 13,206 
pieces of hides, 445,279 pounds of wool, 
46,646 goat skins, 464,217 pounds of tallow. 
The imports in 1874 were valued at $1,310,- 
827. The exports at $1,839,619. 

The public debt in 1874 was $355,050. 
Revenue for 1874, $1,136,524; expendi¬ 
tures, $1,192,512. 

Our own country carries the largest 
trade with the Islands. In the year 1874 
115 vessels entered the port of Honolulu; 
64 belonging to the United States, 30 to 
Great Britian, and 15 were Hawaiian. 

The railroad and telegraph have not yet 
been introduced to any great extent. 
Owing to the mountainous aspect of the 
country, it will be long, if ever, before a 
railway crosses the Island. 















PERUVIAN DEPARTMENT. 


247 


The exhibit from the Islands, though small, 
is well arranged and attractive. The space 
allotted them is along the south wall, and 
adjoins that of Japan. 

Cases of volcanic specimens, from the 
crater of Kalauea. More than 900 varie¬ 
ties of land shells. Case of sulphur crys¬ 
tals ; case of pink coral, and white mushroom 
coral. One handsome wreath of shells, sea¬ 
weeds, and corals of various colors, with the 
words “Aloha America” (Love to America,) 
and “ 1876 ” in the center. 

Bound copies of the periodicals and papers 
published on the islands. Photographs of 
school-houses, pupils, and teachers, and of 
idols which were formerly worshiped. Col¬ 
lections of mosses and lichens; also, a large 
assortment of ferns. Flower baskets, mats, 
and wreaths made of the fiber of the arrow- 
root plant. Fine specimens of spatter work. 
Figured grass mats. Paintings of scenery 
in the islands. 

Two cases exhibited by the Dowager 
Queen Emma, containing a feather cape, 
flowers, dusters, and necklaces. One neck¬ 
lace, about one and a half feet long, made 
of feathers from the Royal bird, is valued at 
$600. These birds are a jet black, but have 
under each wing a feather of a bright, gold¬ 
en color. Ancient spittoon, inlaid with hu¬ 
man bones; human hair necklaces, in which 
the plaiting is much finer and more even 
than any made elsewhere. Case of stuffed 
native birds, some of rich plumage. Accord¬ 
ing to an old tradition, when the volcano 
was in action, Pele, the Goddess of Fire, be¬ 
came enraged, tore her hair, and threw it 
out with the lava. It is a mineral fiber, and 
a bird’s nest is shown made of it. 

Among the native productions, we find 
tappa sticks, with which they beat out the 
Tappa cloth. A cloak made by natives; 
cocoa-nut fiber and rope, and a lady’s full 
dress made of the same. This consists of a 
belt to encircle the waist, from which de¬ 
pend the fibers about one foot in length. 

There are also shown turned wooden 
canes, and large bowls, made of a native 
wood called Poi. This is an exceedingly 
beautiful wood, of a rich brown color, and 
has one great advantage—it will never crack 
or check. There are also handsome mosaic 
center tables made of the same. Sugar¬ 
cane, twenty-six feet long; and in kegs, with 
glass heads, are displayed the various kinds 
of sugar. Also, coffee, and rice. Native 
water gourds, and two carved idols. A 

13 


small array of leathers; and a Spanish 
saddle, also of leather. 


PERU. 

Peru lies on the west coast of South 
America, just south of Eucador, and has an 
area of 540,000 square miles. The popula¬ 
tion consists of whites, mixed races, and In¬ 
dians, to the number of 2,500,000; the white 
being only one-seventh of that amount. The 
land facing the coast is level, but as the in¬ 
terior is gained, a long and rugged slope 
extends to the top of the Andes, upon which 
are high, level plains. The seasons, one-lialf 
the year rainy, the other half dry. There 
are found rich specimens of gold, silver, and 
copper ores. The agricultural products are 
wheat, barley, cotton, sugar, and coffee. 

The public debt of Peru amounted in 
1875 to $186,069,900. Income for 1872 
nearly $58,700,000; expenditures nearly 
$57,700,000. Length of railroads in 1875, 
1,007 miles, and 600 miles being built. In 
1874 the telegraph lines measured 608 
miles. 

The exhibit is located in the south-west 
corner of the Main Building, and is encircled 
by a neat frame-work. The government 
makes the exhibit, some being from individ¬ 
uals, but most of it is collective. 

Collection of ancient relics, consisting of 
stone mortar; water jugs, strangely orna¬ 
mented ; copper plates, and specimens of 
beaten silver. Upon most of the pottery are 
stamped figures; and a stamp is shown 
which was probably used for that purpose. 
Bows, arrow's, and clubs; cloths supposed 
to be 2,000 years old, with stamped figures 
upon them, similar to the cotton prints in 
the present age; one piece of cloth with 
woven figures. Among the Incas, it was 
customary upon the death of a person,, to 
bury with the body all the effects belonging; 
to the individual. There are eight mum¬ 
mies shown, which differ from those found 
in eastern countries, by having the knees 
drawn up upon the breast and encircled by 
the arms. With one, supposed to be a fe¬ 
male of high rank, were found all her imple¬ 
ments for weaving and embroidering \ and 
wrapped around her were three-feather capes 
and a head-dress, supposed to be of great 
value. One mummy is conjectured to be a 
chief of the Incas from the arms and orna¬ 
ments found upon him. With the bodies 







248 


CARRIAGE ANNEX. 


of the more common females are found ob¬ 
long baskets, which contain their yarns, 
needles, and herbs to doctor them in their 
long journey. 

The agricultural products shown consist 
of coffee, most of the cereals, rice, spices, 
potatoes, and kernels of the largest corn 
upon exhibition, vanilla beans, bunches of 
rice, ground nuts and beans, cigars and plug 
tobacco. Well displayed, are also sugars of 
various qualities. Fine specimens of cotton 
and wool. Silk cocoons, worms, mulberry 
leaves, and silk yarns. Dyed wools of vari¬ 
ous colors. Clothing made of Vicona wool, 
very strong and durable. Castor-oil and 
stearine candles. Panama hats, valued at 
$300, although there are several for $50 and 
$75. 

There is one very attractive article; a bust 
of General Grant, made entirely of fine 
curled wire. Basket of wax fruit, naturally 
made. 

The liquors are white and brown Santa 
Cruz rum—the white being pure, the brown 
being boiled in sugar. There are also shown 
thirty-seven kinds of wines and liquors; al¬ 
cohol of 95 per cent. 

Native woods are exhibited, some having 
beautiful grains. One game table, hand¬ 
somely inlaid, containing over 1,000 pieces. 
Also, an inlaid chess and card table. En¬ 
graved cocoa-nut shell, with a rim of silver, 
to be used as a card-basket. Case contain¬ 
ing artificial flowers ; handsomely embroid¬ 
ered under-clothing and pillow shams. One 
jewelry casket, made by a native, of filigree 
silver. 

Among the minerals are two pieces of 
silver ore, weighing about 350 pounds each, 
and containing about 15 per cent, metal; 
gold quartz*, iron ores, containing from 80 
to 90 per cent, metal; antimony, lead, and 
rich specimens of copper ores. Pieces of 
handsome stones are also shown. 

One case contains a small collection of 
books upon historical, political, and religious 
subjects. 'The greater portion of this col¬ 
lection has not been heard of since it left 
Peru. Over one entrance to the department 
is a fine painting known as the “ Spanish 
Fandago,” by Ramon Muniz. Value, $500 
gold. Over the opposite door is an excel¬ 
lent wood carving of the coat of arms of 
Peru, executed by a native especially for the 
exhibition. Upon the side walls are paint¬ 
ings of mountains, bridges, and cities, all 
showing excellent work. 


There is a small bas-relief, about 200 years 
old, representing the death of St. Francis. 
The design is good, and remarkably well ex¬ 
ecuted. Also, a carving, representing the 
Crucifixion, cut in sulphate of lime. 


CARRIAGE ANNEX. 

This building is north of the Main Build¬ 
ing and west of Memorial Hall. It is 346 
by 231 feet square, constructed of corru¬ 
gated iron, wood, and glass—one story 
high, and haying large skylights. It was 
intended exclusively for vehicles, but other 
manufactures have been crowded into it, so 
that only one half the space is occupied as 
at first contemplated. The stove men 
made a great mistake in not providing a 
building of their own, as they are now 
compelled to crowd their exhibits into less 
than one-half of the carriage annex. The 
error was the more serious as several iron 
men have been obliged to provide outside 
buildings; so that at the last moment many 
of them declined making any exhibits. 
Few structures present a more cumulose 
appearance, and none less organic discrim¬ 
ination. 

Of the exhibits contained in the building, 
there are devoted to carriages, wagons, etc., 
84 ; to wheels, bodies, springs, nuts, bolts, 
etc., 54 ; to railway plant, 21 ; to stoves, 
ranges, heaters, kitchen ware, etc., 83 ; and 
to a variety of minor articles 79—making 
a total of 321. 

In the olden days there was little to 
transport, and men’s backs were broad. 
To man was given dominion over all crea¬ 
tures, and he soon tired of carrying even 
the little required by his necessities. He 
domesticated asses, mules, and oxen. In 
the Orient camels were employed so much 
that they were known as the “ ships of the 
desert.” Caravans early traveled from 
country to country, for as men learned to 
manufacture various commodities, com¬ 
merce at once commenced. Camels carried 
the merchandise, while horses were reserved 
for principal owners, and such attendants 
as might be compelled to join in a general 
defense against hostile tribes or prowling 
bands of robbers. The earliest trade was 
only an exchange, as money was a later 
invention. 

The camels and other beasts of burden 
were provided with paniers lashed together 
| and hanging on each side. These were of 






CARRIAGE ANNEX. 


249 


wicker work, and strongly made. Abram 
went down into Egypt, B. C. 1913, and 
he took with him u sheep and oxen, . . . 
asses and camels.” And there is good 
reason to believe that camels were domes¬ 
ticated in Egypt at least three centuries 
prior to the time of Abram. 

On the vehicles used by the ancients we 
have spoken elsewhere, though not broadly. 
As husbandry extended it became neces¬ 
sary to gather and store the harvest, tor 
the ingathering transportation was required, 
and the Assyrians and Egyptians soon 
provided a cart on two wide wheels, on the 
axles of which rested a plank bottom, sup¬ 
porting a body of wicker-work similar to 
the paniers just mentioned. The basket 
body could be easily removed when the 
platform cart was required for the trans¬ 
portation of stone or other heavy material. 

From the front axle a heavy pole 
extended, to which the cattle were yoked 
as at the present day, though the material 
was coarse and the workmanship extremely 
rough. It does not appear that tne ancients 
knew anything about the use of the fifth 
wheel, now so indispensable; and the 
broad clumsy wheels on long journals 
went creaking dismally under even moderate 
loads. When the same carts, centuries 
later, were used among the Romans, the 
wheels received the name of tyvipani, 
because the creaking sound resembled that 
of a musical instrument correspo ndin g 
closely to our modern tambourine. Whi 
chariots were purposely made to creak so 
that the noise, coupled with loud shouting, 

should terrify enemies. 

The Britons, Gauls, and Persians had 
connected with their war chariots, besides 
the destructive scythes, long, broad, and 
flat tongues. In case of accident 01 
entanglement during battle, the driver ran 
out on this flat pole between the horses to 
correct the difficulty while the horses were 
at full speed ; and having accomplished Ms 
undertaking returned safely to his position 
in the chariot. Though these carriages 
were generally made open at the rear and 
closed elsewhere, some of the Assyrian 
chariots were closed at the rear so that in 
case the warrior was badly wounded or 
slain, he could be more easily carried from 

the field. „ _ . , 

Another vehicle was found m very early 

davs, being similar to the cart already 
described, but having an arched canvas 


cover to protect the travelers from sun or 
rain. These were used to convey matrons 
and distinguished persons in processions. 
The northern Europeans had such carts 
generally on two, but not unfrequently on 
four, wheels. Those with four wheels were 
ponderous machines, and not very unlike 
the heavy baggage wagon of the present^ 
day. 

All the vehicles of the ancients were 
constructed without any design to accelerate 
motion, except the war chariot. To these 
were attached two horses at the pole, and 
two on the outside, by traces, so that they 
were driven four abreast. In combat these 
animals were kept continually at their 
utmost speed. 

The Romans had the cisium , a light open 
carriage on two wheels, adapted to carry 
two persons rapidly. Though used for 
centuries, they had not much improved at 
the time of Cicero. He mentions as a very 
uncommon thing, the run of a cisium, 56 
Roman miles in 10 hours—about equal to 
5iy English miles per hour. Cicero was 
slain B. C. 42. 

It is not a little remarkable that all the 
vehicles of the ancients were built as 
rough as our commonest farm wagon. 
Such a thing as a spring, or even spring- 
seat, does not appear to have been thought 
of among them. Even the chariots of 
princes, often made of ivory, and lavishly 
ornamented in gold and bronze, jolted upon 
the stiff axle without a particle of relief. 

Tarquinius Priscus instituted martial 
games B. C. 600. They consisted prin¬ 
cipally of chariot races and pugilistic 
combats. The Murcian valley was well 
covered with stages erected by spectators, 
and forming something of an oblong circle, 
that received the name of circus. Upon 
this ground Tarquinius caused the famous 
Circus Maximus to be erected. In the 
center was the spina , a low wall running 
lengthwise through the middle of the race¬ 
course. On either side were raised seats for 
spectators, so that they always had a full 
view of the course. Hr. Alexander Adam 
gives the size as 2,187 feet long, and 712 
feet wide. Dionysius says that it had seats 
for 150,000 spectators. Pliny rates it at 
260,000, and P. Victor at the incredible 
number of 380,000. Dr. Anthon, in his 
“ Antiquities,” thinks all these are correct, 
but have reference to different periods of 
the history of the great enclosuie. Its 











250 


CARRIAGE ANNEX. 


length at the time of Julius Caesar was 
1,820 feet, the width 606, and the depth 
of the buildings 303 feet. 

Roads * as we now know them did not 
exist among the ancient nations, all trans¬ 
portation being by animals. In moun¬ 
tainous districts mere paths were used, 
while through the deserts the sun, moon, 
and stars were the guides from place to place. 
This may appear strange to us who enjoy 
macadamized pikes and frequent guide- 
posts, but in those days they had no direc¬ 
tors except the heavenly bodies. At the 
present day, the frequent caravans always 
have a compass when crossing the deserts. 

At the dedication of the Tabernacle, B. C. 
1490, the princes of Israel “brought their 
offerings before the Lord, six covered 
wagons and twelve oxen; a wagon for two 
of the princes, and for each an ox ; and 
they brought them before the tabernacle. ”j 
These wagons had wide wheels with six 
spokes, and the oxen were driven with 
lines, as we now drive horses. 

The princes had also litters or couches, 
being a simple box on poles running out 
before and behind, and forming shafts. 
Between these shafts a horse was hitched 
before and behind ; while a leader was 
attached in front by traces. Each horse 
bore a broad, deep saddle, and the leader 
was always ridden by the director of the 
journey. 

The princes had also leopards that ran 
under chariots, as "we now frequently see 
the common coach dog. When it was 
necessary to pass swiftly over a long dis¬ 
tance, the camel was always used; though 
not dragging any vehicle. Camels have 
been known to travel 900 miles in 8 days. 

Roads were almost unnecessary in China, 
the many canals offering easy and cheap 
transportation. There are some roads in 
the vicinity of populous cities where apolo¬ 
gies for highways have been introduced. 
Still the vehicles are few and clumsy. 
They use the sedan chairs on long poles, 
carried on men’s shoulders. On level places 
they occasionally use wagons with sails, 
but accidents are too frequent and stern 
winds too uncertain to popularize sailing 
wagons. 


* The only roads now in use in Syria and Pales¬ 
tine have been made lately—one, from Joppa to 
Jerusalem, and the other from Beirout to Damascus, 
t Numbers, vii, 3. 


In India the palanquin is used. It is 
similar to the sedan chair of China, and is 
borne on men’s shoulders, but it is made 
low and long, so that the traveler may 
recline at full length. Another difference 
is, that it generally has but one pole front 
and back, instead of two. When the 
bearers are skillful in handling the single 
poles, the palanquin is much easier than 
the two-pole sedans. In China and India 
but slight improvement in traveling has 
been made in 4,000 years. They travel 
now as did their ancestors forty centuries 
ago, and appear satisfied. 

The horse, the camel, and the elephant 
in the several countries where acclimated, 
continued for centuries to be prominent for 
transportation; and their trappings or 
furniture were as glibly spoken of as we 
now note those of carriages. 

The dark ages commencing in the fifth 
century A. D., seem to have swept away 
all advancement that the nations had made 
up to that time; and as they extended 
through a thousand years we notice but 
little progress in facility of transportation. 
In the fifteenth century A. D. men seem to 
have begun to wonder at their long sleep. 
On the continent of Europe roads were 
somewhat improved, and a heavy, awkward 
carriage was invented for the use of kings 
and princes. In 1580 A. D., the Earl of 
Arundel imported a coach into England; 
but the people objected to its being used by 
Queen Elizabeth, and she still preferred 
her former mode of riding behind her 
chamberlain; or prancing alone on a gay 
palfrey. But the coach soon usurped the 
place of the less serviceable single horse. 

During the succeeding reign of James I, 
sedan chairs were introduced, but they 
were carried by men upon each side. They 
were used by the Duke of Buckingham, 
but the people made a terrible outcry 
against being employed as beasts of burden. 
This diversion rather calmed the unpopu¬ 
larity of coaches, and they appear gradually 
to have come into very general use among 
those who were able to support such luxu¬ 
ries. 

The coach of Elizabeth—called in those 
days a whirlicote —was almost as clumsy as 
the family chariots of the ancients. It 
lacked springs, and was of monstrous 
weight. The wheels were small, illy con¬ 
structed, and the axles had linch-pins that 
might have been used as bolts for banks— 





CARRIAGE ANNEX. 


251 


heavy, poorly forged, and not even having 
the roughness filed off. 

But there was still a prejudice against 
the coach, and it was only the improvement 
in roads in England that caused its subse¬ 
quent general use. In France, Germany, 
and England, from the sixteenth century, 
the princes all indulged in state carriages. 
As soon as roads were sufficiently improved 
the English mail coach and the French 
diligence were placed on post routes. 

Of English mail coaches, a very complete 
one is shown by HOOPER & CO., of Lon¬ 
don, who also display six very elegant 
carriages. Their total exhibit is valued at 
$10,000—their capital amounts to $400,- 
000. PETERS & SONS, of London, show 
two mail coaches and seven carriages and 
jaunting cars—total value, $15,000. 
MILLION, GUIET & CO., of Paris, dis¬ 
play the French mail coach (in Main Build¬ 
ing)—a very complete establishment. 

Lighter vehicles soon made their appear¬ 
ance. First with long bodies intended for 
three on a seat, and having five seats. At 
first all these were without springs, but, 
where nations are not retrograding, a hun¬ 
dred years show improvements, and an 
advance was made by placing the square 
bodies on thorough braces. These gave 
some relief to wearied limbs, but fifty 
miles of travel still left the passengers 
tired, worn, and frequently severely 
bruised. 

Very soon the front seat was doubled, 
so that, by placing the inmates back to 
back, the “ coach ” carried eighteen persons 
including the driver. On our still rough 
roads in this country, the long stage was 
found too heavy, and the chaise was intro¬ 
duced, with two, and sometimes three 
inside seats. For family purposes, the two- 
seated chaise was used, while the other was 
placed upon mail routes where the travel 
would admit of the expense. SAMUEL R. 
PHILLIPS, of Phila., exhibits in one cor¬ 
ner of the building the private coach of 
General Washington, that seems still strong 
and serviceable, though said to be one 
hundred years old. It is something 
between the old stage-coach and post- 
chaise ; the front and back leaning outward 
like a bell-crowned hat. It is very large, 
wide, and comfortably arranged for several 
passengers. It was always drawn by four 
horses. The carriage is the property of 
Chas. Wharton, also of Philadelphia, who 


paid $1,000 for it, and placed it on exhibi¬ 
tion at the Centennial. 

The next improvement upon the coach 
was the round post-chaise;* such as are 
still seen running in connection with var¬ 
ious railroad depots. Forty years ago 
the post-chaise, on strong, thorough braces, 
and with heavy body side-straps to check 
oversets, was the principal vehicle on our 
post-roads. 

Early in the present century private 
family carriages were introduced—gen¬ 
erally imported from England. They were 
much smaller than the post-chaise, and 
were arranged with two seats inside, and 
one single seat outside for the driver. It 
was not long, however, before our own 
people began the manufacture, and greatly 
improved the styles. From heavy coaches 
and miserable one-horse sulkies, came grad¬ 
ually the grand phaeton and the stylish lan¬ 
dau; the long carry-all and the bouncing 
though quiet road-wagon. 

Then came improved springs, wheels, 
inside arrangement, elegant upholstery and 
outside adornment. Shortly factories 
sprang up at home, and improvements 
have progressed until we have vehicles of 
superior workmanship, unbounded ele¬ 
gance, and unquestioned material. 

The display of carriages, etc., is large 
and of the first order. WOOD BROS, of 
New York, established in 1830, and prob¬ 
ably the oldest carriage makers in the 
country, present eight coaches—one left 
unpainted so as to show the wood, and 
neat joiner work. They employ a capital 
of $300,000, and give employment, in 
ordinary times, to 250 hands. 

Six carriages, very perfect in all their 
appointments, are shown by ROGERS & 
CO., of Phila., whose display is valued at 
$11,500. The house has been established 
more than 30 years, and employs 150 
hands. The Brewsters of New York, old 
houses, have very fine assortments. 

As track buggies are in demand, 
CAFFREY, of Camden, exhibits one 
weighing only 49 pounds, being the same 
Goldsmith’s Maid drew at Mystic Park, in 
1874, when she made her mile in 2m. 14s. 
CHILDS, of Phila., shows a similar buggy 


* The post-chaise owes its introduction to Col. 
James Reesides, the great mail contractor; and the 
same gentleman who once offered to the government 
to take a contract for the entire mail service of the 
) United States. 







252 


CARRIAGE ANNEX. 


that weighs two pounds less. A large 
display is made by STUDEBACKER 
BROS., of carriages and wagons. Their 
shops at South Bend, 111., cover 25 acres. 
The house was established in 1852, when 
they made 10 wagons. In 25 years they 
have made 65,690 vehicles of all classes, 
at prices aggregating $1,250,000. The 
LEHIGH CAR AND WAGON CO. dis¬ 
play very handsome and well-made wagons ; 
to one of which is attached their anti¬ 
friction raised fifth-wheel. It admits of 
the use of high front wheels (at least from 
4 to 6 inches higher than ever used). As 
shown ifi the “diagram,” this is accom¬ 
plished by the use of a raised fifth-wheel, 
which is firmly bolted to the platform and 
supported by columns, having its sides 
raised, forming an inclined plane over 
which the pulleys or rollers attached to 
the body, rotate. When the front axle or 
platform is turned to either side, the 
pulleys run up the plane, thereby raising 
the front end of the body and placing it in 
an inclined position, allowing the wheels to 
pass under, and facilitating the loading 
and unloading of the same. This is a 
simple and complete arrangement, and 
works infinitely easier and better than the 
old style fifth-wheel. 



About 50 years ago, a more expeditious 
way of traveling was considered necessary, 
and railroads were introduced;—first in 
England, and almost simultaneously in 
the United States. The first railroad in 
this country was the Quincy and Neponset, 
which though only three miles long, was 
opened amid a general celebration, in 1827. 
The same year the Mauch Chunk road 
was opened from the village to the mines, 
or rather quarries, 9 miles. This was a 
gravity road, the loaded coal and passenger 
cars passing down by their own weight in 


just 9 minutes; the empty cars being 
drawn up by mules, who generally took 
three hours for the upward journey. These 
“stupid beasts,” as they are frequently 
called, soon learned to enjoy the ride down 
the mountain. Their stable car was always 
well forward on the train, and they would 
lightly leap to the racks and gaze from 
the windows while passing down. They 
were always ready to draw cars up, 
but having partaken of the luxury of 
travel, could never be induced to act 
rationally when any attempt was made 
to hitch them to a car at the top of the 
mountain. 

It is not our purpose to give a history of 
railroads, except so far as the advance they 
have made for the benefit of man. They 
originated more through the necessity of 
commerce, than from any other cause. In 
our own country, transportation of mer¬ 
chandise had been extremely difficult. 
The long Conestoga Wagon that traveled 
between Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, and 
the more awkward and cramped farm 
wagons of New York, proved inadequate 
to the requirements of the trade. The 
Conestoga, with its tandem team of 8, 10, 
and sometimes 12 large Pennsylvania 
horses, carried a ton to a horse; but the 
journey required from 10 days to two 
weeks, and often three weeks. It was a 
grand sight in the olden time, to watch a 
dozen of these teams making their slow 
progress over the Alleghenies; but their 
power was not sufficient for increasing 
trade. 

Canals had been opened, and though 
they afforded ample capacity, they did not 
offer rapid despatch. Railways soon 
became necessary, and from their introduc¬ 
tion have greatly increased until almost 
every important section of our country now 
rejoices in the sonorous rail and the start¬ 
ling puff of the locomotive. With an area 
of 3,602,424 square miles, and a population 
over 40,000,000, we had in 1874, 72,623 
miles, that that year earned for freight, 
$379,466,935—for passengers, $140,999,* 
083—total, $520,466,018. 

It has been urged that the vast extent 
of our territory required this amount of 
road. The following table will show that 
the United States has more miles of railway 
than England, France, Germany, Austro- 
Hungary and the Russian Empire all 
combined: 





















CARRIAGE ANNEX. 


253 


Countries. 

Area in 
sq. miles. 

Population. 

Miles of 
Railr’ds. 

Great Britain, 

122,518 

39,000,000 

10,488 

France, 

2 '> 1.000 

30,000,000 

12,866 

German Empire, 

208,000 

41,000,000 

13,310 

Austro-Ilunmary, 

241,000 

35,904,485 

10.000 

Russian Empire, 

6,000.010 

83,727,005 

14,072 


6,838,128 

235,631,490 

60,736 


Of railway plant the exhibits though 
few are very elegant. Two cars, marked 
“President” and “Queen,” come from 
Detroit, where the Pullman cars are made. 
They are handsomely finished and richly 
upholstered. Another car, marked “ Dom 
Pedro II,” and intended for the narrow 
gauge road between St. Paul and Rio, 
Brazil, is from Wilmington, Del. It is 
intended for the Emperor’s car, contains 
drawing-room, bath-room, chamber, etc., is 
35 feet long, and weighs 15,800. This car 
is superbly finished, and runs upon wheels 
of chilled iron. 

Our roads are very substantially built, 
and cost less per mile than those of foreign 
countries. Our rolling stock is acknowl¬ 
edged to be the finest in the world, and 
we have an immense capital invested. 
Many of our inventors have engaged in 
improving road and car appliances. Coup¬ 
lings, car-steps, switches, buffers, ventila¬ 
tors, and heaters, have received special 
attention ; and the Pullman sleeping and 
palace cars have been strengthened, 
adorned, and comfortised, until they are 
marvels of luxurious elegance. 

Very commodious and strongly-finished 
street cars are shown by JOHN STEPH¬ 
ENSON & CO., of New York, who 
commenced business in 1840; and by J. 
N. JONES & CO., of Phila. The first firm 
made omnibuses, and still produce them 
for foreign markets, but their use in large 
cities, though continued, has greatly fallen 
off. 

Of children’s coaches, perambulators, 
hobby horses, etc., there is a very large 
and highly interesting display. Carriage 
trimmings, harness and mountings are 
abundant. Wheels, hubs, and springs are 
shown in profusion. All kinds of carriage 
hardware are to be seen in the building. 
An English house shows monster bicycles, 
and an American display of less size is 
prominent. Both have many admirers. 

In ancient days all heating was by covers, 
not by fires; and people huddled together 


for animal, not artificial heat. We have not 
much information in relation to more than 
furnaces that were made movable. The 
altars for sacrifices were built of wood, 
covered with stone or earth, or both; upon 
which the offering was consumed. Roast¬ 
ing, baking, and boiling were done in 
earthen vessels among the ancient Per¬ 
sians, Egyptains, Hebrews, Medes, and 
Assyrians. 

The “smoking furnace,” that passed 
over Abram’s altar, was B. C. 1921. Sarah 
baked cakes “on the hearth,” B. C. 1898. 
Earthenware, as we have elsewhere shown, 
formed the first cooking vessels. Of this 
ware “ovens, or ranges for pots,” were 
also made ; as we find a law regulating 
their uses B. C. 1490A 

The cooking was generally done on the 
ground outside of the early tents and mud 
houses. A person’s “house,” often spoken 
of in scripture, in early days means “ tents,” 
or households. At the termination of wars, 
the cry was, “To your tents, 0 Israel”— 
not your houses. Even when Abram 
complained, B. C. 1913, and said “Lo, one 
born in my house is mine heir,” he spoke 
of his household ; and there is abundant 
evidence that he was at that time dwelling 
in tents. It may be remembered that he 
had once armed 318 “servants, born in his 
house." His house comprised many tents, 
stretched out and pitched with regularity, 
forming a good-sized village. 

As the centuries ran along there was 
improvement, but this did not tend so 
much to the comfort of the people at large, 
as it did to the luxury of the princes and 
priests. These, as well among the Israelites 
as other nations, were always provided 
with every convenience that the age 
afforded. 

The Greeks and Romans had very poor 
accommodations. Those of the early 
Romans were mere cottages thatched with 
straw. Rome was burned by the Gauls, 

B. C. 389. After this the houses were 
made more comfortable, but such was the 
confusion of titles, that men built anywhere, 
and no regard was paid to streets. Houses 
were now shingled, or roofed with thin 
boards. Augustus, when he reigned (B. 

C. 30, to A. D. 14), greatly improved the 
city ; laying out wide streets, and building 
costly houses. He boasted that he “found 


*Lev. vi, 29-36. 























254 


CARRIAGE ANNEX. 


Rome brick, but would leave it marble.” 
Nero (A. D. 54 to 68), is accused of 
having fired Rome. Whether this be true 
or not, he enjoyed the conflagration. Of 
fourteen wards of the city, ten were 
reduced to ashes, while he, dressed as an 
actor, played the “ Taking of Troy.” After 
this more regularity was observed in open¬ 
ing new streets—each house was built 
separately; and a certain part of the house 
was made fire-proof. 

The atrium was the most important room 
in a Roman house. It was the general 
reception room. Here were placed the 
nuptial couch, the spinning and weaving 
material, and the focus , or movable fire¬ 
place. And here originally the cooking 
was done, but this was at a later date 
removed to the culina , or kitchen, in 
another part of the house. The atrium 
was always near the center of the house, 
and was open at the top—the roof from all 
sides pitching to the center, immediately 
under which was the impluvium —a large 
cistern to catch the rain. 

The cooking was on a large movable 
hearth, or on movable braziers, that were 
raised on three legs, and by brass handles 
at the sides could be easily carried from 
place to place. There were no chimneys, 
the smoke of the burning wood escaping 
through the open roof. Even in later 
centuries chimneys were considered useless. 

It must be noted that the rise of Greece 
and Rome only witnessed the same thing 
that has so often occurred and is still 
observable among other than republics,— 
the poor growing poorer, and the rich 
richer. So, too, extended wars always 
impoverish the one and enrich the other. 

Both Greeks and Romans became adepts 
in culinary art, and indulged in the most 
extravagant dishes. To prepare these, 
ovens, ranges, and stoves were introduced, 
though it was a long time before they used 
close stoves. When they did, they were 
made of brick, and placed below;—and 
the heat was conveyed to the upper rooms 
through tubes affixed to the walls. 

Dr. Adams says there were no chimneys 
used among the ancients, while Prof. 
Anthon, though refraining from asserting 
their use in Rome, thinks that the large 
houses — sometimes seventy feet high— 
must have had them, on account of the an¬ 
noyance that would otherwise be created 
by the smoke. About the beginning of the 


Christian era, many of the houses in Rome 
were furnished with every conceivable com¬ 
fort and luxury. Cicero purchased a 
house on the Palatine for which he paid 
$165,000. That of Publius Clodius cost 
$1,655,000; while the Tusculan villa of 
Scaurus was fitted up with such magnifi¬ 
cence, that when it was burnt by his slaves, 
he lost upwards of $4,425,000. 

In these grand establishments there may 
have been chimneys, but there is no evi¬ 
dence of the fact now existing. We have 
no positive knowledge of chimneys being 
used, even in cold latitudes, previous to the 
fourteenth century A. D. The Germans 
had then their brick stoves, placed in 
central positions, and are supposed to have 
had chimneys in some of the palaces, and a 
few of the mansions of the nobility.* 

When our forefathers landed in this 
country, they built mostly log-cabins, and 
had therein one grand fireplace, and 
chimney. The fireplace being at one end ; 
and the chimney just reaching above the 
roof, was a very slight advance upon the 
holes in Grecian roofs fifteen hundred years, 
earlier. But heat was necessary, and the 
hearths were broad. Some of these old- 
fashioned structures may still be seen among 
us, where logs are drawn into the house by 
a horse, and then rolled upon the hearth. 
Room was always left on each side of the 
fire and within the chimney jams for a 
bench long enough to hold two persons. 
One of these was reserved for the father 
and mother, or grandparents. W r here 
pine was plenty, a bright fire and a good 
sized pine knot gave both heat and light 
for the family. Candles were not much used. 

Fires in sleeping rooms were unknown 
until the present century. Churches or 
“ meetin’ houses” were never warmed. It 
was considered wicked to have them heated 
even in the bitterest weather. But the 
elderly women were in the habit of having 
foot-stoves, that were filled with live coals, 
and carried by one of the children. These 
were small boxes about a foot square, 
lined with sheet iron and having a handle 
on top. When the owner had warmed her 
feet, she passed the foot-stove to her next 
neighbor. There was more thoughtfulness 
in those days than at present. 


* Of the introduction of chimneys in England in 
the reign of Mary, about the middle of the sixteenth 
century, we have spoken elsewhere. 






CARRIAGE ANNEX. 


255 


The earliest iron stoves were made about 
one hundred years ago, and consisted of 
but two pieces—the bottom and hearth 
forming one piece, and a pyramidal box 
the other. They were called box stoves. 
The castings u’ere fully one inch thick. 

The first improvement upon the box 
stove, was the “ six-plate; ” and then came 
the 11 ten-plate stoves.” LEIBRANDT & 
McDONALD, of Baltimore, have a fine 
display of ranges, stoves, etc., and among 
the rest, one old-fashioned ten-plate wood 
stove, marked “Udree & L. S. Wylee, 
1786.” It was ninety years old when placed 
in the present Exhibition. After these 
stoves for heating, came the cooking stove 
with a single opening for a pot. Then 
came more pot holes and griddles. From 
these again the range was but another 
advance, followed by the caboose. Then 
came furnaces and heaters, of various 
patterns, for coal, wood, hot water, and 
steam. Nearly all these have made their 
appearance since 1820, and now are com¬ 
mon in all quarters of our land. The 
plates of the Troy stoves, both parlor 
and cooking, are scarcely one-eighth of 
an inch thick, while those of the stoves 
of 1786 are more than half an inch in 
thickness. 

Dr. Franklin made a decided improve¬ 
ment upon the close stove when he invented 
the open stoves, known as “Franklin Fire 
Places;” but GEO. S. STEWART, of Phila¬ 
delphia, has improved upon the Franklin 
so much that the old Doctor would hardly 
recognize his original design. Of heaters 
and ranges, J. L. MOTT, of New York ; 
and RICHARDSON & CO., of Phila¬ 
delphia, make very fine displays. 

In ranges and cookers the improvements 
embrace every possible contrivance. 
Patent grates, anti-clinkers, high ovens 
and low ovens, water-backs and dish- 
warmers, are shown in all quarters. REED 
& COOPER show stoves that have baked 
twentv loaves of bread in twenty-eight 
minutes, while LEO, NIXON & SON 


present a range that is sixteen feet long— 
intended for mammoth hotels. 

We will not attempt to describe these 
improvements, but we must notice the neat 
gas and oil stoves, several of which are on 
exhibition. These are economical and 
very handy. They are made to do all that 
is required in a cooking stove, and, as 
they are light, they can be lifted by a 
child from place to place. One of these 
stoves is enough to cook a full meal for a 
dozen at a cost of three cents an hour for 
naphtha. 

Beyond the crowded stove display, we 
find a large variety of kitchen utensils, 
where every culinary article can be found. 
Here we discover a vast improvement upon 
the original earthenware of the old days. 
Displays of hollow-w^are embrace cups, 
pans, bowls of tin, iron, and brass. 

Of very superior hollow-ware, the old 
house of BARROW, SAVORY & CO., of 
Philadelphia, make a large and interesting 
display; while the ST. LOUIS STAMP¬ 
ING CO. exhibit granite tin-ware, a new 
and very elegant article. 

The washers and ironers, the roofers 
and wood workers, the brass and lead 
plumbers, the window setters and sky- 
lighters, the bath tub builders and coffee 
grinders—all have assortments in their 
line. Of these the varieties are endless. 
The purchaser can be suited. Let him 
only name the article needed, and it is 
found in the building. 

One hundred years ago but few conven¬ 
iences were necessary for housekeeping. 
If we are to judge by the ample displays 
before us, the kitchen alone might require 
thousands to stock it with only the best of 
the present arrays. 

Our grandmothers, who used one pan, 
one skillet, one tub—and everything else 
single—got up just as good dinners as can 
now only be produced by the use of 
multitudes of machinery; while they 
enjoyed much better health than can be 
had from a thousand fancy dishes. 






256 MINERAL ANNEX-ILLINOIS, MICHIGAN, MISSOURI, OHIO, WISCONSIN, IOWA, INDIANA. 


The United States is, without doubt, the 
richest country in the world in minerals. 
It is estimated, from the best known sur¬ 
veys, that there are over 600,000 square 
miles of Coal-fields; 200,000 of which 
are of sufficient depth to pay for working. 
The estimated amount of Coal in Belgium. 
France, and Great Britain, is as 8 T 7 ^ to 
185 T |g- for North America. Iron-ore 
abounds in unlimited quantities. The pro¬ 
duction of Pig-iron increased from 130,000 
tons in 1828, to 2,000,000 in 1870. Cali¬ 
fornia produced $945,600,000 Gold from 
1848 to 1870. The Silver Mining com¬ 
pany, known as the Great Bonanza, em¬ 
bracing two mines, has paid dividends 
amounting to $54,000,000. The value of 
Petroleum in 1870 was $68,215,655. 


MINERAL ANNEX. 

The Mineral Annex consists of two long 
buildings, located south of the Main Build¬ 
ing, and being parallel to it. Entering the 
east end of the first, we come to the ex¬ 
hibit of the State of 

ILLINOIS. 

Upon sloping shelves are specimens of the 
native wood, cut with and across the grain. 
Back of this are cases of ores, blocks of 
building stones, and a large assortment of 
the cereals ; a case of land shells. We next 
come to an exhibit of the 

SECOND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF PENN¬ 
SYLVANIA. 

Models and photographs of the mines 
in different sections of the country; two 
cases filled with fossils; specimens of coal, 
iron ore, and limestone. Map and model 
of a part of the Wyoming and Lackawanna 
coal field. Large array of maps of the 
regions rich in metals. 


MICHIGAN 

Minerals form the next group. Roofing 
slate and grindstones; rich copper ores; salt 
and brines; gypsum. The principal metal 
found in the State is copper. One case con¬ 
tains specimens of ores and rocks; a case 
of native copper and silver and their associ¬ 
ate minerals; resting upon the top of this 
case is an Indian birch-bark canoe, from 
Lake Superior. Blocks of sandstone; rich 
iron ores. Maps of the Geological Survey, 


and photographs of the mines. The Cam¬ 
bria Iron and Steel Company presents a large 
exhibit of iron ores, and spiegelheisen. 


MISSOURI 

Presents a fine collection. In the Main 
Building we find a large case filled with 
stuffed birds, native in the State, and a case 
of Indian relics. In the annex is a large 
assortment of galena ores and ingots; cases 
of fossils and quartz; rich specimens of iron 
ores. A few blocks of building stones. A 
case of ancient Indian pottery, water jugs 
mostly; another one containing weapons 
found upon the surface and in Indian mounds. 


OHIO. 

The State Archajological Association, of 
Ohio. In this department are four cases 
filled with Indian relics; flint arrow heads, 
stone hatchets and hammers, stone pipe 
bowls, sling stones, pestle for pounding grain, 
and beads. Adjoining this is a fine collec¬ 
tion of Ohio building stone, of a light gray 
color; large quanties of rich iron ores; fire 
brick and drain pipes; and a large array 
of anthracite coal. 


WISCONSIN 

Presents an exhibit of ores, quartz, and 
building stones. There are two cases con- 
taining prehistoric tools; one of them con¬ 
tains stone implements; the other, copper 
tools and flint arrow heads. 


IOWA. 

This State presents fine specimens of coal; 
blocks of handsome building stones; array 
of fine geodes; one long glass jar filled with 
peat. Upon one side of the room are twelve 
long frames, placed upright against the wall, 
and so filled with minerals as to show the 
stratification in different parts of the country. 


INDIANA 

Has a fine collection of kaolin; specimens 
of hard coal, and handsome building stones 
of a gray color; cannel coal; large exhibit 
of fossils, and burnt clay bricks and tiles. 

Adjoining this exhibit, we find a large 
collection of coal from mines in Pennsyl¬ 
vania; one block weighing 14 tons 13 cwt. 













MINERAL ANNEX-DELAWARE, VERMONT, CHINA, ALABAMA, S. CAROLINA, ETC. 257 


DELAWARE 

Has an exhibit of blocks of granite and 
white marble ; ores, and a few Indian relics ; 
mica and rich iron ores. 


VERMONT. 

The only exhibit in this department from 
this State is a large block of white marble, 
sent from the works of Sheldon & Slason, 
West Rutland, Yt. 


CHINA. 

Adjoining the above, is a large exhibit 
from China, which completely fills the west¬ 
ern end of the building. Upon the right, 
as we enter, are shown the cereals and nuts ; 
sugars, of different qualities. Opposite these 
are cases of medicines and herbs from the 
different parts of China. Above these are 
models of junks and small row-boats, and 
two-wheel carts. Still above these, and 
hung from the partition which divides the 
space into two sections, are skins from the 
native animals. Upon the opposite side of 
this partition are hung mats; below which 
are figures, and in the cases are shown medi¬ 
cines and plants. Arranged along the wall 
opposite these, are life-sized figures, dressed 
to show the costumes of the country. Fur¬ 
ther on, we find stringed musical instruments 
and drums; native shoes, small figures, toys 
and kites of various shapes; large assort¬ 
ment of basket ware; plaited straw for hats, 
baskets, Ac. Next to these is a large array 
of native woods; opposite these are shown 
grass cloths, fibers, paper, tobacco; and in 
small cases are samples of their teas. 


MINERAL ANNEX, SECOND BUILDING. 

Entering the w T est end of the second an¬ 
nex, we encounter a large array of clay ire- 


torts and tiles; stove fire-brick, of every 
description; large and small water pipes; 
specimens of kaolin and coal. 


ALABAMA. 

This State has an attractive exhibit of 
ores ; stratifications of a coal measure, show¬ 
ing the geological formation to a depth of 
4,000 feet; fossils and petrifactions; mag¬ 
netic and clay iron ores; gold and plumba¬ 
go ; and stones and variegated marble. 


SOUTH CAROLINA. 

The only exhibit from this State is a 
model of a machine for washing the phos¬ 
phate modules mined by the Charleston 
Mining Company. 


VIRGINIA. 

Here we have a large exhibit of ores of 
zinc, lead, copper, and manganese; bitumi¬ 
nous and anthracite coal; limestone and 
kaolin; stalactites and stalagmites; pig-iron, 
and magnetic ores and slate. 


KENTUCKY 

Presents a large collection of coals and 
ten cases of fossils. Iron ores, limestones, 
lead ores, and ingots; building stones, and 
a large assortment of Indian relics. Maps, 
drawings, and photographs of the land and 
mines. 


TENNESSEE. 

This State exhibits anthracite coal; large 
collection of brown hematite ; fire-clay, and 
iron ores and pig. 

There is a small collection of animals from 
Mount Union College, Ohio. 
















ANCIENT MACHINERY. 


He who would trace the history of the 
world from the “first day,” must seek 
actualities among fictions of national vani¬ 
ty—realities in the midst of the wildest 
fancies—must cull truth from error among 
the fabulous legends of distorted achieve¬ 
ments. If he wade through the recorded 
annals of millions of years, and crowd his 
brain with the unnatural among heroes, 
demi-gods, and gods; memory overbur¬ 
dened will fail to name reliably the oldest 
people of the world. Egypt claims to be 
that people, but the Brahmins of India 
have volumes of Sanscrit in whose pages 
the land of the Nile is but “an infant of 
days.” China* too has annals of great 
antiquity. Her accepted record runs to 
B. C. 2357—her apocryphal many thou¬ 
sands of years further back.f 

Having elsewhere spoken of the divis¬ 
ion of nations, we will follow the supposed 
progress of families. Originally there were 
but two classes—shepherds and husband¬ 
men. These sought locations favorable to 
their avocations. As more extended gov¬ 
ernments were founded, classes were in¬ 
creased. Thus, in India as well as in 
Egypt, there were four castes; —1st, the 
priests, including men of rank; 2d, the 
soldiers; 3d, artisans, and 4th, tradesmen, 
pilots, servants, etc. Among the Egyp¬ 
tians shepherds were despised—hence the 
hatred of the people to the dynasty of the 
Shepherd Kings; and, subsequently, to the 
Israelites. The first explorations after the 
flood, are presumed to have been Lower 
Egypt and Gerar, on the coast of Philistia. 

In Egypt the heads of families became 
petty princes; forming the first govern¬ 
ment larger than patriarchal. Though 
often called kings, these princes were 
merely governors of small districts. King 


Menes appears to have partaken of the 
godly nature named in their fabulous le¬ 
gends. Yet he is accepted as reliable from 
his acts, and is placed by Hr. Hales as com¬ 
mencing to reign B. C. 2412.* He was 
the first to adopt measures for utilizing the 
floods of the Nile, as during his reign the 
course of that fertilizing stream was com¬ 
pletely changed. Instead of clinging to 
the foot of the mountains it was made to 
run centrally through Egypt. Beside this, 
he opened canals to convey the waters to 
other locations. These were provided with 
gates by which the flow was, to a certain 
extent, controlled. 

B. C. 2159, the Shepherd Kings, men 
“from the East,” overran and subdued 
Egypt, f It is supposed that the land of 
the Nile was divided among twelve princes, 
and it was not until these had banded to¬ 
gether, B. C. 1899, that they succeeded 
in driving out the usurpers. It was during 
the occupancy of the invaders that Apach- 
nes Ruchma, the 3d Shepherd King, com¬ 
menced the first pyramid, B. C. 2095.J; 

Between Apachnes, or Ruchma, and Che¬ 
ops, who lived 1,000 years later, historians 
now very generally admit the Shepherd 
King as the builder of the first great pyra¬ 
mid. How the pyramids were built is 
another point where the records are silent. 
Surmises have been thrown out — some 
entirely ridiculous, and others plausible. 
According to Herodotus, who received his 
information direct from the Egyptian 
priests, the stone was quarried in the Ara- 


* New Analysis of Ancient Chronology, vol. iv, 
p. 418. 

t Josephus. 

| The “Asiatic Researches ” contains an account 
of the conquest of Egypt by the Shepherd Kings, 
taken from an ancient Hindoo work; in which it is 
stated that the 3d king, Ruchma, raised three 
mountains—one of gold, one of silver, and the 
third of gems. Dr. Hales unhesitatingly pronoun¬ 
ces these to have been the pyramids, naturally con¬ 
cluding that they were originally cased “in yellow, 
white, or spotted marbles brought from the quarries 
of Arabia.” 


*“ There is no doubt that China is the oldest 
existing dominion on the globe.”—./. Calvin Smith. 

I One of her early rulers is described as thirteen 
and a half feet high. A fable of far distant time, 
states that during one reign, throughout the empire 
of China, for three days it rained gold! 






ANCIENT MACHINERY. 


259 


"bian mountains—dragged by men to the 
banks of the Nile, where they were placed 
on vessels and transported to a mountain 
of Lybia. Thence a road was formed, that 
for 3,000 feet was a model of elegant and 
imposing work. This was a causeway, 
sixty feet wide, and forty-eight feet in ex¬ 
treme elevation. In building this road, 
100,000 men were employed ten years, 
being relieved every three months. 

At Assouan (ancient Syene),* or the 
southern boundary of Egypt, are to be 
seen the old quarries that furnished the 
granite (syenite), for the buildings of Lower 
Egypt. The marks of the tools used are 
quite discernible. Several blocks remain 
as left by the workmen. These are cov¬ 
ered with inscriptions. One beautiful obe¬ 
lisk fifty-four feet high without reckoning 
the point, lies buried in the sand; but no 
tool or machine remains. Another half- 
finished obelisk eighty feet long, and ten 
feet broad, shows marks of drills and pow¬ 
erful wedges. 

In contemplating the vastness of Egyp¬ 
tian structures, it is remarkable that so 
little evidence of mechanical powers can 
be found; yet it is extremely ungenerous 
to believe the people destitute of these ac¬ 
cessories. They had all the ordinary me¬ 
chanical tools, and powerful offensive and 
defensive arms. They had the thundering 
ram; the destructive war chariots armed 
with murderous scythes; and a thousand 
other useful as well as appalling inven¬ 
tions. Though worshiping beasts and 
reptiles, the higher class were in a remark¬ 
able degree civilized, polished, and refined. 
If we argue from the simplest of these 
known adjuncts, we reach all we need to 
sustain our position as to their mechanical 
appliances. To produce one scythe re¬ 
quires knowledge of metallic ores and 
metallurgic powers. They therefore had 
crushers for the ores, furnaces for the 
melting, and forges for manipulating 
the metals. They used wood and char¬ 
coal, and understood welding and tem¬ 
pering. Their bronze and copper tools 


*Svenc was one of the localities from whence 
the Alexandrian geographers measured the form of 
the earth. Its position was slightly north of the 
Tropic of Cancer. Here also was constructed the 
celebrated well, at the bottom of which, on the sol¬ 
stitial day, the image of the sun was reflected entire. 
Extensive* searching has failed to discover the 
locality. 


were splendidly hardened by some process 
now lost. 

Knowing that they had the tools, it is 
extremely absurd to presume them igno¬ 
rant of the manner of constructing them. 
There is certainly no evidence of their be¬ 
ing able to procure them elsewhere. In 
addition to those already named, they had 
ropes, pulleys, blocks and tackles, as well 
as the warp and capstan. They had full 
knowledge of the screw, lever, and wedge. 

And now as to the means by which they 
handled massive blocks and piled them in 
structures where they have remained for 
forty-two centuries unmoved, except by 
the curious antiquarian. The quarrying 
was done by drills, cold-chisels, picks, 
and wedges. Each block was wrought to 
shape and size as similar work is now 
done. As each was completed it was prob¬ 
ably marked or numbered. They were 
now placed on what are known as stone- 
boats—platforms of wood—and here se¬ 
cured firmly. By means of the ropes and 
capstans these stone-boats were warped as 
far as the tackle would permit, when a new 
anchorage or re-adjustment was made. 
There were always men enough to draw 
the ropes. In this way they slowly reached 
the Nile, where they were placed on rafts 
by the use of derricks. From old paint¬ 
ings these derricks were merely three 
strong timbers lashed together at the top, 
and having the lower ends free. On rafts 
they were floated down the river to the 
causeway already described. Here the 
same course pursued from the quarry to 
the Nile was applied, and by manual labor 
the blocks were brought to the ground 
where required. 

Alluding to the raising of these stone 
blocks to their positions in the wall, Hero¬ 
dotus named two plans,—engines made of 
short pieces of wood, of which there were 
as many as there were courses; and other 
single engines, removed as required from 
tier to tier. 

We hold that these descriptions were 
only parts of one process. The blocks 
were thirty feet long, and from two and a 
half to four feet thick. Human muscle 
was the only motive power, but of this 
there was an abundant supply.* Derricks 
could be raised as often as required by the 


* In building the largest pyramid, 366,000 men 
were employed twenty years.— [Pliny.] 










260 


ANCIENT MACHINERY. 


rising walls. Several were required on 
each face of the pyramid. The short pieces 
of wood were merely for protection—to 
prevent injury from the sudden fall of a 
block of stone. Compound blocks and 
tackle were attached to the derrick, the 
drag-ropes passing to anchorages, and the 
lift-ropes to the stone to be raised. "When 
a block was at its required position, and 
while still hanging to the derrick, che ce¬ 
ment was laid on; when it was lowered to 
place. Any slight deviation from its true 
position was quickly corrected by levers 
precisely as we now see it daily. We con¬ 
fess that we can see no reason why the 
great blocks could not be handled in the 
manner here described. It would be te¬ 
dious, but they were twenty years at the 
work. We are the more inclined to give 
credence to this method, as it appears to 
meet the record of Herodotus in every 
particular. 

There were in Egypt eighty canals be¬ 
longing to the government, and six thou¬ 
sand private aqueducts and sluices. At 
almost the first settlement of this country, 
they used machinery for lifting water. 
They had lift-wheels with buckets on the 
outer ends of guttered arms: also others 
with simply the guttered arms. On some 
wheels they placed jars and other re¬ 
ceptacles that were filled by a regular dip, 
and whose contents were discharged by a 
throw, an overturn, or a simple inclination. 
At first these were worked by men, even 
where large supplies were required. As 
invention progressed other motive power 
was applied. Asses and mules were used, 
and windlasses, drums, and gins. Still 
greater demands produced more powerful 
machinery. 

We cannot leave this interesting subject 
without noticing the canals of China, to 
which allusion has already been made. 
Among the highly-colored legends of these 
remarkable people we find records that 
startle by their approach to more authentic 
history. Fohy, a sort of demi-god, estab¬ 
lished a dynasty B. C. 2852. He taught 
cattle-raising, and lived two hundred years. 
Yan came to the throne B. C. 2357.* Dur¬ 
ing his reign we find an account of a great 
flood that nearly and strangely corresponds 
with the date of the Mosaic deluge. Yu 


* Many consider this as the commencement of 
reliable Chinese history. 


the Great, lived B. C. 2100, and spent eight 
years in draining the whole country by 
means of nine grand canals. These are 
the most famous works of the kind in the 
world, and exhibit a large degree of en¬ 
gineering skill. The principal trunk is 
about six hundred miles in length. To 
the nine originally constructed hundreds 
have been added from time to time, so 
that in a certain district canals or sluices 
reach every twenty miles. 

The principal canals are from 150 to 450 
feet wide, and 6 to 10 feet deep, and are 
navigated, by boats from 25 to 50 tons 
burden, generally by sails. The wind 
failing, they are rowed or poled. Heavy 
sweeps are worked by the feet, and lighter 
ones by hand. When it is necessary to 
drag the boat by tow-line, the pulling is 
done by the crew. When the levels differ, 
the Chinese use sluices and aprons. In¬ 
stead of heavy, substantial masonry sur¬ 
rounding these sluices, they have lashed 
piles and wooden blocks. Over these on 
each side are strong plank platforms, on 
which are capstans with long levers. When 
a boat reaches an apron, ropes are at¬ 
tached to the sides, and the capstans 
moved by crowds of laborers. Slowly the 
vessel is raised over the sluice, whence she 
safely reaches the opposite level. Crude 
as these contrivances are, they are remark¬ 
ably simple; and it is worthy of record 
that accidents to men or boats are very 
rare. There has been no improvement in 
construction for thousands of years. 

The great wall of China is not so ancient 
as the monuments already spoken of, and 
yet it has been in being more than two 
thousand years. It is built of brick, 20 
feet high, including a parapet of five feet, 
and founded on a heavy stone base. It is 
25 feet wide at the base and 15 on top. 
The towers are 40x40 feet at base, and 
30x30 at the top, and about 37 feet high. 
It is reported as being 1,000 miles long, 
running over hill and valley, often chang¬ 
ing its direction, and at places passing over 
elevations of 5,000 feet. It was built to 
protect the empire from enemies on the 
north. 

Of wells we must add a brief account. 
There is one in China, of uncertain anti¬ 
quity, that is 1,800 feet deep, and faced 
within with carved and polished marble.* 


* M. Arago. 







ANCIENT MACHINERY. 


261 


One near Cairo,* in Egypt, is 295 feet 
deep, 18x24 at the curb. This is called 
“ Joseph’s Well,” and its construction, 
among the country people, attributed to 
Jacob’s favorite son. This is disputed. 
There is a passage six feet wide and seven 
feet high running at a regular inclination 
from the top to the bottom. This is out¬ 
side of the wall of the well, which is six 
inches thick. 

The wall is pierced with small openings 
to admit air and light for men who pass 
down on mules and asses. About half 
way down is a large chamber containing a 
reservoir, to receive the water from below, 
and space for windlass and machinery for 
raising the water to that point. Similar 
contrivances on the surface deliver the re¬ 
quisite supply to consumers. 

The patriarchs built several wells, some 
of which were very deep. Jacob’s well at 
Samaria was still used at the commence¬ 
ment of the Christian era. The people car¬ 
ried ropes and buckets to draw water; 
hence the words of the woman to our 
Saviour : “ Sir, thou hast nothing to draw 
with, and the well is deep.” Wells were, 
to a certain extent, objects of worship. 
Oaths were taken, treaties concluded, and 
bargains confirmed at their curbs. Solo¬ 
mon, by the order of his father, David, 
was proclaimed king at the “Fountain of 
Gihon.” 

Among all peoples brick making has 
been early prominent. It is supposed to 
have been a discovery rather than an in¬ 
vention, and arose from finding lumps of 
clay hardened by the sun. Early brick 
making is represented in ancient painting 
and sculpture. Bricks were first patted into 
shape, and afterward formed in molds, as at 
the present day. Old illustrations of brick¬ 
making show all the processes. The clay 
was trampled in pits after being sufficiently 
moistened. In Egypt the mud of the N ile 
was mingled with the clay. The Etrus¬ 
cans produced lighter colored bricks, the 
Egyptian being very dark. The Mongo¬ 
lians made a still lighter article. Some 
brick-makers are represented sitting around 
receptacles, the contents of which they are 
stirring or beating with heavy paddles. 
Others are carrying the bricks to the dry¬ 
ing yard, where they harden. Ancient 
bricks were not burned in kilns as at 


the present day—they were merely sun- 
dried. 

The next progress in clays was the use 
of the potter’s wheel, moving as at the 
present time—horizontally. On this the 
Etruscans, Egyptians, and Mongolians 
made various kitchen utensils, such as 
cups, jars, stew-pans, and bottles. The 
forms were coarse, and the wares thick 
and heavy. Like the brick, they were 
sun-dried. But they soon learned that all 
these articles could be produced better, 
quicker, and more substantial by burning 
in kilns. The “ flesh-pots of Egypt ” were 
stout and large stone-ware jars, with cov¬ 
ers, and were made as early as B. C. 
2140. 

To this day it is in dispute as to whether 
glass is an invention or a discovery. The 
generally accepted version of its origin is, 
that wanderers upon deserts, after having 
cooked their evening meal upon the sand, 
found under the supper-kettle a curious 
shining substance, previously unknown. 
At first it was considered merely as a cu¬ 
riosity, but the partially transparent lumps 
falling into the hands of scientific Egyp¬ 
tians, step by step they produced a clear 
and beautiful article of commerce. At 
first but few chemicals were permitted to 
mingle with common sand in preparing 
glass, but very soon other substances were 
used; and the Egyptians became the most 
celebrated people of the world in produc¬ 
ing articles of value and excellence. Their 
favorite manufactures were bottles and 
jars, the former with long, narrow necks, 
and the latter variously colored in rich 
patterns. The late Dr. Spooner, the natu¬ 
ralist, had a bottle not much larger than a 
Florence flask, and about the same shape, 
supposed to be at least 3,000, if not 4,000, 
years old. 

The glass was remarkably clear, and 
very thin, and yet from top to bottom 
were strips of waved and bowed white 
threads, as fine as No. 40 cotton, enclosed 
within the material. It could only be 
seen; its presence could not be detected by 
the touch. 

Glass making is represented on the 
Etruscan terra cottas, wdiere the workmen 
are sitting on the ground, and two of them 
blowing one article. The Egyptians, be¬ 
sides the usual wares, made sarcophagi— 
burial-cases—for entombing their dead. 

It may seem strange, and yet it is true 


* Evbank’s Hydraulics. 






2G2 


ANCIENT MACHINERY. 


that the ancients were very slow in learn¬ 
ing how to grind corn. The Persians, 
Egyptians, and East Indians, first—and 
for thousands of years — pounded their 
grain. Coarse stones were hollowed by 
mallet and chisel, and in this the grain 
was pounded. They knew nothing about 
bolting, and used their flour and bran to¬ 
gether. Even to the commencement of the 
Christian era, the only improvement that 
appears to have been made was the substi¬ 
tution of an upper millstone in place of the 
usual pounding stone. The upper mill¬ 
stone was provided with a handle sunken 
in its face, and standing out far enough to 
be grasped by two persons. “ Two women 
shall be grinding at the mill,” etc. In 
Egypt and Palestine the women prepared 
the flour, and bread-making was a general 
domestic employment in every family. In 
Grecian cities bread was sold in the 
market places. In Rome they had mills 
worked by slaves, who had machinery for 
turning the upper millstone by a sort of 
treadmill. Among our Indians to this 
day, in many tribes, the pounding process 
is still resorted to. On the Delaware river, 
just at the outskirts of Easton, may be 
seen a rock having several hollows, where 
the Indians came within the present cen¬ 
tury to grind corn. The place is known 
as the “ Indian Mill.” 

The Phoenicians were early engaged in 
navigation. Their vessels, as well as those 
of the Greeks, spoken of by the German 
historian, Weber, as “splendid ships,” are 
classed by Hugh Murray as “ scarcely 
ranking above boats.” They had no decks, 
though sometimes partially covered at stem 
and stern; and even these covers were 
clumsy and obstructive. They were built 
of unseasoned timber, with broad, almost 
flat, bottoms; were thoroughly pitched 
“within and without,” and always painted 
black. The sides near the prow were oc¬ 
casionally rudely adorned with sculptured 
dolphins; while, like the Chinese, they 
were provided with eyes. A single mast 
was in the center, provided with a yard 
near the peak, from which depended one 
solitary square sail. Such was the famous 
and half fabulous ship Argo, that made 
the distant voyage to Colchis. Of such 
was the Grecian fleet that bore Ulysses 
and his warlike companions to the shores 
of Troy, 1184 B. C. Such were the sixty 
“ ships ” that carried Hanno, the Phoeni¬ 


cian, on his celebrated three years’ voyage, 
with his 30,000 men and women, as late as 
B. C. 600. Though well provided with 
stores when he set sail, he was compelled 
for two years to land, plant crops, and wait 
to gather the yield. The distance trav¬ 
ersed is reckoned to have been at most 
only 3,000 miles. 

The ancients did not depend on the sail, 
but each boat was manned by thirty to 
fifty rowers. The oars, or sweeps, passed 
through holes in the sides of the vessels, 
and were lashed with leather thongs at the 
row-lock. The anchor was at first a heavy 
stone, and even until the beginning of the 
Christian era, stones were used, though 
metallic anchors had been introduced on 
some war vessels. The rudder was merely 
a broad, stout oar, placed on one side of 
the stern—not in the center. The Greeks 
and Romans increased the tiers of rowers 
to two, three, and even six, placed one 
above another. The war vessels were 
longer and narrower, and made strong in 
the bows, and had beaks, heavy, pointed, 
bronze-cased timbers, projecting several 
feet in front, and submerged. These were 
used as rams, and were often very de¬ 
structive. 

There is no doubt but that the Egyp¬ 
tians were the earliest paper makers; and 
it is now generally admitted that they 
were likewise the first people to devise 
means of recording events. They used 
the bera (papyrus), a bush growing along 
their water ways. For some purposes they 
took the outer coatings, and for others the 
pith. Having obtained very thin layers 
they steeped them in Nile water, or water 
slightly imbued with gum. Two, three, 
and sometimes more layers being trans¬ 
versely gummed, were subjected to a heavy 
pressure, and dried. The usual width of 
a sheet was about ten inches—the length 
various. In forming books, the sheets 
were connected by pasting; so that al¬ 
though narrow, the volumes were often 
over one hundred feet long. When writ¬ 
ten upon they "were kept neatly involved 
on smooth rollers. One recently found 
was 150 feet long.* 

Their first records were mere pictures, 
but yet so arranged as to be easily compre¬ 
hended by the kings and priests—the only 
learned class among them. Several pro¬ 
gressions are noted until an alphabet was 
formed—when, is uncertain. It has been 





ANCIENT MACHINERY. . 


203 


asserted that letters were used by the 
priests as early as 3,000 years B. C. 

Books of the Dead were records or eulo¬ 
gies, on papyrus, and deposited with em¬ 
balmed bodies. Their manufacture was a 
regular trade in Egypt, and they were 
often kept ready made, with blank pages 
for the insertion of the name. As these 
books were never seen by the living friends, 
they were carelessly prepared, and subject 
to frequent omissions. Like the ready¬ 
made clothing of the present day, they 
rarely fitted, and were often far from 
truth. A Book of the Dead was found in 
the tomb of a queen of the eleventh dy¬ 
nasty, according to Manetho. This was 
3000 B. C. The body was wrapped as 
usual, and rolled in gold cloth. 

All the ancient peoples of the world 
were noted for the use of costly jewelry, 
and it is generally supposed that one great 
reason for this, was the preservation of 
w r ealth. Amid constant and destructive 
wars, where one people would, without 
warning, invade another, riches were sub¬ 
ject to instant loss. Ancient wars were 
much more terrible than modern conflicts. 
They not only ended in conquest to one 
side or the other, but the conquered were 
treated with marked cruelty; captive kings 
were blinded, maimed, often murdered, fed 
on crumbs after following the car of the 
conqueror, barefooted and haltered; and 
the people were driven off to new settle¬ 
ments, or sold as slaves. Princesses were 
transferred to the houses of the successful 
general, where they became slaves or con¬ 
cubines, as they were useful or comely. 
In such constant peril, wealth was placed 
in rare gems that could be carried about 
the person, or easily concealed. 

Of mines early history is deficient, but 
not in metals. The ancients appear to 
have been familiar with the various ores 
from the beginning of time. The antedi¬ 
luvians were skilled in manufacturing iron 
and brass. The Etruscans had silver, gold, 
and copper. The mines were reached 
through shafts and drifts, and were worked 
with picks, drills, and shovels. Ore was 
raised in wicker baskets drawn up by rope 
and windlass. They were either the 
property of the prince, who enjoyed the 
entire revenue, or were farmed to others, 
who paid a percentage to the crown, known 
as “ royalty ”—a term still in use as a tax 
for certain privileges. Bronze, a combi¬ 


nation of copper and tin, was much used. 
V arious weapons and tools were made 
of it. It was hardened so as to bear a 
very keen edge, and yet retain elasticity, 
when desired. The tempering of bronze 
and copper is now placed among the lost 
arts. 

Hence we may account for the universal 
possession and extensive manufacture of 
rich and costly jewelry. All the ancients 
indulged in gems, and no art among them 
reached so great perfection. Their lapi¬ 
daries possessed a skill beside which the 
moderns may pale even at this day. Jew¬ 
els have been gathered from tombs where 
they had rested for more than four thou¬ 
sand years, that have fairly shamed our 
present jewelers.* 

"When money was first coined is uncer¬ 
tain. B. C. 1918, “Abram was very rich 
in cattle, in silver, and in gold.” This may 
or may not have been money. B. C. 1706, 
Joseph restored “every man’s money.” 
B. C. 1520, Job received from every man, 
“ a piece of money and an carring of gold.” 
These biblical dates antecede all notices of 
money not scriptural. 

Herodotus states that the Lydians first 
coined gold. The stater of Croesus was the 
earliest gold coin known to the Greeks. It 
was worth $5.64. A later and alloyed 
mintage was only about $3.90. B. C. 600, 
Polycrates, Tyrant of Samos, coined gold. 
Early traffic was in equivalents or barter. 
Coin was not generally used as currency 
until the eighth century B. C. In the fourth 
it became common. Lycurgus banished 
gold and silver from Sparta, and made iron 
money. It required a yoke of oxen to 
draw $100 currency. 

The process of spinning was the duty of 
women and slaves. The material was 
rolled into a ball, into which was inserted 
one end of the distaff, the lower portion of 
which was held under the left arm. The 
fibres were drawn and twisted by the right 
hand, and wound upon the spindle as fin¬ 
ished. The spindle was a stick ten or 
twelve inches long, having a slit at top to 
fix the thread. The lower end was in¬ 
serted in a small wheel or whorl, made of 
wood, stone, or metal, and used to keep 
the spindle steady, and to promote rota- 


*For notices of ancient jewelry, reference may 
be had to the Castellani Collection; Article, Art 
Building. 






264 


ANCIENT MACHINERY. 


tion. The women had very handsome 
willow baskets, wide at the top and narrow 
at the base, to hold their spindles, distaffs, 
and yarns. 

Although weaving was a distinct trade 
among the ancients, looms* for domestic 
purposes were to be found in almost every 
house. The fabrics produced were truly 
wonderful, when we consider the indiffer¬ 
ent machinery used. 

Of ancient roads the nations of antiquity 
do not appear to have had many. They 
traveled on foot, or with oxen, mules, and 
asses. The horse seems to have been de¬ 
voted to princes and to war. The marvel¬ 
ous causeway of Apachnes or Cheops, 
whichever built the first pyramid, appears 
to have been the only really magnificent 
road in all Egypt. Around their temples 
and their tombs, nearly all the ancient na¬ 
tions had artistic and luxurious pavements; 
while the palaces of the princes, nobles, 
and priests were also provided with ap¬ 
proaches of unbounded magnificence. The 
marching of armies, even of cavalry, fre¬ 
quently annoy us by their slow progress. 
In the fifth century B. C. Greece had made 
some progress in roads, and the Cartha¬ 
ginians had their highways laid out with 
some approach toward comfort, though 
they were of no great length. The first 
great road of Rome extended from that 
city to Capua, and was built B. C. 312. It 
was only fourteen feet wide, but had a 
margin, or sidewalk, narrow and raised, 
for pedestrians. A portion of the distance 
being marshy, piles were driven close to¬ 
gether, on which the foundation was placed. 
So well was this road built, that although 
never repaired, parts of it remain perfect 
and unbroken to this day. 

The vehicles of ancient days were clumsy 
affairs. The Pharaohs had their chariots, 
the carts and wagons. At first wheels 
were made by sawing across logs not over 
two feet in diameter. The wheels were 
made one foot wide or thick. The next 
effort was to form stronger wheels by 
using crossed plank fastened with wooden 
pins. Then followed larger wheels with 
four wide spokes, and about the same time 
copper tires were introduced. Gradually 
the chariots of princes were richly adorned, 
carved and covered with gold and inlaid 


* The ancient looms will be found described in 
the article on Machinery Hall. 


with ivory. Nearly all nations had war 
chariots drawn by horses. Unless in war, 
these vehicles were drawn by mules and 
asses. The horse appears to have been 
entirely reserved for war service. 

All distant peoples were adepts at the 
wine press. Noah originated the trade, as 
it appears to have been his first occupation 
after the flood. The ripe fruit was thrown 
into a vat and trampled by men. As this 
did not extract all the juice, the mass was 
next placed on an elevated platform, cov¬ 
ered with boards, and pressed by heavy 
stones. The juice was fermented in large, 
open jars of a tub shape, and when suffi¬ 
ciently worked, was placed in bottles of 
skin.* These were made of the untanned 
hides or pelts, covered with pitch on the 
inside. When drawn from these, or fined , 
it was put into earthen bottles, stoppered 
with wax and pitch. These bottles were 
pointed so as to be placed in racks or stuck 
into the ground. Imperfect wine was doc¬ 
tored by chemicals, precisely as it is now 
managed in the famous champagne dis¬ 
tricts. Wine was sold from carts in the 
streets of ancient cities, being frequently 
carried in the original skin bottle. A 
good wine could be purchased of the wine 
merchant at a cost of six to twelve cents 
per gallon. 

The clepsydra or water clock was used 
by the Greeks and Romans to limit the 
speeches of orators. During the censor¬ 
ship of P. Scipio Nasica, B. C. 159, they 
were placed in several public places in 
Rome, and were really the first town 
clocks. The hour glass was an invention 
of the monks, the idea being drawn from 
the clepsydra. 

Hero, or Hiero, of Syracuse, who lived 
in the third century B. C., produced mo¬ 
tion from steam, and there stopped. He 
made a spherical boiler of bronze, having a 
central stem at top and bottom. The lower 
rested in a socket — the upper passed 
through a ring to steady it. From the 
sides he projected horizontal curved tubes, 
large at the juncture and small at the outer 
end. Filling his sphere with water and 
placing a lamp below, he soon generated 
steam that, escaping by the curved tubes 

* The bottles were generally small, made of the 
entire pelt of kids or goats. But frequently the 
whole hide of an ox was used. Pliny enumerated 
eighty kinds of superior wines in the whole world; 
and of all kinds, one hundred and ninety-five. 






ANCIENT MACHINERY. 


265 


and impinging on the atmosphere, gave a 
rapid motion to his invention. It was sold 
as a toy, and its wonderful powers were 
entirely overlooked. 

W e hope that we have said enough to 
convince the studious that even in the dim 
and far olf days, though they were the 
early days of the world, men had pro¬ 
gressed much further in science and mech¬ 
anism, than is generally supposed. We 
have named but a few of the thousands of 
great works, but these only mark a majes¬ 
tic line of exalted development. Unfor¬ 
tunately mechanical engines are perishable, 


and these have entirely disappeared, while 
the mighty structures of nations have 
crumbled to the earth with even the names 
of the builders hidden in the dust of ages. 
By contemplating their works only, and by 
gathering scattered scraps here and there, 
like mouldy crumbs upon the tide of time, 
we have drawn a theory of progress such 
as we think common sense will sustain. 
For the great progress in mechanic arts— 
for the giant strides of inventive genius, 
the reader is referred to our description 
of Machinery Hall. 




✓ 




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MACHINERY HALL. 













































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































THE 


INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. 


MACHINERY HALL. 


Machinery Hall is built of wood, 1,402 
feet long and 360 feet wide; height of aven¬ 
ues, 70 feet; height of aisles, 40 feet. We 
give a plan of the main part of the building, 
with references. There are several annexes 
on the south side which are not shown on 
the plan, but can be seen on the plan of the 
ground. 



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Scale, 320 feet to 1 inch. 

a United States. 
b Austria, 
c German Empire. 
d Canada, 
u France, 
p Spain, 
o Great Britain. 
h Belgium, 
x Denmark. 
l Italy. 
m Chili. 
n Norway. 

o Argentine Confedera¬ 
tion, 
p Brazil. 
q Bussia. 

s Restaurants, &c. 
t Ladies’ Waiting Room. 

Tank. 

English Boiler House. 
Corliss Boiler Houses. 
Machine Shop and 
Annex. 

Shoe and Leather 
Shop. 

Length, 1,402 feet. 
Width, 360 feet. 

Height of Avenues, 70 
feet. 

Height of Aisles, 40 feet. 


Mechanism is the grand and leading sci¬ 
ence of the world. For centuries, nations, 
held in ignorance, were only ruled by force; 
the will of the ruler compelling obedience 
and controlling the lives and actions of the 


multitude. Freedom of action was denied, 
and freedom of conscience bound with an 
iron rod. Men were the machines of kings 
and princes. Required upon great national 
works, they were moved by hundreds of 
thousands to dig and drag—to lift and carry 
—mere beasts of burden. Needed in the 
quarrels of princes, they were led to battle 
and compelled to fight in utter ignorance of 
the justice of the controversy. So was the 
world ruled for thousands of years. Occa¬ 
sional outbreaks against despotism are re¬ 
corded in history, but they were soon sub¬ 
dued by crowned heads. The scepter and 
the sword ruled the hour, sweeping back 
the rising multitude by brute force. 

Men felt that they had a divine right to 
their own persons and fortunes, but were 
impotent to sustain themselves where kings 
were their opponents and princes the moni¬ 
tors of thrones. So groped the world in 
the long roll of ages. Men were ready to 
act, but failed to comprehend the fitful man¬ 
ner of their acting. Strong arms and brave 
hearts were ready for the contest; but, lack¬ 
ing guiding knowledge, were quickly sub¬ 
dued. Ignorance filled the centuries, while 
wit and shrewdness triumphed over the god¬ 
like aspirations of the letterless multitudes. 
But peoples were not always to be thus 
ruled. When the world was ready for in¬ 
tellectual advancement, He who governs 
nations raised the curtain of the earth and 
called man to a higher destiny. In the 
midst of superstition, the printing press 
burst upon the darkness, and the light of 
letters flashed out upon the bewildered 
world. Knowledge spread. Men compared 
thoughts and joined action. Ignorance was 
driven from her wonted haunts, while edu¬ 
cated intelligence assumed the mastery. 
Letters commanded 1 attention, and the hid¬ 
den genius of the world wore a bold front, 
claimed its right, and forced the despots of 
the day to acknowledge its strength and its 
ability. Brains had always force, but they 














































270 


MACHINERY HALL-CORLISS ENGINE. 


were never aggregated and inarched in a 
body upon ignorance until the invention of 
letters. 

Immediately mechanism began to de¬ 
velop its suppressed powers; and though its 
progress was slow at first, it continued to 
advance in its career of usefulness. The 
closing years of the 18th century found the 
scientist, philosopher, and mechanic blend¬ 
ing ideas and preparing the grand march of 
the present century. And now, turn where 
we may, we find machinery providing for 
the wants of the peoples, and ruling the 
future of nations. The mighty powers of 
the forge and furnace are riveting the bonds 
of peace. 

Men think. Machines are automatic, and 
almost think. Nations think, and so do 
armies. The advance of the last seventy 
years has been more than that of previous 
hundreds. The world is thrown forward a 
thousand years, and mechanism takes its 
place among the first sciences. 

As we enter Machinery Hall, we hear the 
hum of thousands of machines, from the 
tiniest hand-power to the mighty steam- 
engine. The clamor interrupts conversation, 
but eyes are not idle. Every wheel and 
pulley is scrutinized. We are in the largest 
and grandest machine shop that the world 
has ever seen. All the expositions of the 
world heretofore, have failed to concentrate 
so much strength and usefulness—so much 
thought and intelligence. Most prominent 
of all are the machines made in the United 
States; and, taken as a whole at the present 
day, they can not be surpassed. The me¬ 
chanics have sent here their best efforts; 
and being, as it were, at home, they have 
spared no exertions to make the Hall attract¬ 
ive in all its features. 

There are but few half-way exhibits; while 
nine-tenths of the machinery are devoted to 
the useful arts and domestic comforts. More 
than four-fifths of the space are occupied 
with machines of this country, and near the 
center of all we find the. 

CORLISS ENGINE. 

This engine stands as a great double¬ 
armed giant, quietly—almost noiselessly— 
and yet effectively throwing its exhaustless 
powers upon the heavy beltings, and thence 
to the innumerable shaftings—main and aux¬ 
iliary—that speed ten thousand machines 
from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. daily. We can not be 
jninute in our description of this mighty 


motor, but will give a few prominent features 
that we trust will interest our readers. The 
engine is placed in the transept near the 
center of the Hall, and where the building 
is 70 feet from the floor to the top of the 
ventilator. The gear fly-wheel connects 
underneath the floor with the main shaft, 
which is 352 feet long, running crossways 
of the building. At the ends of this shaft, 
and at two intermediate points, connected 
with it by nests of beveled gear six feet in 
diameter, are shafts 108 feet long, running at 
right-angles with the main shaft and parallel 
with the Main Building, to points directly 
under the ends of the separate lines of over¬ 
head shafting. Under each end of these 
overhead shafts are the main pulleys, eight 
in all, seven of them being eight and one 
nine feet in diameter, and each thirty-two 
inches across the face. There is also an ex¬ 
tension of the main shaft under the floor, to 
reach the Hydraulic Annex; where a pulley 
six feet in diameter carries a belt two feet 
wide to connect with the overhead shafting 
of that department, for driving the various 
blowers, rotary pumps, &c. By this arrange¬ 
ment each pulley is directly under the end of 
a distinct main shaft overhead in the Hall, with 
which it is connected by a double belt, thirty 
inches wide and seventy feet long—an aggre¬ 
gate of twenty-two feet in width of double 
belting being required to transmit the whole 
power of the engine,—and eight of them in 
a position to drive a straight line of shaft¬ 
ing 658 feet long, and one about 150 
feet for the pump annex. Thus there are 
784 feet of main shafting, four nests of 
beveled gear, (three in a nest, and each gear 
six feet in diameter), and the large gear con¬ 
necting with the gear fly-wheel underneath 
the floor and completely out of sight, while 
the main pulleys extend above the floors less 
than half their diameter. The main belts, 
instead of being an eye-sore and in the way, 
as is too often the case, pass through the 
Hall in out of the way places, and are in¬ 
closed in glass apartments eight by six feet 
in size, so as to make a proper exhibit of the 
belts. 

The engines are what are known as “ beam 
engines” of the Corliss improved pattern, 
with all the latest improvements, and nom¬ 
inally of 700 horse-power each, or 1,400 
horse-power in both, though this can be in¬ 
creased even to 2,500 horse-power should 
occasion require. The cylinders are forty 
inches in diameter, with ten feet stroke. 






4 



































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Motive Power, before tlic invention of the Steam 
Engine. 

The Corliss Engine being 1,400 horse power, would 
equal a line of horses, two and eight-tenths of a mile 
in close working order;—if they were distributed 
through the Building to move the Machines in Ma¬ 
chinery Hall, it would become more of a horse show, 
than an exhibit of Machinery. 




















































































































































MACHINERY HALL-STEAM-ENGINES, ETC. 


2 


to 


The engines are provided with air-pumps 
and condensing apparatus, and are intended 
to work with from fifteen to eighty pounds 
of steam, according to the requirements 
of the exhibition. 

The gear fly-wheel is thirty feet in diam- ; 
eter, two feet across the face, and has 216 
teeth, the wheel makes thirty-six revolutions 
per minute, and the periphery moves at the 
rate of about thirty-eight miles an hour. 
The wheel is between the two engines, and 
connects with gear under the floor. The 
crank-shaft is nineteen inches in diameter, 
and twelve feet long; forged at the Corliss 
Steam-Engine Works. The “bearings” for 
this shaft are eighteen inches in diameter 
and twenty-seven inches in length, and look 
large enough almost for a good-sized boy to 
crawl into and cuddle down. The cranks are 
of gun metal, highly polished, and weigh over 
three tons each. The walking beams are of 
new design, and are nine feet wide in the 
center, twenty-seven feet long, and weigh 
eleven tons each. The connecting rods are 
about twenty-four feet long, and are made of 
horseshoe scrap iron, that being considered 
the best iron that can be obtained. (Ninety- 
six hundred horseshoes were used in making 
the connecting rods.) The piston rods are 
of steel, six and one-fourth inches in diameter, 
and the velocity of the pistons is 720 feet 
per minute. 

The large gear with which the gear fly¬ 
wheel connects is ten feet in diameter, and 
is a solid casting of 17,000 pounds. The 
height of the engine from the floor is thirty- 
nine feet, and every part is accessible by 
means of iron staircases and balconies, which 
add much to the artistic beauty of the de¬ 
sign. The weight of the engine and its ap¬ 
purtenances amounts to 1,383,264 pounds, 
making sixty-one car loads ot 22,6 / 6 pounds 
each. With regard to the foundation to 
support this immense weight and the con¬ 
necting shafts, Ac., we must be content with 
the proffered information that more than 
two thousand tons of masonry and building 
material have been carefully laid beneath 
the aisles and avenues of the great hall to 
hold in secure position the several bearings 
upon which are continually revolved not less 
than 365,000 pounds of shafts, gears, and 
pulleys, placed between the engine and the 
main belts attached to the overhead shafting. 

The engine now runs 600 feet of main 
belting— viz., 88 feet of 24-inch, and 528 
feet of 30-inch. Of main shafting, it runs 


over one and a half miles. Add to this the 
side shafting and small belting and shafting, 
the whole may be multiplied by five, and 
then run short of the true amount. 

It has now been running for five months, 
and shows not the least imperfection, and 
without the slightest interruption. It is the 
design and construction of Geo. II. Corliss, 
engineer, and is his individual property, 
furnished by him free of all expenses and 
generously run at his individual cost. When 
the exhibition closes, he will take it back to 
Rhode Island and hold it until an improved 
condition of manufacturing business shall 
create a demand for such a power. 

Near this great motor is a large gear cut¬ 
ting engine, also the design of Mr. Corliss, 
constructed at an expense of $4,000, for the 
purpose of securing perfect accuracy in cut¬ 
ting the bevel gear. It is used in this work, 
and is regarded, especially by foreign engi¬ 
neers, as one of the notable features of the 
exhibition. 

The extent and capacity of the Corliss 
Steam-Engine Works can be best appreciated 
by considering the fact, that the Centennial 
engine was constructed from the crude ma¬ 
terials—transported—set up, and put in 
operation in the short space of nine months 
and twenty-six days. 


STEAM-ENGINES, ETC. 

POOLE <fe HUNT, Baltimore.—Makers 
of steam-engines and boilers, turbine wheels, 
mill machinery, shaftings, pulleys, and hang¬ 
ers. One immense penstock, or casing, con¬ 
taining Loffel turbine water wheel, with inlet 
pipe and gear for the transmission of power. 
A machine for mixing fertilizers, with basin, 
twelve feet in diameter, in which revolve 
eccentric arms always throwing the sub¬ 
stances from the periphery to the center. A 
smaller machine, of similar construction, for 
paints and chemicals. Value of exhibit, 
$ 12 , 000 . 

BUCKEYE ENGINE CO., Salem, Ohio. 
—Engines, mills, shingle, and heading ma¬ 
chines. On exhibition, four steam-engines 
and one shingle machine. One of their en¬ 
gines, with automatic cut-off, is driving a 
section of line-shafting in Machinery Ilall; 
and a 12 by 18 inch slide valve, or throtling 
engine, is driving the line shaft in Annex 
No. 3. The automatic cut-off consists of a 
hollow box slide-valve balanced by exclusion 
of steam pressure from its back. Upon an 








276 


MACHINERY HALL-STEAM-ENGINES, ETC. 


inner face of the bottom of this valve slides 
an auxiliary valve, the rod of which passes 
through a shafting box formed in the hollow 
stem of the main valve. Motion is given by 
an eccentric by means of the usual rocking- 
arm or a pivot attached to the engine frame. 
The company was established in 1847, em¬ 
ploys 175 men, afid uses a capital of 
$260,000. 

SUPPLEE STEAM-ENGINE CO., Co¬ 
lumbia, Penn.; Ch. P. Gladwin, Philadel¬ 
phia, agent.—Strong and well made engines 
and boilers. 

NORWALK IRON WORKS, Conn.— 
Very perfect steam-engine. A well estab¬ 
lished company; doing excellent work. 

BOECKH LUGER & CO., Lansing, Iowa. 
—The engine on exhibition is only the sec¬ 
ond that has been built under a new and 
very ingenious patent for reversing the action 
and regulating the length of the cut-off. The 
engine can be reversed instantly, even when 
under full headway, and without the least jar; 
the change, as soon as made, discharging the 
exhaust. 

CHARLES P. GLADWIN, Phila.—On 
exhibition, very complete engine, showing 
new arrangement of valves to prevent leak- 
age. 

HAMPSON, WHITEHILL & CO., New 
York ; A. 0. Granger, Phila., agent.—Thirty 
horse-power engine, with patent cut-off— 
working so quietly as to be scarcely noticed 
by one standing beside the frame. It is 
provided with an independent apparatus for 
regulating the length of cut-off. 

WISNER & STRONG, Pittston, Pa.— 
Engines with frictionless side valves. On ex¬ 
hibition, 1-25 and 1-65 horse-power engines. 

CHARLES W. ERYIEN & BRO., Phila. 
—Steam-engine builders; vertical and hori¬ 
zontal. Exhibit 1-100 horse-power and six 
smaller engines. Uses an adjustable cut¬ 
off, said to be very effective. Est’d. two 
years. Employ 100 hands. 

WARD B. SNYDER, New York.—Little 
Giant Steam-engine. Has been making 
these excellent and compact engines for the 
last two years, and employs constantly 50 
hands. Prices, 1 horse, $150; 2 horse, 
$200; 3 horse, $250. Shows a very finely 
finished model 1 horse-power in a glass case, 
small enough to be carried away under the 
arm. 

ROBERT WETHERILL & CO., Chester, 
Pa. — Builders of Corliss steam-engines; 
shafting, gearing, and hoisting machinery. 


Uses Wetherill’s self-packing pistons, con¬ 
sisting of metallic rings kept in place by 
springs, and so arranged as to be steam tight. 
Also, a patent feed water heater, the water 
being kept hot by the exhaust steam; and 
while heated, returned to the boiler. Have 
been established five years, and employ 100 
hands. They are now building a Corliss 
engine for Jessup & Moore’s paper mill, at 
Wilmington, Del., to be 500 horse-power, 
where will be used a belt 5 feet wide and 
186£ feet long—said to be the widest belt 
ever made. Its weight will be 2,212 pounds. 
Price of engine on exhibition, $10,000. 
Twenty-two horse-power, $1,300. 

THE LANE & BODLAF CO., Cincinnati, 
O.—Stationary engines, 10 to 200 horse¬ 
power. Elevators, mining machinery, mill 
gearing. Machine rigged with auger and 
chisel for boring square holes. Makes very 
complete work. Hub morticing machine. 
Agricultural engine on wheels, intended for 
the use of farmers to do any work required 
on farms. 

ROBERT MOORELIOUSE, Phila.—En¬ 
gine builder. One engine, 25 horse-power, 
$900. Uses a patent cut-off. Employs 10 
men. 

WEIMER’S MACHINE WORKS, Leba¬ 
non, Pa.—Heavy engines, furnace chargers, 
&c. One large charger consists of a heavy 
iron box, provided with a movable cone bot¬ 
tom placed at the top of the blast furnace. 
Over this box are three sliding doors to in¬ 
close the heated air during the process of 
charging. The bottom being raised so as to 
close the main opening, the charge is put in 
—the doors closed by a small engine attached 
near by—the bottom lowered, when the 
charge falls directly into the furnace. 

In ordinary times, Mr. Weimer employs 
from 300 to 400 hands. He has been es¬ 
tablished since 1856, and uses a capital of 
$600,000. 

GEORGE J. WARD WELL, Rutland, Yt. 
—The Ward well Yalveless Engine. To 
many this may appear a strange appellation, 
and yet, to a certain extent, it is true. Of 
course there must be substitutes, or ways of 
regulating the injection and the escape of 
steam. Yet there is no steam-chest—no 
eccentric, in the usual acceptation of that 
term. The piston rod is connected with the 
wrist of the crank, and has a short rod or 
cam extending from it at right angles, and 
works freely in a yoke with a sleeve. This 
yoke is attached to the hub, forming a uni- 





















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From Gebbie & Barrie's “Masterpieces of the U.^S. International Exhibition, 187b." 

THE HALL SELF-ACTING SHINGLE MACHINE. 



From Gebbie & Barrie's “Masterpieces 0/ the U. S. International Exhibition, 187b 

THOMPSON’S AUTOMATIC GOVERNOR CUT-OFF ENGINE. 

Buckeye Engine Company, Salem, Ohio. 

An Automatic Cut-off Engine is one in which the movement of the cut-off valve is so controlled by the gov¬ 
ernor as to cue off the steam earlier or later in the stroke as may be required to maintain the desired uniformity of 
s; eed under variations of load and steam pressure. It is so called in contradistinction to the throttling or wire 
drawing ” engine, in which the governor effects the desired regulation by throttling the steam more or less in its 
passage to its work. 












































































































































































































































BELTED MILL, WITH TOP SAW. BUCKEYE ENGINE COMPANY, SALEM, OHIO. 






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































THE BAXTER STEAM-ENGTNE, —Front view.—Ready for use. 



Sectional View, 

Showing the interior of Boiler, Furnace, Cylinder, A alves, W ater Bottom, &e. 


























































































































































































































































































THRESHING ENGINES. MANUFACTURED BY AMES IRON WORKS, OSWEGO, N. Y. 
















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































MACHINERY HALL-STEAM-ENGINES, ETC. 


287 


versal joint. The hub slides on a vertical 
rod at each stroke of the piston. The steam 
passes directly through a port in the cylin¬ 
der, to each side of the piston, alternately, 
the piston head being given a semi-rotary 
motion by a very simple cog arrangement. 
Air. Ward well has only recently perfected 
his valveless engine, and the one on exhibi¬ 
tion is only the second that has been thus 
far made. The invention is highly credita¬ 
ble, and will be fully tested, as it forms a 
new departure that may be extremely ser¬ 
viceable in the construction of steam-engines 
LEOPOLD STEIGERT, Cincinnati,' 0.— 
Exhibit of two sizes of a patent meat chop¬ 
per ; also, a small horizontal steam-engine. 

T. R. JEFFERY, Chicago, Ill.—A small 
rotary engine. 

THE HASKINS STEAM-ENGINE CO., 
Fitchburg, Mass. — Vertical high-pressure 
steam-engines. Value of exhibit, $4,000. 
Est’d. five years. 

JACOB NAYLOR, People’s Works, Phil. 
— Two vertical engines. Several small. 
Value of exhibit, $10,000. House does ex¬ 
cellent work; was established in 1836; em¬ 
ploys 150 hands, and a capital of $500,000. 

LOVEGROVE & CO., Phila.—Large up¬ 
right engine—known as the Whitmore En¬ 
gine. Strong, compact, and well made. 
The company also makes vertical tubular 
boilers, tested by pressure of 150 pounds to 
the square inch. They are used in Pitts¬ 
burgh, Cincinnati, and elsewhere. 

H. B. BIGELOW, New Haven, Conn.— 
Exhibit of an upright engine with boiler. 

TURNER & POND, Elmira, N. Y.—An 
upright engine and boiler, suitable for small 
works. 

ERIE CITY IRON WORKS, Penn.— 
Several engines of different patterns. A 
new cut-off that operates at any required 
point. High pressure. Six-horse power 
portable engines, $600. Value of exhibit, 
$6,000. Number of hands, 250. Est’d 30 
years. Capital, $150,000. One five horse¬ 
power engine and boiler, $450. Makers 
also of portable engines. 

BAXTER PORTABLE STEAM-EN¬ 
GINE, New York; manufactured by the 
Colt’s Fire-arms Company, of Hartford, Ct. 
—This exhibit consists of a two horse-power 
engine and boiler, completely nickel-plated, 
valued at $400. One 2 horse-power, plain ; 
a 4 horse-power with engine plated and 
boiler enameled. One 10 horse-power, plain 
finish. One 6 horse-power, taken all apart 


so as to be easily examined. The cylinder, 
being in the boiler, there is no condensation, 
and the engine is therefore very economical. 
All the parts of these engines are made in¬ 
terchangeable. There are six of them used 
in different buildings upon the ground. 
They also show the Baxter adjustable “S,” 
double-ended wrench. 

II. & F. BLANDY, Zanesville, O.—Two 
portable engines and one stationary—8, 20, 
and 40 horse-power. Engine attached to 
boiler, but in such a manner as not to be 
affected by the heat thereof; and of course, 
not unduly expanded thereby. For trans¬ 
portation, it can be removed ; and before the 
transcontinental railway was in operation, it 
was so detached and forwarded to California 
by wagons. House has been established 
forty years; employs 400 hands, and uses a 
very large capital. 

GRIFFITH & WEDGE, Zanesville, O.— 
Exhibit of a patent vertical portable steam- 
engine of 20 horse-power. The patent con¬ 
sists in placing the cylinder upon a bed¬ 
plate situated below the front end of the 
boiler, thus relieving the latter of all strain. 

SIIx\PLEY & WELLS, Binghamton, N. 
Y.—Exhibit of the “ Shapley ” portable en¬ 
gines. The display consists of four upright 
engines with boilers; the largest of 12 horse¬ 
power. One, of 8 horse-power, has the 
boiler handsomely plated, while the engine 
is finely finished. The display is attractive 
and shows superior workmanship. 

J. C. HADLEY CO., Lawrence, Mass.— 
Exhibit of two portable steam-engines; 
strong and durable. 

SAMPLE, McELROY & CO., Keokuk, 
Iowa.—Exhibit of a portable steam-engine 
of 6 horse-power. Strong and durable. 

AMES IRON WORKS, Oswego, N. Y.— 
Portable steam-engines and boilers, 3 to 40 
horse-power. Horizontal, tubular, upright, 
and marine boilers, carefully tested under 
pressure of 150 pounds to the square inch. 
Engines mounted on wood and iron wheels 
for the use of farmers, planters, &c. Est’d. 
1854. Hands, 200. 

FRICK & CO., Waynesboro, Pa.—This 
firm exhibits portable engines and boilers, of 
strong and neat patterns. 

COL. ROBERTS, of Titusville, the in¬ 
ventor of the Oil Well Torpedo, for enlarg¬ 
ing exhausted wells, exhibits a newly patent¬ 
ed steam-engine. 

NELSON W. TWISS, New Haven, Conn. 
—Vertical high-pressure engine for yachts. 









288 


MACHINERY HALL-GOVERNORS. 


Side valves. Pumps may be connected to 
the piston-block, and driven by a cam on 
the main shaft when desired. Cheap and 
excellent engines. 

WM. CRAMP & SONS, Ship & Engine 
Building Co., Phila.—A marine engine of 
210 horse-power—compound direct acting 
surface condensing engine. Also, one single 
direct action engine. This house has been 
established about eight years, and gives em¬ 
ployment to 1,500 hands. The capital is 
nearly $1,000,000. Their reputation is al¬ 
ready well established, and they are noted 
for superior workmanship. 

L. T. PYOTT & CO., Phila.—Steam car¬ 
riages for common roads. One of these 
carriages has been running on Belmont 
avenue, inside the grounds, carrying four 
passengers at once. 

AMERICAN ROAD STEAMER, Phila. 
—This is intended for heavy hauling, and 
does the work of twenty horses at a cost of 
$6 a day; half of which is for fuel. The 
machine on exhibition is the only one made, 
and it has been used for three years in the 
city for hauling stones, heavy boilers, &c. 

CIIAS. C. KLEIN, Phila.—No cards and 
no exhibitor present. An eccentric piston 
engine. 

I). M. MEEKER & SON, Newark, N. J. 
—These gentlemen have placed in the ex¬ 
hibition an interesting relic, to which the 
attention of the curious is called by a letter 
from Judge Bradley, of Washington, ad¬ 
dressed to Mr. Meeker, Sr. The relic has 
the appearance of an ordinary cast iron 
water pipe, thirty inches in diameter, and 
about four feet long. This is a portion of 
the cylinder of the first steam-engine ever 
used in America. The engine was imported 
from England in 1753, by Col. John Schuy¬ 
ler, to pump the water from his copper mines 
opposite Belleville, New Jersey. Having- 
heard of various “ fire-engines,” (that was 
the name then used) at Cornwall, and of 
their great usefulness, he determined to pos¬ 
sess one. Josiali Ilornblower, then a young 
man of twenty-five, was sent to England, 
and he purchased and brought to this coun¬ 
try the one already named. These engines 
were used in the arts as early as 1720; and 
at Cornwall in 1740. 

I. P. MORRIS CO„ Phila.—Engine to 
supply air to blast furnaces for making iron 
from the ores. 750 horse-power, 90 inches 
cylinder, and 7 feet stroke. Height of en¬ 
gine, 36£ feet above the floor. Weight, 


214,794 pounds. Two fly-wheels, 24 feet in 
diameter. Capacity, 10,740 cubic feet per 
minute. It is a low-pressure engine, but 
running high pressure at the present time. 
The air chamber is above, and there is an 
appearance of great power in the whole 
structure. A neat and convenient spiral 
stairway runs to the top. The firm is an old 
and well established house, and has become 
celebrated through the excellence of the 
work produced. It was founded in 1828; 
employs in ordinary times 350 hands. 

This firm also exhibits a model of Levitt 
Pumping Engine No. 2, at Calumet and 
Ilecla Mining Company’s Stamping Mills. 
Also, model of C. & H. Mining Company’s 
Stamping Mills, Lake Superior, Mich. Both 
very camplete, open, and easily understood; 
showing the raising, breaking, and shooting 
down. 

CAMMEYER & SAYER, New York.— 
The Rider Compression Engine. The lower 
portion of the compression cylinder is kept 
cold by water round the exterior; while the 
lower portion of the power cylinder is kept 
hot by fire below the heater. The heating 
and cooling of the air are both instantaneous 
by its alternate presentation to the surface 
of the heater and cooler in a thin annular 
sheet. The same air is used continuously.* 
These engines have been made during the 
past four years, and appear to give general 
satisfaction. 

A. G. BROOKS & WINEBRENER, 
Phila.—This house makes various machin¬ 
ery, but steam-pumps form a specialty. The 
one on exhibition is small, compact, and 
possesses great power. 

ALBRIGHT & STROH, Mauch Chunk, 
Pa.—Working model of duplex steam-pump, 
to throw 300 gallons per minute; also, Hill’s 
multiple and non-freezing fire-plugs; model 
of a machine for separating slate from coal. 

STEARNS MAN’F’G. CO., Erie, Pa.—A 
reversible engine for pumping oil from oil 
wells. The company also builds improved 
circular saw mills. Their exhibit is credita¬ 
ble, and shows carefully finished work. 


GOVERNORS. 

C. WATERS, Boston.—Exhibit of a pa¬ 
tent governor, in which the balls are placed 
upon elliptical springs. 

J. D. LYNDE, Phila.—Engine showing a 
new arrangement of governor, called the 






MACHINERY HALL HOISTING ENGINES, ELEVATORS, LOCOMOTIVES. 


289 


“Acme Governor,” claimed to be superior to 
the old style. 

T. R. PICKERING, Portland, Conn.— 
Spring governors. A good display. Has 
taken awards at Paris, Vienna, Baltimore, 
and New York. 

W. BARNET LEVAU, Phila.—Exhibit 
of governors and safety valves. 

R. K. IIUNTON, Phila.—A large exhibit 
in various sizes of the Allen Governor. All 
the machinery is inclosed. It is claimed to 
be the most perfect governor in the 
world. 

JOHN F. McCUTCHEN, Phila.—Patent 
eccentric hook block, for eccentric rods for 
steam-engines. It prevents wearing the ends 
of the rods by transferring all motion to the 
inside of the block, where it can be taken 
up and adjusted with the side key or gib. 


HOISTING ENGINES. 

OTIS BROS. & CO., New York.—This 
firm was established about twenty years 
since, and has a capital of $330,000. They 
exhibit three hoisting engines, two freight 
platforms, and one passenger car; one geared 
and one screw-lifting power; tiering truck 
and safety drum. The goods from this firm 
are reliable and widely known. 


ELEVATORS. 

LIDGERWOOD MAN’F’G. CO.; A. L. 
Duntin & Co., Phila., agent.—Reversible 
hoisting engines. Very powerful machinery; 
heavy drums and strong gearing. 

WILLIAMSON BROS., Phila.—Exhibit 
of five hoisting engines; one movement of 
the lever applies the brake, shuts the steam 
off, and throws it out of gear. 

COPELAND & BACON, New York.— 
Exhibit of one large hoisting engine. 

WM. D. ANDREWS & BRO., New York. 
—An oscillating hoisting engine; the power 
is transmitted to the drum by means of 
grooved friction pulleys. 

’ ZINDGRAF & HOLIENADEL, Phila.— 
Portable Mills, hoisting machines, paint 
mills, &c. Est’d. 1849. Employ 20 hands. 
Capital, $25,000. 

YALE LOCK CO., Stamford, Conn.— 
Thirty-ton Weston friction hoist, with pair 
of double-sheave blocks, lifts 100 tons. 
Self-arresting safety brake action to each. 
Let go at any time and the load can not run 


down. Also, Derrick cranes with safety 
motions. 


LOCOMOTIVES. 

About the year 1830, the new mode of 
traveling was introduced in this country. 
Some English farmers had used tram-roads 
for agricultural purposes. These were in 
reality railroads; but the rails were of wood, 
and only covered with strips of iron upon 
which the car-wheels moved. Soon followed 
the steam-tug, and then the public railway. 
These met public approval and compelled 
the manufacture of stronger tugs, that now 
received the name of locomotives. At first, 
railways were confined to short routes and no 
very high rate of speed; but as they grew 
in popular favor, distances were extended 
and speed increased, until the iron horse 
coursed through the whole length of the 
country; and sometimes at the rapid rate 
of forty to sixty miles per hour. As a con¬ 
sequence, the building of locomotives be¬ 
came a distinct branch of business. 

The engineers of that day were obliged to 
improve the construction of their crude 
efforts. Engines, tracks, and cars required 
remodeling; and greater conveniences were 
demanded by the public. One improve¬ 
ment after another was added, until quiet 
comfort was reached as well as lightning 
speed. Traveling has been made safe and 
easy, and the charges have been greatly re¬ 
duced. There was at first a cry against 
monopoly, and to some extent, that cry still 
exists; but railroads have become necessary 
to the civilized world. They have been the 
means of transporting heavy agricultural 
products from the interior to the sea-board, 
thus enriching the distant farmer; while 
they have as fully benefited the merchant 
of the east in sending his commodities to 
every hamlet. Farmers and merchants have 
thus been aided, while a closer intercourse has 
been established between city and country. 

Distance has been almost annihilated, and 
instead of counting miles upon a journey, we 
now reckon it by hours. Cities are no 
longer so many miles, but so many hours 
apart. One hundred years ago, the “ Swift 
Sure Line ” of old-fashioned stages were ad¬ 
vertised to make the distance between New 
York and Boston “ once a fortnight.” Now 
we sup in New York—lodge comfortably in 
a palace car, and breakfast in Boston. Or 
we take the cars at New York, run over to 















290 


MACHINERY HALL-LOCOMOTIVES. 


the Centennial in less than three hours, 
spend the whole day in beholding the pro¬ 
ducts of the world under one roof in Main 
Building, take supper at 6 p.m., jump into 
the cars, and by 9 o’clock we are toasting 
our slippered feet in our Gotharaic home. 
One more feature of this wonderful advance 
in mechanism. The railway has increased 
travel sixty fold. Distant people are brought 
together. Customs and habits are noticed 
and improved. The rough edges are 
smoothed down, and the world improved. 
Intercourse enlightens and civilizes. 

BALDWIN LOCOMOTIVE WORKS, 
Phila.—In 1825, Matthias W. Baldwin, who 
had been brought up a jeweler, formed a 
partnership with David Mason, for the pur¬ 
pose of making book-binders’ tools. In 
1830, Mr. B. conceived the idea of manufac¬ 
turing locomotives. The same year he built 
a steam-engine for his own use, and that en¬ 
gine has been running ever since. It now 
furnishes all the power required in the erect¬ 
ing shop, and does daily service after puffing 
and blowing for nearly fifty years. 

A few locomotives had been imported 
from England, and one had been built at the 
West Point factory, in New York. At the 
solicitation of Franklin Peale, proprietor of 
the old Peale’s Museum, of Philadelphia, Mr. 
Baldwin built a small locomotive as a curi¬ 
osity, and having set up a circular railroad 
in the Museum, put the whole in operation 
on the 25th day of April, 1831. He had 
two small carriages attached to his engine, 
and these carried four passengers. Crowds 
were attracted to the Museum. 

He was then appealed to, to build a road 
engine for the Philadelphia, Germantown, 
and Norristown Railroad, and completed and 
placed upon the track the first engine, known 
as “Old Ironsides,” on the 23d day of No¬ 
vember, 1832. From that time he devoted 
his energies to locomotives until his death. 
Since that, the works have continued unin¬ 
terrupted. The following is a list of the 
engines built by Mr. Baldwin, and by the 
Baldwin Locomotive Works :— 

In 1832— 3. 1837— 40. 1844— 22. 

1834— 5. 1838— 23. 1845— 27. 

1835— 14. 1839— 26. 1846— 42. 

1836— 40. 1840— 9. 1847— 39. 

1843— 12. 

Strange as it may seem, the trade then 
fell off, and many supposed that the whole 
world had been supplied. The panic of 
1837 affected the railroad interest as much 


as any industry. Few engines w 7 ere made, 
but trade did not effectually revive for some 
years. 

Then the work was resumed with the fol- 


lowing results:— 


In 1848— 

20. 

1849— 

30. 

1850— 

37. 

1851— 

49. 

1852— 

47. 

1853— 

60. 

1854— 

62. 

1855— 

47. 

1856— 

59. 

1857— 

66. 

1858— 

33. 

1859— 

70. 

1860— 

83. 


The next year began the late rebellion, 
and trade again fell off; but only for one 
year:— 


In 1862— 

75. 

1863— 

96. 

1864— 

130. 

1865— 

116. 

1866— 

118. 

1867— 

127. 

1868— 

124. 

1869— 

235. 

1870— 

280. 

1871— 

331. 

1872— 

380. 

1873— 

421. 

1874— 

150. 

1875— 

150. 


1876—for the first six months—181 loco¬ 
motives. 

Mr. Baldwin commenced poor, and had 
many struggles in business for want of capi¬ 
tal, but he weathered all the storms, and 
died extremely wealthy. The grounds occu¬ 
pied by the works cover ten acres, and the 
buildings six acres;—2,000 hands are now 
employed, and at times there have been over 
3,000. The works can turn out 500 loco¬ 
motives a year. The house may be said to 
have been established in 1831 upon nothing 
but will and pluck. The present capital is 
$1,800,000. 

The exhibit consists of one large engine 
for a Brazilian railway; one for the C. C. 
R. R. of New Jersey, and three others. All 
these are first-class. 

Among other engines, is one mining loco¬ 
motive, intended for underground work. 
The machinery is very compact; the boiler 
being flattened out in the shape of a Q re- 






MACHINERY HALL-STEAM-CAR WHEELS. 


291 


tort. One hundred of these engines are 
now at work in various mines. Value of 
the exhibit, $85,000. 

THE ROGERS LOCOMOTIVE AND 
MACHINE WORKS, Paterson, N. J. —Ex¬ 
hibit of one freight locomotive—cylinders, 
16 by 24 inches—driving wheels 56 inches 
in diameter. This is one of the oldest firms 
in the country, it being founded in 1838. 

DANFORTII LOCOMOTIVE AND MA¬ 
CHINE CO., Paterson, N. J.—Exhibit of a 
small freight locomotive—cylinders, 11 by 
16 inches; driving wheels, 42 inches; 
weight, 28,700 pounds. Also, a passenger 
engine; cylinders, 17 by 24 inches; drivers, 
5 feet; weight, 58,000 pounds. The orig¬ 
inal firm was started about fifty years since; 
the manufacture of locomotives beginning- 
in 1853. They employ 800 hands; and 
when running full, can turn out eleven en¬ 
gines per month. 

DICKSON MAN’F’G. CO., Scranton and 
Wilkesbarre, Pa.—Firm has been established 
for twenty-five years, and employs 1,000 
hands. Exhibit of three locomotives—two 
narrow guage, and one standard width, 4 
feet 8-£ inches. In the largest, the cylinders 
are 17 by 24 inches; driving wheels, 54 feet. 
They also show one large hoisting engine, 
for mining purposes; it is a first motion, 
direct acting engine, having no gears; the 
cylinders are 22 by 48 inches; the drums 
are cone-shaped and grooved. They also 
exhibit a large Cornish pumping engine, 
having a capacity of 1,300 gallons per min¬ 
ute, raising a column of water 20 inches in 
diameter 400 feet. In the Cornish engine, 
the steam is only used one way—to raise the 
piston. When it has accomplished this, it 
is condensed, and a vacuum is produced in 
the cylinder below the piston, which, there¬ 
fore, has the atmospheric pressure to force it 
down. The exhibit is valued at $50,000. 

BROOKS LOCOMOTIVE WORKS, Dun¬ 
kirk, N. Y.—Firm was established in 1869, 
and employs from 500 to 600 men. Ex¬ 
hibit of a locomotive which is running upon 
the narrow guage railway within the Cen¬ 
tennial grounds. They claim superiority in 
workmanship and metals. 

PORTER, BELL & CO., Pittsburg, Pa. 
—Exhibit of a passenger locomotive for a 
narrow guage railway; cylinders, 11 inches 
in diameter by 16 stroke; driving wheels, 
44 inches in diameter. 

PHILA. AND READING R. R. CO.— 
An exhibit of a freight locomotive, built by 


apprentices to the company. It is finished 
in a most thorough and durable manner, and 
shows a knowledge and skill, of which the 
company as well as the builders may well 
be proud of. 

A. W. DECROW, Bangor, Me.—A pa¬ 
tent to convey all smoke and cinders from a 
locomotive to the rear before discharging 
them. It consists of a pipe running from 
the smoke stack over each car. 

J. H. PEASE, Reading, Pa.—An histori¬ 
cal chart of locomotives, from 1812 to 1876, 
showing photographs of the inventors and 
engines. 


STEAM CAB WHEELS. 

Originally car wheels were made much 
after the pattern of the common spoke 
wheels, the only difference being in their 
increased weight and strength. The rails 
of the road in the colliery at Sheffield, in 
1767, were made of cast-iron, and the 
wheels were flanged. Some time after 
this the wheels were made with a groove 
designed to run on an oval rail, but as this 
increased the friction, and therefore the 
wearing surface, they were soon abandoned. 

When the first locomotives were built, 
the driving wheels were furnished with 
cogs which worked in corresponding gears, 
in place of rails. They thought that an 
engine with wheels having smooth peri¬ 
pheries could hardly move itself, much 
less draw a large load. Car wheels with 
flanges were introduced in 1789, and were 
designed to run upon a rail placed upon 
its edge, instead of being laid flat. Stev¬ 
enson and Losh in 1816 obtained a patent 
for a car wheel which had wrought-iron 
spokes projecting from a cast-iron hub. A 
rim was placed around, and a wrought-iron 
tire was shrunk on to this rim, and by 
means of dovetailed depressions was held 
firmly in place. Various kinds of wheels 
are now in use in the United States, and 
the railroad statistics show that those which 
are cheapest are the most in favor. 
Although these may cost less at the outset, 
but few will run more than fifty thousand 
miles, and it would be more economical in 
the long run to purchase wheels of the 
best quality and patterns, with a running 
capacity of from three hundred thousand 
to four hundred thousand miles. A most 
durable wheel is made by placing a steel 
tire around a cast-iron center. In one 








292 


MACHINERY HALL.-CONING ON CAR WHEELS, AXLES. 


method of accomplishing this the steel tire 
is heated almost to the fusing point, when 
the center is cast into it; by this means 
the two parts are perfectly united. Another 
advantage possessed by these wheels is 
that they may, when much worn, be placed 
in a lathe and turned down. Moore’s 
patent consists in filling the space between 
the cast-iron center and the steel rim or 
tire, with a packing of wood. It is claimed 
for this that it will decrease the shock, and 
reduce the noise. In one class of wheels 
the center is of cast-iron, and has a thick 
steel tire shrunk on, and held in position 
either by rims on the edges, or by depres¬ 
sions. Atwood’s patent car wheel consists 
of a center cast-iron, a tire of steel, and 
the intermediate space filled with oakum 
packing, put in place under a high pressure. 
Paper car wheels are mentioned under the 
firm name of American Paper Car Wheel 
Man’f’g Co. The wheel in most general 
use, both on account of its durability and 
cheapness, is made of cast-iron, the tire of 
which is chilled. The Hamilton wheel is 
made of a mixture of cast-iron and cast- 
steel, and has the most essential qualities 
of each. A wheel with a cast-iron center 
and a good steel tire will run two hundred 
thousand miles, when it may be re-turned. 
The best chilled cast-iron wheels will seldom 
run more then sixty thousand miles, and 
when worn they are useless. Car wheels 
were originally keyed on to the axle, and 
were liable to become loose. Now the 
hole is bored slightly smaller than the axle, 
which is forced into it by hydraulic pres¬ 
sure. These never become loose, and are 
perfectly reliable. 


CONING ON CAR WHEELS. 

It is well known that two wheels of the 
same diameter, placed on a rigid axle, 
must, of necessity, traverse the same dis¬ 
tance in the same number of revolutions. 
In all railroad curves the outer rail is longer 
than the inner in proportion to the radii of 
the circles; and therefore the outer wheel 
will have the greater distance to travel, 
and if no device be introduced to increase 
its diameter, and decrease that of the 
inner, it will inevitably slip. Moreover 
the inner wheel, on account of having a 
shorter distance to go, will get ahead of 
the outer, and cause the flange to be closely 
pressed against the rail, wearing both 


unnecessarily. To obviate this, coning 
was introduced. In this, each of the 
wheels is made the frustum of a cone, 
whose axis is identical with that of the 
axle, and whose inclinations are toward 
each other. The amount of coning varies 
according to the radius of the curve and 
the diameter of the wheel. 

As an illustration we will take a curve 
which will make the radius of the inner 
rail six hundred feet. As the rails are 4.7 
feet apart, then the radius of the outer 
rail will be 604.7 feet. The circumference 
of the inner circle will be 3770.4 feet, and 
that of the outer, 3,799.93 feet. We will 
suppose a quadrant or ninety degrees of 
this circle to be identical with the road. 
Now the inner rail of the curve will 
measure 942.6 feet, and the center 949.98 
feet; therefore the outer wheel will have 
to travel 7.38 feet further than the inner. 
To accomplish this the wdieels are coned, 
so that one-half of this amount, or 3.69 
feet, must be taken from the inner, and 
one-half added to the outer wheel. We 
will assume the diameter of each wheel to 
be six feet, then the circumference will 
be 18.852 feet, and the mean distance, 
946.29 feet, divided by the circumference 
will give 50.195, the number of revolutions. 
Now if it be necessary to take 3.69 feet 
from the inner wheel for 50.195 revolu¬ 
tions, then from each circumference must 
be deducted .073 feet; the same amount 
must be added to the circumference of the 
outer wheel. This would make the circum¬ 
ference of the inner 18.925 feet, and of the 
outer 18.779 feet; the diameter of the first 
would be 6.023, and of the second 5.977. 
Therefore, to make the wheels traverse 
distances differing by 7.38 feet, the coning 
would cause an increase in the outer, and a 
decrease in the inner diameter of .023 feet, 
or a trifle over one-half of an inch. 


AXLES. 

Coning would be useless if it w T ere pos¬ 
sible to place wheels on a car axle so that 
they would work independent of each oth¬ 
er, as do the wheels of a carriage. The 
saving in the wear of the rails and wheels 
by such a device would be immense, and on 
a road using these axles exclusively, there 
would be but slight difference in the life¬ 
time of the rails on the curves and on the 
straight track. The most satisfactory pat- 







MACHINERY IIALL.-PATENT BRAKES, LUBRICATION. 


293 


ent yet introduced is that of the MILTI- 
MORE CAR AXLE CO., of New York. 
The primary object of this invention is to ob¬ 
viate the sliding of wheels inseparable from 
the use of the rigid axle, whether caused 
by curves, inequalities in the track, or dif¬ 
ferences in the circumference of the 
wheels. Both wheels are independent and 
so constructed as to combine strength with 
no friction upon the rails, and to materially 
decrease the wear on the journals. The 
claims for these axles are numerous and 
well sustained. The wheels show extremely 
light flange v 7 ear, even after a service of 
60,000 miles on roads of extreme curva¬ 
ture. There is but slight tendency to 
spread the rails, compared with the rigid 
wdieels. Axles now in service that have 
run 115 miles daily for the past fifteen 
months, have averaged in that time but 
one pint of oil per month to a pair of 
wheels, and where grease was used, a sin¬ 
gle filling of the reservoir, holding three 
pints, was sufficient for six months. Ad¬ 
ded to this is the total avoidance of the 
use of cotton waste, the saving in which 
article alone would soon repay the cost of 
the axles. Increased comfort to passen¬ 
gers is also gained by the almost entire 
absence of oscillation and jar, and that 
odious “grating” sound, so distressing to 
the ears of nervous travelers, when passing 
around a curve, is entirely obviated by the 
use of the disconnected wheels. The sleepy 
passengers now roll around the sharpest 
curves as noiselessly and easily as the river 
steamer cuts her w r ay through the placid 
waters. This quality of the axle was fully 
demonstrated on the railroad “ all around 
the grounds.” Seven cars were fitted with 
these axles, and though the road had many 
sharp curves, there was a remarkable free¬ 
dom from sudden and unpleasant shocks. 


PATENT BRAKES. 

THE WESTINGHOUSE AIR BRAKE 
CO., Pittsburg, Pa.—Some ten years ago, 
Mr. Westinghouse invented an “atmos¬ 
pheric brake,” which worked to advantage 
upon three or four cars, but when applied 
to a long train it was found to consume 
too much time before acting upon the rear 
brakes. There were several other faults; 
to overcome which, the gentleman invented 
the present “automatic brake.” In this 
device, an air-pump, worked by steam 
upon the boiler, is placed upon the engine. 


Under each car is a piston and red con¬ 
nected with the levers to clamp the brake. 
A double set of flexible tubes connects the 
cylinders with the main reservoir. They 
also have an improved clutch for connect¬ 
ing the flexible rubber hose between the 
cars. the claims for the atmospheric 
! lake are, that any desired pressure of air 
can be obtained, and that it will therefore 
act with great rapidity; again, this air can 
be stored in suitable reservoirs ready for 
immediate use. The exhibit consists of a 
series of their brakes, with all the attach¬ 
ments, to illustrate the whole operation. 
The brake is in use upon the principal 
railroads in the United States, and has met 
with merited approval wherever used. 
They are also coming into use in Europe, 
and have already been adopted by several 
foreign railroads. 

HENDERSON HYDRAULIC CAR 
BRAKE CO., Phila. — This brake does 
away with all pistons and complicated 
machinery placed under the car, and is 
simple and easily controlled by the en¬ 
gineer. 

EAMES VACUUM BRAKE CO., Wa¬ 
tertown, N. Y.—This brake is instantane¬ 
ous in its application; can be applied by 
the engineer or any of the train men; it is 
automatic in that it immediately applies 
itself in the event of the cars becoming 
disconnected, or of any of the wheels leav¬ 
ing the track. It is also instantaneous in 
its release; the same power being applied 
to release as to apply the brakes. The 
vacuum is created by a simple steam air 
ejector. The apparatus consists of one 
iron cylinder, containing a flexible mova¬ 
ble head. The head is connected by a 
simple lever movement to the brake. When 
the vacuum is produced within the cylin¬ 
der, the exterior or atmospherical pressure 
amounts to nearly fifteen pounds to the 
square inch. The brake was applied in 
Peru upon a train running twenty miles 
per hour down a three per cent, or three 
degree grade, and stopped it in ten sec¬ 
onds. The exhibit consists of apparatus 
showing the whole mechanism of the brake. 


LUBRICATION. 

Gudgeon grease, a mixture of tar with 
tallow or lard, is very generally used even 
to this day among antiquated farmers, and 
those far away from the line of supply; 
but since the introduction of cotton ma- 












294 


MACHINERY HALL.-BOILERS AND AUXILIARIES. FURNACES. 


chinery, steamboats, and locomotives, lu¬ 
brication has been brought almost to a 
fixed science, it now forms quite an item 
in the economy of enginery. The articles 
employed must be free from gum or grit; 
the one greatly adding to the friction, 
and the other by grinding the journals, 
causing firing of the material. Car wheels 
are firmly attached to the axles and revolve 
with them, the ends of the axles running 
in outside journals that are lined with brass 
or Babbitt metal. These are in axle boxes 
that are packed with cotton or woolen 
waste, or with hair, the last most preferred 
as making a better soaking medium, and 
not apt to take fire. The fire is owing to 
small particles of grit wearing upon the 
ends of the axles. 

The lubricators now used upon the rail¬ 
ways in the United States, vary according 
to the particular service required; for the 
common freight and coal cars, the raw, 
black petroleqm has been found sufficient, 
provided it is clear of grit and gum; for 
locomotives and passenger cars, a fine puri¬ 
fied oil is used; for cylinders, the tallow- 
oil, that has quite a body and requires to 
be kept warm to flow readily. The oil 
cups of engines are now constructed to 
feed with great precision. This is done 
by means of a tapered pin in the bottom of 
the cups—the further the pin is screwed 
on the less is the space around it, and 
consequently there will be less flow of oil. 
Several devices for oiling are exhib¬ 
ited. 

In regard to quantity used, our inquiries 
lead to the following—passenger trains 
will generally average four cars; mixed 
freight trains, thirty; coal trains, eighty, 
and oil trains, thirty. Coal cars have gen¬ 
erally four wheels; freight and oil cars, 
eight; and passenger cars eight and twelve. 
From this basis it will be seen that a very 
large amount of lubricating material is re¬ 
quired. Cars with eight journals, require 
three pounds of packing, and take two 
gallons of oil; and thus prepared will gen¬ 
erally run four months. A more scientific 
investigation has determined that an aver¬ 
age engine and tank car can be run thirty 
miles with one pint of oil; while each pas¬ 
senger car will run fifty miles with the 
same amount. 

All calculations to ascertain the amount 
of oil required on any specific road, must 
depend on its length. 


BOILERS AND AUXILIARIES. 

There are several exhibits of boilers of 
the most approved patterns. The COR¬ 
RUGATED SECTIONAL SAFETY 
BOILER CO.,, of New York, claim for 
their work great economy and durability. 
PANCOAST & MAULE, of Philadelphia, 
present very handsome house-heating boil¬ 
ers. 

Several contrivances are presented for 
cleaning boiler tubes. These are brushes, 
scrapers, and half chemical preparations. 
There appears to be a variety of opinions 
respecting the value of these appliances. 
It is to be hoped that the chemical agents 
will succeed, provided they can be formed 
of substances that will not injure the iron. 
Their introduction would save a large 
amount of hard work, and the incrusta¬ 
tions might be valuable in other prepara¬ 
tions. Furnace grates and grate-bars are 
plentiful and of various patterns. The 
castings are all of the first character— 
clean and bright. 

Connected with Machinery ITall are six 
Boiler Houses, which will be found de¬ 
scribed under their proper heads. In these 
are to be found the various styles for large 
boilers, and grates and grate bars. 

FURNACES. 

There are several devices for warming 
buildings—some by steam direct—some by 
hot water below boiling point, and others 
by hot air. The main points that have 
been considered are safety and economy. 
Many accidents have resulted from inse¬ 
cure heaters and badly constructed flues. 
Several painful slaughters of children in 
public schools have not yet faded from the 
memory of the people, and it behooves all 
who engage in heating buildings to adopt 
every measure calculated to assure safety. 
The heating is an absolute necessity, and 
precautions are quite as imperious. 

Several exhibits are made in this line, 
and have strong advocates. Something 
must be used. Perhaps some future genius 
aspiring after immortal fame and the 
almighty dollar, with the prime idea iri 
view of benefit to his fellow men will 
lay water pipes and supply hot water to 
each separate house. What a grand idea, 
and it is only necessary to make the sug¬ 
gestion, to cause scores of adventurers 
to begin their experiments and calculate 
the wonderful advantage. Having thrown 







MACHINERY HALL-TUBING, STEAM AND GAS FITTINGS. 


295 


out this hint, we shall search the columns 
of the papers for the prospectus of a new 
company. If properly organized there’s 
“millions in it!” When the experiment 
becomes a fixed fact, we shall sadly miss 
the nightly chirp of the discomfited cricket 
from the chimney corner, and bid farewell 
to the evening welcome of the harmonious 
tea-kettle singing on the kitchen hearth. 
And we shall have cause to mourn, for 
though it will be a great advance and a 
costly saving of labor, it will not reduce 
servants’ wages one dollar. 


TUBING. 

NATIONAL TUBE WORKS CO., Mc¬ 
Keesport, Pa.—This firm has been founded 
for about twelve years, and has a capital of 
$1,000,000. Their hands number about 
1,200. They present a large exhibit of iron 
pipe of all sizes and of all thicknesses. The 
side of their space facing the main aisle con¬ 
tains a massive arch, thirty-four feet high, 
made entirely of lap-welded tubings. Upon 
double racks are assortments of all sizes. 
The firm furnished all the steam-pipe 
through the building, and its annexes and 
boiler houses; some of the lap-welded pipe 
used being 10, 12, and 15 inches in diameter. 
The firm is the largest of its kind in the United 
States, and makes goods of decided merit. 

MORRIS, TASKER & CO., (limited,) 
Phila.—This firm v as established in 1821, 
and now employs 1,200 men. They have 
four exhibits in Machinery Hall. One con¬ 
sists of a summer house, the roof of which 
is made of 580 feet of \\ inch pipe, in 
one continuous piece without sockets, sup¬ 
ported upon six columns of two inch boiler 
tubes, of plain, galvanized, and rubber coat¬ 
ed iron. A frame-work of similar tubes 
surrounds the whole. Pyramid of globe 
valves, ranging in size from three to twenty 
inches. Brass work, consisting of cock, 
valves, &c., for water, gas, steam, and sugar 
works. Fancy basin made of coiled iron 
tubes, 200 feet in lengths, of -4, j-, and 1 inch 
pipes. The second exhibit consists of one 
wringing machine; fittings in plain, galvan¬ 
ized, and rubber coated iron; screw cutting 
machine; one twenty inch water stop; large 
lap-welded boiler tubes. They also show one 
large vacuum pan. They are also builders 
of gas works, and have a large exhibit from 
this branch of their trade. This company 
claims to be the most extensive builders of 

15 


' gas works in the United States. They re¬ 
cently constructed in Boston the largest sin¬ 
gle lift gas holder in the world. 

W. C. ALLISON <fe SONS, Phila.—This 
is a large concern, having been established 
since 1835. Encircling their exhibit is a 
railing made of iron pipes. Facing the main 
aisle are two large pyramidal stands, upon 
the four sides ot which are shown bolts, 
nuts, and rivets. Crossing the back of the 
space is a double, sloping case, upon the 
sides of which are lengths of iron pipes, and 
upon the tops iron and galvanized tubings. 

AMERICAN TUBE WORKS, Boston.— 
Established thirty-eight years. This firm is 
the original manufacturers in America of 
seamless drawn brass tubes; display of 
square and round brass and copper tubes. 

WARREN FOUNDRY <fe MACHINE 
CO., Phillipsburg, N. J.—Exhibit of gas and 
water pipe. 

GLOUCESTER IRON WORKS, Glouces¬ 
ter City, N. J.—One water pipe forty-eight 
inches in diameter. Iron and brass pipes 
of various sizes; gas and water valves. 

EVANS, DALZELL <fe CO., Pittsburgh, 
Pa.—Iron and galvanized iron tubes of all 
sizes, some of the smaller of which are 
knotted and twisted. 

J. W. STOCKWELL, Portland, Me.— 
Cement pipe, with working model to show 
operation. Well made pipes. 

DENNIS LONG <fe CO., Louisville, Ky.— 
Exhibit of large cast-iron pipes, joints, and 
connections; also, iron valves. 

R. D. WOOD <fe CO., Phila.—Cast -iron 
water and gas pipes; Eddy valves; Mat¬ 
thew’s patent fire hydrant. A 72 inch pipe 
—Croton Aqueduct, N. Y. city; and meter 
posts for gas. 

McNEAL <fe ARCHER, Burlington, N. J. 
—Gas and water mains of all sizes; also, a 
new mode of jointing gas pipes. 

STANLY G. FLAGG <fe CO., Phila.— 
Malleable iron pipe fittings on two pyramids 
twelve feet high. Carriage hardware. Mal¬ 
leable and gray iron steam and gas fittings. 
Steel castings and forgings. Est’d. 1851. 


STEAM AND GAS FITTINGS. 

MALLEABLE IRON FITTINGS CO., 
Branford, Conn.—Mahogany card frame, ten 
by sixteen feet, covered with gas and steam 
fittings, very tastefully arranged. Crosses, 
elbows, couplings, <fec., <fec. Walworth Man¬ 
ufacturing Co., Boston, selling agents. 














293 


MACHINERY HALL.-VALVES, GAUGES, ETC. 


Our exhibitors in this line very prop¬ 
erly combined elegant ornamentation with 
strong and excellent designs. The more 
delicate taste should always be coupled 
with the useful, where it can be done with¬ 
out too greatly increasing the first cost. 


VALVES, GAUGES, ETC. 

NcNAB & HARLIN MAN’F’G CO., 
New York.—This firm presents a fine ex¬ 
hibit, contained in two cases and one stand, 
consisting of iron and brass steam am 
water valves of every description; brass 
steam-whistles, of all sizes; water gauges; 
plated water cocks; lubricators and steam 
gauges. All the goods, both in the casting 
and finish, will bear the closest scrutinv. 

WALWORTH MAN’F’G CO., Boston. 
—A large case filled with brass, iron, and 
nickel-plated water and steam valves, cocks, 
gauges, etc., etc. Solar gas generator. 
The apparatus is simple and durable, con¬ 
sisting of a strong carburetter, a reservoir 
for gasoline, an automatic filler, and an air- 
pump for forcing air into the generator and 
to the burners. Their best recommenda¬ 
tion is a list of nearly 200 persons who 
are using the machines in all parts of the 
country. 

THE EATON, COLE & BURNHAM 
MAN’F’G CO., New York.—This company 
have a large glass case, in the center of 
which is a pyramid covered with all varie¬ 
ties of iron, brass, and nickel-plated pipes, 
faucets, gauges, nozzles, sprinklers, etc. 
Independent of the usefulness of the arti¬ 
cles, the arrangement is extremely tasteful. 
The house has been long established, and 
their manufactures have a wide reputation 
for excellence of material and delicate 
finish. Around the case are placed heavy 
iron water gates, etc.; also Snow’s Patent 
Cast-iron Radiator, constructed by sections 
of hollow rings disposed one upon an¬ 
other in the same plane, forming a con¬ 
nected series of intercommunicating ring 
passages, or conduits, within the section. 
They are very highly spoken of. 

H. BEL FIELD & CO., Phila.—Upon a 
large stand is a collection of iron valves of 
every description in regular sizes; they 
also show a patent upright boiler. In a 
large case is their brass work, consisting of 
valves, highly finished oil cups, improved 
water gauges, faucets, steam-gauges and 
whistles, and a series of gongs. All the 


goods shown are of the finest quality of 
metal, and excellently made. 

The subject of valves and gauges has 
largely engrossed the attention of our 
most prominent mechanics. Calculations 
of the capacity of pipes and the combina¬ 
tions of metals have been frequently dis¬ 
cussed. So, too, the force of steam, water, 
and gas have been closely studied. The 
proper combinations of brass—the true pro¬ 
cess of brassing—the nearest approach to 
the best soldering materials, hard and soft, 
and the peculiarities of each simple metal, 
all these points have been long and so 
faithfully studied, that at the present day 
the whole practice as well as theory is per¬ 
fectly comprehended. Beside these, the 
construction of various adjuncts have been 
tediously pondered—the shape of valves, 
gates, gauges, etc., have been thoroughly 
defined, both with regard to economy, 
safety, durability, and adaptability. New 
tools have been invented for new designs, 
and thus the labor of manufacture and cost 
of production have been simplified, while 
their usefulness has been largely enhanced. 

It must be remembered that throughout 
the entire country much more attention is 
given to comfort as well as to fashion. 
Few large towns are without gas works 
and water works. "Where steam engines 
were used in fifty places, they are now em¬ 
ployed in thousands. They are made from 
H. P. i to H. P. 1,000 to 3,000.* The 
engines of the Bristol and Providence, the 
night palaces now running on the Sound, 
are each 5,000 H. P. The cylinders of 
the Bristol are 110 inches in diameter, and 
14 feet long. Those of the great Corliss 
engine are only 40 inches diameter and 10 
feet long—consequently the two cylinders 
of the Corliss engine, with their attach¬ 
ments, could be put into one of the Bris¬ 
tol’s, and covered up out of sight—and yet 
the Corliss engine runs nearly ten miles of 
shafting, large and small. 

While room is not of much consequence 
where large stationary engines are used— 
for the smaller it is necessary to economise 
—piping, and various attachments must 
often be brought within a very small com¬ 
pass, and yet there must be strength and 
ready access always provided for. There- 


*The Great Eastern had a H. P. 10,000—the 
largest combined H. P. in the world. The heating 
surface of her boilers exceeds one acre! 














































































































































































































































































































































































MACHINERY HALL.-PULLEYS, SHAFTING, ETC. 


299 


fore, in steam, gas, and water connections, 
while economising space, these otherequally 
important points cannot be neglected. 

While thus rendering scientific power 
and accuracy, our inventors and mechanics 
have striven to give artistic grace to their 
many productions. Nickel-plating, which 
is quite a recent discovery, is now largely 
resorted to to increase the beauty of elab¬ 
orate designs. We have brass and copper 
pipings, valves, faucets, etc., elegantly 
finished by this process; and, more still, 
the additional cost is but a trifling item. 

Pacing the iflain aisle, we find that 
COOPER, JONES & CADBURY, of 
Philadelphia, have a rich and extensive 
display of plumber’s materials, many of 
them superbly plated. So, likewise, the 
PEET VALVE CO., of Boston, have a 
similar display, that has attracted very 
general admiration among others engaged 
in the same line of trade. 

Great improvements have been made in 
the simple faucet. HENRY C. MEYER 
& CO., who have been established about 
ten years, exhibit Fuller’s patent faucet, 
that consist of a rubber valve closely fitting 
upon a brass seat, closing in the direction 
of the pressure. PECK, BRO. & CO., of 
New Haven, show oil cups, valves, pumps, 
and nozzles, pipes and sprinklers, that are 
fine specimens of work. Many of their 
articles are also thickly nickel-plated, and 
embraced many new and valuable features. 
It is with much pleasure that we have ex¬ 
amined the pyrometers, and a gnage that is 
now recording one by one the revolutions 
of the great Corliss engine. 

Twenty-one exhibitors, besides those 
named, made attractive displays of almost 
endless forms of articles in this line, each, 
of course, claiming some peculiarity where¬ 
by an advantage was gained which was 
possessed by no other. 

Our manufacturers have found it greatly 
to their interests to attend to a judicious 
but not extravagant combination of beauty 
with utility. The French and English 
have long been famous for their artistic 
designs and very rich patternsour people 
are following and improving in the same 
line. It will pay. 


PULLEYS, SHAFTING, ETC. 

AMERICAN IRON WORKS, Pitts¬ 
burgh, Pa.; Jones & Laughlins.—American 


and ‘‘Clair” bar iron. Shafting, piston, and 
pump rods, tire, finger bars, all cold rolled. 
Blast furnace and rolling mill machinery 
castings. Plain and balanced pulleys; drop 
and post hangers; compression couplings, 
&c. The display is large, occupying a space 
25 by 80 feet, filled with various groups of 
manufactures; all of superior finish and of 
the finest materials. The house has been 
established about thirty years. Their name 
is known throughout the country, and 
their products are always unquestioned. 
They usually employ from 3,000 to 4,000 
hands, and have invested a capital of $2,- 
000,000. They are said to be the only 
makers in the country of cold rolled shaft¬ 
ing, and of rollers made of chilled iron. 

GEO. V. CRESSON, Phila.—Pulleys, 
hangers, &c. A very interesting display 
of large and small pulleys, all running by 
friction. To many it is a mystery how 
these are moved, but a band under the 
flooring gives impetus to the whole. The 
work will bear the closest scrutiny, and 
will be found perfect in all parts. The 
house was established in 1859, and has 
gradually increased in business as the 
manufacturing interests of the country 
prospered, until the orders are so large as 
to require 100 hands, and a capital of 
$150,000. Value of exhibit, $3,000. 

Other firms exhibit a variety of mechan¬ 
ism properly coming under this head, such 
as brass journals filled with Babbit metal, 
gears, friction clutches, hoisting machinery, 
bearings said to require no oil, and wooden 
pulleys of various sizes. 

The subject of shafting is of the utmost 
importance to the mechanics—a badly 
shafted machine-shop cannot be expected 
to produce work always accurate. The 
main lines of shafting, if well arranged, 
need not vary a hair’s breadth. In a large 
pump establishment in Brooklyn, in a room 
153 feet long, with a main shaft running 
the whole length, among the pulleys there 
is not a tottler to be found. A line drawn 
from one end to the other, would be 
brushed by every pulley upon the whole 
line of shafting. Another peculiarity is, 
that the ends of the shafting come squarely 
together, and are neither capped nor let in. 
The couplings are made in two parts, di¬ 
vided vertically through the center; and 
together for the pulley. The pulleys are 
held together by four tapering bolts. By 
removing these bolts from each end, any 





300 


MACHINERY HALL—TOOL MANUFACTURE. 


length of shafting may be taken out with¬ 
out letting down the entire line, or even 
moving any other section. 


BELTING. 

Proper belting is as indispensable as 
good shafting. The principal article here¬ 
tofore used, and thus far esteemed the 
best, is made of leather. For heavy belt¬ 
ing, the thick, strong hide is used. For 
small belts, a thinner, but not inferior 
quality should be employed. The belt 
should be well worked and free from im¬ 
perfections. In this line of belting there 
are fine displays made by A. BURGESS 
& SON, of Providence, and JOSIAH 
GATES & SON, of Lowell. Both houses 
have been established over forty years, 
and have well-founded reputations. Jo- 
siah Gates & Son employ from 25 to 30 
hands, and use a capital of $300,000. P. 
JEWELL & SONS, of Hartford, show a 
fine assortment of heavy leather belting of 
close-grained material, and the PAGE 
BELTING CO., of Concord, have a simi¬ 
lar and very large exhibit. Two immense 
belts are shown, one by FAIRBROTHER 
& CO., of Pawtucket, 149 feet long and 30 
inches wide; the other by HYDE & CO., 
of New York, 186J feet long, 60 inches 
wide, and weighing 2,212 pounds. 

Rubber belting of late years has been 
much used in certain quarters, and when 
well-made and of reliable material, has 
been highly approved. But great care 
must be exercised in selecting the goods 
to bo worked. Some are inferior, and, 
although they have a good appearance 
when new, soon prove to be worthless. 
They are sometimes quite inferior, harden¬ 
ing and breaking, perhaps at the very mo¬ 
ment when most needed. 

Round leather belting is used for certain 
machinery, and this, too, is liable to be of 
inferior material; though when otherwise, 
is found to be very handy and exceedingly 
serviceable. Beside the belting we find 
packing and leather lacings in large dis¬ 
plays. These lacings cannot be made of 
poor material, as the quality is easily de¬ 
tected. The exhibits are exceedingly cred- 
creditable, and as a general thing are of 
first quality. 


TOOL MANUFACTURE. 

AY. SELLERS & CO., Phila.—'This firm 


has been established for about twenty-five 
years, and employs 600 men. The exhibit 
they present is valued at 1100,000. In the 
center of one side of their display is the 
largest planer exhibited, being 10 by 10 by 
30 feet, and weighing 70 tons. One 54 inch 
planer, with 16 foot table ; also, a 30 inch 
planer, with a 12 foot bed. All have auto¬ 
matic feeds in everv direction, and the two 
largest have, in addition, vertical slide rests, 
with automatic feeds. The motion is im¬ 
parted to the table by a spiral pinion geared 
into an inclined rack under the table. Two 
slotters, one 60 inch and one 36, both hav¬ 
ing quick returns and balanced spindles. 
The handles are all upon one side, convenient 
to the workman. One 12 inch shaper, quick 
return, and feeds in every direction. A 
Tweddle hydraulic riveter and accumulator. 
Car wheel boring mill of 48 inches, with 
crane attachment. 48 inch boring and turn¬ 
ing mill. Nut shaping machine. Auto¬ 
matic gear cutting machine for bevel and 
spur wheels. Five lathes, the smallest with 
16 inches swing; the largest is a 78 inch 
locomotive driving wheel lathe, having an 
independent motion for each head, and two 
slide rests, with independent automatic feed. 
Cylinder boring machine, which will finish a 
cylinder in four hours. Two bolt machines. 
One 45 inch vertical drill. One horizontal 
drilling and boring machine. A locomotive 
wheel quartering machine. A two and a 
half ton steam hammer, and two steam ham¬ 
mers of 300 and 1,500 pounds. Seven 
punching machines, which will punch a two 
inch hole in a plate three-quarters thick. It 
is arranged to punch flanges and channels; 
one angle shear; one bar shear, will cut six 
inches by one and a half. A combined 
punching and shearing machine. A plate 
shear for cutting inch plates five feet wide. 
One 72 inch wheel press. Specimens of 
new injectors, and various parts of shaftino-. 

THE PRATT & AVHITNEY CO., Hart¬ 
ford, Conn.—Five lathes, with a taper at¬ 
tachment and a tool rest, capable of eleva¬ 
tion without loosening the tool. The taper 
consists of a slide at the back of the lathe, 
which can be set at any angle to the bed, 
and controls the motion of the tool. Four 
turning lathes; one grinding and turning 
and cut-off lathe; open die bolt cutter, in 
which the die opens when the desired length 
is cut. Tw r o other bolt cutters, having 
the nine dies upon a revolving head; 
two upright drills; revolving head chucking 




























































































































































































































































































No. 1 HAND BOLT-CUTTER. 



INDEX MILLING MACHINE. No. 3 SCREW MACHINE. 

The Pratt & Whitney Company, Hartford, Conn, 




































































































































MACHINERY HALL-COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT. 


305 


machine; two gang drills; two planers and 
two shapers, with transverse, angular, and 
vertical feed, and any length of stroke; profil¬ 
ing machine; three screw machines; tapping 
machine; automatic machine for varnishing 
cartridge shells; a machine for rifling gun- 
barrels ; six milling machines, four hand and 
two power; one machine, for making spiral 
springs; horizontal boring mill; two hand 
bolt cutters; power press, capable of resist¬ 
ing 200 tons, and upon which some of the 
memorial medals are stamped. 

In a case is a collection of gauges, dies, 
taps, <fec. The -firm is old and well estab¬ 
lished, and employs a capital of $500,000, 
and 550 to 600 men. The value of the ex¬ 
hibit is $25,000. 

PUTNAM MACHINE CO., Fitchburg, 
Mass.—This company does a large business, 
with a capacity of 350 men, producing annu¬ 
ally 1,500 tons of finished machines, which 
are shipped to all parts of the world. They 
exhibit four engine lathes, viz.: 16 inch 
swing, 6| foot bed; 18 inch swing, 8 foot 
bed; 30 inch swing, 14 foot bed; and 44 
inch swing, 16 foot bed; all with screw cut¬ 
ting and friction lateral and cross feeds. 
Also a car axle lathe with crane attachment; 
one car wheel borer, with crane and hub 
squaring attachment; No. 2 25 inch upright 
drill, with power and hand feeds, quick return, 
back gears, and balanced spindle ; one 30 X 
30 iron planer, 8 feet long; one No. 2 slot¬ 
ting machine, 10 inch stroke, with relief 
attachment for clearing the tool on the return 
motion; one No. 2 bolt cutter; one turbine 
water wheel; one 40 horse power steam 
engine. All of their machinery exhibited 
was of beautiful design, richly finished, and 
of unsurpassed construction, with many val¬ 
uable patented improvements. 

SHEARMAN’S MACHINERY DEPOT, 
Phila.—Three combined shears and punch¬ 
ing machines; emery wheels and emery 
planers. A most worthy and reliable house, 
doing a large and increasing business. 


COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT. 

niLL, CLARKE & CO., Boston; Brain- 
ard Milling Machine Co., of Hyde Park, 
Mass. — Exhibit nine milling machines of 
different patterns; machines for grinding 
mills, and a new machine for making set 
screws; steel bar screw vise. From the 
Ames Man’f’g. Co., of Chicopee, Mass., are 
two small lathes; one engine lathe, with 36 


\ 

inches swing; one planer 20 by 20 by 5 feet; 
one transverse and one upright drill; one 4 
spindle gang drill; one profiling or edge 
milling machine. J. A. Sawyer & Sons, of 
Worcester, Mass. — Combined hand and 
power planer, 15 by 33 inches. American 
Watch Tool Co., of Waltham.—Case con 
taining all the modern improvements in 
watch tools. 

NOVELTY MACHINE WORKS, Phila. 
—Exhibit of one lathe, of 48 inch swing, 26 
inches wide in gap, 30 inches ordinary swing, 
10 feet 6 inches between the centers. The 
only non-changeable gap lathe. Any size 
wheel can be bored by putting it on a face 
plate on the back end of the spindle, and 
running the tool through the shaft. A 
portable crane for raising heavv work. 

FITCHBURG MACHINE CO., Fitch¬ 
burg, Mass.—This firm has been established 
for about ten years, and presents a large ex¬ 
hibit, consisting of one 30 inch engine lathe, 
which has an angle feed on the slide rest; 
an 18 inch lathe, having a compound rest, 
with a new mode of locking it. All the 
lathes are furnished with two face plates, 
screw cutting gears, and a second side rest 
for large work; one shaping machine, having 
10 inch stroke; 25 by 25 by 6 foot planer; 
No. 1 and 3 drills, the latter furnished with 
back gears and power feed. 

FERRIS & MILES, Phila.—One large 12 
inch stroke slotting machine; 5 foot radial 
drill; 15 inch stroke traveling head shaping 
machine; lever punch; screw cutting lathe, 
with 16 inch swing; 20 inch swing slide 
lathe; car and locomotive axle lathe; car 
wheel boring machine; 1 ,T00 pound ham¬ 
mer; 15 inch upright drill; 27 inch planing 
machine; one large pressure blower of Jas. 
Dougherty’s patent. The firm has been 
established for eight years. 

TOOLS. 

LATHES. 

This is the most useful instrument in the 
modern machine shop, and though simple 
forms have been known for centuries— 
even the potter’s wheel may be correctly 
termed a lathe—great improvements have 
only been made since the introduction of 
steam. The most common form consists 
of two flat bars of iron, called the shears, 
placed side by side, and of such length 
and width as the size and design may re¬ 
quire. At the left hand end are two up- 






306 


MACHINERY nALL.-BOLT AND NUT CUTTER, PLANES, DRILLS. 


right posts, containing journals in which 
runs a solid or hollow spindle, and which 
vary in height according to the desired 
swing. Placed on the spindle, and between 
the journals, is a set—generally of three—of 
graduated pulleys, over which the belt 
runs. The right end of the spindle pro¬ 
jects beyond the upright, and has a screw 
thread upon which the chuck to hold the 
work is placed. Sliding on the shears is 
the foot of the lathe, which has a point, to 
hold the work, in a line identical with that 
of the axis of the spindle, and which can 
be moved to any position on the bed and 
there locked. A slide-rest to hold the tool 
is placed between the head and foot. In 
a lathe designed to cut threads, there is a 
screw shaft extending the entire length of 
either the front or back shear. When the 
slide-rest is connected with this, it is moved 
horizontally either forward or backward. 
Suitable gearing connects this shaft with 
the spindle, and as these gears are change¬ 
able and of several sizes, the speed is varied 
according to the number of the thread to 
be cut. In the 16-inch lathes manufac¬ 
tured by FERRIS & MILES there is a 
nest of eight gears carried on the lead-screw 
or shaft, and two on the spindle. These 
are connected by means of intermediate 
gears, so that sixteen different threads, 
ranging from two to fourteen, may be cut. 
If, for instance, it becomes necessary to cut 
a thread of ten to the inch, then for every 
revolution of the spindle the gearing is so 
arranged as to move the tool one-tenth of 
an inch along the bed. This is the most 
common form of lathe, though there are 
complex machines more particularly adapt¬ 
ed for special work, which are very perfect 
•in operation. 


BOLT AND NUT CUTTER. 

These may be styled a kind of lathe pe¬ 
culiarly designed to cut bolts and tap-nuts. 
They are on the principle of the hand-taps 
and dies, carried out in power machinery. 
The bolt should move into the nut easily, 
and at the same time there should be no 
free play. The HOWARD IRON WORKS, 
of Buffalo, New York, exhibit a combined 
bolt and nut-tapping machine; an auto¬ 
matic knife-grinding, and two bolt cutting 
machines. In some small bolt-cutters the 
taps employed are similar to those used by 
hand, while in the large machines they may 


be of this description, or they may consist 
of a rod having projecting tools which do 
the cutting. The dies are after the same 
pattern as the smaller ones, with the excep¬ 
tion that the cutting sections are inde¬ 
pendent of each other, and are held in 
position. 


PLANES. 

The work which, fifty years ago, would 
require ten men, with hammers, chisels, 
and files, ten months to perform, can now 
be done in ten hours by some of our largest 
planers. Moreover, the work then exe¬ 
cuted, even though the laborer exerted the 
greatest skill and caution, never presented 
a finished appearance, while the work 
turned out by our modern planers is so 
perfect, that steam joints are made which 
require no grinding. This machine varies 
in size from the small toy, with a 3-inch 
stroke, to the mammoth one exhibited by 
WM. SELLERS & CO., that measures 10 
by 30 feet, and weighs 70 tons. The 
bed of a planer is the frame to which the 
work is bolted. This bed has a forward 
and backward motion, which in some ma¬ 
chines cannot be altered, while in others it 
can be made to vibrate just far enough to 
clear the work. Those furnished with the 
attachment are extremely economical when 
it becomes necessary to do small work on 
a large machine. A frame-work raised 
above the bed holds a slide-rest which 
moves, at each vibration of the work, a 
short distance in a direction perpendicular 
to that of the bed. The shaper and 
slotter are nothing more than modifica¬ 
tions of the planer, designed to do work in 
particular branches. 


DRILLS. 

The most common form of the medium 
size drill consists of an upright column 
resting upon a wide circular base. From 
a sleeve, working upon the lower section of 
the upright, projects a plate upon which 
the work is bolted. This is elevated by 
means of a lever and cog-wheel which 
works in a ratchet; in other styles a thread 
is cut on the column. About half way up, 
the column bends sufficiently to place the 
spindle holding the drill directly over the 
center of the plate. A bevel gear placed 
at the top of this spindle connects it with a 













BOLT CUTTERS AND LATHE. HOWARD IRON WORKS, BUFFALO, N. Y. 






































































































































































































































































































































MACHINERY HALL.-TAPS AND DIES, CHUCKS, VISES. 


309 


horizontal shaft upon which is a set of pul¬ 
leys. The gearing is so arranged that the 
drill may be fed automatically, or by hand. 
In drills designed to do heavy work, a 
horizontally placed tool is held in a chuck 
at the lower extremity of the spindle, 
which has both a rotary and vertical mo¬ 
tion. In some machines the drill can be 
placed so as to bore at any desired angle 
to the perpendicular. Steam engine cylin¬ 
ders of extra large size are bored by ma¬ 
chines made especially for the purpose, 
and which are of but little service in any 
other work. 


TAPS AND DIES. 

“The screw,” according to 1 Snell’s Me¬ 
chanics,’ “ is a cylinder having a spiral ridge 
or thread around it, which cuts at a con¬ 
stant oblique angle all the lines of the sur¬ 
face parallel to the axis of the cylinder. A 
hollow cylinder, called a nut , having a sim¬ 
ilar spiral within it, is fitted to move freely 
upon the thread of the solid cylinder.” 
To make these upon a small scale, the tap 
and die are the necessary implements. To 
make a tap a softened steel rod of the de¬ 
sired thickness, which has had three 
grooves cut in its surface parallel to the 
axis, is placed in the lathe, and the required 
thread cut upon the end which has been 
previously tapered. It is now tempered. 
In tempering steel tools after hardening, it 
is customary to be governed by the color 
of the film of oxide, to determine when the 
requisite heat is obtained. If the tap be 
designed to cut soft metals, it should be 
heated until it looks brown, with purple 
spots, or purple, to do which requires from 
510° to 538° Fahrenheit. For hard metals 
the color should be a dark, well-defined 
blue. We are now ready to make the die. 
A flat piece of steel, of a thickness equal to 
the diameter of the tap is selected, and a 
hole bored in it whose diameter is equal to 
the distance between the opposite interior 
angles of the thread. Three notches or 
slots are cut in the side. The tap previ¬ 
ously made is now turned through this, by 
which operation the thread is cut, after 
which it is tempered. Tools made in this 
manner are certain to fit perfectly, because 
they all originate in the same dimensions. 

The above description, though somewhat 
limited, will convey to the mind of the 
reader, the process of manufacture. 


CHUCKS. 

Self-centering chucks are those m which 
the jaws are invariably at equal distances 
from the center. This is accomplished by 
means of gearing in the interior. Those 
sections of the jaws which are within are 
furnished with ratchet teeth, which work 
in a screw-thread placed upon the side of 
a wheel whose axis is perpendicular to the 
motion of the jaws. Upon the opposite 
side of this wheel is a bevel gear in which 
a pin with a corresponding gear works. 
By turning this pin the wheel is moved, 
and the jaws are opened or closed accord¬ 
ing to the direction in which the screw is 
moved. These are designed more especi¬ 
ally to do light work. In those of heavier 
patterns for large pieces, each jaw is inde¬ 
pendent in its motion. A female screw is 
placed in that portion of the jaws which is 
inside, while the upper end of the corre¬ 
sponding bolt works in a sleeve at the 
periphery; this extremity is cut square so 
that the crank can be applied. 


VISES. 

BAILEY MACHINE CO., N. Y.— 
Very handsome small vises from 1 to 5 

THOMAS HALL, Brooklyn, N. Y._ 
Automatic swivel vises. This vise has a 
lever in front so arranged that by pressing 
it down, a cam beneath not only holds the 
jaws tightly, but also fastens the swivel in 
its place. The invention is simple and 
useful. First introduced at the Vienna 
Exposition, where it secured a medal in 
1873. The Franklin Institute granted a 
diploma in 1874. 

STEPHENS’ PATENT VISE CO, New 
York.—Parallel or toggle-joint vises, with 
swivel, taper, pipe, and other attachments; 
it opens further, holds firmer, and is more 
durable than ordinary vises; is worked by 
cam and toggle-joint; the jaws cannot 
twist from side to side; the slightest back 
motion of the handle instantly releases the 
work, and there is no wear to the racks, 
as they merely engage and travel together 
without rubbing. These vises are manu¬ 
factured at Colt’s Armory, in Hartford, 
Conn. The invention is of great import¬ 
ance, there being no delay in shifting the 
angles. And the vises answer equally well 
for either chipping or filing. The sizes run 
from two to six and a half inches. The 









310 


MACHINERY nALL.-FILES. 


display is large. They have been before 
the public over ten years. The company 
have received an award from the Centen¬ 
nial Judges. Previously received highest 
award at Vienna, besides one gold and six 
silver medals; with a diploma from the 
American Institute, 1875, for “ maintained 
superiority.” 


FILES. 

Files are used in so many trades that it 
would be difficult to enumerate them; and 
they differ as much in size, weight, and 
shape, as in the uses to which they are ap¬ 
plied. A file is a piece of steel having 
raised lines across the surface, for the pur¬ 
pose of wearing down the face of any ma¬ 
terial that needs reducing or smoothing. 
This is accomplished by pushing the file 
across thb substance to be diminished, and 
at the same time bearing some weight upon 
it; such pressure being in accordance with 
the hardness of the body operated upon, 
or the power of its resistance. There are 
some who never acquire a perfect com¬ 
mand over even a file, and there are others 
who, with that instrument can produce the 
most delicate elaborations. 

About as large as any are those used by 
saw-makers; but from this monstrous size 
they diminish until we have a file smaller 
and more delicate than a cambric needle. 
Before the introduction of the small emery 
wheels, our dentists required a great vari¬ 
ety, curiously shaped and quite diminutive. 
The jeweler and watch-maker must have 
instruments that are almost imperceptible; 
and yet they use them constantly in their 
more delicate operations. How far back 
in history runs the first mention of a file, 
we cannot say; but there was a time when 
certain reeds were gathered for filing pur¬ 
poses; and little else was used. Persons 
have supposed they have discovered the 
marks of these instruments upon ancient 
temples, but this has been disputed, as they 
may have been mere chisel-marks. 

When the grooves are cut only one way, 
the file is technically termed a float , or sin¬ 
gle-cut; when roughened by teeth or burrs 
on a plane or convex surface, or across the 
the grooves, it is a rasp. The double-cut is 
made by crossing the indentations obliquely. 
The first is used on soft metal, the second on 
wood, horn, or metal of inferior hardness, 
and the third on the hardest substances. 


Steel is prepared by steel-makers on 
purpose to be used for files. Square files 
are tapered at each end, one of which 
comes to a point and forms the tang, or 
that portion that enters the handle. Blanks 
are the uncut files, no matter what may be 
their shape. Hammering hardens the 
blanks, so that the first operation is to 
place them in an annealing oven to make 
them as soft as possible. The blanks are 
placed on an anvil, and held in place by 
straps, to which a stirrup is attached to 
tighten them by the foot. Some are held 
upon plates, gutters, or bosses, formed of 
an alloy of lead and tin, in order to pre¬ 
vent chafing the cut side when turned 
down. 

The cutting chisels are of various sizes 
and shapes, according to the cut required 
of them. They are all short, as they re¬ 
quire to be held firmly upon the blank, 
which the fingers must do in order to 
guide the width of cut. They are sharp¬ 
ened at an angle of twenty degrees. 

Commencing at the end furthest from 
him, and holding the chisel at an angle of 
twelve or fourteen degrees from a perpen¬ 
dicular, the cutter strikes a sharp blow 
with a hammer, and makes the cut of the 
obliquity desired. The groove thus formed 
is the guide for the next cut. The chisel 
is now brought forward, and then slid back, 
until it touch the groove already made, 
and so determine the position of the next 
cut. At first the operation is exceedingly 
tedious, and causes terrible cramps to the 
thumb and fingers of the left hand; but a 
wonderful expertness and astonishing rapid¬ 
ity are soon acquired. Sixty, eighty, and 
even one hundred strokes are made in a 
minute. 

The cut file has several operations to go 
through before it is ready for market. It 
must have its teeth or burrs protected 
while being hardened, the temper must be 
regulated by immersion in a bath of molten 
lead; it must be dipped in brine and then 
scoured—dipped in lime-water and dried, 
to neutralize the action of the salt and pre¬ 
vent rust—the tang must be softened by 
heating and cooling slowly, and the fin¬ 
ished file must be oiled and tested. 

File-cutting machines have been a favor¬ 
ite hobby among inventors, but nothing 
has yet been made that worked with any 
reliable accuracy. From what we have 
already said it will be perceived that there 






















. 









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V 










. 















































































I * v '*« ■; . l £* i 1 i - 1 




HOE & CO.’S EXHIBIT, 
































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































PATENT LITHOGRAPH PRINTING MACHINE. R. HOE & CO 
































































































































































































































































































































































































































































THE BULLOCK PRINTING PRESS 







































































































































































































































































MACHINERY HALL.-IRON, PRINTING PRESSES. 


317 


is a delicate nicety of touch required in the 
cutting, which nothing but the sensitive¬ 
ness of the feel can detect. A single 
straight cut could be made, but when the 
taper ends were approached, or the half 
rounds approached, the machines failed 
entirely. 


IRON. 

Cast-iron. The union of iron with car¬ 
bon in small though variable quantities, 
produces the different qualities of cast-iron. 
It is the first direct product from the ore, 
and is obtained by the use of the Blast 
Furnace. The interior of the furnace has 
the appearance of two vertical cones joined 
at the bases. The surface exposed to the 
heat is built of the best fire brick, and is 
encased in solid masonry. The fuel and 
ore is thrown in from the top, while the 
blast of air—either hot or cold—is forced 
through the mass from the bottom. As 
the mass becomes hot it gradually settles 
down, the liquid metal seeking the very 
bottom of the furnace, whence it is drawn 
out at intervals through the tapping-hole, 
which is closed with sand when not in use. 
It is run into rough sand-molds, and is 
technically called pig-iron. 

W rought-iron is the purest form of the 
metal, as it contains still less carbon, and 
is obtained from cast-iron by having this 
element turned out in a Reverberatory 
Furnace. The cast-iron is placed on a 
hearth, over which is a roof which arches 
down toward the opening in a tube chim¬ 
ney ; the fire is placed at the opposite ex¬ 
tremity. The flame and hot gases strike 
aerainst the roof and are directed to the 
metal, which is soon reduced to a pasty con¬ 
dition. In one side of the furnace is an 
opening through which the workmen can 
thoroughly stir o? puddle the mass. In this 
manner the carbon and impurities are 
burned and pass up the chimney. It is 
now formed into balls, pressed or ham¬ 
mered to remove scoriae, and rolled into 
bars, in which form it is sent to market. 

Steel is iron which contains less car¬ 
bon than cast-iron, but more than wrought- 
iron, and its quality depends upon the pro¬ 
portion. The Bessemer process consists in 
placing a quantity of melted cast-iron in a 
crucible which has a perforated bottom, 
through which a strong current of air is 
forced. By this means too much carbon 


is burned away, and a certain amount of 
cast-iron is thrown in to obtain the exact 
proportion. The whole mass is run into 
molds and sent to market as cast-steel. 
The old method, called u cementation,” 
consists in making steel from wrought-iron 
bars by adding more carbon. To accom¬ 
plish this the bars are imbedded in char¬ 
coal packed in an air-tight box and heated 
to redness, and in this state are kept sev¬ 
eral days. The carbon penetrates and 
unites with air portions of the iron, though, 
as the proportions may be unequal, the 
“blistered steel, ” as it is termed, is melted 
and cast into ingots. This forms the best 
quality of steel known. 


PRINTING PRESSES. 

The Printing Press is the only machine 
that talks,—it speaks in mild and loving 
accents that console the disconsolate and 
win the heart; or, it thunders in fearful 
tones till men’s knees smite together; or, 
it rolls the words of fire that rouse nations 
to war. The free press utters the will of 
the people, and 

“Proclaims liberty throughout the land.” 

Its words float over the oppressed, and 
they are encouraged by new hopes. Un¬ 
der its shadow they breathe the blessings 
and pray for its continuance among the 
people of the earth. JOHN GUTEN¬ 
BERG set up his press at Mayence, A. D. 
1440. The first book printed was the 
Holy Bible—the Word of God. 

Previous to this the work had always 
been in manuscript. Many copies were 
made by the cloistered monks, who de¬ 
lighted in illuminating the pages ; but these 
truly beautiful works were very expensive, 
and few persons could afford to purchase 
them. When Gutenberg commenced print¬ 
ing, he and his associates (Faust and Pe¬ 
ter Schaeffer) were accused of having deal¬ 
ings with the devil, and they therefore 
suffered persecution—but the press went 
on; copies of Scripture strangely increased 
—prices fell, and the people had the holy 
book. 

Then other works were printed, and 
mind began to mingle with mind—men 
learned from each other without personal 
intercourse. The invention of the printing 
press was the terrific blow of the soul’s in¬ 
telligence—given of God for His glory 
and man’s advancement. The Chinese, by 






318 


MACHINERY HALL.-TYPE, BOOK MACHINES. 


a sort of lithography, printed as early as 
A. D. 952, but they were shut up in their 
own land, and but few even of themselves 
were benefited by the discovery. Chinese 
science was confined and cramped—the lit¬ 
erature was restricted to exaggerated pic¬ 
tures; while religion was a mixture of 
dragon gods and saints of porcelain, as 
brittle as the material of which they were 
constructed; and the legends were extrava¬ 
ganzas, as wild as the native mountains, 
and some of them as long as the mighty 
rivers of China. 

We have not space to record the various 
improvements since Gutenberg, but may 
allude to the Franklin Press used by the 
illustrious philosopher in 1723. In work¬ 
ing this press, the operator first inked his 
form with two large cotton balls covered 
with soft leather — then, with his left 
hand, he rolled the loaded chases under 
the platen, and pulled upon a stout lever, 
thus giving the impression. It was not 
until 1825 that three inking rollers were 
introduced, two on a movable frame that 
was rolled over the type, and one fixed to 
distribute the ink. If 1,000 impressions 
were made, it was a good day’s work. But 
better methods and more rapid work was 
demanded. In 1839 the Ruggles Job 
Press, followed by the Combination, in 
1841. About the same time the Napier 
Cylinder was made—then the double cyl 
inder; and at last R. Hoe & Co. brought 
out the Printing Machine. On this they 
have improved from year to year. 

The N. Y. Herald is printed daily on 
the ground, upon a press made by the 
BULLOCK PRINTING PRESS CO., of 
Philadelphia. It throws off 20,000 copies 
every hour. There are several exhibits of 
presses besides those named—in all, thirty- 
five. 


TYPE. 

While, as already shown, the Chinese had 
printed books nearly 500 years before the 
invention at Mayence, they did not use 
type, nor do they now. They use wooden 
blocks, upon which the writing is engraved. 
At first the ground of the paper was black 
and the letters white. They, however, 
soon changed the method so as to reverse 
the colors. When Gutenberg commenced 
he was compelled to use wooden type; but 
very soon metal was used, and at last type¬ 
casting became a regular occupation. Each 


letter is cast separately, though about forty 
years ago a Mr. Tobbitt used syllable type, 
where several suffixes were cast in one 
mould, such as ing, tion , etc. Why these 
have not come into general use is not 
known. The difficulty of adjusting has 
been given as a reason, but we think the 
trouble was back of that. The JOHNSON 
TYPE FOUNDRY was started in Phila¬ 
delphia in 1796. They show the old 
moulds used the first year, and the type¬ 
casting machine, invented within a few 
years by David Bruce, Jr. The BRUCE 
TYPE FOUNDRY, New York, was estab¬ 
lished 1813, and has constantly held first 
rank. One machine casts the type as re¬ 
quired and places them on a frame or gal¬ 
ley, but this mode of composing is objec¬ 
tionable, as the type must be subsequently 
placed in the composing stick and adjust¬ 
ed. The advantage of always having new 
type does not appear to compensate the 
additional trouble. A type-writer is shown, 
and though doing good work, it only uses 
capitals. Each letter is on a separate wire, 
and though an ingenious invention, it 
needs improvement. This class only counts 
sixteen. 


BOOK MACHINES. 

Book-making requires a variety of im¬ 
plements, and yet a large majority of the 
present appliances are only recent inven¬ 
tions. Book-binding, but a few years since, 
was nearly all hand work; but few ma¬ 
chines being used. Now there are ma¬ 
chines for almost every portion of the 
work. Ruling machines are worked by 
steam or electricity, and so arranged that 
the pens are lifted and dropped automati¬ 
cally. We have also folders, gatherers, 
stabbers, perforating and paging machines; 
and even counting machines. Of this 
general list, W. F. MURPHY’S SONS, of 
Philadelphia, make a large and elegant 
display; and CL AGUE, RANDALL & 
CO., of Rochester, show an excellent in¬ 
vention for covering pamphlets. Besides 
these there are machines for sewing forms 
and stitching with wire. Number of exhib¬ 
its, twenty-seven. 

The ancients had their book-stores, 
though they were somewhat different from 
our own. Their books we have elsewhere 
described—copies were written to order, 
and the store was a literary lounging 
place. 








MACHINERY HALL-BOOK MACHINES, PAPER CUTTERS, PAPER MACHINES. 


321 


The book trade at Athens was large. 
The idle and the witty, the learned and 
the inquiring, visited the shops regularly. 
In them the authors read their works to 
the public. Literary, political, and artis¬ 
tic questions were there freely discussed. 
The treatises of Pythagoras were sold as 
high as $1,825 for single copies. The 
material upon which the books were writ¬ 
ten enhanced the cost, and prices fell when 
the secret of parchment was found out. 
At Rome the stores were kept in perfect 
order and with a certain degree of ele¬ 
gance. Signs covered the outside of the 
stores, and inside the books were classified 
on shelves, called nisi. 

The book trade of China was far back 
of their discovery of printing. They form 
a nation of readers, and have always in¬ 
dulged in literature and philosophy. The 
books present the appearance of one of 
our uncut volumes. They only print two 
pages at a time, and these only on one 
side. The blank sides are folded together, 
and the book is really bound at the edges. 
For their language their block printing is 
the best, for they really have no regular al¬ 
phabet—their signs being words alterable 
by mere accentuation. They use no press, 
but have a stick with an ink brush on one 
end, and a dry brush on the other. Having 
inked the block and pressed the paper on 
it, a touch of the dry brush brings up the 
impression. 

PAPER CUTTERS. 

These useful inventions have not been 
long introduced, and yet they are very com¬ 
plete. They are extensively used, and are 
really labor-saving machines. The old- 
fashioned draw-knife is voted a bore. 
GEO. H. SANBORN, of Buffalo, and 
the STANDARD MACHINE CO., of 
Mystic River, exhibit power and hand cut¬ 
ters, stabbers, smashers, and book-trim¬ 
mers, that are well adapted to the work. 
The exhibits in this class, thirty-one. 


PAPER MACHINES. 

GAVIT PAPER MACHINE WORKS, 
Phila.; RIVERSIDE PAPER MILLS, of 
W. C. Hamilton & Son, Phila., and the 
HOLYOKE MACHINE CO., of Mass. The 
rags destined to be turned into paper, when 
brought to the first machine here shown, 
have been washed, partly ground, and 
bleached, and are called half pulp. They 


are dumped into the beating engine, and 
beaten into pulp, the consistency of which 
is regulated by the weight of paper to be 
run. Then it passes into a reservoir, whence 
it is pumped up into a pump box placed on 
the back of the machine. Then to Gavit’s 
noiseless pulp dresser, which is a fine slit 
seive; then down a pipe into the mixing 
box, from which it is let out by a valve on to 
an endless woven wire cloth, where it meets 
a slice. This is a blade, placed above the 
cloth, having adjustable screws to regulate 
the height, and therefore the flow of pulp. 
Then the pulp passes over the cloth between 
two rubber straps the width of the required 
paper apart. While on the cloth it is con¬ 
stantly shaken to level and unite the fibers. 
Under the cloth are two suction boxes, 
which consists of troughs extending the 
width of the machine, about eight inches 
wide, and filled with small holes. These 
boxes are connected by pipes to exhaust air- 
pumps ; consequently, when the pulp passes 
over the holes much of the moisture is drawn 
out. Between the suction boxes is a roll, 
made of wire cloth, and called a dandy roll. 
The paper next passes to a coucher roller— 
copper rollers covered with a woolen jacket 
—from which it is taken by an endless wool¬ 
en felt to the first press roll, which extracts 
about half the remaining water. Then to 
the second press roll. In these rollers, the 
lower one is coated with rubber, while the 
top one is iron. Next to the dryers. These 
consist of steam cylinders, thirty-six inches 
in diameter, and six in number, around each 
of which the paper passes. Here it reaches 
seven chilled calender rollers, which impart 
smoothness to the surface. Thence to the 
reels. The sliting machine consists of three 
revolving circular knives; two to trim the 
edges, and one to divide the paper. If 
needed, the paper is passed to the extra 
super-calender rollers; these consist of paper- 
covered rollers running against chilled iron, 
and which imparts the highest finish. 

MARSHALL, SON & CO., Boston.— 
Paper box and book-binders’ machinery. 

NICE KEELY, Phila.—A machine for 
making paper boxes, kegs, &c. 

C. J. COHEN, Phila.—A working envel¬ 
ope machine. 

SAML. RAYNOR & CO., Envelope Man¬ 
ufacturers, New York.—Exhibit of a self- 
gumming and folding envelope machine. 

CHAS. BECK, Phila.—Paper box ma¬ 
chinery. 







322 


MACHINERY HALL-SEWING MACHINES. 


LOCKWOOD MAN’F’G. CO., Phila.— 
This firm has a very attractive display, con¬ 
sisting of one collar machine, which cuts 
from a continuous roll of paper, and finishes 
30,000 collars per day, requiring only one 
attendant. Paper bag machine, which will 
furnish 40,000 per day. A printing ma¬ 
chine, which will print 60,000 envelopes a 
day. The most attractive part of this ex¬ 
hibit is an automatic envelope machine, that 
cuts, gums, folds, and counts (25 in a bunch) 
60,000 envelopes a day, requiring but two 
attendants. The roll of paper is placed 
upon a rack at the right of the machine. It 
is passed between two expansive guides 
under a crosshead containing nine sets of 
knives and three creasers, that cut and 
crease the paper in the desired places, at the 
same time pasting the ends of the envel¬ 
opes. After it is cut it is folded. The 
folder consists of a blunt blade which strikes 
the sheet in the crease and pushes it between 
two endless tapes. The tapes move slowly, 
and catch the envelopes so that they overlay 
each other three-eighths of an inch, and pass 
them around a pulley forty inches in diame¬ 
ter. As they pass over the wheel the muci¬ 
lage is applied by means of a revolving brush 
which strikes each envelope three times 
while it is passing. They are then passed 
over a series of thirteen pulleys, each twenty 
inches in diameter, to give them time to dry, 
which requires about ten minutes after the 
mucilage is applied. They next arrive at a 
small machine that plucks them out of the 
tape as they come round, folds the lap, and 
counts them in packages of twenty-five. 
The inventor is Mr. D. J. Ferry, who expects 
shortly to perfect a machine that will make 
80,000 per day with one attendant. 

CLEVELAND PAPER BOX MACHINE 
CO., Ohio.—One machine for cutting the 
paper the right shape, from where it is taken 
to the box machine. The cut blanks are 
placed upon the feed, upon which descends 
the glue depositor, to which the upper paper 
adheres and is lifted. Here two fingers 
catch the paper and carry it under the 
plunger, where it is struck by clappers to 
crease and cut it. A plunger descends upon 
the center and forces it into the form, where 
the glued sides are pressed firmly together. 
From here it is expelled into a receiver just 
the size of the required box, and which is 
placed upon a revolving table. Here the 
boxes are held in shape until dried. The 
machine makes from 10 to 15,000 per day. 


HOWELL BROS., Phila.—This firm pre¬ 
sents an exhibit of a machine for printing 
wall paper. The blank roll of paper is 
placed upon a spindle, from which it is 
taken to a rack and carried around a large 
revolving cylinder. Under the lower half 
of this cylinder are twelve rollers, which 
turn with the paper. Upon each of these 
rollers, which are made of wood, is the de¬ 
sign from which it must stamp its particular 
color upon the paper. The first is a stone 
purple, which seems merely to dot the paper 
at regular intervals. The next rollers are 

O 

orange, Turkey red, yellow, maroon, two 
shades of brown, dark purple, two shades 
of white, and a dark stone. As the paper 
advances, the pattern becomes more and 
more distinct, until it leaves the last roller, 
when the completed blending of color is 
shown. The paper from here passes to 
frames, under which run steam-pipes, to dry 
the inks. They are there wound into double 
rolls, containing sixteen yards of paper. 

N. M. KERR & CO., Phila.—Hand made 
paper boxes. 

GUSTAV. L. JAEGER, New York.—A 
patent pasting and combining machine. 


SEWING MACHINES. 

The sewing machine is, comparatively, a 
recent invention ; and can hardly be said to 
have reached perfection. There are many 
very excellent devices; and great ingenuity, 
deep thought, and mints of money have 
been expended in order to render them com¬ 
plete. The contest still rages, and every 
year we encounter improvements more and 
more valuable. After sewing machines had 
been largely introduced, it became a ques¬ 
tion among medical men as to whether they 
were not injurious to health. In France the 
matter was referred to the Board of Health, 
and the report, after two years examination, 
was exceedingly interesting. The hands in 
factories, as well as persons using the ma¬ 
chines for profit at their homes, had been 
carefully interrogated. The result was a 
condemnation of the dailv, constant use of 
the machines; though it was stated that no 
injury was produced by occasional family 
employment. It was recommended that 
power, independent of the employe, should 
be introduced. 

The question was subsequently given to 
the Massachusetts Board of Health, when a 
very elaborate examination was had, both 






MACHINERY HALL-SEWING MACHINES. 


323 


among families and factories. The result 
was a very masterly report, giving results 
of inquiries among thousands of people, and 
made by scores of the best physicians in 
different parts of the State. The result did 
not entirely coincide with the French report, 
and yet favored the introduction of some 
small power to drive the machines. The 
reasons given were, that the pedal movement 
in certain constitutions produced irritations 
injurious to portions of the human system— 
that the legs, feet, and spine sustained most 
of these—that among females, many had 
been obliged to abandon the treadle ma- 
chines, and some to procure other means of 
subsistence for themselves and families. 
They concluded their report with a recom¬ 
mendation to use power to work the ma¬ 
chines. 

Since this very able exposition has been 
given to the world, great improvements have 
been made in the sewing machines, so that now 
they are much less apt to injure. The run¬ 
ning has been made very light, and requiring 
but little strain upon the pedal muscles. 
Automatic arrangements have been intro¬ 
duced, that mollifv the movements and facil- 
itate the work at the same time. The diffi¬ 
culty was the employment of hands and feet 
together. Late machines meet much of this 
difficulty, so that we now have those that 
are comparatively innocent, unless over 
driven by the need or ambition of the 
operator. 

HOWE SEWING MACHINE CO., 
New York; Factories, Bridgeport, Conn., 
Peru, Ind., and Glasgow, Scot.—The exhibit 
embraces many machines, and several cases 
containing elegantly dressed dolls, the work, 
embroidery, and braiding having been done 
on the Howe machine. One case has a lady’s 
saddle beautifully adorned on this machine, 
showing its adaptability to piercing heavy 
leather as well as fine fabrics. 

After devoting years of thought to the 
perfecting of a sewing machine, Mr. Howe 
conceived the idea of placing the eye near 
the point of the needle—a plan that is now 
used in all machines; and which eventually 
made a fortune for the inventor. The fol¬ 
lowing year he sewed the first seam ever 
made by machinery. The machine is now 
on exhibition at the pavilion of the Howe 
company in Machinery Hall. It bears very 
little resemblance to the finished articles of 
the present day, and yet none of them could 
work without the eye at the point of the 


needle. His patent was issued September 
10, 1846. The model accompanying the 
application for this patent may now be seen 
in the Government Building, Centennial 
Grounds. His brother, Amasa, was sent to 
England the same year; and sold the Eng¬ 
lish right to Wm. Thomas for $1,000; and 
he (Thomas) realized therefrom over $1,000,- 
000. Mr. Howe went to England in 1847, 
and after various trials, returned to the 
United States in 1849, penniless. To secure 
passage home, he was obliged to pawn his 
first machine and also his letters patent. 
Again he was compelled to pursue his trade 
as a machinist in order to obtain a living. 

Many began to infringe upon his patent; 
suits were commenced; and to prosecute 
these, his father mortgaged a valuable farm. 
It was not until 1854 that a decision was 
obtained in his favor. In pronouncing the 
opinion of the Court, Judge Sprague, of 
Massachusetts, used the following emphatic 
language :—“ There is no evidence in this 
case that leaves a shadow of doubt that for 
all the benefits conferred by the introduction 
of sewing machines, the public are indebted 
to Elias Howe, Jr.” Upon the rendition of 
this opinion, the various manufacturers 
formed a combination to protect each other 
against infringements, and all agreed to pay 
Mr. Howe a royalty upon every machine 
made. In 1869 Mr. Howe exhibited his 
machine at the Paris Exposition, where he 
w r as awarded a gold medal, the highest 
premium; and was decorated by the Em¬ 
peror with the Cross of the Legion of 
Honor. Shortly after his return home he 
died. 

A bronze statue of Mr. Howe has been 
erected on the border of the lake in the 
park, opposite the main entrance of Ma¬ 
chinery Hall. It is of heroic size, nine feet 
six inches in height. It was designed by 
Robert Wood & Co., at a cost of $20,000; 
and at the close of the present exhibition, is 
to be plaeed in Central Park, New York. 
We give the particulars of the trial of this 
remarkable man for the encouragement of 
young inventors, to whom we say never be 
discouraged by difficulties in introducing 
new inventions. Trials always await genius, 
and the moment of success may be the hour 
of the greatest peril. It was so with him, 
but his determined will overcame all, and 
placed him eventually upon the pinnacle of 
fortune. No less than thirty-two companies 
have been formed, with an aggregate capital 




324 


MACHINERY HALL—SEWING MACHINES. 


of $30,000,000, and producing 400,000 ma¬ 
chines annually. More than 12,000 men 
are engaged in the various factories, and 
nearly an equal number in the sales and 
agencies. 

The exhibit of this company has cost 
$38,000; $12,000 of which have been ex¬ 
pended for pamphlets and catalogues. The 
factories give employment to 3,500 people, 
and cover a space of over twelve acres. 

TIIE ST. JOHN SEWING MACHINE 
CO., Springfield, O.—A very neat pavilion 
incloses this exhibit. Fine specimens of 
work are shown. The machine draws the 
under and lower threads at the same instant, 
and finishes each stitch before another is 
commenced. It holds the fabric firmly, and 
works with equal facility forward or back¬ 
ward. It has a close shuttle in one piece, 
with no hole to thread through, the bobbin 
holding from eighty to one hundred yards. 
The tension is very simple. Value of ex¬ 
hibit, $5,000. Capital, $500,000. 

GROVER & BAKER SEWING MA¬ 
CHINES.—There is a small pavilion devot¬ 
ed to an exhibit of these machines, but the 
manufacture and sale of them have been 
transferred to the— 

DOMESTIC SEWING MACHINE CO., 
New York and Chicago.—The pavilion is 
tastefully arranged. In the center is a fig¬ 
ure of a lady in braided and embroidered 
satin dress; entirely finished on the Domes¬ 
tic. There are other specimens of most ex¬ 
cellent work. The Domestic makes a 
double-thread lock-stitch, uses a perfectly 
straight needle and a capacious shuttle. 
Needle and shuttle being operated by the 
same shaft, it can not skip stitches. In the 
absence of cams and gear-wheels, the power 
is applied directly to the needle. Sews 
equally well, thick or thin material. Runs 
very smoothly and without noise. Value of 
exhibit, $20,000. Hands employed, 1,000. 
All the machine iron work made in Newark, 
N. J. Woodwork in New York. Capital, 
$ 1 , 000 , 000 . 

WHITNEY MAN’F’G. CO., Paterson, N. 
J.—Very highly finished sewing machines. 
Exhibit, $1,100. Will sew with glazed or 
any other thread. 

WILCOX & GIBBS SEWING MA¬ 
CHINE CO., New York.—Machines made 
by Brown & Sharp, Providence, R. I. Ten¬ 
sion self-regulating. Stitch adjustment, au¬ 
tomatic. An elegant case that alone cost 
$900 contains a splendid embroidered dress, 


price $1,000. Another, $300. One pillow 
sham, $100. Value of exhibit, $15,000. 
Established 1846. 

FLORENCE SEWING MACHINE CO., 
Florence, Mass.—The invention of L. W. 
Langdon in 1856. The principal point is, 
reversible feed. By a turn of a thumb- 
piece it will instantly stay the needle or stop, 
reverse and fasten the thread. It will run 
backward or forward with equal facility. 
The examining committee at San Francisco, 
in 1875, gave the “First place as a family 
sewing machine” to the Florence. They 
have received several medals. 

The company also makes skates and oil 
stoves. They have four mills; one, 48 by 
160, one story; one, 48 by 150, three 
stories; one, 48 by 150, four stories; and 
one, 32 by 150, two stories. Also, foundry 
and other buildings, including thirty-one 
tenement houses. Cost of exhibit, $4,750. 
Established 1861. Hands, 300. Capital, 
$500,000. 

REMINGTON SEWING MACHINE 
CO., Ilion, N. Y.—Crank motion shuttle 
machine. Runs very light. Also, inde¬ 
pendent button-hole machine, that will make 
1,800 to 2,000 perfect holes in a day. This 
is the invention of S. Cole Winshaw, of 
Troy. Exhibit of one elegant embroidery. 
Value of exhibit, $10,000. Established 
forty years. Flands, 800. Capital between 
$7,000,000 and $8,000,000. 

WEED SEWING MACHINE CO., 
Hartford, Conn.—They claim the “ highest 
award in the power of the Commissioners to 
bestow, for the best shuttle machine.” Ex¬ 
hibit handsomely dressed dolls, and other 
samples of work. In the machine they 
avoid all cams and gear, substituting a 
straight, horizontal shaft and two cranks. 
Needle runs in frame of hardened steel, and 
is provided with a thread controller; the 
stitch being drawn down by the needle bar. 
The stitch is locked in the middle of the 
cloth. Value of exhibit, $5,000. Estab¬ 
lished 1851 ; reorganized, 1865. Employ 
250 hands. Capital, $600,000. 

WILSON SEWING MACHINE CO., 
Chicago, Ill. — Shuttle sewing machine. 
New combination of crank and cam, and a 
transverse independent shuttle race, which 
insures, an open, square lock-stitch, without 
undue friction on the thread. Also, a long 
shuttle driver or pitman—a good point, as 
it avoids sharp angles. Short straight 
needle and steel shuttle. 







MACHINERY HALL-SEWING MACHINES. 


325 


WHEELER & WILSON MANUF’G CO., 
New York; factory at Bridgeport, Ct.—Their’s 
was the only sewing machine for which two 
awards were made: “ For the following reasons: 
1. A lock-stitch sewing-machine unsurpassed 
in the fine workmanship of its parts, and pos¬ 
sessing great originality, great adaptability to 
different classes of work both on cloth and leath¬ 
er, beauty of stitch, ease and rapidity of motion, 
and completeness of display. 2. Superior qual¬ 
ity of work in leather stitching.” Value of ex¬ 
hibit, $10,000. Established 25 years. Number 
hands in factory, 1,200 to 2,000. No. engaged 
otherwise still more. Capital. $1,000,000 ; but 
$7,000,000 to $8,000,000 constantly used. 

COLE’S UNIVERSAL FEED SEWING 
MACHINE CO., New York—The exhibit 
consists of several machines, all being run 
by competent hands, mostly young ladies; 
and an assortment of braided work in ele¬ 
gant patterns. The principal recommenda¬ 
tion of this invention is that the feed is 
movable in any direction. A feed dog com¬ 
pletely encircles the needle, and holds the 
work firmly on all sides. The braiding is 
very perfect, and it is claimed that the ma¬ 
chine will do more braiding in a given time, 
than any six other machines. Our name 
was written on cloth and heavily bordered 
by this machine in just one minute. It was 
patented in 1868. Others claimed an in¬ 
fringement, and the courts were resorted to, 
to settle the dispute. In the meantime, the 
company remained idle. The suits having 
been decided in favor of the Cole machine, 
a company was formed, and have only re¬ 
cently commenced making the article. They 
will now be placed on the market rapidly, 
and are sure to be approved. 

DAVIS SEWING MACHINE CO., 
Watertown, N. Y.—Vertical Feed Shuttle 
Sewing Machine, steel shuttle, milled shank 
needle, adjustable needle plate, and new 
patent thread controller; together with an 
automatic bobbin winder. The strongest 
point, perhaps, is a vertical feed, which is 
arranged above the shuttle plate, the goods 
resting upon a smooth surface, and held 
down firmly by the presser foot, until the 
needle has penetrated the fabric; when the 
pressure is transmitted to the vertical feed- 
bar, that comes down on the work close be¬ 
hind the needle. The contrivance is simple, 
practicable, durable. The present exhibit 
is highly creditable. Value, $3,500. Est’d 
1869. Hands, 200. Capital, $500,000. 

MRS. C. WIMPFIIEIMER, Phila.—Dis¬ 
play of woven and plaited hair work, made 
on machines built by Dienelt & Eisenhardt. | 


Elegant case of hair work. Also, one of 
silk articles. 

C. C. WILLIS UNIVERSAL SEWING 
MACHINE, Oyster Bay, N. Y.—A new ma¬ 
chine, claimed to make very excellent work. 

V ARDWELL MAN’F’G. CO., St. Louis, 
Mo. — A new two-spool sewing machine. 
The needle provided with ball and socket 
joint. Machines make the shuttle lock-stitch 
direct from two 200 yard store spools, saving 
the trouble of winding the under thread. 
The machines are not yet on the market. 

AMERICAN BUTTON-HOLE & SEW¬ 
ING MACHINE CO., Phila. 


The above firm object to our describing 
their exhibit. 


VICTOR SEWING MACHINE CO., 
Middletown, Conn.—A shuttle machine with 
all the late improvements. Uses a straight, 
self-adjusting needle—runs rapidly and quiet¬ 
ly—will do any kind of work, such as hem¬ 
ming, felling, braiding, cording, Ac. 

McLEAN A BENNOR MACHINE CO., 
Phila.—Their sewing machines will embroid¬ 
er, braid, or gather without further attach¬ 
ment. They take the thread directly from 
the spool. This is claimed as an advantage 
over the shuttle machines. 

UNITED STATES MAN’F’G. CO.— 
Sewing machines at cheap rates. Two ele¬ 
gantly dressed dolls, representing the fash¬ 
ions of 1776 and 1876. Price, $5. Hand 
machines. 

JOHNSON, CLARK A CO., New York. 
—Improved home shuttle sewing machines. 
Lock-stitch. Compact. Simple. Seam 
elastic, and will stand washing and ironing. 
Requires no hand fastening. Works equally 
well with silk, linen, or cotton thread. Ex¬ 
hibit, $20,000. The shuttle moves in a 
curved race to prevent friction. Exhibit, 
$5,000. Established 1863. Hands, 300. 
Capital, $500,000. 

A. T. STOOPS, Phila.—Circular feed 
sewing machines, intended principally for 
custom boot and shoemakers. Also, for 
pocket-book makers. Claimed to be a very 
perfect machine. 










32G MACHINERY HALL-KNITTING MACHINES, ETC., CURLING AND BRAIDING, MOTORS. 


KNITTING MACHINES, ETC. 

DANA BICKFORD, Brattleboro’, Vt.— 
Office, New York. Knitting’machines, easily 
adjusted and rapid working. In the pavil¬ 
ion are several machines and operators. 
Among them, one young lady who is entire¬ 
ly blind—a pupil of the New York Institute 
for the Blind—who does the most perfect 
work on one of these little machines. 

BRAUSON KNITTING MACHINE CO., 
(limited,) Phila.; factory at Bellefonte, Pa. 
—Carries all knots to the inside of the work. 
Works equally well in coarse or fine yarn. 

J. HINKLEY, Norwalk, O. — Knitting 
machine and carpet sweeper. Knitting done 
on straight form without needle. Price, 
$30. A straight vertical comb with travers¬ 
ing looper. Patented last February. Also, 
a new system of belting for increasing speed, 
and an interesting toy wheel painted with 
prismatic colors. The wheel being made to 
revolve upon an ever-changing axis, causes 
the position of the colors to vary in many 
circles. The effect is not unlike that of the 
kaleidoscope, though more varied and of 
greater brilliancy. 

LAMB KNITTING MACHINE MANU¬ 
FACTURING CO., Chicopee Falls, Mass.- 
Patented in 1863 and 1865. An easy run¬ 
ning machine, doing excellent work. Has 
received four first-prize medals. 

POPE MAN’F’G. CO., Boston.—A new 
machine for darning, claimed to be a good 
worker. Horizontal needles run over the 
hole to be darned, each one carrying a thread 
or yarn, so that the darning is done in¬ 
stantly. 

GOWING’S BOBBIN FILLING MA¬ 
CHINE; H. D. Hawley, Phila., agent.— 
Saves wear of sewing machine, and fills 300 
to 400 per hour. 

BUTLER BRAIDER CO., Clinton, Mass.; 
S. B. & M. Fleisher, Phila.—Braiders, star 
braid, spools, bobbins, &c. Hands, 150. 
Established 1866. Capital, $80,000. 


CURLING AND BRAIDING. 

J. D. OPPENHEIMER, Phila.—Newly 
invented hair curling tubes, connected with 
any hot water apparatus by flexible pipes. 
They are kept hot by the steam, and can 
never scorch the hair. 

S. J. ANDERSON, Madison, N. Y.—A 
patent plaiting machine, invented since the 
opening of the exhibition. Metallic strips 


are placed across a board, and the cloth to 
be plaited or crimped, is forced between the 
strips by a dull metallic knife. It works 
well. 


MOTORS. 

HENRY A. HASKELL, Albany, N. Y.— 
Cold water engine; H. D. Hawley, Phila., 
agent. A motor that costs $40, to run sew¬ 
ing machines, &c., by the supply through 
the pipes of city water works. 

R. RHETT, Balt.—New machine, patent¬ 
ed in April, 1876, for clock-work attachment 
for running sewing machines. Is now run- 
ning on Domestic, Wheeler, and Wilson & 
Gibbs machines. Cost, $35. Will run from 
ten to thirty minutes, slow or fast, with one 
winding. Thus far, only six have been 
made, but arrangements are being com¬ 
pleted for their manufacture. 


ELECTRIC. 

Small electric battery attached to a ma¬ 
chine. No card, but plenty of dust. 


MILL MACHINERY. 

EDWARD P. ALLIS & CO., Milwaukee, 
Wis.—Here we find a large exhibit of mill 
machinery. In making flour, the wheat is 
first run through the grain scourer and smut- 
ter, which removes all the fuzz and any dust 
or dirt. Then to the millstones and ground, 
whence it passes to the bolting-reel, which is 
clothed with different grades of silk; the 
flour passes through the first or finest, the 
middlings through a coarser cloth at the end, 
while the bran goes over the top. We now 
reach the main feature of this exhibit—the 
rollers. The middlings, under the new pro¬ 
cess, are run to the dusters, and any flour 
remaining is taken out; next to the purifiers, 
and subjected to currents of air which re¬ 
move all the fine particles of bran and dust, 
leaving them in a perfectly clean and white 
state. Then run through chilled iron rollers, 
(instead of sending them to the stone, which 
would cut up any impurities that might re¬ 
main), from which they pass to the reels to 
be bolted; the middlings pass through the 
silk, while the specks and germs, which have 
been flattened, pass out at the end. An 
idea of the precision required in turning 
these rollers, may be formed from the fact 
that the cloth through which this flour must 










MACHINERY ITALL.-WOOD-WORKING MACHINERY. 


327 


pass, contains 28,900 meshes to the square 
inch. 

KREIDER, CAMPBELL & CO., Phila. 
—Mill machinery. Been established for 
about seventeen years; from 50 to 60 men 
employed. They exhibit a horizontal steam- 
engine of 15 horse-power; one machine 
lathe of 16 inches swing; three portable 
mills, with patent stands which are self¬ 
clamping; paint mill and mixers; a grinding 
machine for fruit jars, flasks, Ac.; diamond 
paint mills—one 15 inch plate and one 11 
inch; patent smut machine; disintegrating 
bone machine, to grind bones, clay, Ac. 
This exhibit is large and varied. 

BARNARD A LEA’S MAN’F’G. CO., 
Moline, Ill.—This firm was started in 1859; 
now employs 60 men and a capital of $125,- 
000. They exhibit a combined smutter and 
separator; the Victor lengthened and brush 
scourer; dusters; wheat separator; flour 
packer; corn sheller, and a dustless ware¬ 
house and elevator separator. The goods 
arc well made and strong. 

C. K. BULLOCK, Phila.—An exhibit of 
a turbine water wheel; a “ Quaker City ” 
flour packer; purifier; smut machine; port¬ 
able mills; coil springs for mills; spindles, 
bolting-cloth, and mill bushes ; an improved 
stone balance; French burr and calico mill¬ 
stones. 

EDWARD HARRISON, New Haven, 
Conn. — A combined flour mill—grinding 
and bolting; corn and feed mill; they claim 
a complete flouring mill, which takes the grain 
and delivers the flour, making one barrel 
an hour. All the mills are furnished with 
French burrs. 


WOOD-WORKING MACHINERY. 

One reason why the ancient nations dwelt 
long in tents, was the difficulty of working 
timber. Trees of finest growth were plen¬ 
tiful, but the tools were of the simplest 
construction, and all made of bronze. This 
was the great metal of the early mechanic, 
and he well understood how to temper it. 
After the flint axe and hammer, the 
tempered bronze was a wonderful advance. 
After the Greeks had received the bronze 
saw from the Egyptians, they deified the 
inventor, called Salus, sometimes Perdix. 
They asserted that the idea was taken from 
the jaw of a snake; so that the immortal 
god was obliged to imitate the miserable 

reptile to form a- tool for common labor. 

1 16 


Fortunately the fable follows, does not 
precede the invention. 

The first saw-mill erected in this country 
was in Virginia, in 1620. In 1633 the 
Dutch East India Company erected three 
—one on Nut (now Governor’s) Island, that 
was a wind-mill, and one on Mill Creek, a 
small creek that flowed from the Collect in 
the city of New York (then New Amster¬ 
dam) into the East River. This was driven 
by water, and stood near the center of the 
Collect, just about where the Tombs prison 
now stands. The company rented their 
mills for a term of years at an annual rental 
of “ five hundred merchantable boards per 
annum, to be one-half oak and one-half 
pine.” One year later, a saw-mill was 
erected at Piscataqua, in New England. 
From these others were added, until saw¬ 
mills became common wherever there was 
timber to supply them. 

During and after the war of 1812, the 
increased demand for timber called for 
more rapid methods of producing boards. 
Large mills at Oswego, at the mouth of the 
Oswego river, were improved by the intro¬ 
duction of gang saws. A large log being 
secured upon the frame, at one passage of 
the saws was entirely separated. Gang 
saws are now used in our heavy timber 
lands, and are found profitable. 

Another improvement was in boring logs 
for water pipes and pumps. Iron pipes had 
not yet been introduced, and wooden con¬ 
ducts were needed. Logs to be bored 'were: 
placed upon wooden frames, and hollowed 
by immense augurs, worked altogether by 
hand—two men turning the handles at a 
great waste of labor. 

In 1827 a little mill at Baldwinsville, 
New York, created quite a sensation among; 
a certain class, then called water engineers.. 
It was about twelve feet square, and SO' 
built that a part of it hung over the waters, 
of the Oswego river. An augur was. 
placed perpendicularly, the screw end 
reaching just above the floor—the ma¬ 
chinery to turn it was below. A movable 
frame—similar to a saw-frame—was so ar¬ 
ranged as to be raised or lowered at 
pleasure. Being horizontal, a log was 
drawn from the flume by ordinary ma¬ 
chinery, and secured upon the frame, 
which was immediately hoisted by one end, 
so that the lower end of the log would 
center over the screw. The main gate be¬ 
ing now opened, the augur commenced 









323 


MACHINERY HALL-WOODWORKING MACHINES. 


work—the frame lowered gradually, and 
in two minutes the log was perforated, 
while the chips dropped into the river and 
floated off. 

The shingle trade beginning to be heavy, 
shingle machines are invented; these have 
been improved until we now have scores. 
Tenoning and mortising machines, bar¬ 
rel and hub machines, planing and bead¬ 
ing machines have been added until there 
appears to be little room for improvement; 
and yet they are being constantly made. 

In this branch there are sixty-one ex¬ 
hibitors. 

FIRST & PRYIBIL, New York.—Makers 
of band saws and various kinds of wood¬ 
working machinery. The work on these 
machines is done in the most approved 
manner by experienced workmen, while only 
first quality materials are used. They make 
saws with an adjustable arrangement, by 
which the cut can be directed at any re¬ 
quired bevel, without disturbing the running 
gear. Their new saw-filing apparatus has 
become popular. They publish a list of 
over 100 patrons who have used and recom¬ 
mended their band saws. Their swing saw 
is an ingenious machine; and their Carving 
Machine a very perfect operator in careful 
hands. It works by a pattern and forming 
pin, producing an exact copy of any original 
design. The upper arm is set in a spring, 
forming a ball and a socket-joint, so as to 
move up, down, or sideways. The pattern 
and carving block can be set in any required 
position, and moved backward or forward by 
a screw connected to the slide of the bed. 
Several sizes can be carved from one pattern. 
Fifteen of these machines are now in opera¬ 
tion and give entire satisfaction. The house 
has been established fifteen years, and em¬ 
ploys 40 hands, and uses a large capital. 

HENRY DISSTON & SONS, Phila.— 
Saws. This firm was established in 1840, 
and is the largest in this business in the 
United States. The exhibit is contained in 
an immense case, long and high, of carpen¬ 
ters’, butchers’, circular, and cross-cut saws. 
At each end of the case is a large band saw 
placed upon pulleys. Along the bottom of 
the case are desk-cases, containing spirit- 
levels, squares, elegantly finished hinges, full 
line of masons’ tools, files of all sizes, and 
carpenters’ tools. The goods of this firm 
are extensively used and well appreciated, as 
being of the first quality and highest finish. 
They have been very particular in regard to 


the choice of material for their various man¬ 
ufactures, as well as to the mode of working. 
The main works are in Philadelphia, with a 
branch a few miles from the city. They 
employ about 1,100 hands, and a capital of 
$1,500,000. The value of their exhibit is 
about $8,000. Their annual sales amount 
to $1,500,000. 

SIMONDS MAN’F’G CO., Fitchburg, Mass.— 
Manufacturers of circular saws, knives, sickles and 
sections (or reapers), and mowers, all made with¬ 
out hammering. The saws are straightened by 
means of heat and pressure, and without ham mer¬ 
ino 1 . The process requiring a uniform heat, insures 
a perfectly uniform temper, and they tile and set 
in a more satisfactory manner. Being free from 
uneven strain, they stand up to their work better. 
As the steel is left in a natural condition, the saws 
retain their original shape, or position, as they are 
reduced iu size, avoiding the necessity of re ham¬ 
mering. Being made of a higher quality of steel 
than is practicable by the old method, they hold an 
edge longer Mill saws 50 inches in diameter have 
been tested from 400 to 1250 turns a minute, with 
perfect satisfaction. Practical firms of long expe¬ 
rience certify-that no hammered saw can equal 
it. The “ Simonds” saws received at the Centen¬ 
nial a medal, diploma, and the following report of 
the Board of Judges: “ Circular saws of beautiful 
finish and form, and originality in the method of 
manufacture.” The house employs 75 to 100 
hands. Capital, $150,000. 

BAXTER D. WHITNEY, Winchendon, 
Mass.—Gauge lathes, baud sawing and band 
saw re-sawing machines, cylinder planers, 
smoothing machines, &c. Several of these 
machines are at work, and prove their good 
qualities by actual tests. The scrapers are 
very complete. Once passing a rough board 
through is enough to bring it out smooth 
and almost polished. Mr. Whitney has been 
established over thirty-five years ; employs 
75 hands, and a capital of $75,000. 

GREENWICH MACHINE WORKS, 
Washington Co., N. Y.—A combined ma¬ 
chine, for circular sawing, planing, surface 
molding, scroll sawing, mitering, and boring. 
The principle feature of the machine is 
Weaver’s new mechanical movement. There 
are two large wheels running upon shafts 
parallel to the tool shaft. Upon these 
wheels run two bands, on'e over and one 
under the tool shaft, thus equalizing the 
friction in the journal. 

S. B. FULLER, Lynn, Mass.—Jig saws 
working by hand and sold at cheap rates. 
To make inlaid work, dark and light colored 
pieces are clamped together, the saw set on 
a bevel, and the figures sawed out. The 
bevel answers to just hold the wood to be 
inlaid, when pressed into the other strip. 
Of course the fitting must be exact, as 




329 


MACHINERY HALL-WOODWORKING MACHINES. 


one cut of the saw acts on both pieces at 
once. 

. E. & F. GLEASON, Pliila.—Improved 
wood tools; single and double surfacing 
machines. Three single band saws; one 
jointer; patent traveling machine. Other 
machines. Together, worth $4,600. House 
has been established eight years; employs 
20 hands, and a capital of $20,000. 

J. A. FAY & CO., Cincinnati, O.—Wood¬ 
working machines. Band saws and re-saw¬ 
ing machines, with several late improvements. 
Have their own draftsmen and designers. 
Value of exhibit, $12,000. A new patent 
universal wood worker, large band re-sawing 
machine, and improved planer and matcher. 
Established 1836. They employ 250 hands, 
and a capital of $300,000. 

F. S. BABBITT, Taunton, Mass.; Wm. 
P. Walters & Son, agents.—Small combina¬ 
tion lathes for turning, scroll and circular 
sawing, boring, drilling, grooving, polishing, 
&c. The machine is simple and can be 
rapidly adjusted. A very complete amateur 
machine. Founded 1865, and employs 12 
hands. 

TRUMP BROS., Wilmington, Del.- 
Manufacturers of the Fleetwood scroll saws, 
intended for sawing and carving. Simple 
construction and easily managed. It is in¬ 
tended to furnish artisans in shell, horn, and 
ivory, with a model sawing machine, at low 
price and foot power. Founded in 1873. 
They employ 13 hands. Prices range from 
$6 to $26. 

W. II. HAVENS, Paterson, N. J.—Cir¬ 
cular saw tables, with a simple contrivance 
for raising and lowering the saw without 
altering the belt. 

W. L. COVEL, Beloit, Wis.—Automatic 
saw sharpening machines. An emery wheel 
arbor is firmly held by thumb-screws, through 
which the wheel is adjusted to fit the angles 
of the tooth ; the saw being elevated to the 
wheel by simple appliances, avoiding all un¬ 
evenness in the work. 

E. M. BOYNTON, N. York.—Saw maker. 
Also, manufacturers’ tools, files, &c. Patent 
lightning saws. The lightning saw is pro¬ 
vided with m shaped teeth, sharpened on 
both sides, so that it really cuts both ways. 
The saws are largely approved. Mr. Boyn¬ 
ton has been established fifteen years, and 
has a well earned reputation. 

SEYMOUR & WHITLOCK, Newark, N. 
J.—One jig saw; a number of mitering ma¬ 
chines, with set knives, moving vertically; 


an automatic machine for boring holes in 
window blinds; boring them any size, depth, 
or distance apart; a dovetailing machine; 
also, a joint and miter plane. 

AMERICAN SAW CO., Trenton, N. J.— 
Exhibit of punches and shears. At the rear 
of the space are displayed circular and tim¬ 
ber saws, and movable teeth saws. 

HEWETT & FOLLANSBEE, Washing¬ 
ton, D. C.—Exhibit of a saw setter and a 
saw filer. 


SHINGLES. 

The log designed to be cut into shingles 
is first taken to the drag or cut-off saw, 
where transverse sections are cut the length 
of the future shingles. These are taken 
to the bolting machine, where they are di¬ 
vided into bolts , ready to be sawed into 
shingles. This has not only proved itself 
to be labor saving, but it also saves a large 
portion of the timber, because the wood 
being divided by a saw instead of an axe, 
there is nothing lost but the saw-kerf; 
whereas, from a split block—particularly 
where the timber is winding—three and 
sometimes more cuts are necessary before 
a good shingle is obtained. Those bolts 
are now taken to the shingle machine—a 
representation of one of the approved may 
be found on page 101—to be cut off. It 
is claimed for this machine that it makes 
smoother work, because the feed is uni¬ 
form, and the block does not come oack 
across the saw. The shingles are now 
taken to the press and buncher , with which 
a suitable number of them may be readily 
adjusted and compactly bound together in 
a neat and convenient bundle so they can 
be easily handled and safely transported. 


HOUSTON, SMITH & CO., Montgom¬ 
ery, Pa.—A machine for making a square 
hole. The wood is placed in a head and 
moved toward a square, hollow chisel, in 
which runs an auger; there is also a circular 
saw attachment. Also, a morticing machine, 
a door and blind, and a patent sash clamp. 

A. M. BENSON, Cleveland, O.—Exhibit 
of a machine for splitting out heavy staves; 
and one for cutting them the requisite 
length. In the first, the wood is pushed be¬ 
tween two upright knives. The other con¬ 
sists of two circular saws, running upon the 
same shaft, and the length of a stave apart. 
HOWARD MAN’F’G. CO., Belfast, Me. 










330 


MACHINERY HALL—WOODWORKING MACHINES. 


—Exhibit of mitering machines. Two 
blades, which can be set at any angle, move 
horizontally toward the work. The work 
can also be placed at any angle to the mo¬ 
tion of the saw. 

J. L. PALMER, Belfast, Me.-—Exhibit of 
one stave jointing machine. 

KNAPPS DOVETAILING MACHINE 
CO., Northampton.—Exhibit of their ma¬ 
chines. 

LANE MAN’F’G. CO., Montpelier, Vt.— 
Exhibit of wood planers. One 20 inch tur¬ 
bine wheel, in which the guides are station¬ 
ary ; the gate being circular can be easily 
raised even under great pressure; when 
necessary, the wheel can be raised by bolts 
upon the top. 

MARTIN BUCK, Lebanon, N. H.—All 
sorts of woodworking machinery. Blind 
stile morticer and borer. Blind slat planes. 
Blind tenoner. Blind crimper. Adjustable 
groover heads. Band saws. Wedge and 
pin machines. Mr. Buck has been engaged 
in inventing and perfecting these machines 
for thirty years, and now produces articles 
that can do the work of from ten to forty 
men ; while every piece is perfectly accurate. 

S. A. WOODS’ MACHINE CO., 
Boston, Mass. — Planing, tonguing, and 
grooving machines. General wood ma¬ 
chinery. New panel planer working per¬ 
fectly. Established 1854. Employing 200 
hands and a large capital. 

POWER, TAINTER & CO., Phila.— 
Manufacturers of Woodworth planer and 
matcher. Prices ranging from $900 to 
$1,400. Panel planers, $175 to $250. 
Endless bed single and double surfacing 
machines, shapers, molders, and dovetailers, 
Ac., Ac. Exhibit valued at $5,000. Found¬ 
ed I860. Employ 70 hands and large cap¬ 
ital. 

RICHARDS, LONDON A KELLEY, Atlan¬ 
tic Works, Philadelphia.—Machines for work¬ 
ing w r ood. Established 1809. Capacity 100 
hands. Cash paid in, $100,000. Exhibit a 
variety of machines for all parts of joiner 
work, turning, etc., etc. Superior band saw 
machines for scroll work and resaw ing, band 
saw T setting machine, glue heater, hot iron saw, 
etc., etc. Also elegant specimens of band saw¬ 
ing, one piece, “ The Centennial Clock” worth 
$300, being the most elaborate produced in 
America. Value of exhibit, $15,000. 

SNYDER BROS. Founders and Machin¬ 
ists, Williamsport, Pa.—Shingle and sash 
dovetailing machines. 

GOODELL A WATERS, Phila.—Endless 


bed double surfacing, and other woodwork¬ 
ing machines. Very complete tools, and 
made strong and serviceable. Weight of 
surfacing machine, 5,000 pounds. Cost, 
$800. 

GOULDING, JOHNSON A CO., Louis¬ 
ville, Ky.—Veneer cutting machine. Cuts 
dry or green w 7 ood with equal facility. The 
machine is strongly made, and performs its 
work with unvarying precision. 

E. A B. HOLMES, Buffalo, N. Y.—Bar¬ 
rel, keg, hogshead, and stave machinery. 
Also, steam-engines of all sizes. After many 
years of labor and close study, the Messrs. 
Holmes have produced machines that great¬ 
ly simplify the hitherto difficult process of 
making barrels. It is an important matter 
at any time to save labor, for all know that 
hand coopering is extremely irksome and 
tedious, as well as wearing upon the human 
system. These gentlemen now offer a com¬ 
plete set of machines, by which not only is 
every portion of a barrel formed, but the 
barrel itself is put together, chimes cut, 
heading fitted, much more perfectly than if 
done by the best cooper. There can be no 
imperfection in the work as long as the ma¬ 
chine is in order; and there is very little to 
get out of order. There are seven sets. 
1st, tight barrel machinery; 2d, tight stave 
machinery; 3d, tight heading; 4th, 5th, and 
6th, same for slack barrel machinery; 7th, 
machinery for making kegs and small casks. 
Tight barrels are for liquids; spirits, oils, 
Ac. Slack barrels are for flour, sugar, lime, 
Ac. The machines run thus:—One for 
blocking or sawing out stave timber, thick 
or thin. Another for forming and shaping 
the stave. Another for leveling the barrels. 
Another for placing the staves. Then one 
for drawing on the iron truss-bands ready 
for hooping. Then for cutting chimes. In 
looking at the machines it seems as if there 
was nothing left to be done by hand. The 
barrels when finished are perfectly alike ; and 
each one most elegantly made. 

The value of their exhibit is placed at 
$10,000. They employ 110 hands; have 
been in business twenty years, and use a 
capital of $200,000. They put up works 
for barrel builders. One concern, using 
their machinery, makes 700 barrels a day. 
One in Brooklyn makes 1,500 a day. Still 
another 6,000, and another 2,500. 

BENTEL, M ARGEDANT & CO., Ham¬ 
ilton, O.—All kinds of woodworking ma¬ 
chinery. Value of exhibit, $6,000. They 











EVARTS’ PATENT ROTARY TWELVE BLOCK SHINGLE MACHINE. 

C. s. & S. BURT, DUNLEITH ILL. 


































































































































































































































































































































NO. JL—.MACHINE FOR CHAMFERING, HOWELING AND CROZING TIGHT AND SLACK BARRELS. 

E. & B. HOLMES, BUFFALO, N. Y. 

































































































































































































































































































































































MACHINERY HALL-CORKS. 


employ 100 hands ; have been established 
since 1868, and use a capital of $150,000. 
They have taken premiums at the Cincinnati 
Exposition every year, from 1870 to 1875, 
both inclusive, for the best universal wood¬ 
working machinery. They have obtained 
an excellent reputation for their Universal 
Wood Workers. They also find a wide sale 
for the jointers and hand planers, band saws 
and scroll saws. 

S. B. SMITH, Smithville, N. J.—This 
gentlemen presents a great variety of wood¬ 
working machines. Planers and matchers; 
surfacers of all kinds, single and double; 
boring, sawing, and re-sawing machines; 
swing cut-off saws; blind stile boring ma¬ 
chines. Then he has parts of machines 
always ready to replace those that are in¬ 
jured. Machines to drive by hand, foot, or 
steam-power. Sand-papering machines and 
beam vises. To add to his other many oc¬ 
cupations, Mr. Smith publishes a neat little 
weekly of eight pages, in which his adver¬ 
tisements and cuts of his various machines 
xppear. It is also well filled with good, rich 
literary matter. Ilis panel raising machine 
will raise a panel on both sides any width, 
up to three and a half inches. The head- 
stocks are adjustable, while the cutters are 
so shaped as to make a drawing cut; a mat¬ 
ter of importance in any cutting machine. 
He makes forty different machines. 

ROSEWELL HART, Rochester, N. Y.— 
Machinery for making half round hoops and 
box straps. These machines consist of, first, 
a large splitter for poles, from which three 
to eight hoops can be made. The splitter 
cuts absolutely through the center of the 
poles, and by a single rapid thrust divides, 
at one operation, each pole into as many 
splints as it contains. The finisher cuts off 
the knots, takes out the core, finishes the 
face of the hoop, crimps it, and delivers a 
perfect hoop with an even thickness from 
end to end. The splitter splits twelve to 
fifteen hoops a minute, while the finisher 
will run through twelve hoops of six feet per 
minute. The machines are easily managed 
by three boys, and will produce 6,000 fin¬ 
ished hoops in a day. Mr. Hart has received 
a number of certificates from persons who 
have used his hoops for two years, by which 
it appears they are highly approved. He 
now employs 50 hands. 

C. S. A S. BURT, Dunleith, Ill.—These 
gentlemen have on exhibition a shingle ma¬ 
chine, said to be the largest in the world; 


and with which they can turn out 200,000 
shingles in a day, for a month or more at a 
time. On a large bed cutters are arranged. 
The machine is made with adjustable dogs, 
so that shingles sixteen and eighteen inches 
in length can be made with it. The revolv¬ 
ing carriage is moved by friction, which en¬ 
ables the operator to control it with perfect 
ease, and to stop or start it instantly. It 
makes smooth work with very little waste. 
A man and boy can manage the whole oper¬ 
ation. Cost, $1,250. 

They also make a shingle and barrel head 
machine that has held the market for fifteen 
years, being sold all over the land. Capaci¬ 
ty in shingles, from 25,000 to 40,000 a day. 
Established 1860. Number of hands em¬ 
ployed, 25. Capital, $50,000. 

BATTLE CREEK MACHINERY CO., 
Mich.; Michael T. Boult.—Large array of 
woodworking machines, valued at $10,000; 
and including molders, dovetailers, Ac. 
The machines work with great accuracy, and 
are not liable to get out of order. The 
house was established in 1868, and yet has 
already won a notable reputation, as the 
machines are sent to all quarters of the 
country, and even to many foreign lands. 
Hands employed, 30. Capital used, from 
$30,000 to $40,000. 

WALKER BROS., Phila.—Woodwork¬ 
ing machinery. Several employed at mak¬ 
ing fancy articles. 

C. B. ROGERS & CO., Norwich, Ct.— 
Various woodworking machines for car build¬ 
ers’s planing mills. Machines for cabinet 
work, for sash, blind, and door makers. The 
machines run very smoothly, and do most ex¬ 
cellent work. Established forty years; em¬ 
ploy 150 hands, and use a very large capital. 
Among other machines is a perfect four¬ 
sided moulder. 


CORKS. 

CILAS. N. ROSSELL, Phila.—Practical 
exhibit of machines for cutting corks. 

WM. B. BURK A CO., Phila., exhibit the 
cork cutting machine patented by Board- 
man, of Lancaster, Pa. Heavy horizontal 
knife is driven at great speed. The cork is 
placed on a holder, and raised to the edge 
of the knife, that rapidly cuts it to the re¬ 
quired size. When the cork is placed in 
the holder it is drawn back by machinery, 
so that there is no danger of cutting the fin¬ 
gers. The machine works well and rapidly. 








336 


MACHINERY HALL-INDEPENDENCE HALL, BOATS. 


FISHER & IIALL, Cedar Vats and Tank 
Factory, Phila. — Elegantly made round, 
square, and oval cedar tanks. 


INDEPENDENCE HALL. 

Several stands where are exhibited small 
articles made of the wood of the old steeple 
of Independence Hall, and which the pro¬ 
prietor calls the “ Sacred Wood.” Gavels, 
$1.50. 

S. KUII, Grand Junction, Iowa.—Exten¬ 
sive clamps for holding many sticks while 
both ends are being cut. Self-adjusting 
peeler and splitter for stripping willows. 

COLLIGNON BROS., Phila.—An exhibit 
of cane seat folding chairs. 

BAXTER’S BAND SAW, Lebanon, N. 
II.—A rapid machine used for cutting toys. 

J. W. GRIFFITH, New York.—Universal 
wood bending machines. These machines 
are intended for bending wood for all pur¬ 
poses, but particularly for ship building. 
ILis largest machines are capable of bending- 
timber that is 15 by 19 inches. Timbers 
9 by 10 inches can be bent two at once. 
These are used for ship’s knees. Smaller 
machines bend felloes for wheels; and so 
perfect is the operation, that no check or 
crease is perceptible, and a wheel can be 
formed of only two felloes, each one making 
one-half of the whole circumference. In 
forming the body or hull of a ship, thirteen 
separate pieces of mostly crooked timbers 
are used. By this process only two pieces 
are necessary. The ship New 7 Era, built six 
or seven years ago, had her hull entirely 
constructed of this bent timber. The pro¬ 
cess may be briefly described as follows:— 
The timber to be bent is first planed to size 
required, say 5 by 6 inches. It is then 
placed in a steam box, where it is allowed 
to remain from one and a half to two hours, 
with steam at 240 degrees Fahrenheit. It 
is then placed in the bending machine, 
straight; and a pressure of one and a 
quarter to one and one-third of a ton ap¬ 
plied directly upon each end of the timber. 
The separate pressing sections are now 
moved as required for the intended bend, 
and in forty-five seconds more the work is 
accomplished. Of small timbers, as already 
named, two can be bent at one time. The 
timbers are not used until three days after 
bending, in order that they may have time 
to set. We were shown some small work 
one inch by one-half inch, bent to a semi¬ 


circle, and which required a pressure of 500 
pounds applied to the ends in order to pro¬ 
duce a fracture. 


BOATS. 

JOHN ROACH & SON, New York and 
Chester, Pa.—This is a large firm, employ¬ 
ing from 1,500 to 2,000 men. In the works 
located at Chester, they build all their ves¬ 
sels, while the New York division furnishes 
the machinery. They exhibit one iron plate 
twenty-five feet long, eight and a half feet 
wide, and five eighths of an inch thick; also, 
several specimens of welding, after the 
flanges were up. A very beautiful working 
model of a beam engine, made of solid gold 
and silver, valued at $1,400; also, a model 
of a small side-wheel steamer. A complete 
working model of the engine built by the 
firm for the steamer Bristol, worth $5,000. 
The cylinder in the original, 110 inches by 
14 feet. A complete working model steam 
yacht. They also exhibit several models 
and pictures of vessels built by them. One 
armor plate for iron-clads, ten feet long, three 
feet eight inches wide, and twelve and three- 
quarter inches thick. 

NEW YORK SAFETY STEAM POWER 
CO.—This firm has been established about 
six years, and employs 200 men. They ex¬ 
hibit one steam yacht fifty-one feet long, 
eight feet beam, and three and a half feet 
draft; it is built of liackmetack frames, and 
Georgia pine planks. The motive power 
consists of an engine with an 8 by 9 cylin¬ 
der, horizontal return flue boiler; propeller 
screw three feet in diameter, four feet pitch. 
The interior is elegantly fitted up with the 
latest improvements. It will carry sixty 
persons, making fifteen miles an hour. They 
also show vertical steam-engines, of from 2 
to 120 horse-power. 

DOUGHTY & KAPPELLA, Ship Build¬ 
ers, and Baird & Huston, engineers. They 
exhibit a finely proportioned and durable 
steam propeller yacht. 

E. WATERS & SONS*, Troy, N. Y.—The 
firm has been established about nine years,- 
and employs 15 men. Their exhibit con¬ 
sists of one six-oared coxwain gig, forty-six 
feet six inches long, twenty-five inches wide, 
and weighs 195 pounds. Value, $350. One 
four-oared shell, thirty-eight feet long by 
sixteen inches wide, weighs 78 pounds. 
Value, $260. Double shell, thirty-four feet 
long and fourteen inches wide, weighs 39 







MACHINERY IIALL-MODELS OF VESSELS. 


337 


pounds, and is worth $160. One single 
shell, twenty-eight feet long by twelve inches 
beam, weighs 30 pounds. Value, $115. 
Also, a single scull, twenty-six feet long by 
eleven and a quarter inches beam, weighs 
20-J- pounds. One Adirondack gig. All the 
boats are made of paper and furnished with 
the latest improvements. In all the races in 
the United States this year, the winning 
boats were made by this firm. They also 
exhibit kerosene oil cans and camp stools 
made of paper. Also, a water-tight joint, 
in which the tongue is made of prepared 
paper, and fits into a groove, where it swells 
when touched by water. 

W. GLASS, Phila.—One cedar scull. 

C. A. FENNER, Mystic River, Conn.—A 
portable extension boat; it consists of a 
folding frame covered with canvas. 

GEO. W. MILES, Phila.—One Spanish 
cedar shell, thirty feet long, eleven inches 
wide, weighs 30 pounds. 

THOMAS FEARON, Yonkers, N. Y.— 
One four-oared red cedar shell, fitted with 
sliding seats. 


MODELS OF VESSELS. 

PENN. WORKS, Phila.; Neafie & Levy. 
•—Model of steamer in glass case, neatly 
made. Tall pyramid of heavy propellers, 
four blades, from three to fourteen feet in 
diameter. 

THE AMERICAN STEAMSHIP CO., 
Phila.; Henry D. Welsh, Pres’t.; Robt. W. 
Smith, Sec’y.; Peter Wright & Sons, Gen¬ 
eral agents, Phila.; Wm. Cramp & Sons, 
Contractors.—On a wide counter with niches 
and a large frame elegantly adorned, is a 
very handsome display. Several fine pic¬ 
tures of steamers at sea fill the woodwork. 
In the center of the counter is a model of 
the Life Rafts used by the vessels of the 
company, consisting of two long, round, air¬ 
tight floats, between which is an open plank 
floor. Ropes are extended on both sides to 
hold by when necessary. The full-sized raft 
lias been on exhibition on the lake north of 
Machinery Hall for several weeks. On one 
end of the counter is a model in gold and 
silver of a Baldwin locomotive. Beyond, a 
plain model of the old Pennsylvania steam¬ 
ship. On the other end a very elegant and 
costly model in gold and silver of the new 
Pennsylvania, made by J. D. Benton, of 
Phila. Each vessel is provided with ten 
life-boats. The line has been established 


nearly four years, running weekly between 
Philadelphia and Liverpool. 

MASSACHUSETTS MARINE; collected 
and arranged by H.W. Hunt, for the Massa¬ 
chusetts State Commission.—In this exhibit 
we find a large collection of models of ves¬ 
sels of all kinds; steam tow-boats; fishing 
and row boats; life-boats and rafts; birch 
bark canoes; schooners and yachts; ship 
windlasses, anchors, chains, and cordage; 
life-preservers; oil-cloth suits; small canoes. 
Suit worn by Capt. Paul Boynton, when he 
swam the English channel, in May, 1875. A 
display of drawings. The whole is tastefully 
decorated with flags, and is very attract- 

i VG. 

CONTINENTAL WORKS ; T. F. Row¬ 
land, Greenpoint, N. Y.—Mr. Rowland is 
well known as the builder of the first “ Mon¬ 
itor.” He exhibits a very beautiful engine, 
that was to have been for sale at $1,500, but 
the sale was stopped as the engine is re¬ 
quired in Brooklyn. He is now building 
torpedo boats for the United States govern¬ 
ment. The works have been established 
twenty years; employ 400 to 500 hands, 
and a capital of $1,000,000. 

F. G. FOWLER, Bridgeport, Conn.—This 
exhibit consists of a good-sized water tank, 
in which is operated a model vessel to show 
the properties of his steering propeller. By 
very simple contrivance he can move a ves¬ 
sel in any required direction; and can steer 
as well in going backward as forward. He 
claims more steering power than the simple 
rudder. His plan is approved by our gov¬ 
ernment, having been placed on a torpedo 
boat by order of the Navy Department. 
The torpedo boat is armor plated—has three 
torpedos and a fifteen inch Rodman gun. 
Mr. Fowler built the steam yacht “ Bonito,” 
now running on the Schuylkill river and 
forming part of his exhibit. 


WORKING MODELS. 

Owing to the great cost and compara¬ 
tive uselessness of miniature copies of ma¬ 
chinery, they are seldom constructed except 
by wealthy firms, and are either to com¬ 
memorate some great work they have ac¬ 
complished, or to be presented as a com¬ 
pliment to genius and perseverance. Some 
five years since a barber living in Kings¬ 
ton, N. Y., made a paddle-wheel steamer 
that was between five and six feet in length, 
and about fifteen inches wide. The pieces 









338 


MACHINERY HALL-LIFE-BOATS, SHIP TRIMMINGS. 


of wood used in it were all small, and yet 
they were joined and fitted with exquisite 
nicety. His engine was in exact propor¬ 
tion, though much heavier than that in a 
large steamer, in proportion to the size of 
the boat. A portion of the deck was 
constructed in such a manner that it could 
be lifted up and placed one side, m order 
to permit access to the machinery. The 
owner was in the habit of carrying his 
boat to the canal, lashing it along side a 
large row boat, and steaming out into the 
river. With little or no exertion, the boat 
was drawn through the water at the rate 
of five or six miles an hour. 

Since the introduction of the “Dollar” 
steam-engines, these toys have made their 
appearance in such diversity of patterns 
and sizes, that thousands of pages of man¬ 
uscript, and gallons of ink, would fail to 
accurately describe them all. 

In working models and toys, steam is 
rapidly taking the place of the old-fash¬ 
ioned spring, and as the fear is gradually 
wearing away concerning boiler explosions, 
etc., we may soon expect to see on the 
kitchen range, in close proximity to the 
harmonious tea-kettle, a boiler which is 
furnishing steam for an engine in the front 
rooms to run the sewing machines. If it 
were not for the ridiculous fear that even 
the sight of a boiler awakens, much of the 
work done by the feet on treadle could 
be executed by an engine, and at little or 
no cost. 


LIFE-BOATS. 

It was not until within the past two or 
three hundred years that nations systemati¬ 
cally considered the feasibility of saving 
life and property from shipwreck by proper 
appliances placed on shore. Though light¬ 
houses were common on dangerous coasts, 
and heavy bells also, no assistance was 
given a vessel beyond that of securing 
people and property as quickly as they 
were washed ashore. The English were 
among the first to turn their attention to 
this subject. In Great Britain the first 
patent was granted to Lionel Lukin, in 
1785, for an improved life-boat. His boat 
was rendered more buoyant by being pro¬ 
tected by bands of cork surrounding the 
gunwales, and by having air-chambers 
placed in the bow and stern, and being 
ballasted by an iron keel. These appli¬ 


ances are all of them found in the most se¬ 
cure life-boats in use at the present time. 
In the year 1850, one hundred guineas was 
offered as a prize by the Duke of North¬ 
umberland for the best model of a life¬ 
boat. The most detrimental features then 
existing may be placed under four heads, 

I, they would not right themselves when 
capsized; 2, they would not free them¬ 
selves from water; 4, they cost too much. 
The marks allowed in the competitive ex¬ 
amination were, rowing in all weathers, 
twenty; sailing in all weathers, eighteen; 
buoyancy forward for launching in a heavy 
surf, ten ; freeing from water, eight; self- 
righting, nine; passenger room, and bal¬ 
last, each six ; beaching qualities, four; 
and several minor features to make the 
requisite one hundred points. In the year 
1851, 280 models were carefully examined 
and compared, the prize being given to 

J. Beeching, of Great Yarmouth, whose 
boat had eighty-six points. The boats now 
in service at the life-saving stations in the 
LTnited States are decidedly inferior to the 
English. They are almost all made of ce¬ 
dar, weigh about 700 pounds, and being 
mounted on light but strong carriages, are 
readily transported from one locality to 
another. Two exhibits consisted of two 
long floats made of material which could 
be inflated, and lashed to a frame-work 
that keeps them parallel, and about four 
feet apart. 


SHIP TRIMMINGS. 

BURR & CO., New York; Works at 
Greenpoint.—The firm makes a large ex¬ 
hibit of ship blocks, of all kinds and sizes. 
They are provided with brass friction rol¬ 
lers, that are very serviceable and add 
greatly to their value. The house has been 
established for nearly fifty years, and has 
been diligent in applying all hew improve¬ 
ments that were found to be worthy of 
adoption. They give constant employment 
to nearly 100 hands, and use a large capi¬ 
tal. Their ship blocks stand first in the 
American market, and are largely sought 
after from abroad. Anchors and chains, 
windlasses and winches, pumps, oars, steer¬ 
ing apparatus, signals, etc., were exhibited 
by other parties. 

MACHINERY FOR WEAVING. 

J. & W. LYALL, New Yofk,—Positive 
































































































































































































































































































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MACHINERY HALL-MACHINERY FOR WEAVING. 


343 


motion looms, for cotton, woolen, jute, wire, 
silk, and for irregular or composite fabrics. 
The picking stick, heretofore used, is dis¬ 
pensed with. The shuttle being drawn, the 
warp is, with all other parts of the machine, 
held, controlled, and acted upon by a continu¬ 
ous connection with the motive power. Thus 
the liability of a smash is removed, and no 
injury can happen the reed. In case the 
loom is stopped during the passage of the 
shuttle, each part is in place for a new start. 
The exhibit includes several looms at work. 
’Ihe United States Corset Company now use 
ninety of these looms. Value of exhibit, 
$20,000. In France it takes one man twelve 
hours to make five corsets. By the Lya 
corset loom, one girl will make six dozen in 
ten hours. The Lyall looms are used by the 
New \ ork Mills and the Wamsutta Mills. 
One loom makes seamless bags. Hands, 
300. 

R. WHITEHILL (in the same connection) 
has a new sewing machine manufactured by 
the Lyalls, that runs at double the speed of 
any other lock-stitch machine, making 2,600 
revolutions per minute. Awarded medal for 
positive feed lever. Automatic. Patented, 
in 1872. 

GEORGE CROMPTON, Worcester, Mass. 
—Crompton Loom Works. Several looms 
in operation, making ginghams, shawls, anc 
fancy cassimeres. Exhibit, $5,000. Nine 
looms. 

BRIDESBURG MAN’F’G. CO.; James 
Long, Bro. & Co., Phila.—Cotton and wool¬ 
en manufacturers. Two looms in operation, 
worth each $130. Dress goods, checks, 
cheviots, Ac. Have been in business fifteen 
years, and employ 150 hands. 

DIENELT & EISENHARDT, Phila.— 
Makers of looms and Jacquard machines. 
Exhibit of loom weaving handsome carpet. 

IVINS, DIETZ & MAGEE, Phila.—Car¬ 
pet weavers ; using the above looms. 

HOPED ALE MAN’F’G. CO., Mass.; Geo. 
Draper & Son, sole agents for many valuable 
improvements in cotton and woolen machin¬ 
ery.— Temples, Sawyer’s spindles, double 
spinning rings, Ac. In five years have put 
up 800,000 spindles. The loom temple is 
claimed to weave a wider range of fabrics 
than any yet produced. The Dutcher Temple 
Company is also in Hopedale, and Mr. Geo. 
Draper is the president. The Hopedale 
appears to consist of several companies under 
one management. Value of exhibit, $3,000. 
Hands, 350. Capital, $500,000. 


L. J. KNOWLES & BROS., Worcester, 
Mass.—This firm was established in 1859; 
employs 50 hands, and has a capital of 
$100,000. The firm exhibits one fancy 
cassimere loom of twenty harnesses, running 
at ninety-four picks per minute ; one, forty 
harness, eight boxes, and eighty-four picks ; 
one twelve harness open shed loom, running 
156 picks; an eight harness, one for jeans, 
&c.; one small loom for silk plaids; and one 
for suspenders and ribbons. They claim to 
be able to run more tender warps ; to make 
any changes in the boxes possible; the boxes 
follow the pick, and require no independent 
setting; run faster than any other broad 
fancy loom; a belt-slipping arrangement, 
being quickest and most reliable. 

B. B. TILT A SON, Phoenix Man’f’g. Co., 
Paterson, N. J.—This firm presents an ex¬ 
hibit of one 600 Jacquard loom, weaving 
book-marks, badges, Ac. Also, one weav¬ 
ing scarfs and neckties; one 1,050 Jacquard 
loom weaving dress goods, brocaded silks, 
kerchiefs, Ac. Two 400 Jacquard loom 
weaving handkerchiefs, figured silks, Ac. 
In weaving the Washington book-mark, 
5,500 cards are required ; eighteen marks 
are run at one time ; the machine running 
sixty strokes per minute, producing in seven 
hours six dozen. 

L. E. ROSS, Providence, R. I.—A small 
loom is shown, having a spring shuttle mo¬ 
tion, which moves independent of the speed 
of the loom. 

DORNAN BROS. A CO., Phila.—Exhibit 
of a power loom to weave without shuttles. 

JOSIAH GATES, Lowell, Mass. — A 
Murkland carpet power loom, manufactured 
by M. A. Furbush A Son, made to run at a 
high speed; there is but one other shading 
oom in the market. 

THAMES RIVER WORSTED, Norwich, 
Conn.—A spinning frame having a patent 
traveler and ring, and a patent feed roller. 

WESTPORT MAN’F’G. CO. —Exhibit 
of a patent car-bar for spinning, and a tool- 
oost for turning. 

PAUL’S WOOLEN MULE, Manufac¬ 
tured by the Woonsocket Machine Co., R. I. 
—The mule machine exhibited is the largest 
shown, being 86 feet long, with 480 spindles. 
r die advantage of this machine is derived 
rom an arrangement of cone pulleys, by 
which the speed of the spindles is gradually 
increased as the carriage moves out, until 
'die highest is obtained when fully extended. 
As it moves back, the revolutions become 









THE MURKLAND INGRAIN CARPET LOOM. 









































































































































































































































































































































































































SILK REED MILL. DANFORTH LOCOMOTIVE AND MACHINE WORKS, PATERSON, N. J. 













































































































































































































































































* 


y 


MACHINERY HALL—MACHINERY FOR WEAVING. 


347 


less. The bolster frame is of iron, set in 
sections; it will wear longer than the wood¬ 
en ones. Also, an improved positive gov¬ 
ernor motion. 

PROVIDENCE MACHINE CO., R. I.— 
Exhibit of three fly-frames for cotton spin¬ 
ning; one slubber, one intermediate, and 
one jack-frame; on the latter they are 
making eighty-eight hank roving, flyer run¬ 
ning ] ,860 revolutions per minute. They 
also show the first card and first spinning 
frame made in the United States. They 
were constructed by Samuel Slater in 1790; 
and two of each, after running about eight¬ 
een months, overstocked the “ Domestic 
Goods Market,” several thousand pounds of 
yarn having accumulated in that time. The 
firm uses a capital of $300,000, and em¬ 
ploys 250 men. 

THE DANFORTII LOCOMOTIVE & 
MACHINE CO., Paterson, N. J.—They 
present an exhibit of silk machinery; one 
spooling machine; one doubling and one 
spinning machine. 

DIMICK BROS., Willimantic, Conn.— 
Silk spinning frame and spooler. 

FARES & JENKS MACHINE CO., Paw¬ 
tucket, R. I.—-One nine inch transverse and 
one six inch fly-frame; also, a small Atwood 
spinning frame. 

SACO WATER POWER MACHINE 
SHOP.—Here are shown one driving frame, 
three roving frames, and a “Parr” mule for 
spinning the filling in the cloth. The latter 
machine has a new governor, which is self¬ 
acting throughout. 

. G. L. GARSED, Wilmington, Del.—A 
patent yarn beam to be used in a mule. 

JOHN G. AVERY, Worcester, Mass.— 
Exhibit of a machine designed to take the 
place of the mule, in which the movable 
carriage is entirely done away with ; claimed 
to do more work in less time. Also, cotton 
spinning machines, for which they claim 
uniformity in tension and twist. 

C. S. DAVIS, Manayunk, Pa.—A cloth 
finishing machine. 

WM. T. IIORROBIN, Cohoes, N. Y.— 
Maker of top rollers and other appliances 
for cotton factories. Also, pipe cutting and 
threading machines. Transverse wheel card 
grinder. Miniature knitting machines, and 
Snow’s standard water-wheel governor. Has 
been 16 years in business, and employs 150 
hands. Capital, $200,000. 

ALBIN WARTH, Stapleton, N. Y.— 
Cutting and folding machines. Upon a long 


cutting board is arranged the cutting ma¬ 
chinery. Along one side is an extended 
series of arms, wheels, pulleys, and boards; 
provided with shifting points for the move¬ 
ments. From the main shaft extends the 
cutting arm, so constructed as to be readily 
contracted or extended, and movable in all 
directions by means of universal joints. On 
the extreme end of this arm is the knife, 
driven with great rapidity by band and pul¬ 
ley. Extended across the board is a mova¬ 
ble cage for holding rolls of cloth, and in 
which the cloth to be cut is first placed. 
By means of accurate and adjustable gauges, 
the cloth is first unrolled and folded in any 
given lengths as desired. The pattern being 
marked on the upper fold—the cutting ma¬ 
chinery in skillful hands rapidly produces 
the various parts, even through ten or twenty 
thicknesses. In front of the working side 
of the machine is a narrow railway, with a 
traveling seat for the operator, who may sit 
at his ease and move himself to and fro, as 
may be required in the course of his extend¬ 
ed work. One knife cuts from sixteen to 
twenty-four thicknesses. The same machine 
will measure and fold in any required lengths. 

SH ETCHING & TEUTERING MA¬ 
CHINE CO., Norwich, Conn.; John Tur¬ 
ner, Sec’y.—Cloth passes over and under six 
rollers that are each two feet in diameter. 
Machines adopted to all widths. 

ISAAC FENNO & CO., Boston.—Cloth 
cutting machines, patented 1872. A rotary 
knife cutting coarse and fine goods with 
equal facility. No complication of machin¬ 
ery. Works readily and does effectual 
service. 

NATIONAL SUSPENDER CO., N. Y. 
—Looms working upon the Jacquard princi¬ 
ple, weaving by card patterns. Manufacture 
Alaska braces with names woven on sus¬ 
penders. 

JAS. BUTTER WORTH & SON, Phila. 
—Exhibit of an improved rag duster, for 
cleaning and dusting rags and preparing 
them for the rag picker; also, a rag, waste, 
and shoddy picker, for reducing rags to 
loose fiber. 

THE KITSON MACHINE CO., Lowell, 
Mass.—Exhibit of one of Kitson’s patent 
rag and waste pickers; also, one large patent 
atmospheric cotton opener, and one im¬ 
proved tow beater finisher. The cotton 
opener and lapper combined is capable 
of putting four thousand pounds through 
in ten hours. 













343 


MACHINERY HALL-MACHINERY FOR WEAVING. 


JAS. SMITH & CO., Phila.—This firm lias 
been established for fifty years. Their exhibit 
consists of a hard waste garnet machine for 
tearing waste of all kinds; one wool washer. 
They also show brushing and shearing ma¬ 
chines made by Parks & Woolsen Machine 
Co., of Springfield, Yt. Also, an assortment of 
leather belting, and burring machines for wool 
cards. The specialty of the firm is manfactur- 
ing machine card, tor which they employ in the 
factory 150 machines. Also manufacturers of 
machinery for the preparation of stock for cot¬ 
ton and wool working cards. 

Although the loom is perhaps one of the 
most ancient machines, having originated 
long prior to the Deluge, it was used for 
thousands of years without much apparent 
improvement. 'Whether the original loom 
was horizontal or vertical, is uncertain; but 
the general idea is that it was upright. A 
frame of stout, rough timbers was placed 
upright, the lower ends being fastened to 
the floor or ground, the upper connected 
t>y a cross-bar firmly secured.. The roller 
containing the threads of the warp was 
placed directly under this cross-bar, and 
the threads passed through leashes, and 
gathered below into repeated knots, to 
each of which a stone was attached for the 
purpose of keeping the threads perpendic¬ 
ular. These threads were coarse, strong, 
and well twisted. The woof, or filling, 
not so hardly twisted, was placed on spools 
or bobbins. Between the two sets of warp 
thread a flat board was placed. The gen¬ 
eral impression is, that at first the spool 
containing the woof was handed between 
the meshes from one operator to another, 
there being two thus employed, while a 
third forced the thread to its proper place 
before the leashes were reversed. 

The Egyptians wove their mummy-cloth 
on such a loom. The Greeks introduced a 
shuttle-box for carrying the thread; and 
the Romans added a sort of comb which 
they introduced between the sets of warp 
threads, and thus forced the woof to a 
more fixed place. Gradually more sets of 
warp were introduced, by which cloths 
were diversified and improved. 

The looms of China and India will be 
found described elsewhere; so, too, vari¬ 
ous modern looms, and particularly the fa¬ 
mous Jacquard ; and the now most popular 
power looms. All these will be found in 
their proper places. 

M. A. FURBUSH & SON, Phila.—Es¬ 
tablished for about twenty-five years; 300 


to 400 men employed. This is a large ex¬ 
hibit. They show three machines; one, the 
first breaker, takes the wool and carries it to 
the burrs, which clean it of all dirt; the 
card cylinders deliver it in a fine fiber; it is 
now called a sliver, and is wound upon a 
small wooden spool. Next to the second 
breaker. The spools are set upon a rack 
and fed to the machine. When combed 
from the front, the fiber is more drawn out 
and finer. Now it is taken to the condenser 
or finisher, and runs over more cylinders, 
when it is delivered in what is called sluving, 
and all the threads wound upon one long 
spool from which it is taken by the mule and 
drawn and twisted. 

HARDY MACHINE CO., Biddeford, Me. 
—Established for thirteen years. Machines 
for grinding cards. Over 5,000 machines 
are now in use. 

ATLAS MAN’F’G. CO., Newark, N. J.— 
Burring machine for picking and cleaning 
wool. Also, an exhibit of burr cylinders, 
and single and double burring machines. 

FOSS & PEVEY, Lowell, Mass.—Exhibit 
of an under flat cotton card, in which two- 
thirds of the cylinder is utilized, while in the 
top flat card only one-third is used. They 
claim to do the work of two top flat cards, 
occupying only the space of one, and using 
three-fifths the power. 

A. B. PROUTY, Worcester, Mass.—Card 
clothing machine. This has an automatic 
feed for the strip; the number of rows can 
be changed by simply moving a pin; an 
adjustable slide changes the width of the 
rows apart. Also, shows a patent lathe 
chuck, which is very effective. Also, a 
small force-pump, which throws a continu¬ 
ous stream. 

DAVID McFARLAND, Worcester, Mass. 
—A machine for clothing cards. The card 
is a piece of leather, stuck finely with pins, 
and is used to card cotton and wool. The 
machine shown is for placing the wire on 
the strip of leather. The wire, tempered 
and drawn especially for this purpose, is 
placed upon a reel, from which it is fed au¬ 
tomatically. The machine draws the wire 
in, when it is caught between two nippers, 
that hold it while it is being cut off. Now 
two bars, one on each side of the clamp, 
move forward and bend each end of the 
wire, which is thus formed into a staple. 
Directly in front of this is a movable head, 
over which the leather runs, and which 
moves its width back and forth. Under the 





MACHINERY HALL-PINS AND NEEDLES, THREAD. 


clamp that holds the staple is a piece called 
the perforating bar. This contains two 
needle points, the distance apart being equal 
to that between those of the staple. This 
bar moves forward and pierces two holes in 
the leather, into which the staple is driven. 
I pon the opposite side of the strip is a rest 
and t wo loops. The staple points pass just 
above the rest and through the loops. The 
first time the staple is inserted it passes but 
a little over half way through. The loops, 
the moment the ends appear, move down, 
crook the wires, and form the second bend. 
As the perforating bar comes up to pierce 
new holes, it drives the head of the staple 
up home. The machine also has a contriv¬ 
ance, by which it is stopped, if the leather 
becomes displaced or wire gives out. It 
will stick 220 teeth per minute. This gen¬ 
tleman has been interested in card clothing 
machines for forty-eight years. He also 
shows an improved wrench; an axle and 
wheel guards for steam-cars* and a hand 
drill. 


PINS AND NEEDLES. 

NATIONAL NEEDLE CO., Springfield, 
Mass.—This firm makes the needles for all 
the leading sewing machines. They show, 
in their exhibit, the whole process of making 
a needle. The first machine is for straight¬ 
ening, heading, and cutting off the wire, and 
is automatic; feeding itself from a coil; 
next, the reducing machine, in which the 
needles are carried, on an endless chain, over 
an emery wheel, which makes the blade ; 
the sizing machine is similar in construction 
to the former, but has a much finer wheel; 
this brings the needles to the required size. 
We next come to the polishing blanks, in 
which the emery wheel is replaced by a belt 
set with glue and fine emery; next, the 
pointing machine, in which we find the 
wheel set diagonally with the endless chain, 
for the purpose of giving the right shape to 
the point; grooving: the needle is placed 
in a holder and passes between two cutters, 
which cut the long and short grooves. The 
eye-punching machine is the same in princi¬ 
ple as the power punch ; stamping, in which 
the name and number of the needle are placed 
upon the shank. Next, the needles are hard¬ 
ened. When brought back they are taken to 
the burring machine, in which to take the 
sharp edge off the grooves, they are held 
against a fine belt; eye polishing: they are 


then tlneaded in gangs of fifty, the threads 
sprinkled with emery, and run back and 
forth until the eye is polished; after this 
the whole needle is polished upon belts; 
blushing: they are now set in a clamp and 
held against a brush to polish the groove; 
buffing: next they are taken to a finer 
brush, covered with flour of emery to put 
the finishing high polish on; straightening: 
this is done with a hammer upon a metal 
block covered with leather. The eyes and 
grooves are now inspected, after which the 
straightening. Then, in the final operation 
of sharpening, they are held against a very 
fine belt. 

PYRAMID PIN CO., New Haven, Conn. 
—The pins are made at the works, but sent 
here in boxes containing over 200 pounds 
each. The machines on exhibition are for 
sticking the pins and rolling them up in a 
neat pyramid. They are placed in a hopper 
and each falls into a groove, shank first. 
Strips of paper are crimped in a separate 
machine, and each pin, as it comes in place, 
is forced through the several folds. The 
strips are examined carefully and omissions 
filled; when another simple winder forms 
the pyramid. They stick 300 a minute, or 
180,000 in a day. The pins are used by 
the general government and that of the 
State of Pennsylvania. 

DYSON NEEDLE CO., New Britain, 
Conn.—Steel knitting-needles. 

MRS. SUPPLEE, New York. — Easy 
threading machine needles. One hundred 
can be threaded in a minute even in the 
dark. Patented in 18/0. The eye is open 
and the thread can be easily slipped in. 
Used by the Domestic company. 


THREAD. 

CLARK THREAD CO., O. N. T., Paisley, 
Scot., and Newark, N. J.—This firm origin¬ 
ally started in the former country in 1812. 
In this country it has been going about six¬ 
teen years. Geo. A. Clark & Bro., of New 
York city, are the American agents. They 
were the first firm to make cotton above 50"; 
and to supply the demand made by sewing 
machines, they first made six-cord thread 
above 50. From the demand for the “neiv 
thread ,” they obtained the clew to their 
present trade mark, O. N. T.—our new 
thread. They present an exhibit of a hand¬ 
some case made of cherry, ornamented with 
ebony and amaranth wood, and with carv- 


















350 


MACHINERY HALL-BRIDGES, PRESSES. 


ings of cotton plants. The style is Gothic. 
In the interior are nearly 10,000 spools of 
cotton of various colors and numbers neatly 
arranged. The case is valued at $1,700. 
They also show one of their self-acting spool¬ 
winding machines. When the machine is 
started, the lower end of the hopper, in 
which is an empty spool, rises to a level 
with two spindles, which enter, one into 
each end of the spool. The thread, coming 
from a bobbin placed upon the top of the 
frame, passes through an eye, which moves 
back and forth along the spool. When the 
two hundred yards have been wound, the 
revolution suddenly stops, with the eye at 
the right hand side of the now filled spool. 
Here a small chisel descends and cuts a slit 
in the edge, and a hook catches the thread 
and pulls it into the opening. Now a little 
knife comes forward and cuts the thread, but 
firmly retains the free end until the cord is 
started upon a new spool. At this stage the 
spindles separate, allowing the full spool to 
drop into a receiver and take up a new one. 
The sloping sides of the spool make it neces¬ 
sary for the feeding eye to travel a little 
further at each crossing; a device at the end 
of the machine provides for this. 

J. D. CUTTER & CO., Paterson, N. J.— 
Spool silks, and two hand machines for 
winding. 

NONOTUCK SILK CO., Florence, Mass. 
—Manufacturers of Corticelli twist and sew- 
ing silk. They exhibit a machine for wind- 
ing raw silk from the reels; one for doubling 
it; one for twisting; a winding and reeling 
machine; a spooling machine. They also 
show a large assortment of silks of all colors. 

WILLIMANTIC LINEN CO., Conn.; 
Dunham, Ives & Co., N. Y., agents.—New 
six-cord soft finish spool cotton, used by the 
Judges at the Centennial for tests of sewing 
machines. The machines exhibited are neat¬ 
ly made and work very uniformly. The 
thread is used exclusively by thirty sewing 
machine companies. It is strong and very 
even and smooth. Capital, $1,250,000. 
Hands, 700 to 800. 


BRIDGES. 

JOHN A. ROEBLING’S SONS, Trenton, 
N. J.—Manufacturers of iron and steel wire 
rope, bridge cables, ship rigging, wheels and 
rope for transmission of power. Roebling’s 
wire rope has been made the standard by 
the United States Navy Department. A 


large array of cables, from one-eighth of an 
inch to four inches, on a tall mahogany wall. 
Cables laid in circles, the smaller in the cen¬ 
ter. Also, various appliances in the use of 
these cables. Section of the cable for Nia¬ 
gara Suspension Bridge; cable, one foot in 
diameter, made of No. 9 wire; 3,640 wires; 
ultimate strength, 6,000,000 pounds. Sec¬ 
tion of cable for the bridge over the Ohio and 
Cincinnati, 14 inches in diameter,5,180 wires; 
strength, 8,424,000 pounds. Section of cable 
now being put up for the East River Bridge 
between New York and Brooklyn, sixteen 
inches in diameter; 6,000 No. 7 galvanized 
cast steel wires; ultimate strength, 22,300,- 
000 pounds. The display is extremely in¬ 
teresting at this time. Doubts have been 
thrown upon the lasting strength of these 
stupendous structures, and the positive, test¬ 
ed powers of the cables have become sub¬ 
jects of deep thought among our best engi¬ 
neers. The works already completed by 
the Roeblings have been severely criticised, 
and yet have withstood tests that would 
have destroyed any ordinary bridges. The 
brothers, and their father before them, have 
always commanded millions of capital, and 
thus far their constructions have been very 
generally approved. Still, it is a question 
of time as to whether iron structures so 
completely exposed as bridges are to weather 
will not in a few years give way to rust. 
And also, whether the action of heat and 
cold will not gradually so stretch the wires 
as to compel their abandonment, or the as¬ 
sistance of some other mode or material for 
giving additional strength. The display is 
very satisfactory, and embraces a great vari¬ 
ety of useful and ingenious appliances. 

AMERICAN BRIDGE CO., Chicago, Ill. 
— Model of the suspension bridge built by 
the firm at Pittsburgh, which has a center 
span of 800 feet. Chain links, and photo¬ 
graphs of their work. 


PRESSES. 

JOHN F. TAYLOR, Charleston, S. C.— 
Direct-acting steam and hydraulic press. 
Power only limited by the strength of the 
iron ; and can be readily applied wherever 
hydraulic power is required. Patented in 
1870, ’71, and ’72. Machine exhibited has 
steam cylinders,fifty-six inches in diameter 
eight feet stroke each. Two rams under 
cross-heads, each twenty-two inches in diam¬ 
eter and four and a half feet stroke. Total 

































































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WILLIMANTIC LINEN CO.’S EXHIBIT. 










































































































































































































































































































































































































































WINDING!- MACHINE. 
























































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































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MACHINERY HALL-SCALES AND BALANCES. 


357 


force on a bale of cotton, 2,006,400 pounds. 
Less than three pounds raises all the moving 
weight and overcomes all friction. One 
hundred pounds of steam will produce a 
pressure equal to thirteen tons, and bales of 
cotton in this machine are reduced to one- 
half and even to one-third their bulk. Mr. 
Ta} lor employs 170 hands, and uses a capi¬ 
tal ot $200,000. The value of his exhibit 
is $27,000. 

BOOMER & BOSCHERT PRESS CO., 
Syracuse, N. \ .—One packers’ press for tank 
refuse, of 300 tons power; copying press, of 
20 tons, for banks, &c.; cloth baling press, 
of 250 tons; standing presses, of 30, 80, 
120, and 200 tons. 

R. II. ALLEN & CO., Greenpoint, N. Y. 

'—Ingersoll’s improved hay and cotton press. 
Strong and well made. 

JAS. ECCLES, Phila. — A quadruple 
screw press, suitable for any thing requiring 
uniform pressure. 


SCALES AND BALANCES. 

E. & T. FAIRBANKS & CO., St. Johns- 
bury, Vt. —This firm was established in 
1830, now employs 600 men, and has a cap¬ 
ital of $2,500,000. It is one of the largest 
firms in this industry in the world. Their 
exhibit is very large, occupying a space of 
2,664 square feet, containing scales valued 
collectively at $14,600. They first invented 
the platform scale, and now make nearly 400 
sizes and varieties. They show wagon and 
stock scales; railroad scales. One very im¬ 
portant feature on some of their scales is 
that the metric system is given with our 
own. They also show counter scales of 
every description. The knife edge and 
bearing surface is of steel, manufactured 
after a process of their own, by which they 
obtain a much harder quality. They also 
show scales of great delicacy and precision 
to be used in the laboratory. They also 
show a large machine for weighing and test¬ 
ing the tensile strength of iron and steel. 
The advantages of this machine over hy¬ 
draulic ones is, that the power is applied 
gradually, and not in sudden jerks. This is 
only the second machine of the kind ever 
made—the first was made for Columbia col 
lege, N. Y. In the later one are many im¬ 
provements not found in the first. The 
exhibit presents goods finely finished in 
every detail, though not so elaborately dec¬ 
orated as many shown elsewhere. Last 


year the firm manufactured more than 
53,000 sets of scales. 

BUFFALO SCALE CO., New York.— 
This firm was incorporated in 1858. It has 
a stock capital of $100,000, and a cash one 
of $5,000,000.. They employ 150 men. 
Tlieii exhibit is large and well arranged. 
Ihey show a scale which has a combination 
beam of four bars, each with a different 
weight. They are placed one above an¬ 
other so as to be easily seen. Thev have 
combination scales for weighing different 
grains, giving the pounds and bushels; also, 
for oils—one thirty ton railroad scale; gro¬ 
cers’ and druggists’ scales. They manufac¬ 
ture scales and balances of every description, 
and invariably finish their goods most accu¬ 
rately. Their exhibit is valued at $10,000. 

BRANDON MANIJF. CO.,Brandon, Yt. 
—Manufacturers of “The Improved Howe 
Scale.” The firm has been established about 
18 years; employs between 400 and 500 men, 
and a capital of $300,0'>0. The exhibit they 
present is valued at $20,000, and contains 
specimens of scales of every description finely 
finished. They have wagon, stock, and farm 
scales, railroad scales in which the jar is sus¬ 
tained by chilled iron balls, placed just above 
the knife edges. They also have an improved 
scale in which all the bearings are protected. 
Improved furnace charging or stock scales. 
An army or commissary scale, which can be 
completely closed—the stand beam folding 
down upon the platform; grocers’, union, 
and house scales of all sizes. They exhibit 
one scale, in which the platform is covered 
by a plate of glass, so as to allow the work- 
ing portion to be seen. They also show a 
scale, resting solidly upon the floor, which 
can, by the movement of a lever, be placed 
upon wheels. All the goods shown are of 
the finest quality of metal, and exhibit splen¬ 
did workmanship. 

RIEHLE BROS., Phila., Scale and Test¬ 
ing Machine Works.—The original firm 
started in 1822; the present firm has con¬ 
tinued the business from 1865. They have 
a capacity for 300 men, and value the busi¬ 
ness and improvements at $100,000. They 
exhibit one forty ton railroad track scale, in 
which each and all the bearings have a rock¬ 
ing motion, and adjust themselves to the 
knife edge, although the foundations have 
settled or the timbers twisted. It is so con¬ 
structed as to weigh while the object is in 
motion, as is now done upon the Reading 
Railroad. The parts are all made very 















358 


MACHINERY HALL—ROCK DRILLS AND CRUSHERS. 


strong, and are interchangeable. They also 
make the Independent Beam Furnace Charg¬ 
ing Scale, (two sizes shown) which enables 
the burden of a furnace to be instantly 
changed. The box containing the levers is 
cast in one piece, and is therefore more 
durable than a bolted box. They also show 
four varieties of testing machines, of 150,- 
000, 40,000, 300, and 100 pounds capacity. 
Three rolling mill scales—one low and two 
high column, of six and twelve thousand 
pounds capacity. Also, samples of different 
varieties of platform scales, in which the 
boxes and top plates are of iron. Two 
compound parallel crane beams, of ten and 
thirty thousand pounds; also, weighmasters’ 
beams and morticing machines. The ex¬ 
hibit is well shown, and valved at $7,000. 

BECKER & SONS, New York.—An ex¬ 
hibit of very sensitive balances with weights. 
The articles are very elegantly finished. 

F. MEYER, Newark, N. J.—An exhibit 
of one large hay scale ; small platform scales; 
and a case containing small grocers’ scales, 
with patent seamless scoops. They are all 
well made and reliable. 

CHARLES REINHARDT, Brooklyn, N. 
Y.—Exhibit, contained in a neat case, of 
druggists’ gold and diamond scales and 
weights. 

S. S. HITCHCOCK & CO., Des Moines, 
Iowa.—Exhibit of a large wagon scale; 
strong and accurate. 

PRICE, LIPSETT & CO., Phila.—Plat¬ 
form scales of various sizes, and of good 
patterns. 

JOURNEYMAN SCALE CO.; Robidoux 
& Son, New York.—A collection of beam 
scales. 

JOHN CHATILLON & SONS, New 
York.—Here we find a neat exhibit of beam, 
fish, and grocers’ scales; spring balances of 
various sizes. Accurately and durably 
made. 

HENRY TROEMNER, Phila.—A case 
containing assay and jewelers’ balances, and 
one for weighing silver ware is mounted 
upon a marble stand, furnished with right- 
angle spirit levels for setting. The metal 
work is elegantly polished and plated ; also, 
show druggists’ scales, with bases of differ¬ 
ent marbles, all highly polished. One, with 
case of plate glass, is very elegant. 

JOHN C. DELL, Phila.—Grocers’ scales 
and beams; double-action platform scales; 
coffee mills. In the center of the case is a 
large and superbly made scale, having the 


beam inclosed in a glass case, and furnished 
with a long index point. 


HOCK DRILLS AND CRUSHERS. 

BURLEIGH ROCK DRILL CO., Fitch- 
burgh, Mass.—Makers of the first successful 
rock drill in the country. Their drills are 
used in the Hoosac Tunnel, at Hurlgate, N. 
Y., at Maucli Chunk. Used for the Sutro 
Tunnel in Nevada. Can make eight to ten 
feet in a day. One week in September 
bored ninety-three feet. Another week, 
same month, eighty feet. Also, the Bur¬ 
leigh Air Compressor, built at the Putnam 
Machine Company Works; Fitchburg 
Massachusetts. Established 1867. Capital, 
$150,000. 

WARING ROCK DRILL CO.; Allison 
& Bannan, Port Carbon, Pa.—Double-act¬ 
ing air compressors. Used in mines to sup¬ 
ply fresh air. Established 1860. Hands, 
120. Capital, $112,000. Engines may be 
used at a distance from the mines if desired. 

WARING ROCK DRILL CO., New York. 
—Rock drills and air compressors. Estab¬ 
lished June, 1874. Can drill eight to ten 
feet an hour. Employs 8 hands. 

THE VICTOR ROCK DRILL; W. 
Weaver, Phoenixville, Pa.—Worked by hand 
power. Two men can make from four and a 
half to five feet per hour through ordinary 
rock. Price, $250. 

UNION ROCK DRILL CO., New York. 
—Rock drills driven by steam, water, or 
compressed air. Used for mining and tun¬ 
neling. 

GIBBS & JERRITT MAN’F’G. CO., Ti¬ 
tusville, Pa.—Tools for drilling oil and 
artesian wells. Strongly made, and of supe¬ 
rior materials. 

THE INGERSOLL ROCK DRILL CO., 
New York.—The Ingersoll rock drill was in¬ 
troduced in 1872, since which time it has 
made many friends. It is simple, light, and 
can be easily adjusted. Its automatic feed 
saves the expense of one skilled workman. 
Power used, compressed air. Mr. Ingersoll 
refers to nearly one hundred noted establish¬ 
ments now using his rock drill. 

MONITOR COAL CUTTER CO., Brazil, 
Ind., made under the patent of H. F. Brown, 
of Corning, N. Y.—Weight, 3,500 pounds. 
Capacity, eighteen to thirty square yards 
per hour, according to the hardness of cut. 
Air pressure required, twenty pounds. All 
machines cut their own starting places and 








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MACHINERY PI ALL-SUGAR MACHINERY. 


361 


finish up the corners, so that no hand mining 
is required. 

the united states attrition 

CO., (limited,) New York.—Mill for reduc¬ 
ing ores and minerals to the finest powder. 

D. CLARK & CO., Hazleton, Pa.—An¬ 
thracite coal breakers. Working model of 
one at No. 2 Stopc Cross Creek Colliery, at 
Drifton, Pa. Owned by Coxe, Booth & Co. 
Scale, one-half inch to the foot. It is seven 
stories, and made open so as to show the 
raising and breaking very perfectly. 

H. BRADFORD, Phila.—Coal and ore 
separators. One separating iron ore from 
gravel by specific gravity. Models on ex¬ 
hibition that operate perfectly. 

J. W. FORBES, Phila.—Quartz battery. 
W ill crush fifteen tons of quartz per day, 
with 6 horse-power. Weighs 2,500 pounds. 
Can be easily transported on pack animals 
when taken to pieces. 

II. M. BROWN, Phila.—Well arranged 
specimens of iron and other ores. 

BLAKE’S PATENT STONE AND ORE 
BREAKERS, New Haven, Conn.—Machines 
working by power or by hand. One sold to 
B. T. Babbitt, of New York. Seven hun¬ 
dred now in use. One machine is claimed 
to do the work of one hundred men. Mr. 
Blake has been awarded thirty-seven gold, 
silver, and bronze medals in different coun¬ 
tries. They are so constructed that the 
general contour of the bottom can be fol¬ 
lowed, and a quick transfer effected from one 
working face to another. 

S. R. KROM, New York.—Machinery for 
systematic crushing, screening, and concen¬ 
tration of ores. Very complete machines 
for breaking, grinding, and separating ores 
from rock. From one kind of rock five dif¬ 
ferent separations have been made. 

GEO. M. MOWBRAY, North Adams, 
Mass.—Powder-keg Blasting Battery and 
Electric Fuse Exploders. They save twenty 
per cent, of explosive, the simultaneous dis¬ 
charge of several drilled holes each helping 
the other. Condition of the atmosphere 
does not interfere with the explosions. 
Weight, twenty pounds. Used on Iloosac 
tunnel for eight or nine years. Mr. Mow¬ 
bray has been making 800 to 900 pounds 
of nitro-glycerine per day. Mica-powder 
made by him can be mixed with nitro¬ 
glycerine without deterioration of explosive 
power, and has great advantages in point of 
safety. Nitro-glycerine must be frozen to 
be transported, and even then will not be 


received on railroads. Mixed with mica- 
powder, it may be safely transported. So 
saj s Mr. Mowbray, who is a thorough chem¬ 
ist. Founded 1872. Hands, 20. ^Capital, 
$150,000. 1 


17 


SUGAR MACHINERY. 

COLWELL & BRO. IRON WORKS, 
New York.—Exhibit of a vacuum pan, such 
as is used upon plantations and in su°'ar re¬ 
fineries. A large drum-shaped pan,°made 
of iron, having in the interior four large cop¬ 
per coils, placed one above the other, and 
each connected with a steam-pipe. The cane 
juice is made into syrup in another appara¬ 
tus, and is brought to the pan through the 
charging valves. When ready to be worked, 
the air is pumped from the interior; and, 
immediately upon the valves being opened, 
the liquid rushes in, and is allowed to cover 
the lower coil, into which the steam is now 
admitted. When the first charge is boiled 
enough, a new charge is thrown in, and the 
whole again boded. This second infusion 
starts the crystallization, and every successive 
one increases the size of the original crystal. 
This charging and boiling down go on until 
the pan is full. The more sugar is heated 
the darker it becomes, and as it requires 
only from 125° to 130° of heat to boil it in 
a vacuum, against 230° in the atmosphere, a 
much whiter article is thus obtained, and a 
larger per centage of crystallized or granu¬ 
lated sugar from the same amount of syrupt 
From the top of the pan is an overflow pipe 
to carry off the vapors, and catch any stray 
sugar. When, in the judgment of the oper¬ 
ator, the liquor is of sufficient consistency, 
the valve underneath the pan is opened and 
it is drawn into a mixer, which keeps it from 
setting and becoming hard. From here it is 
run into centrifugal machines. These are 
large brass basins, which revolve 1,200 times 
per minute, and which have their sides finely 
perforated. The centrifugal force presses- 
the whole contents against the sides, and the 
molasses passes through and leaves the dry 
crystals which are now ready for packing. 
The firm also shows a combined water and 
air-pump. They have been established about 
twenty-five years, and employ from 400 to 
500 men. 

LI. W. & R. LAFFERTY, Gloucester, N. 
J.—Th is firm has been established for about 
five years, and employs 40 men. They ex¬ 
hibit four centrifugal machines; corrugated 













3G2 


MACHINERY HALL.-WATER-WHEELS, FIRE EXTINGUISHERS, ETC. 


baskets; self-stopping, discharges the sugar 
from the bottom of the machine. Also, a 
patent elevator for raising undrained sugar. 
It is a screw, and has a connection by means 
of which it can be run very slowly. 

STPEHEN H. WHITMAN & SON, 
Phila.—Machinery shown for making choc¬ 
olate candy. The bean is first ground, then 
placed in a mixer with sugar; both pass 
into a second grinder, from whence it comes 
ready for the various candies. A large 
dradgee for coating almonds. 

THOMAS MILLS & BRO., Phila.-Firm 
established in 1864. Exhibit of confection¬ 
ers’ tools—consisting of engines, boilers, 
ice-cream beaters, movable knife cutters, 
graters, molds, &c. The display is one of 
the largest in this line, and is very attractive. 

J. T. ANDERSON, Phila.—Exhibit of a 
patent cocoanut grater and candy sheer. 

MRS. J. GARDNER, Phila.—Machin¬ 
ery, molds, &c., for confectioners. 


WATER-WHEELS. 

Vertical water-wheels may be divided 
into three general classes or varieties— 
overshot, undershot, and breast wheels. 
The Overshot wheel consists of a cylindri¬ 
cal drum, the ends of which project beyond 
the surface, and form the supports to the 
ends of the bucket partitions, and are 
called crowns. The space between them is 
divided into cells, termed buckets. In most 
of these cells the inside half of the parti¬ 
tion is placed perpendicular to the surface 
of the drum, while the outer section forms 
an angle of forty-five degrees with this. 
In one kind of wheel these partitions are 
‘Curved. The water is delivered by a 
.sluice, and strikes the wheel just after it 
has passed the highest point. The largest 
water-wheel in the world is an overshot 
'employed in a lead and silver mine in the 
Isle of Man. It is 72 feet 6 inches in di¬ 
ameter, B feet in width, and has a crank 
stroke of 10 feet. It raises 250 gallons of 
water in one minute 400 yards high, and 
it is calculated to give 200 horse-power. 

The Undershot wheel is sometimes con¬ 
structed with crowns like the former, but 
the partitions always project in a straight 
line from the center, and are never curved 
or angular; in the most common form the 
float-boards extend direct trom the drum, 
and have no end pieces. The momentum 
of running water striking against the floats 


on the under side is the power which re¬ 
volves the wheel. This description is 
never used except in localities where there 
is an abundant supply of water. 

In the Breast wheel the water is received 
upon the float-boards at about the height 
of the axis, and acts both by its momen¬ 
tum and weight. To add to the power of 
the wheel there is a casing or trough 
which nearly fits the periphery of the 
wheel, which revolves near it; in this 
manner the water is held and acts by its 
weight as in buckets. 

The Turbine is a very efficient water¬ 
wheel, is of modern invention, and has re¬ 
ceived its most essential improvements in 
this country. Where a great fall but 
small volume of water can be obtained, 
the turbine is the most powerful wheel. 
As its mechanism is more complex than 
that of any other, we have not space for a 
detailed description. 


FIRE EXTINGUISHERS, ETC. 

It was only about the beginning of the 
present century that fire-engines were im¬ 
ported into Philadelphia, then the largest 
city in the United States. The first was a 
plain box, hand machine, brought over by 
the first fire-engine company of that city, 
the organization being formed of members 
of the Society of Friends. Several disas¬ 
trous fires led to the importation. The ma¬ 
chine was simply a double force-pump, 
worked by levers on each side; the foreman 
standing on a raised platform in the center 
directed the pipe that worked on a univer¬ 
sal joint, without any hose attachment. 
Hose companies were formed soon after, 
and better dydraulims ordered. Then 
came the double-decker, 1817, worked by 
double arms, one gang of men standing 
on the ground and another on a platform 
each side of the central pipe-stand. Next 
came the “ Squealer,” that was pneumatic, 
and at every turn of the wheel in running, 
cried u Fire ! ” or something approaching 
the sound of that word. This for a long 
time was quite popular, but the old Friends 
soon gave up to young heretics, the decor¬ 
ations of the machines being altogether 
outside of their plain and undemonstrative 
views. The fire extinguishers of tire pres¬ 
ent day would be likely to astonish some 
of the fathers, could they be permitted to 
revisit modern exhibitions. 







MACHINERY HALL-GAS APPARATUS. 


36.3 


THE BABCOCK MAN’F’G. CO., Chica¬ 
go, Ill.; Woodbridge Smith, New York, 
agent. They exhibit, first, their chemical 
file apparatus, which, when used, is strapped 
to the back of the operator. Within this 
and near the top is a glass bottle, held in 
position by a cup and cap. This bottle is 
filled with acid. The exit pipe extends to 
the bottom of the apparatus, and has a hose 
attached outside by which the stream of gas 
is directed upon the flame. Dissolving? a 
chemical preparation, and filling with water, 
the apparatus is ready for use. "When need¬ 
ed, by screwing down the cap the bottle is 
broken, the acid discharged, and gass imme¬ 
diately generated, creating a pressure of 90 
pounds to the square inch. These machines 
have been very thoroughly tested and found 
to be extremely serviceable as well as relia¬ 
ble. The exhibit comprises more than one 
hundred of these machines. Beside these, 
the company show very elegant hose car¬ 
riages and hook and ladder trucks. Value 
of exhibit, $10,000. 

DABSON & DWIGHT, New York.— 
Fire escape and hose elevator. No machine 
is of more importance in large cities among 
crowded tenements than a good and reliable 
fire escape. The one now spoken of is self- 
regulating and has been well tested. At the 
trial in the presence of the Judges of the 
Centennial, one man escaped from the top 
of Machinery Hall in seventeen seconds; 
and four men made the same descent in fif¬ 
teen seconds. The hoisting apparatus at the 
same time carried up one man and one 
length of hose to the top of the building, 
seventy-five feet, in one minute and a quar¬ 
ter. In Chicago the insurance companies 
allow a rebate of five per cent, to those using 
the fire escape. The recommendations are 
few, but from well known scientists and 
others. 

A. F. SPAWN & CO., New York; fac¬ 
tory at Newark, N. J.—Fire apparatus and 
fire department supplies. Exhibits Little 
Giant chemical fire-engine, hook and ladder 
trucks, $325 to $550. Hose carriages, from 
$550 to $1,000. Hats, caps, badges, &c. 

A very handsome display, worth, at least, 
$5,000. Have been founded four years, and 
emplov 32 hands. 

PLATT’S PEERLESS FIRE EXTIN¬ 
GUISHER, Phila.—Fire extinguishers simi¬ 
lar to those made by Babbitt. 

THOMAS McCLUNIE, Hartford, Conn. 
—An ingenious fire escape, being a tower 


on a truck, having three stories, provided 
with well placed stairways leading from the 
ground to the top ; while from the highest 
point independent ladders can be projected 
toward any particular point. 

L. BUI ION & SON, Waterford, N. Y. 
—Steam and hand fire-engines, hose car¬ 
riages, jumpers, trucks, and all fire appara¬ 
tus. Short crane neck. Pump of engine, 
made of metal that will not rust. Very 
large water ways. Copper flues in boilers. 
Trials : At Rhinebeck, in 1871, an engine 
threw water 186 feet from a one and a half 
inch nozzle and through 1,000 feet of hose, 
and at Newcastle through 1,450 feet. 
House established in 1834. In this exhibit 
is a very beautiful miniature steam fire-en¬ 
gine under a glass vase, made by Henry C. 
Grant, aged twenty-three. Weight, one 
hundred pounds; length, three feet; height, 
two and a half feet. Working model. 

RUMSEY & CO., Seneca Falls, N. Y.— 
Fire-engine builders. A display of three 
very handsome hydraulic engines, built of 
excellent material and finished in the best 
manner. They also make hose carriages 
and hook and ladder trucks. The machines 
are built as light as can be approved for the 
rough usage they generally encounter. 

BLAKE HOSE CO., Boston.—A fine dis¬ 
play of rubber lined cloth hose in various 
lengths. W. F. Mitchell, Phila., agent. 

JOHN E. LINDLAW, New York.—Pa¬ 
tented in November, 1875. Centennial fire 
escape. Adjustable to all buildings. It 
gives an instant alarm and forms an imme¬ 
diate connection for every floor, from the 
roof to the street. The invention has re¬ 
ceived the approval of the Board of Under¬ 
writers and the Superintendent of Buildings 
of the city of New York. Of cost, we can 
say nothing, as that of course depends upon 
the height and width of the building to be 
thus protected. 


GAS APPARATUS. 

II. Q. HAWLEY, Albany, N. Y.—Gas 
furnace for heating and cooking by gas. 
Cost, two cents an hour. Burns without 
flame and does not poison the air. 

SPRINGFIELD GAS MACHINE; Gil¬ 
bert & Barker Man’f’g. Co., Springfield, 
Mass.—Produces gas at $1.50 per 1,000 feet. 
One thousand machines now in use. And. 
G. Paul, Boston, agent. 

VASQUEZ & CROUTHER, Phila.— 











364 


MACHINERY HALL—ELECTRICITY, EMERY WHEELS, GRINDSTONES, ETC. 


Automatic gas machine for lighting build¬ 
ings, &c. Apparatus for speedy lighting. 
Spoken of as having given satisfaction 
wherever used. 

W. H. FAIRBANK, New York.—Maxim’s 
steam gas machine. 

W. W. GOODWIN & CO., Phila.—A 
large display of elegantly made gas appara¬ 
tus. Dry and wet meters, photometers, 
station meters, test meters, vacuum gauges, 
exhauster governors, &c.; all finely arranged. 
Long established house, having a very large 

t ra d 0 

NOVELTY GAS MACHINE, Baltimore. 
—This machine is similar to others for the 
same purpose, though claimed to produce 
cheap gas. 

A. W r . RAND, Phila.—Victor gas ma¬ 
chine. The machine makes gas from gaso¬ 
line at a cost of $1 per 1,000 feet. The 
air-pump and carburetter (except the work¬ 
ing parts) are made entirely of copper. It 
is operated with weights and pulleys, and is 
very highly recommended by sixty patrons. 

T. F. ROWLAND, Continental Works, 
Brooklyn, N. Y.—Mechanical stoking. An 
interesting model shown of an apparatus 
that is filled with coal and then pushed into 
the retort where it is emptied. The inven¬ 
tion is popular. 

NEW ERA GAS LIGHTING CO.; J. M. 
Richmond, Phila., agent.—Gasoline is placed 
in a tank away from danger, whence it is 
conveyed to a holder through a galvanized 
pipe. The gas holder, falling to a certain 
point, opens a valve automatically, when a 
supply of air mixes with the vapor of gaso¬ 
line and is carried to the gas holder. When 
the holder rises sufficiently, the supply is cut 
off, also automatically. 

HARRIS, GRIFFIN & CO., Phila.—Gas 
meters of all kinds and sizes. Station and 
house meters—dry and wet. Apparatus for 
determining the pressure in the street main 
—a very useful machine, and perfectly re¬ 
liable. 

AMERICAN METER CO., Phila.—Wet 
and dry gas meters. Meter provers and 
pressure registers. A large display of their 
manufactures, elegantly finished, and un¬ 
doubtedly accurate. First established in 
1838. Hands, 125. Capital, $1,000,000. 
Took silver medal at Fair of Franklin Insti¬ 
tute, in 1874. Their meters are extensively 
used, and they are probably the oldest meter 
makers in the United States. 

AMERICAN STREET LIGHTING CO., 


New Haven, Conn.—A small light kept burn¬ 
ing at a very trifling expense, and the appa¬ 
ratus of the company, controlled by an elec¬ 
tro-magnet, enables one to produce instantly 
a full current of gas and perfect light. 


ELECTRICITY. 

CONDIT, HANSON & VAN WINKLE, 
Newark, N. J.—Weston Dynamo—Electric 
Machines, for electro-plating. The machines 
are automatic and require but small power. 
The makers claim to produce electricity from 
motion, by which they avoid the use, expense, 
and annoyance of injurious materials. 

CORNELL UNIVERSITY, Department 
of Mechanical Engineering, N. Y.—Picture 
of the machine shop. Air-tight metallic 
blocks, 7 by 10 inches square. The faces of 
these blocks are so perfectly finished that 
when joined they hold tightly from the mere 
exclusion of the air. They can not be drawn 
apart by direct force, but one must be pushed 
gradually until the edges are reached ; when 
of course, the attraction ceases. Also, an 
electric battery of fine construction. This is 
used for driving a small, though very neatly 
finished amateur foot lathe. 

WALLACE <fe SONS, Ansonia, Conn.— 
Exhibit of one electric light. An armature, 
revolving near magnets, generates a current, 
which passes between two carbon points, 
making an intensely brilliant spark. 

G. A. HUSSEY’S ELECTRO-MAGNET¬ 
IC ENGINES.—Small engine with center 
helices and side magnets. Battery separate. 
Driving small lathe. Very good where small 
power is required. 

L. BASTEL, Phila.—Electrician. Motor 
applied to sewing machines. Cost, $50. 
Also, boats for canals. Propeller each side. 
Will make five miles an hour. 


EMERY. 

The mineral corundum occurs free in 
nature, and includes the precious stones, 
ruby and sapphire, as well as this valuable 
polishing material. In its natural state it 
is crystallized in rhombohedral form, and 
is but little inferior to the diamond in 
hardness. In the form of powder it is ex- 
tensively used to grind and polish glass, 
and when firmly glued to cloth or paper, 
is most essential in the machine-shop. It 
has lately superseded the use of the file of 
the dentist. It is often applied to the 









ARCTIC SODA-WATER APPARATUS. 

MANUFACTURED BY 

JAMES W. TUFTS, 

Boston, Mass. 



































































* 







MACHINERY HALL SODA WATER APPARATUS, MEAT CHOPPERS, ETC 


3G7 



periphery of a wheel which is covered 
with lead or leather. 

NORTHAMPTON EMERY WHEEL 
CO., Leeds, Mass.—Est’d. 1864. They ex¬ 
hibit a full line of emery wheels and machin¬ 
ery ; also, a machine for grinding long- 
knives. This consists of a stationary rim 
wheel of emery, in front of which runs a 
chuck to hold the 
blade; there is an 
attachment to 
sharpen saws. 

J. E. MITCH¬ 
ELL, Philadel¬ 
phia.— Establish¬ 
ed 1810. In the 
center of this ex¬ 
hibit is a column 
formed of thirty- 
eight varieties of 
grindstones; also, 
shown mounted 
s t on e s of all 
kinds. 

J. II. MITCH¬ 
ELL, Philadel¬ 
phia. — Grind- 
stone boxes. 

JOHN A. MA¬ 
GEE, Phila. — A 
stone to cut glass 
brought from 
Scotland. 

GEO. L. CUM¬ 
MINGS & CO., 

New York.—Ex¬ 
hibit of patent 
grindstone frames. 


SODA WATER 

APPARATUS. 

CHAS. LIP- 
PINCOTT & 
CO., Phila.—An 
exhibit of hand¬ 
some soda water 
fountains, finish¬ 
ed in white and 
variegated mar¬ 
bles ; also, soda 
water apparatus 
of all kinds. , 
ZWIETUSCII, 
Milwaukee, Wis. 
—Soda water ap¬ 
paratus ; holders 
and fountains. 


JAS. W. TUFTS, Boston.—This gentle- 
inan presents two exhibits, in one of which 
is an automatic fountain, suitable for cologne 
water. The other consists of a large and 
\ eiy elegant display of soda water fountains, 
finished in highly polished marbles, and 
valued at $25,000. 

JOHN MATTHEWS, New York.-Soda 

water apparatus; 
steel and copper 
fountains, and one 
elegant fountain, 
made of Mexican 
onyx. 

A. D. PUF¬ 
FER’S, Boston. 
—Exhibit of six 
fine soda water 
fountains, made 
of handsome mar¬ 
bles; also, bock 
beer counters.— 
The display is 
large and attract¬ 
ive. 

LALANCE & 
GROSJEAN, — 
Man’f’g. Co., N. 
Y.—S e a m 1 e s s 
mineral and soda 
water fountains. 


MEAT CHOP¬ 
PERS, ETC. 

MURRAY 
IRON WORKS, 
Burlington, Iowa. 

— Three meat 
choppers and a 
lard press. 

J. H. KEN¬ 
YON, Plainfield, 
N. J. — Meat 
chopper. 

B. MUSSER, 
Strasburg, Pa.— 
Meat chopper. 

ROBERTS, 
CARLISLE <fc 
CO.—S m o k e (1 
beef cutter. 

HENRY TRO- 
EMNER, Phila. 

— Tea caddies 
and coffee .mills. 


AUTOMATIC CRYSTAL - FOUNTAIN 

MANUFACTURED BY 

JAMES W. TUFTS, 

- Boston, Mass . 











































368 MACHINERY HALL.-TOBACCO, CHEMICALS, PAINTS, ETC., RUBBER GOODS, ETC. 


TOBACCO. 

Tobacco is sent from the plantation in 
immense hogsheads that hold from 1,000 
to 2,500 pounds; though the average is 
only about 1,300 pounds. It is packed in 
tiers, and on opening a hogshead and re¬ 
moving a layer, it looks like rough hemp 
cordage, which, when separated, is found 
to be formed of bunches of leaves wound 
with the same at the butts. The leaves 
are all opened and placed in some solution 
which seasons them. Every manufacturer 
has his own method of flavoring, and the 
same tobacco placed in different hands 
makes two distinct articles. After being 
flavored they are stripped. The leaf is 
lanceolate and sessile, varying from six to 
eighteen inches, and some quite two feet 
in length, and has a stiff, rough rib passing 
through the center. It is necessary to de¬ 
prive it of this stem before any further 
advance can be made in manufacturing. 
After the stripping has been accomplished 
the leaves are placed in a trough and car¬ 
ried under revolving knives, when they 
are cut into thin shreds, which are packed 
in tin-foil and sent to market as chewing 
tobacco. The knife above mentioned 
makes 075 revolutions in a minute, and 
so very delicate is its edge that it can 
only be run three minutes, or about 2,000 
revolutions, before it must be taken out 
and reground. 

To make cigars the tobacco is shaken 
out and then moistened and stripped, pretty 
much as we have already described. It is 
then partially dried, the wrappers or out¬ 
sides and the filling being kept separate. 
Then there is a hinder provided that is 
placed inside of the wrapper. The cigar- 
maker sits at a low bench on which are 
fillings, binders, and wrappers, in different 
heaps. He has also a cup of mucilage and 
a knife with a short, crooked blade. With 
this he cuts his binder and wrapper from 
the leaf. He then gathers in one hand as 
much filling as he thinks necessary, and 
rolls it in the binder over a smooth block. 
Having brought this to the right size, he 
rolls all in the wrapper, cuts off the outer 
end, and gives a delicate twist to the in¬ 
ner end; and to make this retain its curl, 
he dips it in the mucilage. Rolling the 
cigar under a small, smooth piece of Wood, 
it is finished. Machines for making cigars 
have lately been invented. 


CHEMICALS, PARTI'S, ETC. 

The exhibits under this head comprised 
phosphates, roots and barks, asbestos roof¬ 
ing, mills for grinding paints, scouring 
soaps, bug powder, etc. 


RUBBER GOODS. 

NATIONAL RUBBER WORKS CO., 
Providence, R. I.—Firm established in 
1840, and employs 1,200 hands. They ex¬ 
hibit the whole process of manufacturing 
rubber shoes. The rubber is first washed, 
which is done by passing it constantly be¬ 
tween two rough rollers, having a jet of 
water playing upon them, then hung up 
and dried. It next passes into a small mill, 
consisting of two rollers, where it is mixed 
and ground. Next, to the “ Empress” ma¬ 
chine, which rolls it into sheets. It now ar¬ 
rives at two heated rollers, between which 
the rubber and cloth are passed, leaving a 
thin film adhering to the cloth. It next 
passes to a machine which cuts it the re¬ 
quired shapes. The machine portion of the 
work stops here, the remainder being all 
done by hand. The linings or uppers for 
the shoes are taken and overlaid upon each 
other about one-eighth of an inch and the 
cement applied. The heels are now joined 
and the whole placed upon a last. A thin 
sole is now placed upon the last and the 
edges drawn tightly over it; then a thin 
strip is placed around the shoe, with a sep¬ 
arate and large piece for the heel; now the 
large heel pieces are placed on; then the 
filling sole. Now the upper is put over 
the lining, and the heavy sole last. The 
whole shoe is next varnished, after which 
the final operation of placing it in an oven 
and heating it to about 270 degrees is gone 
through with. When leaving here it is 
ready for the market. 


WASHING AND IRONING. 

In washing, the natives of India reverse 
the common plan of beating the cloth with 
some hard substance, and with the textile 
they pound a flat rock. The general prin¬ 
ciple of the modern American washing ma¬ 
chine is to agitate the clothes in a tank 
filled with water, and the devices to achieve 
this are varied and numerous. The plan 
practiced in Erin is to forcibly move the 
article over a fluted surface, at the same 
time exerting a certain pressure. The inhab¬ 
itants of Turkey, who follow the tenets as 








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OVERSTRUNG SCALE FOR GRAND PIANOS, INVENTED BY 

STEINWAY & SONS. 


Showing the construction of the Patent Iron Cupola and Pier Frame, with its braces, the fan-like disposi¬ 
tion of the strings, and sound-board ring-bridges ; the patent resonator; the patent duplex scale, 
and the patented design of the iron frame with its ornaments and fastenings. 














































































































































































































































machinery hall.—miscellaneous, glass models, 


promulgated by Mahomet, believe that 
nature should be allowed to take her own 
course, and to permit her to do this un¬ 
trammelled, they never wash at all. 

A mangle is, strictly speaking, a calen¬ 
der to smooth cloth. Most of these the 
rollers are hollow, and are heated by 
steam. They are not much used, except 
in large laundry establishments. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

AMERICAN WATCH CO., Waltham, 
Mass.—This company have a watch making 
establishment in close proximity to the great 
engine. In a small inclosure, ten feet wide 
and thirty feet long, with a neat office at 
each end, are placed fifteen different ma¬ 
chines used in the factory. These are 
driven by a series of small overhead pul¬ 
leys, and operated by girls mostly. The 
machines consist of a screw machine ; ma¬ 
chine for making screw heads; machine for 
polishing; lathe for cutting wheels; drill¬ 
ing machine; first and second turning of 
pinions; polishing leaf ; polishing pivots; 
hub finishing; machine for making jewels. 
The company has been established twenty- 
five years; employs 1,000 hands, and uses 
a capital of $1,500,000. Value of the en¬ 
tire exhibit, including large case of ele¬ 
gant watches, $140,000. 

STOW & BURNHAM, Phila.—These 
gentlemen exhibit a new and an exceeding¬ 
ly convenient article—a flexible shaft which 
transmits rotary motion to any desired dis¬ 
tance. It has been successfully applied to 
tools for polishing stone, iron drilling, wood 
boring, &c. 

GEO. B. GRANT, of Boston.—This gen¬ 
tleman exhibits a calculating or difference 
engine, for constructing logarithms and 
other tables, and which was made for the 
University of Pennsylvania. It is five feet 
high by eight in length, contains upwards 
of 15,000 pieces, and is worth $10,000. 
It computes and prints any table at the 
rate of forty terms per minute, and pre¬ 
pares a mold of its work in wax, from 
which an electrotype is taken ready for the 
press. 

STEINWAY & SONS, N. Y.-Their 
exhibit in this building consists of the me¬ 
chanical portion of their pianos, and the 
frame castings. They also show the move¬ 
ment in the grand and upright piano; also, 
a testing machine to be used upon the cast¬ 
ings. 


CUTTING GLASS. 373 

GLASS MODELS. 

Glass is particularly useful when it be¬ 
comes necessary to construct a model 
which will plainly show the operation of 
the inteiior of a machine. Steam engines 
made entirely of this frail substance have 
long ago ceased to be novel, and they now 
form one of the principal features of the 
paraphernalia of every traveling glass- 
blower. There were three or four beam- 
engines exhibited, made of glass, and in 
which the steam could be traced from the 
boiler to the steam-chest and through the 
posts to the piston-head, where it fulfilled 
its mission, after which it was thrown into 
the air. These engines are, of course, use¬ 
less as motors, yet in the lecture-room of a 
professor they can talk more plainly and 
forcibly in five minutes than the learned 
teacher can in five days. The facility with 
which glass is molded into intricate pat¬ 
terns, and the comparative ease of refitting 
and polishing, have combined to form one 
of the inventor’s most useful materials. 
Many patents have been sold, merely be¬ 
cause the purchaser could, by means of a 
glass model, see the inside working of the 
machine. In some instances—that of the 
Marsland Water Meter shown in Hy¬ 
draulic Annex—it is only necessary to 
make a shell of glass, wdiile the machinery 
may be of the ordinary material. Where 
there is much pressure exerted in making 
an apparatus, glass is useless. One of the 
meters of the ^National Meter Company 
was made of this substance, and yet on ac¬ 
count of its being made to stand a pressure 
of seventy-five pounds, it was declared 
valueless. Notwithstanding its many draw¬ 
backs, the innumerable variety of the 
models of every description of mechanical 
and scientific appliances which was shown 
in the Exhibition, prove that it is of great 
value to the inventor. 

Lately, the power that was wanting in 
glass to resist a heavy pressure, has been 
overcome by means of metal pipes lined 
with glass. These have been very gener¬ 
ally introduced for conducting water and 
liquids whose chemical action on lead or 
iron pipes would have destroyed them. 


CUTTING GLASS. 

To cut and polish glass, many excellent 
materials are used, the most important of 
which are sand, for quick, rough reducing, 
and emery for finishing and polishing. 















374 


MACHINERY HALL-GREAT BRITAIN. STEAM. 


By means of the sand-blast, the most deli¬ 
cate and intricate patterns can be cut. For 
instance, a fine piece of lace-work is laid 
over a polished plate, and the stream of 
sand directed against it. These sharp par¬ 
ticles fall harmlessly against the threads, 
but cut the glass. In this way the exact 
shape of the pattern is delineated.' Fine 
emery and oil placed on a rapidly revolv¬ 
ing copper disk is used to produce mono¬ 
grams and filigrees. A file wetted with 
turpentine will take hold of glass as read¬ 
ily as it would of a metal. The most deli¬ 
cate and beautiful etchings on glass are 
produced by the use of hydrofluoric acid. 
To accomplish this, a thin film of wax is 
spread over the surface, and with a finely- 
pointed instrument the design is carefully 
drawn. The acid is now applied either as 
a liquid or gas, and when it has remained 
a sufficient period it and the wax are re¬ 
moved, and the plan is found to be most 
faithfully copied. Used as a liquid, the 
etched surface is left smooth; but where 
the gas is applied it is rough. » 


GREAT BRITAIN. 

This empire presents a variety of ma¬ 
chinery, principally confined to steam appli¬ 
ances. Many are for spinning and for heavy 
lifting. The display, though not large, is 
full of suggestive ideas and grand advances 
in scientific mechanism. 


STEAM. 

AVELING & PORTER, Rochester, Eng. 
—Exhibit of road locomotives, steam road 
rollers, agricultural engines, and steam plows. 
Also, wagons that carry from four to six tons, 
and intended for farm use with agricultural 
engine. The engines cost from $3,200 to 
$3,700 gold; and weigh from six to nine 
tons. They are much admired, and have 
made quite a favorable impression upon 
some wealthy farmers. The firm employs 
400 hands; has been established more than 
twenty years, and uses a capital of $2,000,- 
000. Value of the present exhibit, $20,000. 

APPLEBY BROS., London, Eng.—Mill¬ 
wrights, &c. Portable and locomotive steam 
cranes, intended for traveling upon any given 
line of work, such as railways, &c. The 
carriage is cast in one piece, though neces¬ 
sarily heavy; the horns being provided with 
bearings for traveling wheels, and bosses for 


rail clips. All motions are governed by a 
pair of direct-acting steam cylinders placed 
slightly at an incline, one outside of each 
side frame. The crank pins are fitted into 
balanced disc plates. Each cylinder has 
link reversing gear, and the piston rods are 
guided by blocks worked in bored guides 
cast to the cylinder covers. The post is of 
wrought iron turned to fit the revolving bed 
which carries the side frames. The feed 
water tank and vertical boiler are carried 
from the revolving bed, and are placed at 
such a distance behind the post, as to form 
some counterbalance to the load to be lifted. 
The lifting power is conveyed from the crank¬ 
shaft to the chain barrel by means of spar 
gear; and the load may be lowered by re¬ 
versing the engines, or by the brake. The 
turning motion is obtained through double 
friction clutches, and the crane may be 
moved in either direction simultaneously 
with any other operation. 

This motion being performed by driving 
the friction roller under the jib instead of 
through toothed gear on the carriage, the 
risk of breakage is greatly reduced. The 
derrick motion is obtained by a worm and 
tangent-wheel on the chain barrel, the worm 
locking the jib in any position. The travel¬ 
ing motion is conveyed from the crank-shaft 
to both axles by a train of shafts and bevel 
wheels, one shaft passing down the center 
of the post. The average expense of work¬ 
ing these cranes is $3 a day. The average 
daily work of a three-ton crane is 300 tons 
lifted 30 feet and deposited on trucks. 

The firm builds also Overhead Traveling 
Cranes for hand power. These are very 
similar to those made in this country. They 
have three shops which they keep constantly 
working, employing altogether 900 hands. 
House long established. Capital, $1,000,- 
000 . 

DAVEY, PAXMAN & CO., Colchester, 
Eng.—Very complete upright boiler and 
agricultural engine. Both well and excel¬ 
lently arranged. The firm has taken five 
prizes at London and Vienna. 

W. & J. GALLOWAY, Manchester, Eng. 
—Boiler tubes and boilers. Galloway’s 
boilers at work in the English Boiler Annex. 
The tubes are nearly vertical, and their ar¬ 
rangement is much approved. 

M. A. WIER & CO., London.—Patent 
hydro-gyrometer. The indicator not only 
shows at a glance, by a pointer on the dial 
face, the number of revolutions being made, 







MACHINERY HALL-RAILROAD SIGNALS. 


3 W f 

i o 


per minute, but causes a diagram to be made 
ot the number of revolutions per minute, 
hour, day, month, or longer period. A well 
made and useful machine. 

L. BUTTON, of Waterford, N. Y., exhib¬ 
its a very elegantly finished steam fire-engine, 
placed here for the reason that there was not 
room in the United States Department at 
the time of its arrival. 

A. M. PERKINS A SON, London.— 
Small tube heating apparatus and steam 
ovens for land and marine purposes. Adopt¬ 
ed *by the British government, and recom¬ 
mended by nearly one hundred of the first 
firms in England. The heating apparatus 
has been extensively used in London since 
the year 1837, as certified by J. B. Bun- 
ning, architect for the corporation. It is in 
use at Buckingham Palace, by her majesty, 
the Queen; at Marlborough House, the resi¬ 
dence of the Prince of Wales; and in more 
than two hundred of the dwellings of the 
nobility and gentry of the kingdom. Also, 
in more than that number of hospitals, rail¬ 
way stations, and private residences; and in 
over two hundred churches and other public 
places. 

THE PERKINS STEAM OVEN is also 
on exhibition, and has many advocates 
among military engineers, as well as others. 
It is simply a traveling oven, of large capa¬ 
city, and so constructed as to be readily 
moved from place to place, as may be re¬ 
quired. It is made of a double case of iron, 
with a space of four inches filled in with a 
non-conducting substance, to prevent the 
escape of heat. It is heated by series of 
wrought iron tubes, inclined toward the fur¬ 
nace, for the purpose of keeping the water 
at the fire end. The tubes are placed paral¬ 
lel under the floor, and under the top, inner 
surface of the oven. One end of each tube 
is projected into the fire, and as the water 
becomes heated, it expands and fills the tube 
with steam of an equal temperature. The 
boiler gives hot water wherewith to mix 
bread, Ac. Weight, one ton two cwt., and 
two tons. One will bake forty-eight four- 
pound loaves, and the second ninety such 
loaves every hour. 

In a trial made in 1867, of this oven, with 
the ordinary French Field Oven, the result 
was—The Perkins baked 2,992 rations of 
bread, of ]-£ lbs. each, with 560 lbs. of coke, 
at a cost of $1.87. 

Army Field oven, 1,306 rations, same size, 


with 6,936 lbs. “ bavins” (the only fuel that 
could be used), at a cost of $22.29. 

B. & S. MASSEY, Openshaw, Manches¬ 
ter, Eng. Patentees and makers of double 
and single acting steam hammers of all sizes, 
from 100 pounds to 20 tons. Small ham¬ 
mers may be worked to 300 blows per min¬ 
ute. The machines are strongly made and 
highly finished. They also make circular 
saws, of a new and approved pattern, for 
cutting hot iron. At their works, from 80 to 
100 steam hammers in course of construction, 
may be seen at any time. They have taken 
eight medals at various world’s fairs, begin¬ 
ning with Paris, in 1867. The house has 
been established since 1858. 

J. MENGIES & CO., Edinburgh, Scot.— 
Breechin’s Patent Homboldt Heat Econo¬ 
mizer. A pan, of disc shape bottom and 
flat top, having two pipe holes beneath, and 
answering the purpose of a drum. Intend¬ 
ed to confine the heat within a radiating 
surface, before its escape through the 
chimney. 

WM. WRIGHT, Coatbridge, Scotland.— 
Square, hot water boiler, made of cast iron. 
Something new. No cards nor circulars. 

EDWARD GREEN A SON, Manchester, 
Eng.—An exhibit of Green’s Patent Im¬ 
proved Fuel Economizer. The economizer 
consists of a series of pipes placed close to¬ 
gether, and numbering 144 in all, 12 feet 
long and 6 inches in diameter, all inclosed 
in brick work. They are intended for util¬ 
izing waste heat. Being placed in the main 
flue, beyond the boilers, the saving claimed 
is twenty-five per cent. The pipes are pro¬ 
vided with scrapers that move slowly up and 
down upon the outside of each pipe, for the 
purpose of cleaning the pipes from top to 
bottom. The apparatus has a fine appear¬ 
ance, and is very generally noticed and ap¬ 
proved by scientists. Cost, $2,460 gold. 
Value of the exhibit, $6,500. The firm has 
existed twenty-five years; employs 600 
hands, and has invested a capital of $500,- 
000 . 


RAILROAD SIGNALS. 

JOHN BRIERLY A SONS, London.— 
Large model with tracks and railroad signals, 
arranged to show a new system for track 
changes. 

SAXBY A FARMER, London.—Model 
for same purpose as the above. Switches 
arranged so as to be changed from certain 












373 


MACHINERY HALL-PAPER MACHINERY, GENERAL MACHINERY. 


signal stations. Both these plans deserve 
attention, as millions of people travel on rail¬ 
roads, whose lives are—by the present sys¬ 
tem—completely in the hands of the switch 
tender. The models now shown only appear 
complicated from the number of tracks and 
the various levers to be worked; though in 
the hands of a careful and attentive person, 
they ought certainly to insure greater safety 
than now exists. After all, by these sys¬ 
tems, or any others, more depends on close 
personal attention than upon the construc¬ 
tion of any contrivance of mere machinery. 

DAVID WELSH, London.—Model cattle 
cars, with very complete arrangements for 
feeding, watering, and cleaning. Also, pro¬ 
vided with changable partitions, so that 
more or less room can be given for cattle, or 
sheep and swine. Every part is calculated 
to add to the comfort of animals transport¬ 
ed on railroads. The cars are roomy and 
pleasant, while every thing lias been done to 
keep up a good circulation of fresh air; or 
to close the boxes during cold or rainy 
weather. 

R. P. WILLIAMS.—A model of a rail¬ 
road crossing made of rails placed diagon¬ 
ally. No name or place designated. 


PAPER MACHINERY. 

BASTED MILL, Kent, Eng.—Samples 
of patent water-marked paper, and a very 
handsome model of copper work, with de¬ 
signs for water-marks woven in the fine wire. 

T. J. MARSHALL A CO., London.— 
Dandy Roll Makers, Campbell’s Works. 
Wire work for envelope and note paper, 
with water lining interwoven. Very neat 
and well executed designs. 

ALEX. ANNANDALE, Beltonford Paper 
Works, Dunbar, Scot.; Peter Wright & 
Sons, Phila., agents.—Specimen of machine 
screen plate partly reclosed. 


GENERAL MACHINERY. 

GREENWOOD & BATLEY, Albion 
Works, Leeds, Eng.—War material. Ma¬ 
chinists to the British War Department, and 
the Council of State for India. They also 
furnish war material to several foreign gov¬ 
ernments. They present machines for mak¬ 
ing bolts, spikes, Ac. A bolt-heading ma¬ 
chine, that is claimed to work much better 
than the old style machine, and to do the 
work much more rapidly. By a very simple 


tool arrangement, the head of the bolt must 
of necessity always be in the center. They 
forge the largest bolts at a single heat. 
There are three leads to the screw in the 
machine which greatly quickens the work. 
They make a great variety of tools, and 
among them, artillery and general carriage 
wheel making machines. Mensell’s railway 
wheels, with wood interiors. Endless rib¬ 
bon saws. Panel planers, and a large num¬ 
ber of machines for woodwork. Machines 
for making every part of wheels and entire 
wagons. Also, machines for testing the 
strength of metals; anchor and coupling 
chains (tc 

GREEN WOOD A KRITCH, a branch of 
the above named firm, present a small “ Sun” 
job press. It has a new and excellent ar¬ 
rangement for the even distribution of ink. 
The chase is only 11 by 16 inches. The 
platen passes directly to the face of the type. 
It will print 1,800 an hour. It is now being 
used for printing in colors pictures of the 
various buildings on the Centennial grounds. 

KEATS, GREENWOOD A KEATS, an¬ 
other branch of the same house, have on ex¬ 
hibition a machine called “The Iron Shoe¬ 
maker.” It has a clumsy appearance and 
yet turns out very excellent work; it stichcs 
regularly with two waxed ends, and makes a 
perfect lock-stitch. It is a shuttle machine. 
It does as well in the grooves of the soles 
and in plain 
also show— 

SIIACKLETON A BURNS’ MACHINE 
for tieing in warps for looms. It ties new 
threads to the old warp by a combination 
of fingers and points. Each thread is tied 
rapidly though singly. These various ma¬ 
chines attract much attention, and deserv- 
ingly interest the visitors. The main house 
has been established more than twentv years. 
The exhibit is valued at $6,000. They 
(Greenwood A Batley) employ 2,500 hands, 
and use a capital of $3,000,000. 

WESTRAY, COPELAND A CO., Bar¬ 
row-in-Furness, Eng.—Sole makers of Bees- 
ley’s Patent Punching, Shearing, and Angle 
Cropping Machine, for iron, steel, and 
other metals. Exhibit of the machine, full 
size, worked by a T lever fixed within. 
The whole gearing is below ground level. 
Will punch and shear any metal. Price, 
$800. Weight, 6 tons. House established 
in 1836; employs 40 hands, and uses a cap¬ 
ital of $500,000. Value of exhibit, $10,- 
000. While we stood by, the machine 


straight upper seams. They 







MACHINERY HALL-SPINNING. 


377 


sheared one inch off a plate 1 by 7 inches; 
punched a one inch hole through the same, 
and clipped some one-half inch angle iron 
—all in one minute. 

JOSHUA HEAP A CO., (limited,) Old¬ 
ham, Eng.—Exhibit of five small, neat cases 
of taps and dies, screws and bolts. Also, 
machine tor cutting threads on iron pipes. 


SPINNING. 

SAMUEL LAWSON A SONS, Leeds, 
Eng.—Manufacturers of spinning machinery. 
They exhibit a breaker, carder, finisher, 1st 
and 2d drawing frames, roving frame, spin¬ 
ning frame, and cop machine, all in opera¬ 
tion, and moving like clock work. Value 
of the exhibit, $8,000. The house has been 
established over one hundred years. They 
occupy a space of 40 by 80 feet. Hands, 
1,600. The capital is estimated at $2,000,- 
000. They send their machines to all quar¬ 
ters of the world. 

THOMAS GADD, Manchester, Eng.— 
Represented by E. Szarbinowski A Nathan, 
makers of machines for calico printers, 
bleachers, dyers, and finishers. The exhibit 
consists of a calico printing press, with a 
driving engine. Also, an engraving ma¬ 
chine, and an automatic chaser. The ma¬ 
chines work very smoothly, and are finely 
finished. There is also a small milling ma¬ 
chine or lathe. Value of the exhibit, $8,000 
gold. 

FAIRBANKS, KENNEDY A NAYLOR, 
Leeds, Eng.—Makers of machinery for flax, 
jute, hemp, tow, Ac. 

WELLINGTON FOUNDRY.—Quadru¬ 
ple boring machine, for boring axles, buffer 
boxes, Mansel wheels, bosses, Ac. A fine 
display. They exhibit a single sided ma¬ 
chine of two heads. One head shows the 
system of winding from the bobbin, and the 
other of winding from the hank. These 
machines are usually made double sided, 
and are proportionately stronger and bolder 
in appearance. The machine is constructed 
for nine spindles to work jute yarns; and 
three spindles are shown working linen 
yarns. It is also capable of working the 
heaviest jute yarn spun, say forty to fifty 
pounds, as well as the finest flax, up to 100’s 
leas; and is now working all descriptions of 
yarn, including flax, tow, hemp, woolen, and 
worsted, and cotton. Owing to the ease with 
which the machine can be adjusted, it can in 


a few moments be altered to suit the finest 
or coarsest yarn, and the largest or smallest 
cop. It is the Grayson & Hardisty patent, 
and is . highly approved. The Drawing 
Frame is another very capital machine at 
work, rolling out the slivers of most per¬ 
fect uniformity of size. Then the machine 
for spinning jute yarn. The second Draw¬ 
ing Frame reduces the size of the slivers to 
one-fourth. Then the Roving Frame and 
the Spinning Frame. All these machines 
are in active operation and doing most ex¬ 
cellent work, proving their value by actual 
daily test. The whole display is valued at 
$5,000. The house was originally founded 
more than one hundred years ago, and from 
that time to this, has been continually add¬ 
ing to the facilities of manufacture by adopt¬ 
ing every valuable improvement that has 
been offered in their particular line of busi¬ 
ness. They make now between thirty-five 
and forty distinctly different machines", and 
employ 2,000 to 2,500 hands. 

HOWARD & BULLOUGH, Accrington; 
F. A. Leigh A Co., Boston, agents.—Makers 
of cotton machinery. They exhibit a full 
set of cotton spinning machines, each in 
operation. Some of their machines are pro¬ 
vided with an electric attachment, by which 
any break in the thread is immediately de¬ 
tected automatically, and the frame stopped. 
This is accomplished by means of a steel 
bar running the whole length of the machine 
and charged from a battery. Each small 
roller above this bar is only separated there- 
form by the cotton passing between. When 
this breaks, the small roller at one end falls 
upon the steel bar, and an electric current is 
formed that stops the machine. The battery 
is easily arranged, and the whole works most 
satisfactorily. The exhibit is valued at $15,- 
000. The house is long established, and has 
a well earned reputation. 

NUSSEYS A LEACIIMAN, Leeds, Eng. 
—Cloth pressing machines. Manufacturers 
for the United States. I. P. Morris A Co., 
Phila.—made at the Port Richmond Iron 
Works. The cloth is pressed through a 
series of alternate iron and wooden rollers, 
arranged in pairs. Each presser is said to 
do the work of four old-fashioned machines, 
and do it much more perfectly, leaving the 
cloth smooth and even when pressed. The 
machine is valued at about $2,000. The 
house has been established more than fifty 
years, and has attained eminence for the ex¬ 
cellent work and reasonable prices. The 













378 


MACHINERY IIALL—SPINNING, COAL GETTING. 


firm employs between 700 and 800 hands, 
and uses a capital of $2,000,000. 

J. &' P. COxVTS, Paisley, Scot.; also, 
Pawtucket, R. I.; Bates & Coats, Phila., A. 
S. March & Co., Boston, and Kittle & Co., 
San Francisco, are the agents.—The machin¬ 
ery at the Centennial was not built expressly 
for this exhibition, but was taken from their 
mill and set up here, in order that people 
might see the every day work as carried on 
in the manufacturing process. When the 
fair closes, all this machinery will be replaced 
in the mill. 

The cotton is shown as it comes into the 
mill bleached and skeined. The skeins are 
put on a frame, from which they are wound 
on to bobbins about 5-£ inches in length. 
From these again, all thread that is in any 
way imperfect being previously discarded, 
they are wound on the small spools with 
which all our readers are familiar, in lengths 
of 200 yards exactly. The winding machine 
is one of the Conant patent, invented by Mr. 
Hezekiah Conant, formerly of the Williman- 
tic Linen Company, and now associated with 
Messrs. J. & P. Coats in the finishing of 
their thread in America. It is self-operating 
and of very delicate construction, a self-act¬ 
ing steel guide carrying the thread to the 
spools, and consequently giving much less 
trouble to the girl who tends it. All the 
spools are beveled so as to hold exactly 200 
yards, neither more nor less, varying in size, 
of course, according to the number or fine¬ 
ness of the thread, and the machine is so 
arranged that as soon as the 200 yards are 
wound on each spool, the winder for that 
spool stops of itself. By this means any de¬ 
fective spools are at once detected and 
thrown out, while after winding, every spool 
is inspected to see that there are no knots 
or defects of any kind in the thread. A 
girl is able to attend to a machine of two 
winders. 

After being inspected, the spools are tick¬ 
eted by a machine, which is one of the most 
ingenious and interesting in the Exhibition. 
The spools are fed into the machine by a 
long slanting trough, which can be gauged 
to any width of spool, and on either side are 
inserted, perpendicularly, the printed sheets 
of labels for the bottom and top. As the 
spool arrives opposite the labels for each 
end, the latter are held in position by pins, 
while a couple of brushes instantaneously 
move forward and coat the labels with paste. 
The same movement which draws the brushes 


back presses the labels through a tube against 
the spool, when the pins are withdrawn, the 
spools discharged, and the operation con¬ 
tinued ad infinitum. But the most beauti¬ 
ful and ingenious part of the whole is the 
movement by which the sheets of labels are 
held in position, moved backward, and for¬ 
ward, and downward, so as to bring each 
label in succession opposite the tube. To 
do this, as it has been done here, must have 
required the very highest efforts of mechan¬ 
ical ingenuity. The above machine is also 
the invention of Mr. Conant. 

The spools are then wrapped in paper 
ready for the market. The girl wrapping 
thread at the Centennial attracts almost as 
much attention as the machinery, from the 
rapidity of her motions and the deftness ot 
her fingers. 

The mills in England employ 2,000 hands, 
and the one in this country 1,300. The 
house has been established more than fifty 
years, and its capital mounts far up among 
the millions. The labeling machine will fin¬ 
ish one hundred a minute. Sales exceed 
10,000,000 spools per year. 

TIIOS. FLEMING & SON, West Grove, 
Halifax, Eng.—Covering for cards. Every 
description of covering, on leather, wood, 
cloth, brass, and iron; prepared for flax, 
hemp, jute, silk, &c. The house is noted 
among spinners for the reliable character of 
its goods. It has been long established and 
is well known throughout the kingdom. 
Took first prize at Paris and Vienna. 

II. BOOTH & CO., Preston, Eng.—Spin¬ 
dle and flyer makers. This firm presents a 
case of very elegantly made spindles and 
flyers. The house was founded in 1815. 

R. B. SANSON, London.—Cloth cutting 
machine—separating several thicknesses at 
once. The knife runs as does a baud saw. 
A patent for this machine was granted by 
the United States Patent Office, on the 15th 
of August, 1876. 

J. INGHAM & SONS, Thornton, Eng.— 
A case of shuttles and spindles, all sorts and 
sizes, of good material and elegantly finished. 


COAL GETTING. 

HOLMES & PAYTON, London.—Coal 
and rock cutting machine; cylinder engine; 
boring machines ; steam-engine and air com- 
pr essors. Also, stone dressing machine. 
This last is the invention of J. E. Holmes, 
an American citizen. It is capable of dress- 






MACHINERY HALL-COAL GETTING. 


ing every quality of stone without regard to 
pit. I he block is placed upon a traveling 
bed, and is moved thereon, back and forth, 
receiving each time a cut closely resembling 
that of a tool in the hands of a mason. The 
bed mov os at the rate of four feet per min¬ 
ute, varying above or below that speed ac- 
coiding to the hardness ot the stone oper¬ 
ated upon. Each cut is about one-quarter 
of an inch, so that four to five cuts produce 
an evenly cut surface upon any ordinary 
stone. All straight surfaces can be finished 
at the rate of one superficial foot per minute. 
By hand only twelve to fifteen feet can be 
completed in a day. The price of the ma¬ 
chine is $3,000. The house has been found¬ 
ed twenty years. In this exhibit are two 
very handsomely polished granite monu¬ 
ments—one of which has been sold already. 
Holmes & Payton also make hand machines 
that will dress blocks up to twelve inches in 
width. 

M. BAIRD & CO., Coal cutting ma¬ 
chine, made at Sunnyside Engine Works, 
Gartsherrie, Coatbridge, N. B.—The cutting 
in this machine is done by cutters attached 
to an endless chain, driven round a jib or 
arm, which extends underneath the coal; 
and is operated by air compressed on pit 
bank, to thirty-five or forty pounds pressure 
per square inch. The working jib extends 
under the coal from two feet nine inches to 
five feet, and yields seventy-five to ninety 
tons. Attendants, two men and one boy. 
There is a strong body upon which the cut¬ 
ters and gearing rest. The roadway for the 
machine is of cast malleable iron. It is two 
feet high, including roadway, and can there¬ 
fore be worked in the smallest coal seams. 
The machine travels and cuts in any direc¬ 
tion. The under cut is only two and a half 
inches, so that there is comparatively but 
little waste. There is no blasting required 
after the machine is fairly started. Price, 
complete, $1,500. It is claimed that it will 
do the work of twenty men. It has been 
introduced into ten different coal mines. 
Ihe firm is very wealthy; owning sixteen 
large estates. The founder of the house, at 
his death, left $2,500,000 for church pur¬ 
poses. Date of original founding, 1825. 

The same exhibitor shows, also, J. G. 
Jones’s patent coal cutting machines, that 
weigh about two and a half cwt., and re¬ 
quires the labor of two men and one boy. 
The cutting bar is formed by threading or 
stringing upon a steel bar a number of dr¬ 


ift 


cular saws two and a half inches in diameter, 
each saw having eight or more cutting points, 
these saws are fixed obliquely, with an in¬ 
terval between them of one inch ; the upper¬ 
most point of one saw covering the under¬ 
most point of the next, and so making a 
continuous cut. The patent was granted in 
18/3, and the machines have been intro¬ 
duced already into several collieries 
MARTIN MACDERMOTT, London.— 
Exhibit of coal getting machinery. C. A. 
Hardy, Phila., agent. Rock and coal per¬ 
forators. These machines have an automatic 
feed, by which they can be adapted without 
alteration to varying hardness of material. 
They can also be withdrawn instantly, and 
without danger of clogging the hole. Again, 
they will drill in any required direction, and 
make a hole perfectly uniform from top to 
bottom. One man can carry and handle the 
machine without difficulty. It is claimed 
that one machine will do the work of four 
men, and, in some material, of 'six, working 
in the ordinary way with hand chisel. There 
are several hundred ot these machines now 
at work in English collieries; the owners 
and superintendents of which have furnished 
some very strong testimonials of their work 
and usefulness. 

THE HARDY PATENT PICK CO., 
(limited,) Sheffield, Eng.—Cast steel pick 
and interchangeable handles, of all shapes and 
sizes, and for all purposes. The picks are 
presented in a tall, handsome glass case, 
and are arranged around a tasteful pyramid. 
They are made of special cast steel, and 
one handle can be used for any pick. No 
amount of work can loosen the handle, or 
move the tool from its right angle. The 
handles are made of American hickory. 
The prices are very reasonable, and the sales 
have been large. 

JOSEPH COOKE & CO., Midland, Davy 
Lamp Works, Birmingham, Eng.—Exhibi¬ 
tion of the miners’ lamps invented by Sir 
Humphrey Davy, to protect miners from ex¬ 
plosions of fire-damps in the collieries of 
England. The lamps are small and merely 
covered with a screen of fine gauze wire, 
that prevents the contact of inflammable gas 
with the flame. The invention is of great 
value, and has undoubtedly been the means 
of saving many lives in the coal mines. 
Those exhibited are very neatly made, and 
adjusted upon highly scientific principles. 

DILLWYN SMITH, London; A. M. Col¬ 
lins, Son & Co., Phila., agents. Patent au- 














381 


MACHINERY HALL—PRINTING PRESSES. 


tomatic stoker. On top is a hopper to 
receive the coal, and from which it falls upon 
crushers that reduce it to the required size, 
and from which it drops upon two discs re¬ 
volving in opposite directions. These discs 
are provided with beaters that throw the 
fuel into the furnace spreading it well over 
the grate bars. The apparatus is very com¬ 
plete, and must be useful and economical. 
It is in use in more than fifty places, and all 
testify to its great value. Though under an 
original English patent, the inventor is an 
American, and hereafter they will be made 
in this country. Capital, $200,000. 

MIRRLEES, TAIT & WATSON, Glas- 
gow r , Scot.—Powerful engine and a complete 
sugar mill in full operation. They attract 
much attention from their mere massiveness, 
while they are the delight of those who are 
acquainted with the demand for such con¬ 
structions among sugar plantations. The 
profit on sugar, even at low rates, is such as 
to induce many to venture upon raising it 
who know little of the scores of difficulties 
in the way of procuring machinery adapted 
to the business. The exhibit of Mirrlees, 
Tait & Watson consists of, first, a very 
powerful high pressure steam-engine, with 
massive walking-beam. Cylinder, twenty- 
four inches in diameter and four and a half 
feet stroke, fitted with Corliss gear and 
powerful double spar gearing, mounted upon 
a massive cast iron bed-plate. This engine 
drives a horizontal sugar mill, with ponderous 
rollers or crushers, each thirty-six inches in 
diameter and seven feet long. These are 
mounted in a heavy cast iron frame, con¬ 
structed with a view to immense strength, 
and yet of grand and pleasing design. The 
rollers are fitted with what are known as 
“ open side-gap headstocks,” and patent 
trash turner. They are capable of crushing 
over 300 tons of sugar-cane per day. Mak¬ 
ing about twenty-two tons of sugar. The 
weight of this whole machinery is 1G0 tons. 

The main features of this exhibit are the 
•excellent construction of the ponderous gear 
wheels and fly-wheel of the engine—the fa¬ 
cility with which the whole can be taken 
.apart for repairs or transportation—the great 
strength of every part, and the absolute cor¬ 
rectness of detail. An open arrangement in 
the frame admits of the rollers being easily 
removed, as they can be rolled out without 
the slightest difficulty. In consequence of 
the large amount of space required to show 
them at work, the cane carrier and Megass 


elevator of the mill have not been erected ; 
but enough has been shown to attest its 
great value among sugar plantations. The 
same firm exhibits a small sugar mill; a 
vacuum pumping engine, and two of Wes¬ 
ton’s 30 inch self-balancing suspended cen¬ 
trifugal machines. 

THE WALTER PRESS, London.—This 
press is of the same construction as the 
press upon which the “London Daily 
Times” is printed; and is, in fact, the inven¬ 
tion of the owner of that famous journal. 
On the 28th of Nov., 1814, the “Times” 
was, for the first time, printed by steam , 
throwing off the edition of the following 
day, Nov. 29th. The press then worked 
was the invention of the father of the pres- 
s^nt proprietor; and in that first steam edi¬ 
tion he proudly congratulated his thousands 
of readers upon the fact that he now could 
supply the increasing public demand, as he 
could strike off 1,100 impressions every 
hour!—1,100 at that day was a wonder. 
At the present it is a mere bagatelle. Still, 
the want was then fully supplied, and the 
“ Times” went on, for a season, its way re¬ 
joicing. But the world grew, and so did 
the circulation of the paper. The 1,100 
was soon found altogether too small to meet 
the demand. Other appliances were need¬ 
ed. Other mechanism that should far out¬ 
strip the machine so boldly lauded in 1814. 
The younger Mr. Walter tried his hand at 
invention, and soon far outwent his worthy 
parent in tumbling out copies of the paper. 
At a first glance the press does not appear 
very different from other presses that we see 
in our daily walks among printers; but a 
closer examination develops new processes 
and new results. The paper is printed from 
a roll of 900 to 1,000 pounds, which is 
placed at the rear of the press and near the 
floor. The roll is 36 inches wide and is cut 
off at every 4/f inches with marked cer¬ 
tainty and unvarying precision. From the 
great roll the paper passes round two care¬ 
fully blanketed cylinders, that are hollow, 
slightly perforated, and filled with water and 
steam, for the purpose of dampening the 
paper before it is drawn forward for im¬ 
pression. 

The paper is drawn forward by two other 
nipping rollers, which rollers have a speed 
corresponding to that of the printing cylin¬ 
ders ; consequently, all the parts work to¬ 
gether in perfect unity. At the top of the 
press is the cylinder upon which are the 






MACHINERY IIALL-STEVENS LOOM. 


381 


stereotyped forms from which the impression 
is taken for the inside of the paper. Some 
eighteen inches below is an ink reservoir, 
about nine inches deep and extending across 
the press. A roller revolves slowly in this 
reservoir, while a fixed knife scrapes the 
surplus ink from its surface, leaving just 
enough to thoroughly ink two other rollers, 
and no more, as it passes the distributing- 
roller. This last places upon the type-cov¬ 
ered cylinder just sufficient to fully ink the 
type. While this operation is being per¬ 
formed, a rod with brass points, moving 
about as rapidly as the scraper, stirs up the 
ink in the reservoir to prevent it from thick¬ 
ening and thus impairing the impressions. 

Under the stereotyped cylinder is the im¬ 
pression cylinder, against which it prints; 
below this first impression cylinder, is the 
second impression cylinder, and immedi¬ 
ately below that the stereotyped cylinder, 
from which the outside of the paper is 
printed against the second impression cylin¬ 
der. The sheet of paper, on leaving the 
two nipping rollers, spoken of above, passes 
between the upper stereotyped cylinder and 
the upper impression cylinder, receiving the 
impression of the inside of the paper as it 
passes. Then it passes down and between 
the upper impression cylinder and the lower 
impression cylinder, and then between the 
lower impression cylinder and the lower 
stereotyped cylinder, all four cylinders being 
placed one above another, the two impres¬ 
sion cylinders being in the middle. The 
lower stereotyped cylinder is inked in pre¬ 
cisely the same way as the upper one. 

The paper now being printed on both 
sides, the next thing to do is to get it out 
of the press as quickly as possible. To carry 
this out it is drawn forward by tapes leading 
to a rock frame. On its way, however, an 
important action takes placfe. After receiv¬ 
ing its last impression, the sheet of paper 
passes through two cylinders of like diame¬ 
ter, the one immediately above the other. 
As the sheet passes one, drawn by the tapes, 
it is so arranged that when a divisional line 
between each successive printed copy passes 
the central line between the two cylinders, 
a knife', with a serrated edge, is thrust down¬ 
ward momentarily from the upper cylinder 
into a corresponding groove in the lower 
cylinder. This knife is totally unprovided 
with any elastic or springy substance what¬ 
ever. However, two little tags of the 
paper, about one-quarter of an inch wide, 


remain unsevered at either side, so that each 
copy, after being cut off, shall draw its im¬ 
mediate successor into the tapes, and not 
leave it behind like an engine running away 
from a train ot cars. But, when well in 
the tapes, a little extra tension snaps these 
little connecting tags, and as the first paper 
reaches the apex of the rock frame, it has 
gradually gained a lead of about three inches 
on the one immediately behind it; thus 
giving the rock frame time to deliver each 
alternate copy of the paper between two 
different descending lines of tapes. These 
tapes lead down to the flyer, which, working 
backward and forward, automatically deliv¬ 
ers the papers alternately on the two tables 
one behind and one in front—and this, with 
ease, at the speed of from 15,000 to 17,000 
copies of the paper per hour. 

A mere lad can trace all the workings of 
this great press. It is the same as used in 
the office of the “New York Daily Times,” 
and since the commencement of the present 
exhibition, it has printed the daily Centen¬ 
nial edition of that paper upon the grounds. 
One man to watch the press and two boys 
to carry away the papers as printed compose 
the entire force needed for its operation. It 
must be remembered that the AValter is a 
single press, printing only from one set of 
stereotyped plates. 

SIIAW BROS., London.—A small card 
press that is claimed to throw oft* 8,000 
cards per hour. It is the invention of Wm. 
Shaw, father of the exhibitors. 


STEVENS LOOM. 

T. STEVENS, Coventry and London.— 
Mr. Stevens exhibits a very ingenious loom 
upon the Jacquard* principal, making Cen¬ 
tennial badges of woven silk, extremely ele¬ 
gant and of perfect uniformity. The loom 
is about twenty feet long and fifteen feet 
high. On top is the automatic card regu¬ 
lator, by which the changes are made in the 
warp at each throw of the shuttle. Any 
encyclopedia will furnish a clear account of 
these cards and the manner of changing 
them. It may only be necessary here to 
notice the fact that the cards are punctured 
to correspond with the intended pattern, and 
the whole perfection of the design depends 

* Joseph Marie Jacquard was born at Lyons, France, in 1752, and died 
in 1834. He was the inventor of the celebrated Jacquard loom: was 
the son of weavers; was self-taught: and engaged in his parents’busi¬ 
ness. In 1801, he obtained a prize of 3,000 francs from the government, 
for a loom which he exhibited, and afterward a premium of fifty francs 
on each of his machines established. It is said that there has been no 
essential improvement on the principle since. 













382 


MACHINERY IIALL-ANVILS AND SLEDGES, SEWING MACHINES. 


upon their accuracy. The design itself is 
really originated upon these punctured cards. 
On top are certain hooks which come for¬ 
ward and draw back each card in turn; and 
the cards, by their punctures, regulate the 
specific threads of the warp that are to be 
moved. As soon as the card is in place, the 
warp is opened for the passage of the shuttle; 
and as soon as the shuttle has passed and the 
card is drawn in place, opening a new divi¬ 
sion of the warp for the next throw of the 
shuttle. At one end of the loom, and near 
the back, is the automatic shift, by which 
the throw of each shuttle is regulated. This 
has a number of fingers, corresponding with 
the shuttles, and, by very simple machinery, 
works in accordance with the direction given 
by the punctured cards on top of the loom. 
There are eight shuttles, each having its par¬ 
ticular filling of silk thread, and each its 
single, specific color. Twenty ribbons are 
woven at a time, and, as there are eight 
shuttles to each, there are consequently 160 
shuttles moving, acting, and doing the most 
precise and uniform work on each machine. 
There are 600 threads in each warp, and, 
therefore, in the twenty warps, 12,000 dis¬ 
tinct and separate threads. 

The loom requires constant watching, as 
all the shuttles must stop whenever a thread 
breaks. There is no automatic arrangement 
for announcing a breakage. It must be de- 
tected by the person in charge, and therefore 
requires the most constant attention. With 
regard to the one on exhibition, the threads 
of the warp have been so well placed that 
there are very few breaks occurring. With 
regard to the works produced by this won¬ 
derful loom, Mr. Stevens called them “ Stev- 
engraphs,” but the “ London Bookseller ” 
gives us another, and one far more appro¬ 
priate, because more technical, when it pro¬ 
nounces them to be “ textilographs.” The 
arrangement of color, the richness of the 
various tints, the purity of design, the sharp¬ 
ness and precision of outline in the making 
of these Centennial ribbons or badges, are 
beyond all praise; while the lettering is 
sharp, clear, and distinct, as if printed from 
type. 

Mr. Stevens makes several hundred varie¬ 
ties of his badges, book-marks, &c.; and he 
sells them about as fast as they are made. 
He has been only about three or four years 
engaged upon these looms, though he has 
been in business a much longer time. He 
supplies the English navy with gold, wire- 


woven hat ribbons, and the army, police, 
Ac., with gold and silver lace. Also, several 
European governments, as well as a certain 
branch to our own country. He employs 
200 hands, and a capital of $200,000. Mr. 
Stevens has received seven highest medals 
and diplomas at other World’s Fairs, and 
also the first award at the present exhibition. 


ANVILS AND SLEDGES. 

BROOKS & COOPER, Sheffield, Eng.— 
Mousehole Forge. Household anvils, with 
best double-shear steel faces. Vises, ham¬ 
mers, masons’ and excavators’ tools. One 
anvil nearly 1,000 pounds. A fine display, 
and every article bearing the impress of ex¬ 
cellent work and material. 

PETER WRIGHT & SONS, Dudley, 
Eng.—Same line of work. Anvils and 
vises of superior workmanship. A large 
valuable display, attracting the marked at¬ 
tention of every scientific engineer who has 
examined the articles. 


SEWING MACHINES. 

NEWTON, WILSON & CO., London.— 
Sewing machines. A very handsome dis¬ 
play, valued at $10,000. The company was 
established in 1851, and now employ be¬ 
tween 500 and 600 hands. The display is 
highly creditable and worthy of close exam¬ 
ination. The machines are well made and 
work with precision and rapidity. 

THE SAINT SEWING MACHINE.— 
In the same pavilion is shown a working 
model of what is called the “Saint Sewing 
Machine;” and claimed to have been invent¬ 
ed by Mr. Saint fifty-six years previous to that 
of Mr. Howe. It is constructed from the orig¬ 
inal drawings and specifications in the English 
Patent Office, by Newton, Wilson & Co., for 
exhibition at the Centennial. The needle 
appears to have a notch at the lower end or 
point, so that, at the moment of piercing 
the fabric, it also forces the thread down 
through the holes it makes in descending. 
The work can only be run over once, when 
the machine must be turned back in order 
to make a second run. 

KIMBALL & MORTON, chief office and 
factory, Glasgow, Scot.—A large and very 
neat exhibit. They claim that they make 
the Singer machine with improvements of 
their own—one, for winding the bobbin 
while running the machine, and another, for 
protecting the shuttle, so as to prevent it 










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MACHINERY HALL-SHIPPING, ETC., ARMOR FOR 


IRON-CLADS, FIRE EXTINGUISHERS. 385 


from jumping from the race as shuttles some¬ 
times do. 

These gentlemen claim that they have 
essentially improved various working parts 
of the Singer machine ; and that they are 
able to dispose of their own at less prices 
than those established in this country. In 
the same pavilion is an exhibit of a machine 
for sewing sails. It is a large, heavy ma¬ 
chine, but does very excellent work, not only 
making the ordinary seam stitch through 
very heavy duck and canvas, but also in re- 
seaming, makes what is known to sail- 
makers as the overedge stitch, which is ab¬ 
solutely required in order to prevent the seam 
from being torn open by a stiff wind. This 
machine makes this stitch rapidly, and ap¬ 
pears to work easily. The house is wel 
established and doing a fine business. 


SHIPPING, MODELS, ETC. 

C. G. GUMPEL, London.—Peter Wright’s 
Patent Rudder. It avoids the evils and 
combines the advantages of common afid 
balance rudders, as it acts on one or the 
other side of the keel. It is unlike the bal¬ 
ance rudder that stands across the keel. 
When hard over no force is required to hold 
it there. The rudder is placed upon a crank, 
and as the tiller is thrown over to one side 
or the other, the crank is moved correspond¬ 
ingly, and off the line of the keel; so that, 
on which ever side it turns, it is met by the 
water only on that side, and sheers the ves¬ 
sel with greater force than the ordinary keel 
rudder. It is used by several steamship 
lines, and is favorably received. 

^ SIEBE & GORMAN, London.—Subma¬ 
rine engines and diving apparatus. Manu¬ 
facturers for the Royal navy. Figure in 
diving suit with full armor—iron-soled boots, 
speaking-tubes, &c. Also, compound air- 
pumps. 

J. PICKERING, Stockton-on-Tees, Eng. 
Patent pulley blocks, iron pulleys and jacks. 

JANGYE BROS., Birmingham, Eng.— 
Lifting jack, strong and yet light. 

CAIRD & CO., Engineers and Ship-build¬ 
ers, Greenock; Geo. A. Faulk, Phila., agent. 
—Large and very complete and elegant 
model, in a long glass case, of the steam¬ 
ship “ City of Berlin,” belonging to the 
Inman Steamship Co., Liverpool. The City 
of Berlin is said to be the largest merchant 
steamer afloat. She is on the keel, 478 feet; 
breadth, 44; depth, 37; tonnage, 5,400. 


The model shows all her outward appoint¬ 
ments. There are ten neat little life-boats 
hung over the deck; fourteen pipes for ven¬ 
tilation descending to the fire chambers; 
three masts, and full set of sails and ringing 
at every point. The decks arc laid in "regu¬ 
lar nautical style, with narrow plank, not 
more than one-eightli of an inch wide. Be¬ 
hind the case, on the wall, is a very hand¬ 
some oil-painting of the same vessel, driving 
under full sail upon the bosom of the ocean. 

DOBIE & CO., Glasgow, Scot.—Model 
of the hull of the new iron clipper sailing 
ship, “ Glenmorag.” Neatly made and fit? 
ished throughout. 


ARMOR FOR IRON-CLADS. 

JOHN BROWN & CO., (limited,) Atlas 
Steel and Iron Works, Sheffield, Eng.—A 
portion of a 9 inch armor plate fired upon 
at the dockyard, Portsmouth, by an English 
Admiralty gun, 7 inch muzzle, loading & rifle 
shot; Palliser’s pointed chilled iron; pow¬ 
der, 14 lbs.; distance, 30 feet; shots, 4; 
size of ball nearly through, Plate, 3 feet 2 
inches by 3 feet 1 inch by 9 inches. Naylor 
& Co., Phila., agents. 8 inch smooth-bore 
shot, cast iron, weight, 68 lbs.; powder, 13 
hs.; shots, 9. Plate, 7 feet 8 inches by 6 
bet 8 inches. Indentation, 2f inches. Dis¬ 
tance, the same. Also, specimen of armor 
date 14 inches thick. 

CIIAS. CAMMELL & CO., Sheffield, 
Ang.; W. B. Lang & Co., New York, agents. 
—Armor plate, 6 feet by 3£ feet by 11 
inches. Weight, 9,002 lbs. Indentation, 
S£ inches. Powder, 18| lbs. Distance, 30 
bet. Palliser elongated chilled iron shot,—7 
inches diameter,—muzzle loading gun. An¬ 
other plate, 68 lbs., spiral shot. Gun, 68 
rounder, smooth bore. Charge, 13 lbs. 
Distance, 30 feet. Indentation, 2| inches. 


FIRE EXTINGUISHERS. 

HAYNES & SONS, London.—Hydro- 
nettes, which in plain English only means 
little hydrants. They are very useful ma¬ 
chines, as well as delightful playthings for 
young gardeners. In appearance, they re¬ 
semble the ordinary sprinkler pipe used in 
all cities having water works. But these 
have an outer casing tube that is moved to 
and from the pipe when it is in use. This 
operates a plunger that sucks up water, after 
the style of a hydraution, and forces it 
through the nozzle. The arrangement is 












386 


MACHINERY HALL-ROOFING, MISCELLANEOUS. 


very simple and not liable to get out of 
order. At the butt of the pipe is a short 
pipe that descends into any receptacle for 
water, and when the whole engine is ready 
for operation. For watering gardens, wash¬ 
ing windows, and other light work of that 
kind, this machine will prove serviceable. 
It is claimed that it will answer for the ex¬ 
tinguishment of small tires. It will throw a 
constant and fair sized stream fifty to sixty 
feet. It is exhibited by two men who are 
constantly deluging a small glass frame with 
streams of water, to the annoyance of a few 
and to the delight of thousands of lookers- 
on. ( 

SANDERFORD & PROCTOR, Shore 
Works, Huddersfield, Eng.—Indestructible 
solid copper tape lightning conductors; very 
neat and durable, and easily adjusted around 
cornices. This firm also presents an auto¬ 
matic fire extinguisher and alarm. The 
method is by instantly enveloping a room, 
where fire breaks out, with an abundance of 
steam, that quickly subdues the flame. The 
room, instead of being ruined by water as 
under the present system, is only slightly 
dampened by the steam. It is always ready 
for action. At a trial made at Huddersfield, 
in March, 1875, a committee of citizens fully 
indorsed the practicability and usefulness 
of the apparatus. 


ROOFING. 

McTEAR & CO., Belfast, Ir.—Asphalt 
felt for lining under slated, tiled, or other 
roofs. It is impervious to moisture, and 
being a non-conductor, equalizes the tem¬ 
perature beneath. Made in long rolls thirty- 
two to forty inches wide. They make a 
large exhibit; and having been in business 
thirty years, are able to warrant their pro¬ 
ductions. 

ENGEST & ROLFE, London.—Same line 
of business. They exhibit a large piece of 
felt that has remained in a vat (also shown) 
for eight years without the least perceptible 
injury. They have received seven medals at 
different World’s Fairs. 

D. ANDERSON & SONS, Belfast and 
London; E. H. Martin, New York, agent.— 
Manufacturers of felt roofing. They exhibit 
a model of a house covered with their roof¬ 
ing; also, rolls of the same that are very 
strong and firm. House established in 
1875. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

WM. SMITH & SONS, Barnard Castle, 
Eng.—Street sweeping and scraping ma¬ 
chines; consisting of a heavy rotary twig 
broom placed diagonally between the wheels 
of a heavy drag. As the machine is drawn 
forward, the broom revolves, sweeping the 
dirt to one side and outside of the wheels. 
It has been tried in New York, and found 
very effective. Drawn by one or two horses. 
Wm. Davidson, New York, agent. 

R. CRUICKSHANK & SON, Glasgow, 
Scot.—Two very handsome granite monu¬ 
ments, elegantly polished and without a flaw. 
One has been sold to a gentleman residing 
in New York. 

S. F. GRATZ, Birmingham, Eng.—Ap¬ 
paratus for numbering and stamping dates, 
<fcc., for banks. Also, fountain inkstands. 
Used by a large number of banks, Ac., in 
this country. 

WM. SUTCLIFFE & SON, Lancashire, 
Eng. — Middlings’ purifier and separator. 
Important to owners of flour mills. The 
attendant declined explaining the operation, 
though applied to on two separate occasions. 

RORERT REID, Glasgow, Scot. — The 
Radiant Flat-iron, made so as to be heated 
from a gas jet by means of a flexible pipe 
leading to the interior of the iron, where 
the gas is burned, giving a constant and 
steady heat to the iron. There are two 
pipes leading to the inside, one of which 
supplies air to be combined with the gas 
from the first pipe. The invention has been 
introduced for four or five years, and meets 
general approval in places having gas sup¬ 
plies. 

WM. SUGG, London; American Meter 
Co., Phila., agents. — A very ingenious 
method of lighting gas jets. It consists of 
strips of paper upon which are placed small 
coils or points of fulminate, just far enough 
apart to prevent any general explosion. Tlie 
turning on of the gas moves one of these 
coils near the burner, where a light percus¬ 
sion fires the charge and lights the gas. The 
process has been patented only about two 
years, and already meets with decided favor. 

ROBINSON & ANDREWS, Stockport, 
Eng.—A machine for spinning and reeling 
tobacco. Prices, $375 to $500. Has re¬ 
ceived orders for sixty-one machines. 

ROSS PATENT BOTTLE FILLER; 
Geo. H. Lee, Phila., agent.—A very neatly 
made apparatus for filling twelve bottles on 










MACHINERY HALL CANADA. STEAM-ENGINES, RAILWAY APPLIANCES. 


387 


each side at once. By an arrangement of 
small pipes from the reservoir or holder, 
these bottles may be filled almost instantly. 
Though apparently complicated, it is man¬ 
aged with rapidity and great certainty. 

^. ROBERTS, Liverpool, Eng.—Prize 
medal painting machine. Machine arranged 
with a bed traveling through a basin of paint. 
On this bed the slats to be painted are 
passed through the mixture and instantly 
colored. Will paint 800 Venetian blinds in 
one hour. 

C. MARROTT, London.—Cement for any 
thing and every thing, as well as a new pa¬ 
tent prepared fuel. 

ARTHUR B. CRUICKSHANKS, Dun¬ 
dee, Scotland.—Self-acting safety cleat for 
vessels. 

JONAS MEYER & CO., Sheffield, Eng. 
—A small case of very elegant tool steel of 
excellent grain and color. 

WELLINGTON MILLS, London.—Gen¬ 
uine ground emery; an elegant display in 
glass cups, blocks, boxes, and kegs. 

GAWNNE & CO., London.—Hydraulic 
pumps. No cards. The Ellis Blower. No 
cards. No attendant. A mining engine. 
No name. Patent Anchor. No name. Two 
small models. No owner. No name. 

JAS. W. CONNERY, Phila. — Concave 
calking for steam-boilers, iron ships, and 
other metallic vessels. Baldwin’s locomo¬ 
tives on exhibition are calked by this new 
method. 


CANADA. 

We find Canada crowded into rather a 
small space, and her machinery huddled to¬ 
gether without much regard to the quality 
or importance of the articles. We feel for 
our next door neighbors, but that is all we 
can do. They deserved better quarters. 


STEAM-ENGINES. 

A. FLECK, Ottawa.—A 20 horse-power 
engine of the Robertson pattern, made for 
Mr. Fleck at the Vulcan Iron Works, Otta¬ 
wa. Excellent arrangement of valves. 

J. P. WILSON, Montreal.—Model of a 
new steam valve, horizontal; and so regu¬ 
lated as to cut off positively at a given 
distance. 

GOLDIE & McCULLOCH, Galt, Ont.— 
A finely made steam-engine, plain, without 
extra polish that so often covers up faults 


and blemishes. A horizontal engine, com¬ 
pact; and the various parts so arranged as 
to be readily managed. Price, $1,000 gold. 
Also, turbines with a new arrangement of 
gates. 

GEO. F. FLEMING & SONS, Phoenix 
Foundry and Locomotive Works, St. John, 
N. L.—A neatly made vertical engine, hav¬ 
ing all its parts well put together, without 
any efiort at mere show. Good, substantial 
work. 

EAGLE FOUNDRY, Montreal, Can.— 
Hoisting engine, with power to raise 2,000 
pounds. It is placed on truck wheels so as 
to be moved from place to place as required. 
Very compact and strongly made. Price 
$800 gold. 

THOMPSON & WILLIAMS MAN’F’G. 
CO., Stratford, Ont.—Stationary, horizontal 
engine of superior make, being strong in all 
its parts. 

JOHN D. RONALD, Chatham, Ont., Can. 
—Steam-engines. A very complete engine 
strongly made. The house has been estab¬ 
lished since 1856, and now turns out one 
engine a month, employing 40 hands. Price 
of the one on exhibition, $4,500. 

THOMAS PONTON, Sarnia.—Combined 
cook stove, heater, and steam-engine. An 
ingenious concentration of machinery. The 
boiler and steam chest are placed upon the 
stove, but do not interfere with cooking ar¬ 
rangements. At one end of the boiler is a 
small steam-engine secured to the floor. By 
these simple appointments all the family 
cooking can be done and power generated 
to drive any ordinary machinery, all by one 
fire. The cost is moderate — only $250. 
The cylinder is four inches in diameter, and 
will therefore give an ample supply of steam 
for small work. 

J. SMITH, Dartmouth, N. S.—Very pret¬ 
ty small model engine, made from the ma¬ 
terial taken from the wreck of the ill-fated 
steamship Atlantic. 

THOMAS PIPER, Hamilton. — Steam- 
boiler detector gauge. 


RAILWAY APPLIANCES. 

RAMSEY & SCARLET, Cobourgh, Can. 
—Model showing a new method of changing 
trucks, by means of a depressed railway. A 
narrow track, laid each side the main track, 
has on each a platform. Timbers are passed 
under the cars from which the trucks are to 
be removed, each end resting upon the side 














388 


MACHINERY HALL-DRILLING MACHINES, MARINE. 


track cars. When this is arranged, all that 
is necessary is to run the whole forward— 
the side cars retain the level, and as the 
center cars pass to a depressed road, they are 
instantly lifted, and the trucks beneath set 
at liberty. A reversed action will replace 
these at any time, as soon as the king bolts 
are in proper position. 

H. COLFORD, Halifax, N. S.—Hawkes- 
worth’s spark arrester, consisting of an ar¬ 
rangement of pointed metallic plates, ex¬ 
tended around the inside of the smoke-pipe, 
like a spiral staircase. The contrivance is 
approved. 

DR. BRIDGEMAN, Toronto.—Improved 
passenger exit for railroad cars. It consists 
of a mere setting back of the doors, so that 
they may be opened outwardly, and the face 
of the door not project beyond the wall of 
the car. 

HENRY OSBORNE, St. Andrews, N. B. 
—Patent axle box, consisting of a woolen 
mop placed in the bottom of the box on 
springs, so as to rise and keep the axle al¬ 
ways lubricated. Said to be valuable in 
preventing the spontaneous firing of the ma¬ 
terial used for oiling. 

ALDRED & McTAGGART, London, 
Can. — Railroad track lifter; patented in 
August, 1876. A very handy contrivance 
to be placed on the road-bed. It has grip¬ 
pers that are directly over and take firm hold 
of the rail on either or both sides. Very 
simple gearing raises the rails to any given 
point. A useful invention. 

JONES & BURLAND, Montreal.—Supe¬ 
rior car springs; substantial; made of close 
grained iron. The firm has been established 
about thirty years, employing 800 hands, 
and using a capital of $1,000,000. The 
wheels shown are mounted on finely made 
axles. 

R. DICKSON, Montreal. — Self-acting 
switch to be operated by the engineer. A 
projecting arm from the front of the engine 
is connected with the pilot house. This arm 
can be thrown out by the engineer, and 
coming in contact with a stationary upright 
near the switch turns it in an instant. 

MILLER PATENT FLANGE CO., Fred¬ 
ericton, N. B.—Patent cow-catcher, with 
flange upon the sides, for throwing off ob¬ 
structions upon railroads. 

W. C. CHATTERTON, Cobourgh, Ont. 
—Model of automatic car coupler. 

McNAB, London, Ontario.—Patent car 
coupler. 


TAIT’S Automatic Coupler. 

J. HAINES & CO., St. John, N. B.- 
Car wheels and axles; well made and of ex¬ 
cellent iron. 

R. BRYDON, Newburg, Ont.—Grain car 
door. A small model showing a door that 
when raised up catches automatically, and is 
held until the load is received or discharged. 

A new car coupler, without name or card. 


DRILLING MACHINES. 

JOSEPH HANRAHAN, Ottawa.—Rock 
drill bits. Two wings are beveled unequally 
to insure the rotation of the drill, thereby 
having a main cutting edge to work on, at 
the same time making the bits of an X form, 
without contracting the steel. It is claimed 
that this arrangement will dispense with the 
usual machinery employed to rotate the 
ordinary drill, and thus save a large ex¬ 
pense ; and the inventor guarantees a round 
hole. These drill bits have been used at 
many places, both at Canada and the United 
States; and are highly recommended by 
those who have purchased them. They 
were patented as late as 1875. 

CANADA TOOLWORKS; McKechnie 
& Bertram, Dundas, Ont.—Heavy and well 
made drilling machine, that can be set at 
any angle, known as a Radial Drill; price, 
$1,050. Received award at the Centennial 
for precision and general excellence. Well 
arranged slatting machine; price, $850. 
Molding machine, for making every variety 
of wood molding; price, $500. Also received 
award. Machine lathe; price, $600. The 
house was established in 1861, employs 
150 hands, and a large capital; sending 
their tools throughout the Dominion. 

M. STEVENSON, Stratford, Ont.—Hand 
drilling machine, on a strong movable wood¬ 
en frame. It is geared so as to work easily 
as well as rapidly. 


MARINE. 

COLD BROOK ROLLING MILLS CO.; 
L. F. Tracy, Phila., agent.—A large display 
of heavy ship knees, round and flat iron, 
nails, &c. The house is well established, 
and has a well earned reputation; sending 
their manufactures throughout Canada. 
Their ship’s knees are highly approved, well 
made, and already command the market 
among ship-builders. 

GEO. H. COUVRETTE & P. FRIGON, 
Montreal.—Removable rudder. The invem 







MACHINERY HALL—PUMPS, BRICKS AND TILE, LATHES, PUNCHES, ETC. 


389 


tion consists in appliances for lifting the 
rudder bodily up through the deck when re¬ 
pairs are to be made. 

JAMES HARRIS, St. John, N. B.—A 
strongly made ship’s capstan. 

AV M. ENGLISH, Pctersborough, Ont.— 
Hunting canoes, neatly made, and very light. 
One, IS feet long, 3 feet wide; price, $35. 

D. HERALD, Rice Lake, Ont.— Rice 
Lake canoes. One, 13 feet long, 28 inches 
wide; price, $22. Rib and batten. Very 
symmetrical. 

ZEPHIRIN LA PIERRE, St. Laurent, 
Cain Strong, well built, and comfortable 
rowing and sailing boats. 

These manufacturers have all been long in 
the business, and have their boats and canoes 
upon nearly all the waters of Canada. The 
canoe is a favorite hunting vessel amono* our 
northern neighbors. 

JOHN LEMONS, Hamilton, Ont.—Model 
of a life-boat, very neatly made. 

A\. POWER & CO., Kingston, Ont.— 
Handsomely and accurately made model of 
a ship. 

Also, ship models by— 

J. B. CIIARLAND, Lewis.—Two. 

F. II. OLIVER, Quebec.—Two. 

—And several others. 


WILSON CLARKE & CO., Yarmouth, 

N. S —Ship pump to be run with double 
gearing. 

BARBER & HARRIS, Meaford, Ont.— 
New turbine wheels. 

M. E. DAILEY, Ottawa, Can.—Telescopic 
tressle an apparatus for quickly raisino- a 
scaffold. Will stand steady upon any floor. 

BUSTIN’S FIRE ESCAPE; Geo. W. 
Robeitson, Phila., agent.—(Described in the 
United States Department.) 

ANDERSON McWORTER. — Portable 
double-acting fire-engine force pump. 


BRICKS AND TILE. 


PUMPS. 


E. BOWERS & SON, Stratford, Ont.— 
Swing pump and hose. Strongly made, and 
of a handy construction. 

ROBERT PATRICK, Galt, Ont.—A re¬ 
versible force pump, that can be changed in¬ 
stantly and by slight power. 

II. II. COX, Peterborough. — Rotary 
force pump. Owing to some difficulty it 
could not be opened so as to show its con¬ 
struction clearly. 

JAS. HARRIS & CO., St. John, N. B.— 
Lowell turbine water wheel, to be immedi¬ 
ately connected with a flume. It is claimed 
to raise a higher per centage by this connec¬ 
tion, than through the usual methods. Also, 
new, small shingle machine. 

C. C. JONES, Fredericton, N. B.—Barrel 
pump, said to be furnished at very reason¬ 
able prices, and capable of doing excellent 
work without being liable to get out of re¬ 
pair. 

W. KENNEDY & SONS, Owen’s Sound, 
Ont.—Jointer, facer, and double Leffel tur¬ 
bine water wheels. These machines are all 
well made, and operate with great accuracy. 


. & S. TIFFANY, London, Can.—Com¬ 
bined brick and tile machine in operation. 
It is nearly all iron, and, by forcing the pre¬ 
pared clay through a die, will make any 
form of brick or tile; and claims to make 
them smoother than pressed brick. It will 
mold clay that is too stiff to make good 
brick, or too soft to bear handling, without 
the use of pullet boards; and will work 
most kinds of clay directly from the bank. 
One man can operate the cutting table, and 
deliver 15,000 bricks on the barrows; and 
two men can put them on the hack in ten 
hours. The value of the machines is certi¬ 
fied by several brick makers in Canada, who 
have used them for several years. Mr. 
Tiffany makes also sewer-pipe of the same 
excellent quality, and very smooth upon the 
inside. The price of the machine is $400 
gold, or $500 currency. He has been using 
any clay that brick makers were disposed to 
send him, and we notice several barrels con¬ 
taining a good assortment of stones. Still, 
the machine travels on—grinds up all it can, 
and furnishes brick, sewer-pipe, and tile 
without the least interruption. 


LATHES, PUNCHES, ETC. 

J. J. FISHER <fc CO., Kincardine, Ont.— 
Bevel-edge boiler and ship plate clipper; it is 
composed of a stationary and movable shear. 
The movable shear being obliquely arranged, 
and the edge of the stationary shear being 
so inclined toward the former, that the edge 
of the plate being cut is beveled suitably for 
calking. The cam that works the lever of 
the machine is so contrived as to allow the 
movable cutter to be raised for a sufficient 
time to arrange the shifting of the plates 
between the cuts. The plate to be clipped, 















390 


MACHINERY IIALL-FARMERS’ LOOMS, WATER MOTOR, MISCELLANEOUS. 


is simply laid on the table, requiring no fast¬ 
ening, and the table pushed forward as soon 
as the movable shear is clear of the cut. It 
is claimed that a feather edge can be cut on 
Bessemer steel at the rate of 300 to 400 
feet per hour—that the work is superior to 
hand work, and more rapid than by planers, 
while the cost will not exceed half a cent a 
foot. The house has been lonof established ; 
employs 100 hands and a very large capital. 

BROWN & HOWE, St. John, N. B.— 
Wood lathe. Patented in United States, 
July 20, 1876. A very ingenious union 
lathe, in reality making two cuts at one and 
the same time. It will prove very useful to 
cabinet-makers and furniture builders. The 
results are obtained by the use of a simple 
device, which retains the knife (really, the 
chisel) in a stationary position while cutting 
each portion of a pattern; then moves it 
quickly forward, overtaking the movement 
of the carriage, and bringing the knife into 
position to cut the next portion. It may be 
readily attached to any ordinary gauge lathe. 
The lathe makes two separate cuts; first 
bringing the wood to a round, and next 
beading, or otherwise adorning at the same 
time. Price, $275. Awarded medal by 
the judges. 

GEORGE CAMPBELL, Toronto, Can.- 
ILot blast pan forge. A rotary blower is 
connected with the tuyere hole under the 
body of the forge. Very simple gearing- 
drives the blast with great force and con¬ 
stancy. 


FARMERS’ LOOMS. 

S. II. POWERS, Woodstock, N. B.— 
Self-acting, hand power loom for farmers and 
carpet weavers. Intended, principally, for 
domestic use. The improvements consist in 
the devices by which the lathe is moved a 
number of times without throwing the shut¬ 
tle ; and also, improved device for throwing 
the shuttle, and a very simple manner of 
connecting the treadle strings to the har¬ 
nesses, to make the cloth desired. The loom 
can be constructed by any carpenter. It is 
very compact and yet strong. It is known 
as Nute’s Self-acting Hand Loom. 


WATER MOTOR. 

F. W. TUERK, Jr., Berlin, Ont., Can.— 
Hydraulic motor. A horizontal wheel 4-f 
inches in diameter, moved by a half-inch 


pipe connected with the Centennial water 
works, is driving two sewing machines in the 
British Department, requiring 300 feet of 
rope belting to transmit the power. It is • 
said that the same stream is capable of driv¬ 
ing six such machines. It may be applied 
to dental engines or small lathes. Prices, 
$25 to $115, according to size and finish. 
As different cities have different water rates, 
no positive standard can be assumed as to 
the cost of the water. It will vary from $1 
to $5 a year. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

R. MITCHELL & CO., Montreal.—An 
ingenious machine for bending lead tubes. 
Samples shown of short bends made in large 
and small tubing without a crack. 

RAMSEY & SCARLET, Cobourgh.— 
Patent letter-box. The box is provided with 
a lift upon the inside directly under the hole 
through which the letters are deposited ; and 
this lift is upon a spring that crosses the hole 
as soon as the letter is placed in the box. 
It effectually prevents stealing of letters. 

ALEX. ANDERSON, London, Ont.- 
Patent bread knife. It is made with an in¬ 
dented edge well sharpened throughout, and 
cuts warm bread very rapidly, and almost as 
thin as a wafer, without tearing it in the 
least 

GEO. II. COPPING, Toronto.—Lozenge 
cutter and printer. A large and heavy ma¬ 
chine that prints and cuts out sugar lozenges 
at the rate of 1,000 pounds a day. It ap¬ 
pears to operate well and satisfactorily; only 
cutting a single form at one time. Price, 
$1,800. 

H. T. SMITH, Toronto, Can.—Soda-water 
and soda-water fountains. Mr. Smith has 
been in business nearly twenty years, and 
exhibits some very superb marble fountains. 
He supplies nearly the whole of Canada with 
his specialty; employing 40 hands constant¬ 
ly, and using a capital of $50,000. 

SMALL & FISHER, Woodstock.—Barrel 
lifter. Two half hoops of iron, hinged to¬ 
gether, and having handles. When opened 
they can be easily slipped round a barrel, 
which can then be lifted by the hoop 
handles. 

S. W EBSTER, Hamilton, Ont.—Improved 
oil-tank for storing petroleum, so made that 
the oil is surrounded with water. Can be 
built above or under ground. 

ROBERT FREELAND, Montreal, Can.— 













MACHINERY HALL—FRANCE. CONFECTIONERS’ MACHINERY, ETC 


391 


Apparatus for making soap. A simple steam 
apparatus that appears to he very effective 

DIXON, SMITH & CO., Toronto.—Roll 
of strong, hard leather belting. 

PROP. LA RL E, Quebec.—Magnetic sep¬ 
arator for securing ores. A very perfect 
apparatus, working with entire certainty. 

L. N. & A. II. LAROCIIELLE, St. An- 
solme.—Ore separator. 

F. E. DIXON, Toronto.—Cheap and 
sensible sash fastener. 


FRANCE. 

confectioners’ machinery. 

French candy has been sought for to a 
great extent in this country; consequently, 
many imitations of the real article have been 
thrown upon the market. In this depart¬ 
ment we find two large exhibits; one of 
which shows all the requisite machinery 
(principally a mill) for the manufacture of 
chocolate candies of every description; the 
other contains all the apparatus necessary 
for general confectionery. These machines 
are all in active operation, and yet seem in¬ 
adequate to supply the demand. 

There is an exhibit of an automatic safety 
boiler apparatus, which is self-feeding, and 
automatically controls the damper valve. 
An air-cooling and purifying machine. This 
consists of a large blower that forces the air 
through water before delivering. A laro-e 
assortment of fancy jewelry—consisting of 
sleeve-buttons, watch-guards, &c., of neat 
patterns, and made of various substances. 

The soap industry is well represented. 
Large array of fancy toilet and ornamented 
soaps. One firm exhibits a machine that 
will insert any desired letter of any color in 
a cake. All the machinery necessaiy for the 
manufacture of this article is exhibited. 

A large collection of glassware, upon 
which any design will be cut. 

There are direct-acting steam hoisting en¬ 
gines; magneto-electric machines, furnished 
with Jamin’s magnet, suitable for professors. 
A large Jamin’s magnet which will sustain 
1,800 pounds. In shape this is similar to 
the horseshoe, though made of many layers 
of sheet metal. 

A small gas steam-engine, running sewing 
machines. Many sizes of an apparatus for 
producing electric currents by revolving an 
armature magnet. 


F. MORANE, Jr., Paris.—This gentleman 
exhibits a new double hot press, with iron 
cylinders and forty hollow plates. It con¬ 
tains forty leaves, and produces from seventy 
to seventy-five kilogrammes of stearine every 
twenty minutes — the time necessary for 
pressing. New model of a large vertical 
press. A machine for paring, washing, gloss¬ 
ing, and marking candles. Also, many other 
ai tides used in candle factories. The firm 
gives employment to many hands and is very 
large and extensive. 

FD. ARBEY, Paris. — This gentleman 
manufactures a large variety of woodwork¬ 
ing machines. He exhibits band scroll saw', 
lathe for turning spiral fluted pillars, large 
wood planer, press for bending staves, and 
two sizes of a patent power kneading ma¬ 
chine. The articles are of excellent pattern 
and of reliable workmanship. 

A practical exhibit of hoisting machines, 
having an automatic brake attachment. Self¬ 
controlling weighing apparatus. Display of 
ores and spiegelheisen. Lubricators of a 
new and improved kind. An assortment of 
steam gauges of all kinds and sizes, and of 
great delicacy. One bottling machine. 
Very perfect working model of a loom for 
weaving fishing nets; small sample done 
upon it. A machine for making front and 
common bricks; concrete of all kinds. 
Large array of portable forges. Files of 
every description. An automatic boiler 
feed. A large collection of iron railway 
wheels and coated pipes. Case containing 
fuses for blasting purposes. Forged wheels. 
A copper evaporator for extracting the water 
from salts, <fcc. 

An embroidering and braiding machine, 
having a universal feed, doing its work well 
and rapidly; many specimens of which are 
exceedingly well executed. 

ANTONIE, GUINET & CO., Lyons.— 
Here is shown a hand loom for weaving 
black silk. The machine is very simple in 
construction and is making cloth of the 
finest quality. Also, hand spooling ma¬ 
chine. The whole exhibit is intended to 
illustrate the method of making the Lyons 
silks, as practiced in the homes of the 
weavers. 

E. SECRETAN, Paris. — A large and 
magnificent display of brass and copper 
wares. The form of the display is that of 
an oblong pagoda, with a base of paneled 
brass, and having an elaborately decorated 
roof supported upon eight fluted pillars. 












392 


MACHINERY HALL-GERMANY. STEAM-ENGINES. 


Upon the stand are fancy brass tubings, 
large bowls, <fcc. All the articles are highly 
polished and attractive. 

P. AIAUZET & CO., Paris.—These gen¬ 
tlemen present a large exhibit of presses for 
lithographic work. Encircling the entire 
space are specimens of their work in beauti¬ 
ful and rich designs and faultlessly executed. 


GERMANY. 

The display of the German Empire is not 
so large or varied as we expected to find it, but 
it embraces exhibits from some of the largest 
machine and mining works in the world. 
The aggregated capital amounts to many 
millions, and the number of hands employed 
are always reckoned by thousands. As a 
general thing, the several companies have 
been long established and have already a 
world-wide reputation for their various fab¬ 
rics. They also hold a large political inter¬ 
est, and the owners are placed among the 
nobility and gentry as men wielding a 
national influence of unquestioned weight. 
While this is the case among the heavy 
firms, even the smaller ones, engaged in sci¬ 
entific mechanism, are acknowledged as de¬ 
serving meritorious notice among the learned 
and influential of the nation. 


STEAM-ENGINES. 

SCHAEFFER & BUDENBERG, Buckau- 
Magdeburg, Ger.—Patent Buss governor for 
steam-engines, using double weighted balls, 
and arms balanced by themselves, and so ar¬ 
ranged upon a vertical revolving rod, that 
the utmost power is developed in over¬ 
coming the friction of the regulating throttle 
valve of the engine. It takes but little 
room and but small power to operate it. 
Beside these, the firm exhibits a large open 
case of over 100 very neat and well made 
steam gauges. Also, two emery wheels and 
surface grinding machines—one automatic 
and one hand power. Value, $275 and 
$350. The works were established in 1849, 
and employ 1,000 hands. The capital is 
reckoned by millions, and they are said to 
be the oldest manufacturers in their special 
line in the world. Value of the present ex¬ 
hibit, $5,000. W. Heuermann, New York, 
agent. 

BORSIGWERK, Berlin.—The largest 
iron and steam-engine works in Germany. 
Several cases of various large pieces of iron 


for steam-engines, all pressed work Also, a 
case of smaller pressed work and bent bars; 
some with fractures to show the quality of 
the metal; others bent to exhibit the tenacity 
of the material. One side of the frame¬ 
work for a locomotive, made of wrought 
iron, with all the opening punched out. The 
work has been done with remarkable pre¬ 
cision and wonderful accuracy. Piston rods 
are to be seen made of forged steel. Also, 
sheet steel in mammoth plates. One, 7 by 
17 feet and one-half inch thick. Another 
of boiler iron, 7 $ by 20 feet; three-six¬ 
teenths of an inch thick. Still another, 7 
by 26 feet; one-half inch thick, and weigh¬ 
ing 3,400 pounds. Case of rolled steel and 
bent and broken pig-iron. Angle iron of 
various sizes. Man-holes pressed into form, 
and numberless pieces of most superior 
metal and elegant workmanship. The house 
has been founded many years; uses an im¬ 
mense capital, and employs 5,000 hands. 
These are independent of the hands at the 
mines, probably numbering as many more. 

GEO. BODEMER, Zschopau.—Maximum 
and minimum governors for steam-engines. 
Indicating every variation of power with the 
most delicate accuracy. The governors are 
strongly made. 

BUSS BROS. & CO., Magdeburg.— 
Cosine governor for steam-engines. The 
machine is very elegantly made, and is said 
to be accurate, prompt, and very delicate in 
its operation. 

SCHILLING & BRAUER, Bremerhaven. 
—Very neat working and substantially made 
condensing engine. 

KUHLKE & DETLESSEN, Hamburg.— 
Model of W. S. von Essen’s apparatus for 
cleaning boiler tubes by steam without open¬ 
ing the doors of the smoke box. 

JOHN G. BODEMER, Sachsen.—Patent 
steam governor, very heavy, but claimed to 
be a very perfect machine. 

FRED. W. HUTTE, Troisdorf; Peter 
Wright & Sons, Phila., agents.—Boiler bot¬ 
toms, one inch thick and ten feet in diame¬ 
ter ; turned six inches on the edge to receive 
the side rivets. This is a very substantial 
piece of work; equally rounded at all points. 
Also, a case of spiegelheisen ; solid, broken, 
and twisted, showing the various qualities 
of the metal under different tests. 

JULIUS BLANCHE & CO., Merseburg. 
—A display of very neatly finished steam 
gauges and connections. The house has a 
fine reputation. Value of exhibit, $4,000. 







c. 0 . GEHRRKENS, Hamburgh— 
LOUIS WERTHEIM, Frankfort, — and 
ot lers, exhibit coils of steam packing made 
in rolls. ° 


HEAVY MANUFACTURES. 

COLLECTIVE EXHIBITION of the 
Aiming District of the river Sieg.—Elegant 
display of massive blocks of ores from vari¬ 
ous mines in the district. Some pieces are 
ot rare beauty and strange conformation. 
After the close of the Centennial, the collec¬ 
tion is to be presented to the American In¬ 
stitute of Mining Engineers, and will be 
deposited in their hall. Zinc, copper, iron, 
&c., are represented. On the corners of 
this display are bronze statuettes of German 
miners, showing great skill. 

WESTPHALIAN UNION, Hamm.—The 
districts represented are Hamm, Nachrodt, 
Lippstadt, W erdohl, and Einsal. Thomas 
Prosser k Son, Phila., agents. This is one 
of the finest displays in the exhibition. 
There are two tall pyramids formed of rods, 
screws, bolts, nuts; round, square, straight’ 
and twisted; entire and broken—the object 
being to show the various qualities of the 
material. Then there are coils of wire of 
copper and iron, from the finest cambric 
size up to quarter-inch. The coils are piled 
well up, and are of most excellent quality. 

COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT OF ORES, by 
the Stockholders Society of Niederschelden, 
near the Sieg—Mining and Furnace Co., 
near Au (formerly J. H. Dresler, Sr.)— 
Mining Stock Co., Creusthal and the Blast 
Furnace Co., in Briickhceffe, near Wissen, 
on the Sieg.—These companies have built a 
shaft 10 by 10 feet square at the base; 30 
feet high, and 4 by 4 feet square at the top; 
composed entirely of the celebrated speigel- 
heisen; probably the richest ore in the 
world. The first portion, or base, of the 
grand column is built of large blocks, of 
light brown color, and the balance of darker 
and brighter pieces. This dark is the sec¬ 
ond melting ot the ore, and is considered al¬ 
most equal to steel. In fact, it is used as 
steel for many purposes. In our description 
of Main Building will be found a further 
notice of this valuable material. 

LUXEMBERG MINING AND IRON 
WORKS CO.—This company has twelve 
different establishments and all of them in 
full operation. They produce very heavy 
string-pieces for bridges and like structures 


where extensive distances are to be crossed, 
lhese pieces are I shaped, the tops and bot¬ 
toms being well thrown out, and thick 
enough to add greatly to the strength of 
the bearings. Several of these string-pieces 
are on exhibition. One, 23-*- inches high 
and 65 feet long. They have made pieces 
33 inches, high. Beside these, they show a 
case of iron ore and specimens of small 
work, all of excellent appearance. The 
house has been long established, and em¬ 
ploys between 6,000 and 7,000 hands. 

THE NIJNI-TAGILSKY MINING 
WORKS, Perm.—The mining district lies 
on the eastern and western slopes of the 
Ural mountains, embracing a very large dis¬ 
trict of country. They were founded in 
1725. There are now some ten or twelve 
companies within the district named. A 
very large quantity of wood is annually con¬ 
sumed, and yet the forests do not appear to 
diminish. Product of iron and steel is from 
five to six million pounds. The manufac¬ 
ture consists of copper ingots, sheet copper, 
bar iron—round, square, and flat; boiler 
plates; ship plates; rails, blistered steel, bar 
and spring steel. Value of gold and plati¬ 
num produced annually, from $2,775,000 to 
$3,000,000. The plant consists of 7 rever¬ 
berating, 37 puddling, 33 welding, 27 heat¬ 
ing, 8 connecting, 20 smelting furnaces; 
beside 8 steel ovens, 35 hearths on common 
system, and 2 copper hearths; in all 146 
furnaces and 40 refining hearths. There are 
22 blowing engines, 18 rolling mills, 5 
pumps, 7 ore raising pumps, 58 hammers. 
Power, hydraulic and steam. 5,480 horse¬ 
power. Hands employed, 11,000 ; of whom 
4,500 are constantly engaged in supplying 
the works with fuel and other necessary ma¬ 
terials. 


THE KRUPP WORKS. 


FREDERICK KRUPP, Essen, Ger.; 
Thomas Prosser k Son, New York, agents. 
—Guns manufactured from crucible" cast 
steel, of a quality especially adapted for the 
purpose. The great gun, of which the world 
has heard so much, forms the principal fea¬ 
ture of Mr. Ivrupp’s exhibit. The following 
description of its prominent points will be 
found interesting. Caliber, 14 inches; 
length, 26^- feet; length of bore, 25 feet; 
weight of gun with wedge, 574 tons. It 
has 80 parallel grooves, with one-fifth inch 
width of lands, and a uniform twist of 630 















394 


MACHINERY HALL—LOCOMOTIVES, ETC. 


inches in length. Weight of charged steel 
shell, 1,127 lbs.; weight of chilled iron 
shell, 1,160 lbs.; weight of common shell, 
with fusee, 906 lbs.; charge for steel and 
chilled iron shell, 276 lbs. of powder—for 
common shell, with fusee, 243 lbs. Initial 
velocity of steel shell, 1,590 feet; initial 
velocity of chilled iron, 1,568 feet; and of 
common, 1,624 feet. The carriage is in¬ 
tended for earth parapets 6^ feet high, and 
it (the carriage) has an elevation of 8-f- feet. 
To check the recoil, a hydraulic buffer with 
two cylinders is used. The ramming out 
after discharge is automatic. The projectile 
is lifted by a movable crane. The elevation 
(+ 18f and —7°.) is given by a toothed ele¬ 
vating arc on the upper part of the carriage. 
The carriage is made of wrought iron. The 
axles, hydraulic cylinders, and side rollers 
are of cast steel. Cast iron is only used for 
secondary parts. Weight of slide and car¬ 
riage, 34 tons. So that the total weight of 
the gun and carriage is 91-£- tons, or 204,- 
960 pounds. Such is the monster Krupp 
gun, and such are its appointments. 

Beside this, Mr. Krupp exhibits a similar 
9^ inch gun, having 54 parallel grooves. 
Limit of elevation -f-20 — 6°. Also 3£ and a 
3 inch field-pieces, and two mountain guns 
of less caliber. Likewise saddles and har¬ 
ness for the mountain guns, and a collection 
of various sized shot and shell. 

The cast steel works, near Essen, were 
founded by Fred. Krupp in 1810, and con¬ 
ducted by Alfred Krupp from 1826, and 
taken on his own account in 1848. In 
April of this year (1876) there were em¬ 
ployed 10,500 workmen at the various mines 
and furnaces near Essen ; while at other lo¬ 
calities there were 5,000 more—making in 
all 15,500 men, though at times the force of 
laborers has amounted to nearly 20,000. 
There are connected with these immense 
works 250 smelting, 390 annealing, 161 
heating, 115 welding and puddling, 33 cu¬ 
pola and reverberatory, and 160 other kinds 
of furnaces—in all, 1,709 furnaces. Then 
there are 275 coke ovens, 264 smiths’ forges, 
and 298 steam-boilers—in all, 837. Farther, 
there are employed constantly 77 steam ham¬ 
mers, 18 rolling trains, 294 steam-engines, 
and 1,063 machine tools—such as lathes, 
shapers, borers, planers, Ac., Ac. In the 
year 1875, the works consumed of coal and 
coke, 612,000 tons. Of water, 1,000,000,- 
000 gallons were supplied. The water con¬ 
duit has 288 hydrants and 438 valves. 


The gas works furnish 246,000,000 cubic 
feet of gas, and supply 20,432 burners. Of 
railways, there are 24 miles, usual width, 
with 201 sidings and 35 turntables; on 
which are 14 tank engines and 537 cars. 
Also, 11 miles narrow gauge, with 263 sid¬ 
ings and 46 turntables. Between the several 
workshops there are 44 telegraph stations. 
The fire brigade consists of 63 men and 8 
engines. The receipts of the general supply 
store amount to $67,500 monthly. Of 
dwellings for officers and men, there are 
3,277. There are two hospitals connected 
with the works—one of 100 and the other 
of 120 beds. There is a sick, burial, and 
pension fund, the receipts of which, in 1875, 
were $92,923; expenses, $79,806; capital 
in hand, Jan. 1, 1876, $173,504. The fam¬ 
ilies receive medical treatment for one year 
on the payment of $1. 

Beside these guns, Mr. Krupp manufac¬ 
tures all parts of heavy marine engine and 
locomotive appliances. He has also in the 
exhibition one shaft with three cranks and 
coupling flange, forged for a 2,500 horse¬ 
power engine of an iron-clad, now being 
constructed for the Imperial German Navy, 
weighing 13L tons. This shaft was forged 
under a steam hammer, of 50 tons weight, 
from a solid cylindrical block of crucible 
cast steel, of 30 tons weight and of 56 
inches diameter. Also, axles, piston rods, 
coupling rods—all of cast steel. 

Tliis is perhaps the largest manufacturing 
establishment in the world ; employing more 
men than any other; providing for the com¬ 
fort of all, and using a capital reckoned by 
many millions, but so vast that he himself 
does not know the true amount. The lib¬ 
eral provision for the comfort of his em¬ 
ployes forms a grand feature in this enor¬ 
mous establishment. 


LOCOMOTIVES, ETC. 

CAMOSSI A SCIILOSSER, Frankfort-on- 
the-Main.—These exhibitors present a very 
ingenious machine for testing the level of 
railways and for ascertaining the variation in 
the separation of the rails. It consists of a 
car on small wheels, provided with a central 
plumb, the index finger being placed in front 
of a scale. The least variation from the true 
level of the roadway is instantly indicated 
upon the scale. The wheels are provided 
with movable sockets or journals, held ouL 
ward by springs, but giving way to any side 






THE KRUPP GUN EXHIBIT 












































































































































































































































































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MACHINERY HALL—BRICK, ETC., NEEDLES, GLOVES, SEWING MACHINES. 


397 


pressure produced by contraction of the 
tiack. This variation is also traced bv a 
finger upon another scale; so that, as the 
wheels travel over the road, the least spread 
or contraction of the rails is at once detect¬ 
ed. The process must be necessarily slow, 
but there can be no question of its absolute 
accuracy. 


BRICK, TILE, CEMENT. 

C. SCHLICKEYSEN, Berlin.— Brick, 
tile, pipe, and peat machinery, all in opera¬ 
tion. The brick machine is of simple con¬ 
struction, not subject to derangement, and 
can be easily opened for cleaning or other 
purposes. It is complete in itself, and re¬ 
quires no masonry in setting up. It is in 
many respects similar to the one already de¬ 
scribed in our notice of “Canada;” having 
the addition of a cutting attachment at the 
end of the table. This is also very simple, 
can be worked by a boy of twelve years; 
and by means of wire, cuts off two bricks at 
once. The machines are all strong and well 
made. With one machine four men can 
make 25,000 bricks in ten hours. Value of 
exhibit, $4,000. 

THE STETTIN FIRE-CLAY GOODS 
MAN’F’G. CO., (late Didier,) Stettin.—In¬ 
side-glazed retorts; round, oval, and o 
shaped. Tile drain-pipe and fire-brick. 
Blocks for lining kilns and furnaces. A 
large display of very substantial material. 
Schmidt & Gruninger, Phila., agents. 

THE STAR PORTLAND CEMENT 
WORKS; Joepffer, Grawitz & Co., Stettin. 
—Suitable for concrete and all foundation 
work on bad building ground. The samples 
shown are of very fine quality. When 
properly mixed it increases the temperature 
4£° Fahr.; sets slowly, and hardens as well 
in the air as in the water. 


NEEDLES. 

LEO LAMMERTZ, Aix-la-Chapelle.—A 
large and extensive display of elegantly fin¬ 
ished needles, from the finest cambric to the 
great sail-needle. By a tasteful arrangement 
the exhibit always attracts attention. Mr. 
Larnmcrtz has been Jong in business, and 
finds a constant demand for his very supe¬ 
rior needles. Schmidt & Gruninger, Phila., 
agents. 

PH. II. PASTOR & SON, Burtscheid.— 
Another extensive display of handsomely 


made and well tempered needles. This 
house has been long founded, and is doing 
an excellent business in their special line. 

R. BELLE, H. F. NEUSS <fc JOSEPH 
ZIMMEKMAAN, all of Aix-la-Chapelle, also 
present specimens of handsome and well 
made needles. 


GLOVES. 

F. G. SCHMALZ, Altenburgh.—Machines 
for cutting and making gloves. First he 
shows forms of different sizes for cutting the 
glove leather. Next a press that takes in 
the above cutters, and cuts out several thick¬ 
nesses of leather at one operation. Then 
he has all the needles used in sewing leather 
gloves. The use of the various machines is 
calculated to insure uniformity of sizes and 
greatly cheapen the manufacture of these 
now costly yet indispensable articles. 


SEWING MACHINES. 

COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT OF SEWING 
MACHINES, from several places.—These 
all appear to be well made and easv working 
machines. They are very neatly finished^ 
while the woodwork is quite handsome. 
The manufacturers are Pollack, Schmidt & 
Co., Hamburgh; Robt. Kiehle, Leipsic; 
Clemens Muller, Dresden; and others. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

LEOP. PIL HEMMER, Aix-la-Chapelle.— 
A very neat model, in a small glass case, of a 
Fulling Machine. The model is neatly made, 
quite compact, and appears to be a very ca¬ 
pable machine for fulling cloth. Schmidt & 
Grunner, Phila., agents. 

ERNST SCHULTZ, Bayern. —Respira¬ 
tory apparatus for the use of firemen, miners, 
chemists, and others, who are compelled to 
labor among foul or noxious gasses. The 
air chamber is swung on straps in order that 
it may be easily carried upon the back. 

POLLACK, SCHMIDT & CO., Berlin.— 
Decorated metals for fancy work. Used in 
furniture and small boxes. This is a re¬ 
markably handsome display; and although 
tucked away in an obscure corner of the 
general exhibit, never fails to arrest atten¬ 
tion when the eye has caught a glimpse 
of its great beauty. 

LANGEN & OTTO, Deutz, near Cologne. 
Schleicher Bros., Phila., agents. — Atmos- 


















398 


MACHINERY HALL-AUSTRIA. BELGIUM—STEAM. 


plieric Gas Engines. The same machine 
that has been running during the whole ex¬ 
hibition at the “Graffic Office,” in Main 
Building, English department. (In our ac¬ 
count of that office will be found a very full 
description of this engine.) Six machines 
shown. Value of exhibit, $4,000. Took 
medal at Paris in 1865. 

BEUTHER BROS., Berlin. — Carders, 
card coverings, &c. Excellent wires placed 
on very substantial leather. These are in a 
small, neat case, and make a very handsome 
exhibit. 

FRED. THOMAS, Si eg.—A small show 
case containing thirty models of glass crys¬ 
tals—very handsome. 

ISRAEL BROS., Dresden. — Mill and 
grindstone manufacturers. Four heavy, 
broad stones, of excellent quality. 

SLAECKNER BROS., Schliesen.—Cast 
steel brake shoes and heavy steel castings. 

EMANUEL A. R. BLANCHE, Frankfort- 
on-Oder.—Gum and gutta-percha armatures. 
Very excellent. 

BUCHER’S Fire Extinguishing Gases in 
paper boxes. 

PAUL LOEFF, Berlin.—Model of stove. 


AUSTRIA. 

The largest part of the Austrian exhibi¬ 
tion has been placed in Main Building, where 
an account of it will be found. But few 
displays are in Machinery Hall, and they of 
no very great moment. 

J. J. SURBER, Vienna; Mr. Vincent 
Conighi, agent.—Steel work, harnesses, &c., 
for looms. Well made and highly fin¬ 
ished. 

WILLIBALD SCHRAM, Vienna; J. 
Roeder, Brooklyn, agent.—Two very neatly 
made models of Jacquard looms. These 
show all the variations of these exceedingly 
interesting machines, and form a compre¬ 
hensive study in themselves. One loom is 
mounted and the other bare. One perforat¬ 
ed board, 6 by 24 inches, has 10,500 holes; 
and another, about the same size, has 20,000 
holes. These holes are perfectly uniform 
and equi-distant. Mr. Schratn has also a 
model of a double embroidering machine— 
a Brosche machine—with six double rings. 

KIRCIIOF & SON, Vienna; Chas. Lich- 
tenberg, New York, agent.—One heavy ice¬ 
cream freezer, with fly-wheel and geared 
machinery for driving it. It will hold twen¬ 
ty quarts. Also, a large and convenient re¬ 


frigerator, with four separate cylindrical pots 
in a row, and having wooden tops. Below 
is a large drawer for the storing of eatables. 
The arrangement is good. The box is two 
feet wide, five long, and three high. 

JOSEPH ROEDER, Vienna, Teacher of 
lace and embroidery designing, presents a 
very pretty display of his drawings, being 
mostly patterns for Jacquard looms. 

VOJTECHOVSKY & REZNICER, 
Prague.—Roh’s drop machine, for rolling 
out patterns or forms for making candies. 
The machines consist of double rollers, on 
which are cut out the desired forms; and so 
well matched that the upper roller corre¬ 
sponds precisely with the lower. These 
rollers are placed in a slight iron frame so 
that they may operate together. The rollers 
can be removed or changed in a few min¬ 
utes. There are on exhibition four sets. 
The machines are verv easily worked. 

JULIUS HOECK & CO., Vienna.—A 
large petroleum engine, working very quietly 
and with very little jar. It is claimed to be 
remarkably economical. 


BELGIUM. 

STEAM. . 

P. VAN DEN KERCHOVE, Ghent.—A 
powerful and splendidly made Corliss engine 
of 200 horse-power. The builder (who is 
also the exhibitor) wishing to give Mr. Cor¬ 
liss due credit for his invention, and assisted 
by the Belgian government, thought he 
could not confer a greater honor upon our 
celebrated inventor than by exhibiting at 
the Philadelphia Centennial a pair of en¬ 
gines, of the Corliss pattern, built in Bel¬ 
gium. There are now running in France 
and Belgium, Corliss engines aggregating 
40,000 horse-power. The most important 
one is now working in Ghent, at the cele¬ 
brated Flax, Tow, and Jute Mills, of the 
“ Societe La Lys.” It is 2,000 horse-power. 
The same exhibitor also shows us a patent 
internal clamp coupling for shafting, which 
was introduced into Europe by Mr. A. Breh- 
nan, of Philadelphia. The exhibitor owns 
the exclusive European right. 

EDWARD LINGLING, Charleroi.—New 
steam governors, said to possess many very 
decided advantages, being of very delicate 
action, and indicating every appreciable 
change of pressure or velocity. 









MACHINERY HALL—MINING AND BORING, RAILWAY PLANT. 


399 


MINING AND BORING. 

CIIAUDRON A CO., Mariemont.—A 
very remakable apparatus for sinking shafts. 
It has been one of the wonders of the Cen¬ 
tennial, and many a weighty head has puz¬ 
zled over it. On a heavy frame-work, forty 
feet high, are hung what are called drills and 
buckets. The drills are segments of a circle, 
one for a diameter of six, and the other of 
sixteen feet. These segments are heavy iron 
cases armed at the bottom with immense 
teeth ; each tooth separately secured. With 
the first segment, the first opening is made 
to the depth of thirty feet, when the hole is 
cleared by the bottomless buckets, through 
which the debris is drawn to the surface. 
Next, the larger segment is used, widening 
the shaft to sixteen feet diameter; and after 
a similar descent, the buckets are again 
used. Large grapples are provided to re¬ 
move boulders and broken cutters. We are 
told that forty-eight feet shafts have been 
made without difficulty, and that the appa¬ 
ratus has proved successful in Europe. The 
weight of the second drill (segment) is 25 
tons. The judges of the present exhibition, 
it is alledged, have made the following re¬ 
port upon this ponderous machinery :—“ A 
remarkably successful and excellent system 
of sinking mine shafts by the apparatus ex¬ 
hibited in very wet ground.” 

DUBOIS & FRANCOIS, Serainv.—A 
very heavy yet ingenious drilling machine or 
rock borer, for excavating tunnels. On a 
stout frame-work are arranged four long 
drills, and each drill has its own independ¬ 
ent engine; so that, although all four may 
be at work, each bores distinctly from the 
rest. The machinery is quite compact, and 
all four drills are under the immediate con¬ 
trol of one engineer. From the steam-chest 
at one end of the machine are four elastic 
pipes that convey steam to each separate 
drill. The whole apparatus appears to be 
very generallv approved. 

JULLIEN & JENNAR, Charleroi.—A 
fine though small display of axes, shovels, 
picks, hooks, and all manner of mining tools. 
They are made for real service and not for 
mere show. 


RAILWAY PLANT. 

A. DURIEUX A CO., Louvain.—Wrought 
iron car wheels. These are curiously made 
and deserve attention, from the fact that 

19 


they will not easily break. The spokes are 
heart-shaped, the wide part being at the 
periphery and the narrow at the hubs. The 
hubs are also made of heavy wrought iron. 
They have a singular and novel appearance, 
and lack the handsome finish of cast wheels, 
but custom will soon overcome any objection 
to the finish. They certainly possess extra 
strength, and are more durable than if made 
of cast iron. The firm has made 60,000 
of these wheels within five years, not one of 
which has been replaced. They are running 
on several European railways, and have re^ 
ceived an award from the Centennial judges. 

VALERE MABILLE, Mariemont.—Car 
buffers made of forged iron. A large dis¬ 
play of well made articles. 

CHAS. NICAISE A CO., AND AUG. 
GOBEIIT BROS., Louviere.—A large vari¬ 
ety of machines for making bolts and nuts 
of all sizes. One tapping machine for the 
use of four taps at once; worked with 
treadles. One heavy machine that will 
make 500 bolts per hour, and another 1,000. 
One pointing machine, using three forms, 
and five bolts to each form. These ma¬ 
chines also make spikes. The nut machines 
are many, and the nuts are well made. One 
reamer for working metal while cold. This 
array is much admired by our engineers. 
The machines are well constructed, and do 
their work with the greatest precision and 
perfect uniformity. Also, a display of 
strongly made chain cables of monstrous 
size. 

NIEDEL DIEUDONNE.—Ventilators for 
cars, ships, Ac. Very pretty models. 

ROLLING MILLS, Jemmapes; Victor 
Demerbe A Co.—Exhibit of elegantly rolled 
rails of various patterns. Some of peculiar 
construction to fit cast iron rests or sockets. 
The plan looks to a change in general rail¬ 
road construction, and is highly approved. 
They have received an avvard from the 
judges of the Centennial. 

EDOUARD BROS., Anvers.—Model of 
railway foundation, showing stone base and 
iron rests for the ends of the rails. The 
work is very neatly done, and has an even¬ 
ness and apparent firmness that are attract¬ 
ive. 

ACIIILLE LEGRAND, Hyon. — Iron 
sleepers for railways, and a new method of 
fastening the ends of the rails by using 
wedges on peculiar cast iron rests. The 
rests are so formed as to hold the wedge 
safely, and secure the ends in a firm position. 
















400 MACHINERY HALL-SPINNING AND WEAVING, GLOVE MACHINERY, MISCELLANEOUS. 


AUGUSTE DE JOMBERG, Marcinelle. 
—Model of machine for heavy forging. The 
hammers weigh from 9,000 to 18,000 pounds, 
while the anvils are of double that weight. 

_ O 

The model is very perfect. The lifting en¬ 
gine is well up, with a neat stairway by 
which it and its attachments are easily 
reached. The whole affair has the appear¬ 
ance of wonderful power for forging heavy 
cranks, shafts, Ac. 


SPINNING AND WEAVING. 

ST. HONGET & TESTON, BEDE & 
CO., Venders. — Wool machinery. Alph. 
Miillender, Phila., agent. Exhibit of three 
machines. One is a wool cleaner, that is 
said to work very neatly and quickly, doing 
a large amount of labor that is the filthiest 
part of the wool business. The second is a 
carding machine, unclothed. The mere 
carding portion of this is almost exactly like 
our ordinary carders, but the gearing is 
somewhat different; and by some, consid¬ 
ered as an improved arrangement. The 
third is a fulling machine—large and cum¬ 
brous, though asserted to do excellent work. 
The firm has been long established, and has 
a good reputation in their line. The exhibit 
is valued at $4,000. The price of the full¬ 
ing machine is $648 gold, exclusive of 
duties. The carder, instead of mere rolls, 
turns out what the manufacturers call rov¬ 
ings—reallv, only a finer roll. 

CELESTIN MARTIN, Venders, exhibits 
a very perfect wool spinner, busy at work 
driving thirty spindles, and requiring very 
little attention. It seems almost to jog 
along automatically. “Notin competition.” 
Mr. Martin also exhibits a beautifully made 
model, in a glass case, of a neat carding 
machine. Also, a full-sized spinner, but not 
at work. Alph. Miillender, Phila., agent. 
Value of exhibit, $1,000. 

Mr. Martin has become noted as the man¬ 
ufacturer of burring machines, devils for 
wool waste, self-acting oilers, raveling ma¬ 
chines, spinning frames, and doubling and 
retwisting machines; together with all the 
different tools and accessories for spinning 
mills. His works at Verviers cover nearly 
two acres of ground; part one, part two, 
and a portion, three stories high, with the 
furnace and very tall chimney in the very 
center. G. W. Svenson, Engineer-in-Chief 
of the Engineering Department of the Royal 
Ship Yards at Carlskrona, certifies to the ex¬ 


cellence of the work of this establishment, 
after having used their materials for over 
seven years. The works have been estab¬ 
lished forty years; employing a very large 
number of hands and an immense capital. 

THOMAS J. MARTIN, Verviers, presents 
a very handsome glass case filled with supe¬ 
rior wool card clothing. Leather goods, 
and wires turned with great uniformity. 
Also, a narrow glass case, fifty feet long, 
containing specimens of yarn neatly ar¬ 
ranged and of various qualities, from very 
coarse to very fine. Both the Martins, 
Celestin and Thomas J., have been long in 
the wool machine business, and have, by the 
excellence of their manufactures, secured a 
laro-e and profitable trade. 

VERSE-SPELMANS, ANT. BRICIIOT 
A CO., Brussels.— Machine belting and first- 
class loom harnesses. Remarkably well 
made articles. Belting of very hard and 
well tanned leather. 

HORSEMAN BROS., Liege, exhibit two 
cases of coverings for carding machines. 
The leather is of first quality and the wires 
very handsomely finished, and placed upon 
the cards with mathematical accuracy. 


GLOVE MACHINERY. 

R. B. TURNER, Brussels.—Sewing ma¬ 
chines and their attachments. One machine 
for over-seaming gloves is spoken of as a 
decided and valuable improvement; doing 
this difficult work with a precise uniformity 
and marked rapidity. He exhibits two cases 
of attachments for sewing machines, very 
neatly made, and embracing every conceiva¬ 
ble change and variety of stitch. Small im¬ 
plements that are easily adapted to the 
sewing machines, are intended for braiding, 
embroidering, festooning, edging, blanket 
whipping, Ac. Others for flower work, that 
can be used upon the finest cambric or upon 
coarse leather. The braiding machine will 
use 5,000 yards of braid for any design in a 
day, with lock-stitch and perfect cross-stitch. 
He has also knitting machines, with attach¬ 
ments of 7,000 different models. His 
monthly productions of various attachments 
number 600,000. The machines run by 
foot or hand power. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

CHAS. DE RUYTTER, Ghent.—Strongly 
made and neatly finished carriage and bug¬ 
gy, at $556 and $460 gold. 










MACHINERY HALL-SWEDEN. 


STEAM, RAILWAY PLANT. 


EM. VAN HAECHT, Haeren.—Method 
Ot recovering waste grease from all manner 
0 substances. He shows a model of his 
works in Haeren, where he is constantly en¬ 
gaged m what has proved to be a profitable 
business The base of the model is about 

. ^ J ec ^ S( l uare » raised upon a handsome 

iron frame-work. The appliances consist of 
tubes, boilers, stills, condensers, Ac. Proper 
connections are made by sundry pipes lead¬ 
ing from one to another receptacle, and to 
tiie final reservoir, where the grease is col¬ 
lected in a pure, white mass. 

NICOLAS LIBOTTE, Charleroi.-Ele- 
\ator cage for mines. Shows a model that, 
in case ot accident, is stopped by a wedge 
movement that acts with instant celerity and 
effective certainty. The arrangement is very 
simple. J 

MULLER & CO., Clermont.—A case of 
A\elve fuses ot very careful manufacture, 
lliey are in rolls, neatly arranged. 

R. BANG LASS & CO., Brussels.—Fire 
extinguishers, and paper boxes filled with 
the usual chemicals. 

EUGENE ROBIN & CO., Bram-le- 
Comte, and— 

Vv . VAN GOETHEM, both present filters. 


401 


SWEDEN. 

The Swedish exhibit is extremely inter¬ 
esting in embracing manufactures that are 
of leal sen ice to mankind. Few countries 
have shown greater advancement in matters 
of utilitarian interest. The display is not 
large, but can not fail to create kind popu¬ 
lar thought. 1 


STEAM. 


pany. Dwellings are provided for the work¬ 
men. 

WnPrl TI V HAl P’ S MECHANICAL 
WOKKb, Knstmehamn.—A handsome 12 

horse-power vertical steam-engine taking up 
but a small space, 4 by 4 feet square and 6+ 
feet high. Strongly finished without any 
effort tor mere show. Also, a locomotive 
patented by H. Asplund. Object—to ob¬ 
tain powerful engine in small space. The 
weight of the engine is spread over several 
coupled wheels, placed as close as practicable 
to prevent wrenching on curves. The in¬ 
ventor has also radial axle boxes, resting on 
the axles, by which side wrenching is pre¬ 
vented. The works were commenced in 
1865 on a very small scale. In machine 
shop, 200 men. Average wages, 65 cents a 
day. Power used, 25 horse-power. In 
1874, they made 4 marine engines, 5 loco- 
motives^ 16 passenger cars, 5 baggage cars, 
117 freight cars, 119 switches and turn¬ 
tables, 164 car wheels, and 124 car wheel 
boxes. Value of all, $140,000 gold. A 
sick and burial fund has been established 
by the company. Each workman when sick 
receives’half-pay. 

MOTALA IRON AND STEEL WORKS. 
—A 35 horse-power upright marine engine* 
occupying only a space of 5 by 5 by 8 feet. 
Heavy frame and stout cylinders. Steam- 
chest and cylinders of cast iron, molded 
with a portion of the upright frame-work. 

I wo columns of the frame, cast hollow and 
used for steam and exhaust passages. The 
geaiing all in the center of the frame entire¬ 
ly out of the way, and yet so arranged as to 
be readily controlled. This engine has been 
very carefully examined and approvingly 
noticed by our engineers. 


KECKUM’S MECHANICAL WORKS, 
Mahno —Very neatly made ship models— 
consisting of one passenger boat, one freight 
steamer, and one train screw-barge, for 
placing torpedoes. The last has the appear¬ 
ance of being well arranged for its particular 
employment. Also, two steam-engines— 
one of 25 horse-power, with surface con- 
denser, nnd safety valve of new construe- 
tion. . One of one liorse-power for small 
machinery. The company was founded in 
1 S43, employs 900 men at an annual cost 
of $240,000 gold. Power used, 100 horse¬ 
power. Product of 1875, $670,000. Value 
of material used,. $100,000. A sick fund 
and baking association belongs in the com- 


RAILWAY PLANT. 

SURAIIAMMAR IRON WORKS, Sura- 
hammar; Carl Alexanderson, Chief Engi- 
neer.—These works are quite noted. They 
make boiler and ship plates, and iron plates 
tor roofing. Plates of puddled steel and 
Bessemer. Railway wheels, with entire 
forged centers of puddled iron, and tires of 
Bessemer steel from Sandviken Iron Works. 
Car axles and axles for gun carriages. Ex¬ 
hibit wheels and axles, all strongly made. 
They do not look so well finished as we are 
accustomed to find at home, but there can 
be no question of their strength, excellent 
quality, and durability. One wheel center, 


















402 


MACHINERY HALL-NEW LETTER BOX AND BAG, HEAVY MACHINERY. 


turned out at the nave, is a fine piece of work. 
A crooked railway car axle, notched, and 
then cut in two, shows a fine quality of ma¬ 
terial. According to the certificate of the 
Administration of the Swedish State Rail¬ 
way, the axles of puddled steel from Sura- 
hammar are, after running 190,000 English 
miles, without defect, with no wear upon 
the bearing. The axle is officially indorsed. 

MECHANICS THERAPEUTICAL IN¬ 
STITUTE, Stockholm. — Five drawings of 
as many workrooms in the Institute, show¬ 
ing how the various machine tools are placed 
and the arrangement of shafting. Also, 
drawings of Wenstrom’s turbine, invented 
in 1867. It has more wings than the ordin¬ 
ary turbine, and they are more curved. No 
statement is made with regard to the force 
or quantity of water used. Forty of these 
turbines, with a capacity of 2,700 horse¬ 
power, are now running in Sweden, and a 
few in Finland. The inventor received the 
Wallmark medal of the Royal Swedish Acad¬ 
emy of Science, in Stockholm, in 1871, and 
the Moscow medal, 1873. 

A. J. ATTERBERG, Hagforsen.—Draw¬ 
ing of a double axial turbine of 130 horse¬ 
power, such as are now running at Munkfors 
and owned by the Uddeholm Man’f’g. Co. 
One of a 70 horse-power, now running a 
Bessemer Rolling Mill at Langbanshyttan ; 
also, two others; also, drawing of a blowing 
engine. 

W. WIKLUND, Stockholm.—A centri¬ 
fugal force-pump, with all the necessary at¬ 
tachments. Small, and yet said to be very 
powerful. 

J. & C. G. BOLINDER, Stockholm.—On 
the north wall is a fine exhibition of most 
superior iron castings. There are cups, 
bowls, large and small salvers, pitchers, &c. 
Also, elegant waiters and shields in repousse 
style. These are rather in an out of the way 
place, but those who find them always stop 
to examine them carefully; and they will 
bear the closest scrutiny. The figures are 
drawn with perfect accuracy, while the lights 
and shades are admirably thrown out by the 
mere position of the figures. Their cast iron 
fences are of the most perfect patterns. The 
scroll-work is of delicate leaves and flowers, 
and the bars so placed as to show the bor¬ 
dering to the best advantage. Several of 
the specimens of work have been purchased 
by the Pennsylvania Museum, and will be in 
their rooms at the close of the Centennial. 

The Bolinders also exhibit a small heater 


upon a new pattern, calculated to increase 
the radiation. Also, several tall heaters for 
saloons. One, thirteen feet high. They 
show, likewise, circular saws in heavy iron 
driving frames. A small machine, to show 
worm-gearing on a shaft; two gangs of up¬ 
right saws—one with seven and the other 
with eight saws. The frames are strong and 
well built. Then they have an array of 
smaller machines for various purposes; small 
cooking stoves and large ranges. Also, sad 
iron stove for heating eight irons at once. 
The house has been long founded, and has a 
large trade in general machinery; making 
almost any thing to order. Their exhibit is 
valued at $12,000. 

STRIDSBERG & BIORK, Holmen.— 
Blades for frame-saws ; circular, timber, and 
pit saws ; machine planers and mowing ma¬ 
chine knives. Premiums: Stockholm, 1868; 
Goteberg, 1871, small gold medal; and Mos¬ 
cow, 1872, large gold medal. Founded, 
1867. Force, 63 men and 7 boys. Motor, 
water wheel, 15 horse-power, for grinding 
works; steam-engine, 30 horse-power, for 
rolling mill. Exports go to Finland and 
Norway. Sick and burial fund connected 
with the works. 


NEW LETTER BOX AND BAG. 

DR. MARTIN WIBERG, Stockholm.— 
Letter box, so constructed that the carrier 
may collect from it in one bag, without hav¬ 
ing access to the letters. It is so construct¬ 
ed that the botton) opens downward, and the 
bag is fitted at the shop with an iron frame, 
in which is a door or lid opening downward. 
The bag slides under the letter box in such 
manner that the lock bolts press upward 
against those of the letter box, when the 
bag and box are locked together, and after¬ 
ward open so that the letters fall into the 
bag. By a lever, fitted to the lid of the bag, 
both the doors, or lids, are again lifted up, 
when the bag and box become re-locked at 
the moment the bag is detached. The con¬ 
trivance is a good one, and appears to be re¬ 
markably feasible. 


HEAVY MACHINERY. 

HOPING MECHANICAL WORKS.— 
Heavy cylinder castings—turned and hand¬ 
somely finished ; also, a pyramid of wrought 
iron wheels, with handsome hubs of the same, 
with brass tips. A machine lathe, finished 






MACHINERY IIALL-RUSSIA. DRY DOCK. 


403 


in very neat style, with a column of extra 
cog-wheels of various dimensions. The side, 
or working long screw, is remarkably well 
made, and has a perfectly even cut from end 
to end. 

C. G. GUSTAFSSONS, Jonkbping.— 
Nuts and bolts taken directly from the stock 
of daily manufacture, and made by his own 
bolt machine, that will throw off 1,500 per 
hour. They are equal to the best hand 
made and are far cheaper. 

T. W. BERGSTROM, Stockholm. —A 
small case of well made screw-bolts. Uni¬ 
versal screw-cutting machine. 


GYMNASTICS. 

DR. GUSTAF ZANDER, Stockholm.— 
Apparatus for mechanical gymnastics. Pho¬ 
tographs representing the interior of the 
Mechanico-Therapeutical Institute in Stock¬ 
holm. The apparatus consists of twelve dif¬ 
ferent machines—seven for active movements 
and five (worked by steam) for passive. The 
Institute was formed in 1865 by a chartered 
corporation. While athletics develope a par¬ 
ticular power, gymnastics produce a general 
development. As a curative agency, they 
have a very powerful effect. Dr. Zander’s 
pupils have increased from 132, in 1865, to 
900, in 1876. Of the latter, 200 were ladies. 
All the movements are performed by the aid 
of machinery. The institute has become 
wonderfully popular. The price of the set 
on exhibition is $3,300 gold. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

J. W. KINTBERG & CO., Wisby.—A 
large exhibit of very excellent grindstones, 
some of them mounted on cast iron boxes 
and frame. They are of good grit and neat¬ 
ly trimmed. 

MOBERY GJ UTERI, Stockholm.—Coffee 
pan, being a combination of stove, boiler, 
and coffee-pot. It appears large but sensibly 
made. It stands on a brick foundation. 

JOHN IIEDLUND, Eskilstuna.—An ar¬ 
ray of sewing machines—twelve in all—very 
similar to those made in this and other coun¬ 
tries. The display is good, but no one has 
been on hand to explain any peculiarity of 
construction. 

T. R. ALSING, Stockholm.—Model of 
pulverizing machine for reducing ores. It 
appears capable of affecting a speedy separa¬ 


tion of material, and is highly recommended. 
Received Stockholm medal in 1868. 

J. NILSUN, Eskilstuna.—Jacks. 


RUSSIA. 

The Russian exhibits are mostly from the 
government, there being but few private dis¬ 
plays. Under the Naval head are several 
valuable and superbly made models, as well 
as many full-sized engines, &c. 


DRY DOCK. 

There is a model of a dry dock that is 
very complete. It has a Russian monitor in 
dock. At one end of the dock is the gate 
which is lowered for the admission of vessels, 
when it is closed and the water pumped out. 
At the other end, and at several points, are 
stationary cranes, while traveling cranes on 
small, narrow railways are ready for use 
when required at any given point. On one 
side, near the gate, is the engine-room, and 
behind this, the boiler-house. On the dock 
are other railroads for the transportation of 
material. Several capstans are placed in 
convenient locations for lashing or warping. 
The model is completely finished. Even the 
underground work is perfect. The very gen¬ 
tlemanly attendant raised up a portion of the 
dock flooring in order that we might see the 
under work. He then drew off a portion of 
the underground wall, and thus gave us a 
clear view of the whole structure. We could 
discern the engines and the inner works, as 
well as the tiny spiral staircase by which the 
various apartments are reached. The very 
lowest plank had the same perfection of fin¬ 
ish. The scale is six feet to one inch, and 
the model a correct representation of the 
dry dock now in use at Cronstadt. That 
dock is 500 feet long and 82 feet broad on 
top, and 52 at bottom; depth, 27 feet. In 
its construction there have been used granite, 
socle, brick, clay, wood, Ac. On one side 
of the dock is the signal station, whence 
orders are issued by signal, and notices given 
for changes to every part of the dock. One 
portion of the floor is inlaid with ten speci¬ 
mens of the different woods used in the 
original structure. 

FLOATING DOCK. — Another model, 
but made of iron. It represents a dock 
upon five pontoons, each 65 feet — total 
length, 325 feet. Breadth, 110 feet. In¬ 
side, 81 feet. Height, 10' 3". Draft, 4' 3". 














404 


MACHINERY HALL-MODELS OF VESSELS, ETC. 


Displacement, 4,285 tons—can raise a vessel 
of 5,000 tons. Upon the side walls are the 
necessary steam-engines. Cost of model, 
$ 6 , 000 . 


PASSENGER BOAT. 

Model of an iron passenger boat, the 
“Emperor Alexander II.,” now running on 
the Volga. Length, 263 feet; breadth, 54 
over guards; of hull, 30; draft, 3f to 5£ 
feet; horse-power, 220. This model was 
also taken apart that we might inspect the 
interior. The deck was lifted from the state¬ 
rooms, and we saw the entire finish. Every 
state-room was perfect, doors, berths, side 
lights, &c. The cabin showed the table and 
companion way, with its small banisters. 
Not an article was wanting that should be 
in a great ship. 

MODEL OF IMPERIAL YACHT, “ Li- 
vadia,” built at Nicolaeff. Length, 266' 6"; 
breadth, 36'; draft forward, 14' 9"; aft, 15' 
3 "; tonnage, 1,964; horse-power, 460. 

ROUND STERN MODEL, being just 
one-half, but placed before a mirror, so that 
it appears like a round vessel. 


MODEL OF A MONITOR. 

Another, of an open turreted monitor, 
with two guns within the tower. These 
guns are placed upon a hoisting gearing that 
is worked by steam. The guns are loaded 
below the top of the turret, and are imme¬ 
diately raised by the engine and machinery, 
so that they are all above and ready for firing. 


STEERING MODEL. 

Model illustrating a method of steering 
by steam. The works are handy to the 
pilot, and can be instantly applied, contin¬ 
ued, or reversed according to the necessities 
of action. 


THE JEMLSCHOUG. 

Model of a steamship, the “ Jemlschoug,” 
clipper. Tonnage, 1,153 ; horse-power, 350. 
Finished with the same nicety as all the rest. 

Model of a top, cross-trees, and cap for 
ship’s mast; every part formed of pieces so 
as to be easily taken apart and dismounted. 

Model of truck with brass spindles. 

Model of skeleton life-boat, showing new 


methods of instantly dropping the boat from 
the davits when wanted for immediate use. 
There are several full-sized blocks with the 
drops attached, showing the construction. 

FRENNEL LAMP, for lighthouses, made 
very elegantly. 

SHIP’S COMPASS, in a frame of beauti¬ 
ful native wood, with an arrangement for 
constant light. Swung on universal points. 

CORDAGE, of hemp, linen, and iron, 
made in a very superior manner. 

AN IMMENSE CABOOSE, made for the 
national ship “ Alexander II.” Made of 
heavy iron and trimmed with brass and cop 
per. The appointments are seemingly per¬ 
fect, having an endless variety of pots, pans, 
and spiders; and yet so spread upon the top 
of the range that nothing looks crowded. 

STEAM-ENGINE AND BOILER for the 
Barge of the Chief of Staff at the Port of 
Cronstadt. We noticed that the smoke pipe 
is very small, and that the engine is pro¬ 
vided with several gauges in various posi¬ 
tions, some being double. The boiler is 
horizontal and rather flattened, while the 
engine is placed just beyond the'smoke pipe. 
Every part appears to be arranged for the 
greatest convenience. 

NAVY SIGNAL LAMP.—This is an or¬ 
dinary kerosene lamp, not very large, in¬ 
closed in a tall chimney of wire gauze, and 
raised high so as to be in full view when tel¬ 
egraphing or signaling to other vessels, or to 
friends in port. Below and near the dock, 
so as to be easily reached, is a small, circular 
bellows and a handle for charging the same. 
Having lighted the lamp, the attendant plies 
the bellows until a goodly stream of wind is 
forced out, when, by a mechanical move¬ 
ment, a small quantity of turpentine is eject¬ 
ed upon the lamp. This instantly flared up 
to the top and over the chimney, producing 
a brilliant momentary flame. By long or 
short or mingled flashes, similar to the de¬ 
tonations upon a Morse telegraphic instru¬ 
ment, almost any moderate message can be 
sent out; and by concerted signals, the 
orders for the movements of vessels can be 
given still more quickly. The apparatus is 
in use in the Russian navy, and is found un¬ 
objectionable. The machine is extremely 
simple, and can be managed by any boy on 
shipboard. 

IRON CHAIN CABLES, from one-half 
to three inches in diameter. Strong heavy 
links, said to be the best made chain cable 
in the exhibition. 










MACHINERY HALL-FOG SIGNALS, ETC. 


405 


FOG SIGNALS.—These are lamps and 
horns shown in a small glass case. 

^ ALA ELESS ENGINE.—A still work¬ 
ing, 5 horse-power engine, taking steam and 
exhausting at the center of the cylinder. 
Every part is made with Russian exactness, 
and the engine takes up but a small space. 
I he piston-head vibrates slightly, to and fro, 
at every plunge. It is horizontal. 

GALVANOPLASTIC INSTITUTE, in 
Cronstadt.—A very extensive display of in¬ 
genious electrotyping machines, with speci¬ 
mens of the work done. The battery is 
small and of only four jars, and yet we were 
shown rods of iron half an inch thick, per¬ 
fectly coated with copper one inch thick all 
round, and solid. Also, some scroll-work of 
iron quite large, and the same pattern in 
wood, coated an equal thickness. While 
the iron was very heavy and still showed the 
roughness of the metal through the copper, 
the wooden pattern was very light and per¬ 
fectly smooth—there being no rising of 
metal above the wood. The wood having 
been evenly planed, the copper was as even¬ 
ly distributed over the surface. 

BROKEN IRON AND STEEL RODS 
AND BARS, showing the grain of the metals. 

SELF-REGISTERING INDICATOR, for 
tracing the ship’s way upon a sea chart. An 
automatic reckoner of speed, direction, and 
divergence of a vessel, indicating at the same 
time, hours and minutes, and counting the 
rhombs of the compass. A piece of paper 
is placed upon the top of this ingenious and 
delicate instrument, directly under a short 
pencil. As the ship moves so moves the 
little pencil, and gives each change as accu¬ 
rately as if drawn by a pentagraph. It is 
the invention of J. C. Drzeweeki, of St. 
Petersburg. It may be placed in any im¬ 
portant place on shipboard, where its record 
can be noted in the log-book. It is said to 
work very accurately, and if so, will be a 
very important addition to the present range 
of nautical instruments. 

STEAM CONDENSER.—This is made 
of brass and will contain about two barrels 
of water. It is intended for procuring fresh 
water at sea by condensation. Although 
small, we are assured that it is a rapid con¬ 
denser, and will alone supply all the water 
required on board an ordinary man of war. 

MILITARY FIRE-ARMS.—We were now 
shown three different kinds of carbines—the 
Army, Cossack, and the celebrated Needle- 
gun. Either can be rapidly discharged, and 


at each firing the drawing of the hammer 
throws out the empty shell of the cartridge 
from the breech—they are all breech-loaders. 
W e next examined the various gauges, screws, 
Ac., used in the Imperial arms factories, and 
noted the remarkable nicety with which each 
was finished. A steel plate has a slot in the 
center dividing into l,000ths of an inch. 
On placing any of the polished dies within 
this slot, it always wedged at its marked di¬ 
ameter. Say 550-1,OOOths inch, would be 
found to wedge at precisely the line marked 
550.. So, also, any other number wedged at 
its given diameter on the gauge-plate. One 
gun was shown having been divided length¬ 
wise, and here the same marks indicated the 
true diameters. 

CARTRIDGES.—These were in turn ex¬ 
amined, and their parts viewed with much 
interest. All are made with machinery, and 
yet most elegantly finished and polished. 
The parts all fit, so that there is no mistak¬ 
ing proportions. The sectional cartridges 
showed the line of powder and the amount 
of surrounding metal. All were duly pro¬ 
portionate. 

The next gun was the fortification carbine 
—a very heavy weapon, with a large brass 
check or holdfast, to be placed in some re¬ 
sisting block, to break the force of the re¬ 
bound upon the shoulder. 

IMPERIAL RUSSIAN RIFLE MANU¬ 
FACTORY, at Toola, on the river Oupa.— 
Exhibit of musket rifles with bayonets, used 
in the Russian army, made altogether by 
machinery, and taken from the general stock,, 
showing the facility of interchanging the 
parts. Requisites of these rifles shown in 
cases. Perfectly exact in every part. The- 
Toola Gun Factory was established in 1712,. 
and renewed (the last time) between 1870 
and 1873. Daily production, 300 rifles. 
Workmen, 2,800. Water power, 3 turbines* 
on the Joinwal system, each of 120 horse¬ 
power, or 380 total horse-power. Height, 
of all, 18 feet. In time of low water, the- 
works are driven by two engines of 150 
horse-power each, and one of 50 horse¬ 
power. Can work by turbines. Total horse¬ 
power 560. They transmit power of 150 
horses 100 fathoms (600 feet) by means of 
a wire cable. Machines, frames, and lathes 
1,100. The whole labor is performed by 
machinery. The price of a rifle is about 
$18. Fixed sizes are measured by cut crys¬ 
tal, as this is not affected by any change of 
temperature. 












406 


MACHINERY HALL-RIFLES, ETC. 


RIFLE MANUFACTORY, at Sestoretsk, 
near St. Petersburg.—Product, 30,000 rifles 
annually. It consists of eighteen build¬ 
ings, in which are employed 1,245 work¬ 
men, who earn from 53 cents to $3 a day. 
They use fifteen ordinary water wheels and 
three turbines, giving a horse-power of 330. 
Gun barrels are purchased elsewhere at $1.73 
each, while the stocks come from Italy, at 
90 cents each. 

MODEL OF A PONTOON BRIDGE.— 
The bridge is laid upon boats. Each boat 
carries every thing necessary for its own im¬ 
mediate section, and is in two parts, being 
divided at the middle, thwartships, making 
two boats. This is for convenience of trans¬ 
portation. On the bridge are the army 
wagons; and after being loaded with the 
articles-required by the army, the boats are 
separated, and each wagon carries one boat, 
or rather one-half of a boat. 

CANNON.—One heavy fortification piece, 
breech-loader. Model of the same, showing 
the mode of handling. One man can easily 
raise or depress the gun by using a small 
crank at the side. The shifting right or left 
is accomplished by another crank, but re¬ 
quires more power. The large piece is a 
nine inch gun ; weight, 15 tons, and carries 
a 300-pound ball. By a simple screw ar¬ 
rangement at the side of the breech, the 
touch-hole is covered upon the inside while 
the gun is being loaded. The object in the 
'construction of the piece seems to have been 
to simplify and quicken the loading; and 
the maker has succeeded well in both at¬ 
tempts. The gun is readily handled and 
safely maneuvered. Another fortification 
piece, of similar construction, has a 6-£ inch 
bore, weighs 5 tons, and carries a 200-pound 
ball. This is made with the same regard to 
>ease of management. 

Still another heavy piece of ordnance is 
exhibited, constructed upon a new principle 
—after inserting the charge at the breech, the 
latter is closed by a heavy screw, but so ar¬ 
ranged that it only requires a few seconds for 
the operation. 

MOUNTAIN SERVICE. —To illustrate 
the system of mountain warfare, we find four 
horses made of papier-mache, of most natural 
appearance. On their backs are strapped 
the trappings for carrying the mountain 
howitzers. These consist of all parts of the 
gun carriage with the gun itself, the latter 
being generally a full load for one horse, 
while the wheels, <fec., form the load for 


another. In case of heavy howitzers two 
horses carry one gun swung between them, 
but this is not always practicable in steep 
mountain districts. 

NAVAL MATTERS. —An exhibit of 
boats and canoes superbly finished. One 
double canoe, consisting of two long narrow 
boats, or air-tight cylinders -of light wood, 
well secured together, with a raised seat in 
the center for one person. The voyager 
uses a double-bladed paddle, or an oar with 
a paddle at each end. Some adroitness is 
necessary in order to preserve a balance, 
though in skillful hands, it is said, the canoe 
is in no great danger of a capsize. 

FORTIFICATION MORTAR.—A 7 inch 
rifled mortar, weighing 4 \ tons, and throw¬ 
ing a ball of 200 pounds, or a corresponding 
shell. 

MOSCOW TECHNICAL SCHOOL.— 
Drawings, machines, and tools—all made by 
the students of the Imperial School of Mos¬ 
cow. A similar institute is in existence at 
St. Petersburg—both imperial. The draw¬ 
ings are remarkably well executed and show 
great care and accuracy. There are several 
specimens, and below are cases of tools and 
instruments used in general construction. 
First is a collection of turning tools, with 
specimens of turned articles, sueh as boxes, 
wheels, pulleys, &c. Then two others, of 
joiners’ tools and specimens. Others, of 
smiths’ tools and manufactures. Each 
branch of mechanism has its drawings, tools, 
and articles made. Then a large collection 
of heavier tools, such as machine lathes, 
planers, shapers, pumps, <fec. And these, 
too, are all made by the students of the 
Technical schools. Education is made prac¬ 
tical as well as theoretical. The students, 
no matter what may be their rank, must be 
taught by actual labor. 

PRINTING MACHINE OR TYPE 
WRITER, or mechanical printer; M. Alis- 
soff, of St. Petersburg, inventor.—It contains 
240 characters—including two styles of cap¬ 
itals and two of lower case letters, with the 
usual punctuation marks, &c. It prints the 
characters one by one, arranging them with 
mathematical regularity. It works rapidly, 
and is not fatiguing. Mistakes can be cor¬ 
rected without leaving a trace of the original 
writing. The adjustment is accomplished in 
less time than with ordinary type. The ink 
used answers for transferring to lithographic 
stone when it is desirable to multiply copies. 
The present machine is arranged for printing 






MACHINERY HALL-FORTIFICATION, ETC. 


407 


in all the languages of Europe. It is cer¬ 
tainly a very ingenious machine, and can not 
fail to meet with great success, as it may be 
used in offices or counting-houses for general 
business correspondence. 

POOTEELOFF IRON WORKS CO.— 
This represents a very large establishment, 
where various heavy civil and military en¬ 
gines are constructed. The exhibits are 
well arranged, giving a very clear idea of the 
work executed. There is a case of fractured 
bars, bolts, and rails, showing the quality of 
iron and steel, and indicating the amount of 
force required to produce breakage. On the 
floor is an 11 inch conical shell that has 
been fired, and shows, by surface enlarge¬ 
ment, the penetration of the ball. Then we 
find merchant iron spread out on a high 
wall; wheels, axles, tires, <fcc. One tire bent 
so as to form a figure 8, and showing the 
toughness of the metal. Also, on the wall 
are drawings of the Iron Works, giving a 
clear view of their extent. Then comes a 
model of the smithy, an immense room, well 
lighted, and having the forges in the center; 
and another model of the foundry, giving a 
very comprehensive view of its facilities. 

Crossing at the center are large, open pas¬ 
sages provided with railways running through 
the length and breadth of the building. 
These are for facilitating the moving of 
heavy bodies. Above, and at several posi¬ 
tions upon the floor, are heavy cranes, also 
for the transfer of large bodies. The whole 
model exhibits a grand idea of convenience, 
with the economy of time and labor. Every 
thing has its true position, and is just where 
it is handiest for the workmen. Near the 
foundry model are kegs of nails, tacks, &e., 
made at the works. 


FORTIFICATION. 

Model of a section of a fortification made 
of iron. Upon taking this apart, we found 
the same accuracy of detail so noticeable in 
all Russian models. The interior is formed 
of iron bars and plates crossing at right an¬ 
gles, and so joined as to be rendered almost 
impregnable to shot. The ports are placed 
between heavy iron protecting plates, so as 
to protect the gunner as much as possible; 
while ample space is left for maneuvering the 
gun. More still, the position of the metal 
is such as to save the inner works from the 
effects of broken pieces or splinters. The 
model shows four embrasures and casemates, 


each correspondingly placed, with plenty of 
room between them for the management 
without interference one with another. 

OBOOKIIOF STEEL FOUNDRY.— 
Founded in 1863. Annual product about 
1,200,000 lbs. of steel goods, valued at $1,- 
125,000. Cast iron to the amount of 880,- 
000 lbs.—obtained from the Ural mountains. 
1,200 men are constantly employed. They 
also make steel axles and tires for carriages 
and engines; carriage wheels. Mansel’s sys¬ 
tem; and iron wheels with cast iron and 
wrought iron naves. The foundry is near 
St. Petersburg. They exhibit rifled cast 
steel guns of nine and ten inches bore; also, 
a four-pounder; and carriage and platform 
for nine inch cannon. The display evidences 
good management, and the articles show su¬ 
perior workmanship as well as most excellent 
metal. 

BOGOSTOVSKY CROWN COPPER 
WORKS, Verkhotowrsk district; Col. B. 
Paschkoff.—Collection of copper ores, with 
their associate rocks; and specimens illus¬ 
trating the copper smelting process. Fine, 
close, and very elegant wire gauges, copper 
rods, pit coal, &c. The works belong to the 
crown, and are worked at the expense of the 
government. The display is not very large, 
but quite satisfactory as to quality and gen¬ 
eral commercial value. 

NEEJING TA GILSK MINING WORKS, 
Paul Demidoff, Prince of San Donato.—In 
a space 20 by 40 feet is the display of these 
large works. First, upon a high red wall are 
placed specimens of iron of all shapes and 
forms. In the midst are two panels, filled 
with cut sections of rails, angle and bar iron, 
heavy bent bars, five inches in diameter. 
The floor in front is covered with similar 
specimens. On one side is a pyramid twen¬ 
ty feet high, of straight bars, from one-half 
to five inches thick; upon the other side a 
similar pyramid of iron bars, round and 
square, some straight and others bent, or 
twisted on a pitch of eighteen degrees. In 
the center a shorter pyramid, with encircling 
shelf, showing ores and blocks of copper and 
iron. On the top of this pillar is a large and 
handsome specimen of Russian malachite* 

At the base of the pyramid is an exhibi¬ 
tion of Russian iron, from the thickness of 
writing paper to half an inch. Upon the 
the sides are double bent angle iron ; iron 

* Malachite is more fully mentioned in our de¬ 
scription of Main Building. Art. Russia. 














408 


MACHINERY HALL-MARINE APPLIANCES, MISCELLANEOUS. BRAZIL. 


tires, six feet in diameter. Some three and 
a half feet, filled in with wood. Also, an¬ 
chors and other heavy castings. A case 
containing small fortification guns, and a 
model of a large furnace with all its appoint¬ 
ments, finished in brick and iron, with terra 
cotta chimneys. A second case contains 
square blocks of spelter from the Zinc 
Works, near Bendzin-town; broken conical 
shells, polished iron, Ac. Near by, speci¬ 
mens of pit coal from Tadeush mine and 
Nowa mine. 


MARINE APPLIANCES. 

Model of lashing for topsail yards of the 
clipper “Cruiser,” consisting of an iron col¬ 
lar that passes round the mast to which at¬ 
tachments are made. 

Shackles of tower yard slings, with holes 
for reeving through halliards. Bindings of 
iron for spars, having collars with eyelets. 

Hammocks swung so as to have a fore- 
and-aft as well as a thwartship motion. Very 
comfortable beds are spread on these ham¬ 
mocks. The double motion prevents sea¬ 
sickness, as the hammock may remain almost 
stationary though the ship may roll upon a 
rough sea. 

B. L. CHEBISHEFF, of St. Petersburg. 
—Academician. This gentleman is a very 
celebrated mathematician, and is noted 
among the first of Russian inventors. Like 
Sir Humphrey Davy, he carried his mathe¬ 
matical knowledge into the science of ma¬ 
chinery, and perfects his inventions upon the 
most profound theories. lie shows a “ mod¬ 
el” (so marked) of a steam-engine with a 
parallelogram and governor. The balls are 
raised on curved arms. There is a very 
compact, new arrangement of cut-off. The 
steam-chest and cylinder form one casting. 
From the size of the cylinder, the model is 
about one horse-power. 

The second invention is a table that can 
be drawn close up to or pushed a foot away 
from the person using it, and wherever 
placed, it maintains the same level. 

The third is another form of governor for 
a steam-engine that is not affected by ordin¬ 
ary lifting or bearing down. 

The fourth is a flexible ruler for obtaining 
curved lines. This is made in sections, and 
so perfectly arranged that any desirable curve 
can be instantly described. These inven¬ 
tions and a nnmber of similar productions 
have placed the name of this learned aca¬ 


demician in the very front rank among the 
learned and laborious scientists. The in¬ 
struments have attracted much attention 
among our machinists; and this curved 
ruler, with its accurate scale, has won al¬ 
ready a well deserved renown. 

BERNARD HANTKE, Warsaw.—Sam¬ 
ples of wire; wire tack; rail cramps; tele¬ 
graphic fittings and chains. Articles well 
finished and exhibiting excellent workman¬ 
ship as well as good material. The works 
were founded in 1867, and are driven by a 
steam-engine of 45 horse-power. He em¬ 
ploys 240 workmen, and produces articles 
valued yearly at $225,000. 

BRUNO HOFFMARK, St. Petersburg.— 
Wire belting, gotten up in good style, and 
said to be much cheaper and more durable 
than leather. A saving of fifty per cent, is 
claimed in favor of wire belting. 

o 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

ADOLPHUS TRETZER, Warsaw.—A 
two-wheeled fire-engine of ingenious con- 

o o 

struction. . The works of Mr. Tretzer were 
founded in 1869, since which time he has 
constantly added to his facilities for accom¬ 
plishing good w r orks; and by general prompt¬ 
ness has secured a large trade. He employs 
50 workmen, and produces an annual stock 
valued at $80,000. His engine works direct 
from the supply, dispensing with the usual 
water-box or reservoir. A copper chamber 
supplies the place of the box. 

PYRAMID OF GUNS.—Upon a hand¬ 
some stand are arranged a circle of rifles, 
with bayonets complete. 

SPECIMEN OF POWDER.—In one case 
are specimens of powder in bottles, and some 
of it in water. Some dry and in case. This 
last is of an inferior qualitv. 

FORCE PUMP AND HOSE, and one of 
Downstone’s ship pumps. 

Several small gas or kerosene stoves, with • 
very complete, though small, cooking appli¬ 
ances. 

STAMPING MACHINES.—A machine 
for stamping or jumping small articles, such 
as parts of gun-locks, Ac. Also, a case of 
the various articles thus formed. 


BRAZIL 

The Brazilian exhibition in Machinery 
Hall is furnished entirely by the government, 
and is mostly embraced in implements of 
war and the usual display of ship models and 








MACHINERY HALL-BRAZIL. 


THE CROWN. ITALY. 


fortifications; together with the machinery 
used in the royal mint. 

11 • | | Rio de Janeiro.— 

Jnill sized heavy stamping machine for the 

impressing of coin. This is similar to ma¬ 
chinery in our own mint, except that there 
is no extra work upon the brass or iron, 
bull sized edging machine, not unlike our 
common milling machines, and used for the 
same purpose—edging the coin. A small 
ca,se made of very choice wood and lined 
with dark purple velvet, contains a collection 
of the coin of the empire, from the small¬ 
est copper to the largest gold piece. 

NA\ AL ARSENAL.—A duplex steam- 
engine of 12 horse-power, with the fly-wheel 
placed in the center between the two cylin¬ 
ders and walking beams. By the side of this 
engine are pumps, pulleys, hangers, shafting; 
and a small propeller, not more than two 
feet in diameter. 

NATIONAL ARSENAL, Bahia.—This is 
a complete model of the workshop, with one 
side and the roof removed, so that every 
machine can be clearly seen. At one end 
are the steam-engine and boiler.; at the 
other, the waste and lumber room. In the 
center are lathes, planers, shapers, and all the 
tools found in first class machine shops. 

DRY DOCKS.—Of these there are two 
models with every portion well arranged. 
They are painted to represent the finest 
granite, and are beautiful specimens of cabi¬ 
net work. 


409 


the best Brazilian leather, and handsome 
bridles of the same material. Officers’ va¬ 
lises, somewhat larger and heavier than al- 
lowed in our army. Uniforms of the various 
divisions of the army and navy. 

MOODS.—There is a large assortment 
ot haul native woods used in building gov¬ 
ernment vessels. Some of these possess 
\ery rare qualities—they seldom check—and 
are not subject to the ship dry rot. 

ARMS. In this line there are several 
cannon made in Brazil, handsomely finished 
and well mounted. There are also'four mor¬ 
tars of substantial make; shot, shell, and 
other projectiles. Two cut up longitudinally 
to show the powder case within. Rifles, 
muskets, swords, bayonets, fuses, and long 
brass rods for firing the same. Also, a ma^ 
chine for rolling fuse metal, primers, Ac. 
Four pyramids of cannon balls. 

CORDAGE.—Small and heavy cordage, 
made of native hemp and some of Brazilian 
grass—very strong; of good fiber and well 
spun. 

FORCE-PUMP.—There is a large, full- 
sized force-pump of great power. Near by 
is a well with a very artistic curb and open 
house over it, down which is thrown the 
pipe from the pump. By this means, the 
machine explains itself. 

One large bank lock is also showm. 


ITALY. 


THE CROWN. 

In the center of the Court, upon a hand¬ 
some stand, covered with imperial purple, is 
the royal crown. It is high, and above the 
wide binding, spreads out in open-work, 
somewhat resembling a bishop’s cap. It is 
rich in massive gold, heavily wrought, and 
delicately chased. 

MODELS.—A very neat model of an en¬ 
gine for a monitor is shown, that is made in 
working detail, though quite small. Then 
there is another model engine for a mortar 
ship, and four cases of ship models, some 
ot them sharp and well curved for speed. 
Again, models of safes used in the army. 
Also, model of a cannon carriage, with all 
the necessary appointments. Model of a 
fortification, with guns mounted and ready 
for action. 

ACCOUTREMENTS. — Strongly made 
leather cartridge boxes. Cavalry saddles of J 


Most of the Italian machinery has been 
placed in Main Building, Jeavino' only— 

STEFANO BERTEA, of Alessandria, to 
exhibit his railway arrangement for making 
lozenges. On a long table are placed plates 
of tin, while a single rail each side runs from 
end to end. The car is a copper box five 
feet long, one foot wide, and one deep. This 
has a series of gas jets beneath. The gas 
lighted, the sugar and flavoring essences are 
placed in the car where they are soon heat¬ 
ed and mixed with puddling sticks. When 
sufficiently melted, the gas is turned oft* and 
the car moved along the rails. As it pro¬ 
gresses, it covers the tins with sugar drops 
or lozenges. When the tins have cooled, the 
drops are scraped off upon clean white paper 
and are ready for sale. 


Other countries mentioned as exhibiting 
in Machinery Hall have placed their articles 
in Main Building or Agricultural Hall. 























410 


MACHINERY IIALL-HYDRAULIC ANNEX. 


HYDRAULIC ANNEX. 

From the center of the south side of Ma¬ 
chinery Hall extends an oblong building de¬ 
voted to Hydraulic apparatus of every de¬ 
scription. In the center is a tank, 60 feet 
wide by 160 long, having a depth of 10 feet. 
The platforms upon each side are built over 
the basin, so that all the water required by 
the pumps is easily obtained. At the south 
side of this tank is a waterfall, 35 feet high 
by 40 wide, supplied by pumps which will 
be mentioned, further on. When all the 
machinery here is in operation, the combina¬ 
tions and great varieties form a beautiful 
spectacle. 


STEAM PUMPS. 

ROBT. WETHERILL & CO., Chester, 

Pa.—The falls situated at the south end of 

the tank is built by this firm. The upper 

basin is of heavy sheet iron, supported upon 

six large columns. The whole is substan- 
© 

tially built, and is much admired. 

WM. D. ANDREWS & BRO., New York. 
—This firm was established in 1846, and 
employs from 250 to 300 men. The water 
for the cataract falling into the tank is fur¬ 
nished by two centrifugal pumps, driven by 
two oscillating engines, having a capacity of 
32,000 gallons per minute. When in full 
operation, the stream over this fall is forty 
feet wide and eight inches deep. They also 
show an elevator, driven by double oscillat¬ 
ing engines, which moves from the floor to 
the top of the falls. In another exhibit they 
show several sizes of their patent oscillating 
engines and centrifugal pumps. 

KNOWLES STEAM PILMP WORKS; 
L. J. Knowles, proprietor; manufactory at 
Warren, Mass.—This firm was established in 
1854 ; has a capital of $600,000, employing 
300 hands. The exhibit is very large, occu¬ 
pying three separate spaces. In the first is 
a large water works pump, of 42 inch steam 
cylinder, 22 inch water, and 48 inch stroke, 
with a capacity of from three to four million 
gallons per day. They show a No. C, of 
14 by 7 by 12, which is throwing four verti¬ 
cal 7-8 streams as high as the building will 
permit. A plunger syrup pump, for sugar 
refineries. A piston mining pump, with re¬ 
movable bushing, so that when the lining 
wears out it can be quickly replaced. An 
assortment of tank and boiler feed pumps. 
One blowing engine for charcoal iron fur¬ 


naces ; size, 18 by 48 by 48. In the second 
space is one large double plunger mining 
pump, 24 by 10 by 24, which will lift to 600 
feet. Another, of 18 by 7 by 24, mining 
from 600 to 1,200 feet vertical lift. An oil 
pump, double plunger, with its cylinder and 
valve chests in one casting. An exhibit of 
two pumps and boilers combined, each ar¬ 
ranged with an auxiliary feed pump for its 
own boiler. In the third space are vertical 
single-acting pumps, made after the Cornish 
pattern ; also, a series of boiler feed pumps; 
circulating condensers. They show the 
smallest steam pump on exhibition, it being 
IF by 1 by 2 inches. It is handsomely 
nickel-plated throughout, and has a capacity 
of 22 quarts per minute. In Brewers’ Hall 
they have a tank and a No. 6 boiler feed 
pump. In Agricultural Hall a fire and a 
No. 5 boiler feed pump. Also, a fire pump 
in Boiler House No. 3. Their exhibit is 
very large and attractive, and is valued at 
$29,000. 

CRANE BROS. MAN’F’G. CO., Chicago. 
—Established for about thirty-five years. 
They have a capital of $1,000,000, and em¬ 
ploy from 800 to 1,000 men. They present 
a large exhibit of heating apparatus for 
houses, public buildings, &c. Malleable 
iron castings of all kinds and fittings. Hy¬ 
draulic elevators; a small working model is 
shown which illustrates the principle upon 
which they work. They show a very ele¬ 
gant passenger elevator, with all the neces¬ 
sary machinery, which has been purchased 
by the Windsor Hotel, Montreal, Can. A 
large assortment of finely finished brass 
goods for steam, gas, and water. They also 
have a large collection of direct-acting and 
auxiliary valve steam pumps. All the goods 
are finished in a most reliable and satisfac¬ 
tory manner. 

ENTERPRISE HYDRAULIC WORKS, 
Phila.—Display of steam pumps of good 
patterns. 

W. E. KELLY, New Brunswick, N. J.— 
National steam pumps. They show three 
sizes 

PHILA. HYDRAULIC WORKS.—-An 
exhibit of two horizontal and one vertical 
engine pump. 

C. A. CONDE & CO., Phila.—-A direct- 
acting steam pump, with valve gearing in¬ 
ternal. 

NORMAN HUBBARD, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
—A series of steam pumps of good pat¬ 
terns. 




































































































































































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MACHINERY HALL-HYDRAULIC ANNEX. 


413 


GEO. F. BLAKE MAN’F’G. CO., Boston 
and New York.—Established in 1864. 150 

hands. They have two large exhibits. 
They show a deep mining pump, of 28 by 
16 by 24, which will raise 2,000 gallons per 
minute from 800 to 1,000 feet. A pump 
that is throwing a solid 10 inch stream 
into the tank, 5,000 gallons per minute. 
Small water works pump, discharing 2,000,- 
000 gallons per day. In all, they have about 
forty varieties of pumps, adapted to every 
purpose. One is throwing a one and a quar¬ 
ter inch stream ninety feet high. 

BOSTON MACHINE , CO.—Display of 
Hooker’s California steam pumps. These 
have no external machinery. The apparatus 
for moving the parts is simple, not liable to 
wear, and is easily approached. 

E. & A. BETTS, Wilmington, Del.—A 
compound steam pump, in which the valve 
machinery is all internal. 

NORWALK IRON WORKS CO., South 
Norwalk, Conn.—A large exhibit of power¬ 
ful steam pumps, well made and service¬ 
able. 

A. CARR, New York.—This firm has been 
established for about thirty years, has a cap¬ 
ital of $300,000, and employs 60 men. Ex¬ 
hibit of the Selden compound direct-action 
pump. In the largest one, the high pressure 
cylinder is seven inches in diameter; the 
low pressure one is twenty-one; water one 
is twelve; it has a stroke of eighteen inches. 
A full series of high pressure direct-acting 
pumps. Also, a full line of improved radi- 
stors 

VALLEY MACHINE CO., Easthampton, 
Mass.—Exhibit of a series of seven double¬ 
acting, bucket plunger, steam pumps; com¬ 
pact and powerful. 

NIAGARA STEAM PUMP WORKS, 
Brooklyn, N. Y.—Exhibit of a crank pump 
and engine; and a perfect working model 
of the same. Also, a plunger pump for 
mining, and a direct-acting fire and pressure 
pump. Two of their pumps are shown. 

AQUAMETER STEAM PUMP CO., 
Phi la.—This is claimed to be an absolutely 
durable, cheap, efficient, and economical 
steam pump. 

PULSOMETER IRON WORKS; J. 
Walker, Jersey City, N. J.—The pulsometer 
steam pump, which moves fluids by self-act¬ 
ing pulsation. 

MATTHEWMAN & JOHNSON, New 
Haven, Conn.—Exhibit of one excavating 
pump. 


W 7 HITE, CLARK & CO., Baldwinsville, 
Y. Y.—A centrifugal pump, which is throw- 
ing 6,000 gallons ot water per minute; also, 
a very perfect model made of brass. 


STEAM VACUUM PUMPS. 

It is well known that the oftener sugar 
is heated the darker it becomes, and as it 
requires about one hundred degrees more 
to boil it in the air than it does in a vacuum, 
it is always heated in a vacuum pan. This 
pan is an immense spherically shaped cal¬ 
dron from which the air is exhausted by 
means of an air-pump. These resemble in 
appearance the common steam water pump, 
one continuous rod doing duty in both 
cylinders. 


FIRE-ENGINES. 

SILSBY MAN’F’G. CO., Seneca Falls, N. 
Y.—This copartnership concern was estab¬ 
lished in 1845; has a capital of $500,000, 
and employs 200 men. Exhibit of their ro¬ 
tary steam fire-engines, very substantially 
made and elegantly finished. They claim 
for them simplicity of construction, econo¬ 
my, will pump sandy or dirty water, saving 
in hose, and durability. 

LA FRANCE MAN’F’G. CO., Elmira, N. 
Y.—Exhibit of four sizes of their rotary 
steam and power pumps; the largest one of 
which will throw a 14- inch stream 325 feet; 
the smallest a IF stream 225 feet. They 
also show a rotary steam fire-engine which is 
nickel-plated throughout. 

C. T. HOLLOWAY, Baltimore, Md.— 
Exhibit of a patent chemical fire-engine. 
The engine is very substantially and hand¬ 
somely finished, and is claimed to be most 
effective. 

B. S. NICHOLS & CO., Burlington, Vt. 
—Exhibit of one steam fire-engine, of ele¬ 
gant finish, and compact and strong pattern. 

LOUIS FALK, Morrisania. N. Y.—Ex¬ 
hibit of the “ Novelty ” portable fire escape. 
This consists of a ladder, made of iron, and 
having at each rung a brace to keep it from 
the wall. Two strong hooks are attached to 
the upper end which hold it to the window- 
frame. They are strongly made, and when 
packed, occupy but little space. 

WANNALANSET MAN’F’G. CO., Bos¬ 
ton.—Contained in a very neat case, made 
of hard wood, is their exhibit of linen fire¬ 
hose, of all sizes; also, a handsomely fin¬ 
ished hose-reel, and nozzles of various kinds. 











414 


MACHINERY HALL-HYDRAULIC ANNEX. 


PUMPS. 

W. <fe B. DOUGLAS, Middletown.—Es¬ 
tablished in 1832. Capital, $1,000,000. 
They exhibit 600 pumps of different styles 
and sizes. In the center of the space are 
two large stands, upon which their goods are 
mostly arranged. Encircling these, are the 
articles too bulky to be placed upon a plat¬ 
form. They show house and driven-well 
pumps; garden engines, of different sizes; 
pumps, with cylinders of iron, brass, copper, 
enamel and glass. Rotary pumps and hy¬ 
draulic rams. Upon a small stand are sev¬ 
eral polished brass and nickel-plated pumps. 
They are of good pattern, and show superior 
workmanship. 

THE GOULDS MAN’F’G. CO., Seneca 
Falls, N. Y.—Firm established in 1848; em¬ 
ploys 230 men, and a capital of $500,000. 
Their exhibit of pumps is very large and at¬ 
tractive. In the center of their space they 
have a pyramidal stand, upon which are ar¬ 
ranged their hand and force-pumps. Sur¬ 
rounding this are cistern and deep well 
pumps, hydraulic rams and garden engines, 
swan-neck fire-engines, hand and power ro¬ 
tary pumps, double-acting ship and bilge 
pumps. The articles are all finely finished, 
and number 446, valued at more than $12,- 
000 . 

BAGLEY A SEWALL, Watertown, N. Y. 
—Exhibit of four sizes of their rotary force- 
pumps, which are simple in construction, 
efficient, and durable. 

RUMSEY & CO., (limited,) Seneca Falls, 
N. Y.—This firm is very large, and presents an 
exhibit of very superior quality. They show 
a great variety of lift and force-pumps, gar¬ 
den and fire-engines, hydraulic rams, church, 
steamboat, and plantation bells; also, jack- 
screws of every description. 

WM. YOUNG, Easton, Pa. — Lift and 
force-pumps for deep wells. 

IIEALD, SISCO & CO., Baklwinsville, N. 
Y.—Rotary pumps. One of these, a No. 6, 
is throwing 2,500 gallons of water per min¬ 
ute into the tank. 

PEOPLES & BARDEN, New York.—An 
exhibit of out-door non-freezing pumps. 

G. S. FOLLENSBEE, Lewiston, Me.—A 
double propeller pump, which will, it is 
claimed, lift a certain quantity of water a 
given height with less power than any other 
pump. 

OSCILLATING PUMP CO., Phila.—A 
large exhibit of double-acting oscillating 

O Q O 


pumps. They work upon a center; the 
packing, upon the return stroke, is loose ; 
not easily clogged. They also show the 
same principle in force-pumps. 

HARTFORD PUMP, Conn.—An appa¬ 
ratus for raising water to any height by means 
of compressed air. 

NICIIOLS ACID PUMP CO., New Lon¬ 
don, Conn.—Glass and lead pumps for acids. 

UNION MAN’F’G. CO., New. Britain, 
Conn.—Here is a large exhibit, arranged 
upon a pyramidal frame, of house and force- 
pumps, in great variety, both in size and 
design. 

TOLEDO PUMP CO., Ohio.—A large 
exhibit of wooden pumps, lined with porce¬ 
lain, iron, and copper. These goods are of 
excellent finish ; strong and reliable. 

B. F. BIGGS & WELLS, Lafayette, Tnd. 
—Handsomely finished wooden pumps. 


WATER METERS. 

NATIONAL METER CO., New York.— 
Exhibit of the “ Gem” water meters. These 
are made entirely of brass; are compact, 
strongly made, and exceedingly sensitive, 
registering very minute streams with great 
accuracy. 

MARSLAND WATER METER; manu¬ 
factured by the American Meter Co.—Ex¬ 
hibit of one of their meters, which has a 
glass cylinder and frame, and works elegantly 
nickel-plated. 

BOSTON PISTON METER CO.—An 
exhibit of three of their meters. 

W. E. DESPER <fe CO., Worcester, Mass. 
—Here are displayed double piston water 
meters. 

EAGLE METER CO., New York.—Ex¬ 
hibit of one of their water meters. 


ELEVATORS. 

W. II. HARRISON, Phila. — There is 
here shown a hydraulic platform elevator, 
and an improved double-acting force and 
lift pump. This pump will, it is claimed, 
throw more water, in comparison to the 
power used, than any other in the market. 

J. R. RITTER, Phila.—Exhibit of a per¬ 
fect working model of a hydraulic elevator, 
showing the engine, boiler, platforms, and 
all the intermediate machinery. 

J. B. SWEETLAND, Pontiac, Mich.— 
This gentleman shows a double platform ele¬ 
vator, for raising brick and mortar. 








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416 


MACHINERY HALL-HYDRAULIC ANNEX. 


JAMES BATES, Baltimore, Md.—Exhibit 
of a patent hand platform elevator, suitable 
for dwellings, warehouses, Ac. 

VOLNEY W. MASON & CO., Provi¬ 
dence, R. I.—Exhibit of a platform elevator; 
friction clutches and pulleys; and patent im¬ 
proved hoisting machines for elevators. This 
is an extensive firm, making reliable goods. 

CARLILE & ELLIOTT, Steubenville, 0. 
—Exhibit of a platform elevator, which is 
furnished with a safety lock. 

THOMAS DYER,* Phila.—An exhibit of 
Shepard’s brick and mortar elevator: Two 
endless chains, connected by rungs, upon 
which the hods are placed, constitute the 
apparatus. 

J. GOLDMARK, New York.—Exhibit of 
an elevator for hotels, warehouses, Ac. They 
are claimed to be absolutely safe. 

M. PENNYPACKER, Baldwin Locomo¬ 
tive Works, Phila.—Exhibit of a portable 
hoisting apparatus, by which a man can lift 
4,000 pounds. 


BLOWERS. 

WILBRAI-IAM BROS., Phila.—An ex¬ 
hibit of Baker’s rotary forced blast pressure 
blower. They claim for this blower superi¬ 
ority in every respect over all others in the 
market; to substantiate which they show 
the medals which they have received from 
different organizations where the examina¬ 
tions have been competitive. 

B. F. STURTEVANT, Boston.—Here is 
shown a large collection of fan blowers. A 
single one is making 3,500 revolutions per 
minute, and expels the air at the rate of 
three mile per minute. They have a full 
series. The largest is making 247 revolu- 
tions per minute; velocity is one mile a 
minute. 

FRANCIS MHRPIIY, Phila. — Exhibit 
of the “Champion” ventilator, for coal and 
other mines. The one shown has a capacity 
of 80,000 cubic feet per minute, at the rate 
of forty-three miles an hour. It can be run 
either way, and will give the same result 
with equal power. 

P. H. & F. M. ROOTS, Connersville, Ind. 
—Firm established in 1860, and employs 
100 men. They exhibit the largest positive 
blast rotary blower, having a capacity of 
6,800 cubic feet per minute, with a speed of 
ninety miles per hour. Also, a large assort¬ 
ment of blowers and gas exhausters. The 
largest exhauster has a capacity of 1,500 


cubic feet per minute. Hand blowers and a 
series of portable forges. 

EXETER MACHINE WORKS, Exeter, 
N. H. — Exhibit of the Hawkins’ blower. 
They show one immense fan blower and 
several smaller ones. 

HENRY DISSTON A SONS, Phila.— 
They show in this building a large blast 
pressure blower, of good design, strongly 
made. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

R. D. WOOD A CO., Phila.—Immense 
turbine water wheels, with all the necessary 
gearings. They show one wheel, built for 
the Fairmount Water Works, which is ten 
feet in diameter. This firm is very large, 
employing much capital and many hands. 

RISDON’S IMPROVED TURBINE 
WATER WHEELS, Mt. Holly, N. J.—An 
exhibit of their wheels. 

SCHUTTE A GCEHRING, Phila.—An 
exhibit of Korhing’s patent steam jets. 

RUE MAN’F’G. CO., Phila.—A very at¬ 
tractive exhibit, placed upon a pyramidal 
frame of brass rods. Rue’s little giant in¬ 
jector. 

NATHAN & DREYFUS, New York.—In 
a very neat case is an assortment of boiler 
feeders of neat and attractive appearance. 
Upon a stand are displayed Freidmann’s 
injectors. 

THE ODORLESS EXCAVATING AP¬ 
PARATUS CO., Baltimore, Md.—Display 
of their pumps, hose, and receivers. 

THE PARISIAN ODORLESS EXCA¬ 
VATING PUMP, Phila. —This pump is 
double-acting, and is designed for emptying 
wells, cesspools, Ac. 

EAGLE ODORLESS APPARATUS, 
Phila.—A display of a pump and tanks for 
cleaning vaults, cesspools, Ac. 

RODNEY HUNT MACHINE CO., Or¬ 
ange, Mass.—Exhibit of a fulling machine 
for cloths; also, a double-acting turbine 
water wheel; strong and efficient. 

DIENELT A EISENIIARDT; H. Chap¬ 
man, Phila., agent. — A centrifugal hydro 
machine for drying textiles. A display of 
three sizes of hydraulic jacks. 

W. P. UHLINGER, Phila.—New patent 
centrifugal hydro-extractor, for expelling 
water from laundry wash, raw cotton wools, 
yarns, Ac., after they have been washed or 
dyed. 

JOHN ROBERTSON A CO., Brooklyn, 







MACHINERY HALL-GREAT BRITAIN, SWITZERLAND. 


ANNEXES-ANNEX NO. 1. 417 


Y • This exhibit consists of a hydraulic 
power pump and two presses, which have 
wrought iron, copper-lined cylinders. The 
value of the three is $3,000. 

BOLEN, CRANE & CO., Newark, N. J. 
—Here are shown several hydraulic presses, 
which are operated without pumps, valves, 
pulleys, cylinders, or belts. 

W. RUOFF, Phila.—An exhibit of jack- 
screws, single and double geared. 

A. L. JONES, Phila.—Exhibit of a patent 
self-regulating steam-trap, entered for com¬ 
petition against the world. 

F. D. CHASE, Boston.—Ventilating deck 
iron and car roofing guards. 

FALES, JENKS & SONS, Pawtucket, R. 
L A series of their revolving piston water 
meters. Also, improved rotary force-pumps, 
and several sizes of G. A. Houston’s turbine 
water wheels. 

A. GAWTHORP & SON. Wilmington, 
Del.—Very perfect glass models of their hy¬ 
draulic rams. 


GREAT BRITAIN. 

The exhibit from this country in this 
Annex consists of an oscillating water pres¬ 
sure engine; force and ship pumps; radia¬ 
tors; Cood’s patent globe stoppered soda- 
water bottle; Pickering’s patent differential 
blocks, adapted to raising weights of ten 
tons. They will not slip, and have a hand 
chain separate. From the same firm is a 
direct-acting steam-pump. 


SWITZERLAND. 

From this country a patent ice machine is 
exhibited, from the firm of Raoul, Pictet & 
Co., of Geneva. 


inches stroke.. The cut-off, an automatic 
variable, is their own patent; simple in con¬ 
struction, effectual, and not liable to wear. 

The cut-oft valves are operated by a cam 
placed upon the governor shaft, which is sit¬ 
uated at the rear of the cylinder and be¬ 
tween the two steam-chests. By an angle 
slide, one side of which is placed upon the 
spindle the other upon the cam, which is 
hollow, the raising or lowering of the balls, 
throws the cam toward or from the center, 
and thus controls the poppet valves, each 
of which has a rod from its chest to the 
cam. The governor spindle is driven by 
a shaft placed upon the side of the bed 
and geared to the main shaft. About the 
center of this shaft, is an opening in the side 
of the bed through which runs a rod, having 
upon it an eccentric to control the exhaust 
posts, which are placed beneath the cylinder. 
A great advantage is here apparent: namely, 
the fact that these parts are entirely inde¬ 
pendent of the cut-off, and at every position 
of the governor, are open the whole stroke. 
The firm also manufactures large marine and 
pumping engines. 


FORGES AND BELLOWS. 
KEYSTONE PORTABLE FORGE CO., 
Phila.—A large exhibit of portable forges, 
suitable for blacksmiths, &c. 

T. H. BULLOCK & CO., Cleveland, 0.— 
Bellows, made in style of 1776 and 1876. 
By a comparison of the new with the old, it 
will be seen that no important change has 
been effected. 

JOHN BAYLISS, New York.—Portable 
forges, of good pattern, strong and durable. 

G. W. METZ & SONS, Phila.—An ex¬ 
hibit of handsomely finished bellows, of 
different kinds and sizes. 


MACHINERY HALL ANNEXES. 

In the south-east corner of a large build¬ 
ing, located west of the Hydraulic Annex, is 
the 

ANNEX NO. 1. 

This room is devoted to forging appara¬ 
tus of every description. Extending length¬ 
wise of the room is the main line of shaft¬ 
ing, which is driven by an engine made by 
the— 

HARTFORD FOUNDRY & MACHINE 
CO., Conn. — The engine is a horizontal, 
high pressure, of 40 horse-power, with a 
cylindrical diameter of 12 inches and 36 

20 


WM. WERTS, Camden, N. J.—Exhibit 
of a patent graduating blacksmiths’ tuyere. 
Directly beneath the fire is an iron cylinder 
containing different size slots or openings for 
air passages. The shaft for revolving this 
extends to the front of the forge. The gen¬ 
tleman also shows a patent tire shrinker. 


HAMMERS. 

^ BRADLEY MAN’F’G. CO., Syracuse, N. 
Y.—They exhibit two of their cushioned 
hammers. The rubber cushions are four in 
number and are placed two each side of the 
fulcrum. They claim for their hammers great 
durability and much work. 


















418 


MACHINERY HALL-ANNEX NO. 2 






PRATT & WHITNEY CO.,—PATENT RETRACTILE JIB CRANE. 














































































































































































































































































MACHINERY IIALL -ANNEX NO. 2 


419 


Con?® A & WHITNEY CO., Hartford, 
„ V, 11S company presents an exhibit of strong 

and durable drop-hammers of great power. S 



TUBULAR BARROW AND 
TRUCK MAN’F’G. CO., Jersey 
City, N. J. — A steam hammer, 
claimed to be the simplest and 
cheapest in the world 
S. G. FORSAITII & CO., Man¬ 
chester, N. H—Exhibit of an im¬ 
proved machine for forcing bolts 5 
also, patent power spring hammer 
HULL & BELDEN CO., Dan- 
Imry, Conn. — Dropdiammers and 
forgings, and the “Dead stroke” 
power hammer. 

FERRIS & MILES, Phila.—An 
exhibit of two very powerful steam 
hammers. 

WM. SELLERS & CO., Phila.— 
An exhibit in this building of one 
300-pound steam hammer. 


EMERY WHEELS. 

CELLULOID EMERY WHEEL 
CO., Newark, N. J.—Emery wheels 
of all sizes; several well mounted 

NORTHAMPTON EMERY 
WHEEL CO.—Emery wheels of 
every description. They show one 
set for finely finishing stone edces 

UNION STONE CO., Boston,' 
Phila., and N. Y.—Emery wheels, 
and mountings for many purposes. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

FISHER & MORRIS, Phila.— 
Eagle anvils and vises. They are 
made of the best English cast steel, 
which is warranted to be perfectly 
welded to the iron. The articles 
are strong and well made. 

BOYD CO., Phila.—Exhibit 
of a nevv process of roasting coffee. 
The grain never comes in contact 
with the gas, smoke, or any other 
impurity. 


PRATT, WHITNEY & CO., 

PATENT IMPROVED DROP-HAMMER. 

H. H. SCOVILLE, Chicago.—Exhibit of Butter¬ 
field’s atmospheric hammer, which is upright and 
conti oiled entirely by air. Upon each side of the 
fulcrum are two air-cylinders which govern the stroke. 

F. L. D. R. CARISELL, Phila.—Exhibit of one 
steam hammer. The steam hammer, in its most 
general form, consists of an upright steam cylinder, 
attached to the rod of which is the head, which 
moves in a slide. 


WEIKEL & SMITH SPICE CO., 
Phila. They exhibit a large assort¬ 
ment of Burn’s patent coffee and 
spice machines. 


ANNEX NO. 2. 

This room adjoins Annex No. 1 , 
and is devoted to stone-cutting ma¬ 
chinery. The machines obtain the 
requisite power from a main shaft, 
extending the whole length of the 






























































































































































420 


MACHINERY HALL-ANNEX NO. 3. 


room, and run by a VO horse-power engine, 
built by— 

WHITEHALL, SMITH & HAMPSEN, 
of Newburg, N. Y.—This firm has an excel¬ 
lent standing, uses a large capital, and em¬ 
ploys from 150 to 200 men. The engine 
they show has a stroke of thirty-six inches 
and a cylindrical diameter of sixteen inches. 
It is furnished with an automatic slide valve 
cut-off, controlled by the governor. 

T. F. ADAMS, Phila. — The diamond 
stone-cutting: and ornamenting: machine. 
The movements of this machine resemble 
those of the human arm. The cutting tool 
(revolving 5,000 to 6,000 times perminnte)is 
placed at the extreme end, or in the hand; 
and the arm being jointed, its movements 
are at the perfect command of the operator. 
The tool is of steel, studded with black dia¬ 
monds, so arranged as to produce the de¬ 
sired ornamentation by its revolutions. A 
heavy, upright column supports a movable 
platform, upon which the stone to be cut is 
placed, and in it the axis of the shoulder of 
the arm is also located. The machine will 
execute the most elaborate designs upon a 
slab of any kind of stone with a rapidity 
equal to seventy-five men, and with greater 
precision and finish. 

EMERSON DIAMOND STONE SAW 

CO., Pittsburgh, Pa.—Established in 1874. 

Exhibit of a diamond sawing machine. The 

block of stone is placed upon a bed similar 

in construction to a planer, and having a 

feed of from one-fourth of an inch to thirtv- 

%/ 

five inches, according to the density of the 
stone. The cutting tool is a circular saw, 
seventy-two. inches in diameter, having forty 
diamonds, averaging two carats each set in 
its periphery. This revolves upon a five 
inch steel shaft at the rate of 120 revolu¬ 
tions per minute. Each stone is set in cop¬ 
per and clamped in an adjustable steel tooth, 
bv means of which the circumference can be 
made perfectly circular. The whole machine 
is substantially built, weighs 3,600 pounds, 
and will cut a 30 inch block of any length. 

J. H. STERNBERGII, Reading, Pa.—A 
surface-grinding machine for chilled iron. 
This is similar in construction to the planer, 
though having, instead of the tool, a rapidly 
revolving emery wheel, whose shaft has all 
the motions of the tool rest of the planer. 
Chilled iron, clamped to the bed, is quickly 
finished or polished. 

THOMAS ROSS, Rutland, Vt,—Exhibit 
of a gang saw for stone of every description. 


The gang is wound up by means of power; 
the feed is capable of any adjustment. The 
machine on exhibition will saw a block V by 4 
by 7 feet. It has 18 inches stroke and moves 
at the rate of 120 per minute. It is sawing 
sandstone with a gang of seven saws, making 
twelve inches an hour. It will saw, with a 
gang of twenty-five saws, Italian marble, 
one and a half inches an hour. 

STEAM STONE CUTTER CO., Rutland, 
Yt.—This firm exhibits three machines for 
quarrying stone. One side-hill machine for 
cutting on an angle; one for sandstone; and 
one for marble. 

C. MERRILL & SONS, New York.—This 
exhibit contains one large drop-hammer, 
parallel vises, and a power press. The ma¬ 
chines are of good pattern and reliable. 

PLUMB, BURDICT & BARNARD, Buf¬ 
falo, N. Y.—Manufacturers of bolt and nut 
machinery. They exhibit a bolt forging 
machine, of good pattern. 

CALDWELL & MATHER, Phila., ex¬ 
hibit a melting furnace for gold and silver, 
similar to those used in the United States 
mint. 

CTIAS. H. BAKER, Phila.—Exhibit of a 
self-gauging tuyere. 

GEO. TSCHEULIN, Baltimore, Md.— 
Exhibit of an improved blacksmiths’ blast. 


ANNEX NO. 3. 

Located west of the first Annex, is a 
large oblong building, one-half of which is 
a boiler house, the remainder is devoted to 
brick machines. It has one line of main 
shafting, driven by a 50 liorse-power high 
pressure engine, built by the— 

BUCKEYE ENGINE CO., of Salem, O. 
—This firm has a large exhibit in Machinery 
Hall. The engine here working has a cylin¬ 
der of twelve inches in diameter, with six¬ 
teen inches stroke. The cylinder, slides, and 
pillar blocks are cut in one piece, and are 
therefore remarkably strong and durable, 
and making it impossible for the parts to 
get out of line. 

GEO. CARNELL, Phila. — Established 
1854. This gentleman manufactures brick 
machinery of every description. 

UNITED STATES IMPACT BRICK 
MACHINE CO.—An exhibit of one of their 
machines for making bricks. 

BAIRD & HUSTON, Kensington Iron 
Works of Phila., builders.—Exhibit of a very 
large and powerfully built brick machine. 








MACHINERY HALL-BOILER HOUSES. 


421 


1*. L. D. R. CARNELL, Phila.—This is 
the oldest establishment for the manufacture 
of brick machines in the United States. 
1 hey exhibit several of their machines of 
good patterns, well built. 

W. L. GREGG, Triple-Pressure Brick 
Machine Co., Phila.—Exhibit of a machine 
that will make 45,000 bricks in ten hours. 
The machine has a circular mold board, 
eight feet in diameter, revolving intermit¬ 
tently upon a vertical axis. This contains 
eight sets of molds, with four in a set. The 
tempered clay is carried by an elevator to 
the hopper, in which agitators keep it loose. 
The molds pass to the opening, are filled, 
and go under an adjustable blade, which 
leaves any desired thickness above the table. 
Here they pass beneath a heavy roller and 
receive their first pressure. Leaving the 
roller, they approach a diagonally placed 
knife, which barely touches the table, and 
removes all surplus clay. From here they 
go to a pressure plate, the table stops, and 
a toggle-joint below, worked by an eccentric, 
presses upon the under side of the brick. It 
now waits to receive the third and last pres- 
' sure. Underneath the table is a set of four 
panels, set with independent springs, and 
which exactly fit the molds. The springs 
are to obviate any difference in the thickness 
of the bricks. The force here exerted is 
upon both sides of the clay, and therefore a 
uniform density is imparted to it. From 
here the bricks are taken upon an endless 
belt to the kilns. Bricks of any thickness 
can be made, as all the pressures can be 
regulated by screws to any size. There is 
no friction upon the table, as the heads are 
lifted the instant it moves. The machine is 
substantially built. 

ISAAC GREGG, Jr., & CO., Phila.— 
They exhibit a model of a machine for mak¬ 
ing either pressed or common bricks, at the 
rate of 1,000 an hour. 

EDWIN P. BALL, Chicopee, Mass; man¬ 
ufactured by the Holyoke Machine Co.—Ex¬ 
hibit of a patent direct-acting steam stamp¬ 
ing machine, for crushing ores. 

KEYSTONE BRiCK MACHINE 
WORKS, Phila.—Display of several brick 
machines. 

EXCELSIOR BRICK & STONE CO., 
Phila.—Model of a reciprocating brick ma¬ 
chine. 

HENRY AIKEN, Southwark Foundry, 
Phila.—Models of brick machinery. 

STACY STONE DRESSING MACHINE 


CO., New Y ork.—One of their machines for 
dressing stone. 

S. P. MILLER & SON, Phila.—Hand 
machines for making bricks. 

AD. NEWKUMET, Phila. — Blaeklead 
crucibles, and a machine for making them. 


BOILER HOUSES. 

Situated along the south side of Machin¬ 
ery Hall are the several boilers that furnish 


steam for various engines. 


BOILER HOUSE NO. 1. 


ENGLISH BOILER HOUSE. 

W r . & J. GALLOWAY & SONS, Man¬ 
chester, Eng. In this building there are 
three boilers, encased in brick, each havino* 
a length of twenty-eight feet and a diameter 
of seven. Each is capable of supplying 
steam sufficient to drive a condensing en¬ 
gine indicating 300 horse-power. There are 
upward of 3,500 similar boilers now work¬ 
ing in different parts of the world. 

CORLISS BOILER HOUSE, No. 2.— 
This is a fine, large building, 40 by 80 feet 
square, and 50 feet from floor to peak, hav¬ 
ing at two corners broad brick chimneys 
rising 60 feet above the roof. Below it is 
well closed in, while above, large windows 
open upon all sides. On entering the wide 
door, we find a large platform or floor in the 
center, extending to within a few feet of the 
boiler range. At the edges are railings over 
which we can look down to the fire floor, 
twelve feet beneath. Beyond this opening, 
and placed round three sides of the build¬ 
ing, are the boilers, round, upright, tubular, 
each four feet in diameter and twelve feet 
high, inclosed in brick, and again in iron 
outside. There are twenty boilers, each 70 
horse-power, so that the boiler force is 1,400 
horse-power. They are so arranged that 
they can be connected, one, two, three, or 
all when necessary. 

From each boiler there is a large steam- 
pipe, and these connect with one main steam- 
pipe, placed underground, and running be¬ 
neath the floor of Machinery Hall to the 
Corliss engine. Each boiler is also provided 
with steam and water gauges—has two fire 
doors, and every attachment necessary for 
independent action. The coal used is the 
Black Mountain anthracite, of which seven 
and a half tons are consumed dailv. From 
the platform there is no way to reach the 











422 


MACHINERY HALL-BOILER HOUSES. 


fire floor except by ladders, so that the en¬ 
gineers and several firemen below are pro¬ 
tected from all intrusion of inquisitive peo¬ 
ple. The arrangement is most excellent, 
and fully sustains the careful character of 
the inventor of the great motor of Machin¬ 
ery Hall. 


BOILER HOUSE NO. 3. 

In this building are seven different boil¬ 
ers, having a combined capacity of 750 
horse-power. 

THE ROOT SECTIONAL BOILER, of 
New York. 

THE KELLY BOILERS, of New Bruns¬ 
wick, N. J. 

EXETER SECTIONAL BOILER, of Ex¬ 
eter N. H. 

BABCOCK & WILCOX, of New York. 

LOWE & WATSON, Bridgeport, Conn. 

HOWARD BOILER, MacKeesport, Pa. 

C, D. SMITH, of Boston. 


BOILER HOUSE NO. 4. 

The boilers in this house have a combined 
capacity of 650 horse-power. They are made 
by the— 

FIRMENICH BOILER, Buffalo, N. Y.; 
WIEGAND BOILER, of Phila.; 
HARRISON BOILER, Phila.; 

LYNDE BOILER, Phila.; 

BLACK & ROGER, of Pliila.; and 
W. D. ANDREWS, of New York. 


BOILER HOUSE NO. 5. 

Combined capacity of 300 horse-power. 
THE ANDERSON BOILER, of Spring- 
field, O. 

PIERCE ROTARY BOILER, New York. 


BOILER HOUSE NO. 6. 

Here is a tubular boiler of 50 horse¬ 
power, supplying steam for the Shoe and 
Leather Building. This boiler is heated by 
a furnace for burning bituminous coal, so 
arranged as to consume the smoke. Air 
sufficient to burn the smoke is admitted 
from different parts of the casing. Built 
by— 

J. B. HOYT, Newport. 

STOKES & PARRISH, Phila.—In the 
first and second Annex Building are large 
repair shops and supply depots. The former 
are fitted with all the necessary machinery 


to do any general repairing which may be 
needed. They also have a room furnished 
with woodworking machines. The supply 
shop contains a general assortment of ma¬ 
terials needed by machinists. 


CENTENNIAL MACHINE AND SUPPLY 
SHOPS. 

STOKES & PARRISH, General Man¬ 
agers. — Between the Shoe and Leather 
Building and Machinery Hall, in the open 
space at the eastern entrances of these build¬ 
ings, Stokes & Parrish erected a good sized 
office for the purpose of attending to such 
supplies and repairs as might be required by 
exhibitors and others upon the grounds. 
Having procured from the Committee on 
Concessions, the exclusive right of attend¬ 
ing to this branch of business, they erected 
a machine and woodworking shop near by 
and adjoining Machinery Hall. At their 
office they kept a large clerical force, and 
were in the constant receipt of orders for all 
kinds of work. In the shops and in the 
various buildings men were continually busy, 
doing any thing and every thing required by 
exhibitors. At times the number of work¬ 
men employed amounted to 400. The house 
is an old established concern, doing a large 
business in the city, and their coffers were 
well increased during the continuance of the 
exhibition. They were very prompt in at¬ 
tending to all orders received, and gave gen¬ 
eral satisfaction as regards good workman¬ 
ship and moderate charges. 

THOMAS ROSS, Rutland, Vt.—Just out¬ 
side of this building is an exhibit of a ten 
ton derrick, which is swung by power, and 
can be swung and raised at the same time. 

Located south and west of Machinery 
Hall are several exhibits of machinery which 
were too massive to be placed in the Hall. 

JESSE W. STARR & SON, Camden Iron 
Works, N. J.—This firm has a large exhibit, 
consisting of cast iron connections of all 
kinds, and a series of large valves. They 
also show all the machinery necessary for a 
gas-house, consisting of generators, connec¬ 
tions, and a large two-section telescopic gas¬ 
holder. 

WARREN FOUNDRY & MACHINE 
CO., Phillipsburgh, N. J.—This exhibit ad¬ 
joins the above, and consists of heavy cast 
iron pipes and connections. 

GUNPOWDER PILE-DRIVER CO., 











MACHINERY HALL-SAW-MILLS. 


423 


Phil a.—They exhibit one of their large pile- 
drivers, which is worked with gunpowder. 
BALTIMORE TERRA COTTA WORKS, 
A scries of terra cotta pipes and con¬ 
nections. 

U. S. HOISTING & CONVEYING CO., 
Isew \ oi'k. They exhibit one of their ma¬ 
chines : a large scoop suspended on a wire 
cable, which is attached to posts set firmly 
in the ground. The apparatus is worked by 
wire from a drum driven bv a small steam- 


engine. 


ALBERT BRISBANE, New Jersey.—An 
exhibit of a system of transportation by 
means of hollow spheres, which carry their 
loads inside, and move in pneumatic tubes 
with a velocity of 100 miles per hour. They 
are claimed to be one-fifth cheaper than 
transportation by railroads. 

C- W. HUNT, New York.—This gentle 
man exhibits his elevator and automatic rail¬ 
way for the rapid unloading of coal, sand, &c. 

PENNSYLVANIA R. R.—They exhibit 
the locomotive “John Bull,” which was built 
in England in 1831, and sent to America for 
the Camden A Amboy R. R. Transportation 
Company in the same year. It has four 
driving wheels, two upon each side; the 
cylinders are between the wheels, under the 
fore part of the boiler, and drive the rear 
wheels by means of cranks in the axle. They 
also show two old-style passenger cars. The 
track upon which the whole train stands is 
a portion of the original iron rail track that 
was first laid on the C. & A. R. R. The 
rails were rolled in England, and the stone 
blocks prepared at great expense, as w r ooden 
sleepers were then considered unsafe for such 
heavy engines. They also show their stand¬ 
ard track, as now laid upon wooden cross¬ 
ties ballasted with stone. 

HARRISBURGH CAR MAN’F’G. CO., 
Penn.—This firm makes an exhibit of six 
freight cars, which are strongly made and 
handsomely finished. 

LEBANON MAN’F’G. CO., Penn.—This 
company shows two large coal cars; strong 
and durable. 


SAW-MILLS. 

Located west of Machinery Hall is a 
building 276 feet long by 80 wide, with 
open sides, and in which are shown timber 
saws of every description. 

( LANE MAN’F’G. CO., Montpelier, Vt.— 
Established 1861. Employs 100 men. 


Capital, $120,000. They exhibit one of 
Lane s improved patent lever-set circular 
saw-mills. Also, a mill with a 25-foot car¬ 
riage, having adjustable saws. Also, a No. 
4 double mill for heavy timber. 

STEARNS MAN’F’G. CO., Erie, Pa.— 
This firm shows a large double saw-mill, for 
any sized timber. Also, a gang mill. 

HARBERT & RAYMOND, Phila.—Ex¬ 
hibit of one large circular saw-mill. 

CHASE TURBINE MAN’F’G. CO., Or¬ 
ange, Mass.—One circular saw-mill. 

I he line of shafting driving the above is 
worked by a 105 horse-power engine, built 

by— 

THE WELLS BALANCE ENGINE CO., 
New York.—The engine has two pistons 
working in the same cylinder, each moving 
half the distance. The engine is compact, 
strongly built, and economical. 

E. P. ALLIS & CO., Reliance Works, Mil¬ 
waukee, Wis.—Exhibit of one large double 
circular saw-mill, and one gang mill. They 
show a 160 horse-power engine, which is 
driving the above. The slides and pillar 
blocks are one casting, and the cylinder and 
slides finished at the same time. A very 
neat and substantial pattern. 

LANE & BODLEY CO., Cincinnati, O.— 
Established for about 25 years. Employ 300 
men, with facilities for 500. Capital, $375,- 
000. They exhibit one double circular saw¬ 
mill, that feeds from one to four inches, and 
head blocks will set from one-sixteenth of an 
inch up. This is run by a 25 horse-power 
high pressure engine; cylinder ten inches,, 
by twenty inches stroke. 

The line of shafting in the west end of' 
he building is driven by a high pressure 
engine built by— 

C. H. BROWN & CO., Fitchburg, Mass. 
—This firm employs from 30 to 40 men.. 
The engine is rated at 65 horse power; bed! 
in two castings; the cut-off is automatic-.. 
The whole machine is elegantly finished, and 
of neat and strong pattern. 

C. MEIMERS, Phila.—Exhibit of a band: 
saw-mill. The pulleys are five feet in diam¬ 
eter. The saw is made of 16 gauge, 6 
inches wide, and 32 feet long. The kerf is 
only 3 ^2 of an inch, while in circular sawing, 
it is 3^2 ; the saving in valuable timber is 
very essential. 

JOHN KNOWLTON, Sharon Hill, Pa.— 
Exhibit of a bevel scroll-saw, which can be 
set at any angle to the table; also, a saw 
sharpening machine. 







424 


MACHINERY HALL—SAW-MILL. 


In the same building are shown stone 
sawing machines. 

HUGH YOUNG, New York.—This gen¬ 
tleman exhibits a vertical stone diamond 
machine, sawing 8 by 4 feet of any kind of 
stone. Also, a model of a horizontal stone 
saw, which will cut 3 by 1 feet—the orig¬ 
inal 5 by 13. 

JOSH. W. BRANCH, St. Louis, Mo.— 
Established 1849. Employs 30 men. He 
exhibits a large circular diamond saw. 


The steam for this building is furnished 
by Boiler House No. 5. 


SAW-MILL. 

E. W. ROSS & CO., Fulton, N. Y.—In a 
small though very attractive building, situ¬ 
ated south of the Glass House, is an exhibit 
of a circular saw-mill, worked by an upright 
engine of strong and durable pattern. 


i 


i 





AGRICULTURE. 


Many barbarous nations believe that the 
arts were imparted by their gods to man; 
the most important being brought person- 
ally by the deity and left with his children. 
When and where this superstition origin¬ 
ated it is impossible to assert. From Gene¬ 
sis we learn that “ the Lord God planted a 
garden eastward in Eden,” and “took the 
man and put him into the garden to dress 
it and to keep it.” The various kinds of 
vegetable matter used by the ancients for 
nourishment, are not known, as in early 
Scriptural writings they came under the 
general title of “good for food.” The 
Israelites, up to the time of their diffusion, 
were a strictly pastoral people, and though 
possessed of the only true theocracy, were 
totally ignorant of many arts. Their no¬ 
madic life rendered their flocks self-sup¬ 
porting, and the rich soil and salubrious 
climate of the “promised land,” spontane¬ 
ously yielded an all-sufficient supply of 
food. Noah was commanded to “take of 
all food that is eaten, and thou shalt gather 
it to thee; and it shall be for food for thee 
and for them.” This is the first mention 
of storing food. 

The article of prime necessity among the 
Egyptians at the time of Joseph, was corn 
—a name then designating various cereals. 
Though the common people lived mostly 
on vegetables, Pharaoh partook of “all 
manner of baked meats,” washed down by 
the juice of the grape. During the fam¬ 
ine in this country, when food failed the 
people, “Joseph gave them bread in ex¬ 
change. for horses, and for the flocks, and 
for the cattle of the herds, and for the 
asses.” Subsequently the land even, was 
given for bread, and all Egypt became 
Pharaoh’s. 

In the Homeric age, beef, mutton, and 
goats’ flesh, usually eaten roasted, together 
with cheese, flour, fruits, and bread served 
in woven baskets, constituted man’s food. 
We find great simplicity in the manner of 
living until the Greeks and Romans ruled 
the world. Under their domination, years 
of study and unlimited expense were em¬ 


ployed to gratify the stomach. Except 
water, wine from the juice of the grape 
was the only drink partaken of by the 
Greeks, and it was considered barbarous 
to imbibe even this, undiluted. 

At the present time man may be said to 
eat of all flesh both on land and m the sea, 
to reject but few of the herbs of the earth, 
and to drink anything liquid enough to 
flow down his throat. As a consequence 
of this reckless manner of living, the pres¬ 
ent civilized inhabitants of the globe are 
subject to more ills than their ancestors 
ever even imagined. The regimen of many 
of our savages is more conducive to health 
and longevity than that pursued by more 
enlightened classes. 

At the commencement of the Christian 
Era, the principles of farming had advanced 
almost to their present development, al¬ 
though the implements and methods of 
executing them have been improved. Vir¬ 
gil has left one of the most searching and 
accurate treatises ever written upon hus¬ 
bandry, and one which conveys a clear 
idea of the manner of farming by the 
Romans, and of their advancement. He 
commences with suggestions as to plowing; 
recommends the Biblical law that the land 
should lie fallow; and fully describes the 
preparation of the soil for the seed, by har¬ 
rowing and rolling. He advises a free use 
of manure and ashes, and believes the crop 
should be changed so that the land might 
not become wearied. He gives minute 
descriptions of many important trees, how 
they should be cared for, and recounts the 
methods of grafting. The rules he has 
laid down, though nearly 2,000 years old, 
are as applicable now as then, and illus¬ 
trate the skill of early agriculturists. 

The most important effects of modern 
farming have resulted from choosing the 
finest products, and planting them m the 
most favorable localities, with a view to 
the improvement of the stock. The globe 
is divided into tracts, each one peculiarly 
adapted to the growth of some particular 
vegetable, and which will yield its favorite 








426 


AGRICULTURE. 


more profusely than will any other local¬ 
ity. Man, by taking advantage of this 
natural preference, supplies his wants much 
more successfully than if he tried to coerce, 
rather than humor, Nature. 

Among the first architectural efforts of 
man, we find canals, built for the purpose 
of rendering a barren and useless section 
both prolific and profitable, by bringing to 
it moisture from a distance. The Israel¬ 
ites paid but little, if any, attention to irri¬ 
gation, as their land was well watered 
naturally, and as they were a nation of 
shepherds and herdsmen, and not husband¬ 
men. The systems of irrigation vary ac¬ 
cording to the topography of the country, 
and the requirements of the plants. 

Thus we find that the Chinese, who need 
a flooded area to grow one of their great 
staples, rice, have recourse to a plan that 
would be useless in any other country. 
The immense tracts now cultivated in our 
own country are but sparingly irrigated, 
and therefore depend on the rain fall. A 
thinly settled and rich country is in no 
need of extensive irrigation; it is only old 
and thickly peopled lands that require to 
be artificially watered. 

Never was an assertion more true, than 
the one that “Egypt is the gift of the 
Nile.” In the days of the Pharaohs no 
labor was accounted too severe, provided it 
would bring to the husbandman a portion 
of the blessings annually communicated 
by this great river. As a result, Egypt 
became the most perfectly irrigated country 
in the world, and, at the present day, the 
remains of canals may be found traversing 
it in all directions. These were cut to 
carry water to distant parts, and, when it 
was considered necessary, mounds and 
dams were built to regulate the flow. 

Sluices were erected, which, when the 
inundation had reached a height sufficient 
to flood a province without drowning it, 
divided the fluid mass, and took only the 
quantity requisite for irrigation. The re¬ 
mainder was turned aside and forced back 
into the river through other channels of a 
deeper cut, directed to a lower section of 
the stream. Lake Moeris—generally con¬ 
sidered to be in part the work of Nature— 
with its mounds, dams, sluices, and con¬ 
necting canals, is one of the most wonder¬ 
ful works of the primeval Egyptians. This 
lake, it is thought, was designed to receive 
the superfluous waters in time of undue inun¬ 


dation, and to serve as a reservoir to guard 
against scarcity. These great works, vital 
to the prosperity of an agricultural people, 
were suffered to decay, and as a conse¬ 
quence, a large proportion of the cultivable 
land was reduced to its primitive state 
of barrenness. The water of the Nile is 
charged with a rich loam, that is deposited 
on the soil as the flood retires. It super¬ 
sedes, to a certain extent, all the prelimi¬ 
nary preparations necessary in other coun¬ 
tries, such as plowing, harrowing, and, the 
most important, manuring. Immediately 
after the inundation, the seed is scattered 
over the soft and moist ground, and a 
rapid and prolific vegetation is the result. 

Babylon and its hanging gardens, or, 
more properly speaking, its cultivated ter¬ 
races, are world-renowned; and yet, in all 
the writings describing this famous city, 
no mention is made of the process by which 
these results were obtained. Among the 
Persians, at the time they were masters of 
Asia, water was considered so essential to 
health and agricultural prosperity, that 
they permitted those who conveyed a 
spring to an unwatered locality, to enjoy 
the benefit for five generations. 

The systems of irrigation practiced by 
the Chinese are especially noted for their 
simplicity and ingenious construction, and 
for their enormous expenditure of human 
labor. Much of the land is left untouched, 
yet this seeming waste is compensated for 
by the fact, that the cultivated portion is 
made to yield three or four crops each 
year. Among the earliest devices for rais¬ 
ing water from a stream to the level of the 
bank, were chain pumps. These were 
worked by men treading upon vanes pro¬ 
jecting from an axle, around which the 
chain was carried—a sort of aqueous tread¬ 
mill. Those of large size were operated 
by oxen, yoked to a horizontal wheel, con¬ 
nected by cogs with the axis of the rollers, 
over which the lifters turned. A common 
form obtained the motive power from a 
crank, turned by one or more men. Wa¬ 
ter-wheels, that are turned by being partly 
immersed in a rapid stream, and furnished 
with buckets on the paddles to raise and 
pour the water into a trough at the top of 
the bank, are still common. 

Land has always needed some manipu¬ 
lating previous to planting. This work 
varies according to the kind of seed, and 
I the requirements of the soil. After the 






AGRICULTURE. 


ground has been cleared, the first imple¬ 
ment needed is the plow. In the plows of 
the -Egyptians it was not necessary to pay 
t le particular attention to strength that 
was needed in other countries, as the soil 
was soft and free from obstructions. They 
are shown to have been constructed of 
wood, generally the forked branch of a 
tree; one limb served as the share, the 
other as the handle, while the beam was 
attached to the center. The* mold-board 
and share were never protected by iron. 
Oxen were universally employed to draw 
them. The plows of the Israelites were 
protected by iron, and they were drawn by 
oxen and asses, and it was forbidden them 
_ to y° ke an ox and an ass together. This 
instrument, made entirely of wood, has 
been common to the Chinese since the ear¬ 
liest periods, and is drawn by oxen, asses, 
and mules, yoked together indiscriminately. 
In portions of the country where quadru¬ 
peds are scarce, men can frequently be 
seen doing duty in the furrow. In India 
the wooden plow is common, and the na¬ 
tives aie so reluctant to relinquish a contriv¬ 
ance used by their ancestors for centuries, 
that they have been known to refuse the 
modern plow, when gratuitously offered. 
The Roman agriculturists placed a double 
mold-board on their plows, casting the 
ridge on either side; and in addition to 
the harrow, used ponderous rollers to break 
the soil.* 

When the ground has been turned over 
it dries in hard lumps, and is often uneven. 
To correct these imperfections and perform 
the last operation before sowing, is the 
duty of the harrow. The earliest, most 
common, and rudest form of harrowing, 
consisted in drawing a large branch over 
the ground. This was found to be inef¬ 
fective, and a frame, set with stones, or 
wooden or iron pins, was substituted. The 
modern harrow is made upon this principle, 
though its modifications are numerous and 
important. 

To sow by hand, broadcast and in rows, 
w r as the method pursued by all nations, 
and it was not until comparatively recently 
that a more expeditious and economical 
way was introduced. The Chinese were 


427 


*Full details of the introduction and improve¬ 
ment of the plow and cultivator in America, will 
be found in the descriptive article on Agricultural 
Hall, post. 


the first people who made use of grain 
. r ^ A made in that country con¬ 
sisted of two parallel poles of wood, placed 
upon wheels, and shod at the lower ex¬ 
tremities with iron to open the furrows. 
I he seed was dropped from a small hop¬ 
per, and was covered with earth by a 
traverse piece of wood placed behind, and 
which just swept the surface of the ground. 

It is impossible to give the date of 
the introduction of these machines into 
China; they are used, not because they 

save time and labor, but because they save 
money.* 

In all old countries grain was harvested 
with the sickle, made of various shapes 
and sizes. From the carvings in Egypt, 
and from Biblical writings, we learn °that 
the curved blade, sharpened on the concave 
side, was the form most generally used. In 
a few instances they were straight and 
double edged. The sickle grew in size 
until it became a distinct instrument—the 
scythe, f 

To gather the cut grain, rakes are em¬ 
ployed. The hand rake is found in all 
countries, and is expeditious enough when 
the area cut is small, yet is insignificant 
when hundred-acre fields are to be gath¬ 
ered. IIow great is the difference between 
this process, and the rapid and easy method 
of gathering it with the horse-rake. These 
reduce the risk run by the farmer to al¬ 
most nothing, as when the indications pre¬ 
dict a storm, his field can be cleared in a 
short time, and his produce placed under 
shelter. 

I he earliest method for extracting the 
grain from the straw, of which we have 
any accurate knowledge, is that sculptured 
upon Egyptian edifices. From these rep¬ 
resentations we learn that the straw was 
laid in a circle on the ground, and oxen 
driven round upon it, who, by the action 
of their feet, separated the grain. The 
appropriation of these animals for this 
purpose, is alluded to in Scripture, in the 
passage, “ Thou shalt not muzzle the ox 
that treadeth out the corn. * "VV"e find in 
Isaiah xxviii. 28, “ Bread corn is bruised; 
because he will not ever be threshing it, 
nor break it with the wheel of his cart’ 


* The modern grain drill will be found in the 
following description of Agricultural Hall. 

1A brief history of the mower, reaper, and har¬ 
vester, will be found in this article further on. 















428 


AGRICI LTRE. 


nor bruise it with his horsemen.” The 
threshing-floor and flail were familiar to 
the early Hebrews, as we find in the above 
chapter, 27th verse, “For the fitches are 
not threshed with a threshing instrument, 
neither is a cart-wheel turned about upon 
the cummin; but the fitches are beaten 
out with a staff, and the cummin with a 
rod.” The flail is one of the few instru¬ 
ments that has come down from antiquity 
unaltered. It is used by all nations, and 
when but a small quantity of grain is to 
be threshed, is effective. The tribulum 
was an apparatus used by the Romans to 
thresh corn. It consisted of a plank set 
with stones or pieces of iron; had a weight 
laid on it, and was drawn over the grain 
by oxen. Immediately before the Revolu¬ 
tion in France, they tramped out the grain 
with oxen, and preferred that method to 
the use of the flail. Burning the straw to 
obtain the grain was an ancient practice in 
Ireland. About the year 1732, a machine 
was made in England, which was turned 
by wind, water, or hand-power, and did 
the work of forty men, and yielded six per 
cent, more grain than the hand process. 
For some unaccountable cause, it never 
came into general use. In 1786, Andrew 
Meikle, of England, produced the first suc¬ 
cessful machine for threshing grain, and 
made upon the principle which has been 
the basis of all other machines up to the 
present time. Before the issuing of the 
patent, a most important improvement was 
made in the form of the beater, by substi¬ 
tuting a sharp edge in place of the original 
flat-faced bar. In many parts of Scotland, 
machines of this style are still in use. The 
most perfect machines of the present time, 
deliver the grain perfectly clean, and the 
straw whole and unbroken. There is also 
one which not only threshes and winnows 
the wheat, but measures it, places it in 
bags ready for shipping, and accurately 
records the number of bushels, and all by 
one continuous operation. A comparison 
between this and the ancient flail would be 
impossible. 

In early times, the chaff was removed 
from the grain by merely shaking the 
whole during a light breeze, which swept 
all the useless and light particles away and 
left the seed. Fans and sieves were intro¬ 
duced at a remote period, and their combi¬ 
nation resulted in the modern separator, 
a full description of which will be found 


as we proceed with the Agricultural Hall 
article. 

Smut shows itself in wheat in a black 
powder occupying the place of the farina 
in the sound grain—within the husk. It 
is of fungus growth; attacks all kinds of 
corn, presents a great diversity of appear¬ 
ance, and is known by a number of popular 
names. When wheat so affected is ground, 
it makes an inferior quality of flour. The 
smut machine consists of an inclined cylin¬ 
der of stout wire, in which a brush rotates. 
The pressure of the bristles forces the soft 
smut through the meshes, while the perfect 
grain is emitted clean. 

In all probability the Egyptians were 
the only people who were not required 
to artificially enrich their lands, for the 
reason that the water of the Nile, at the 
time of its annual inundation, held in 
solution a loam, that was an excellent 
fertilizer. In China, every substance con¬ 
vertible into manure is carefully hus¬ 
banded, and even the refuse from the 
barbers’ shops, a considerable item when 
hundreds of millions of heads are lathered, 
is kept and sold to the husbandman. The 
manure is applied liquid, and more to the 
seed itself than to the soil. The grain is 
soaked in the preparation until it germin¬ 
ates, when it is planted; it is claimed that 
this process protects it from the ravages of 
insects, and gives a large grain and more 
prolific yield. At the present time, all civ¬ 
ilized countries acknowledge the import¬ 
ance of using good fertilizers, and when 
they cannot be obtained in sufficient quan¬ 
tities from domestic sources, they are im¬ 
ported.* When manure is plenty and 
cheap, it is spread over the surface of the 
ground and plowed in; when expensive, it 
is placed only where needed, by means of 
the drill, and by the skill of the work¬ 
man. 

We have endeavored in the foregoing 
article to briefly trace the history of agri¬ 
culture and agricultural instruments from 
the earliest times to the present. We have 
noticed the countries of most prominence, 
beginning with the oldest. We proceed 
now to a closer examination of the various 
products, implements, and appliances of 
husbandry, as largely shown in Agricul¬ 
tural Hall. 


*A brief account of the introduction of guano 
will be found herein— post. 






























































■ - 













































































































































































































. 
















AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. 
































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































THE 


INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. 


AGRICULTURAL HALL. 


GROUND PLAN OF AGRICULTURAL HALL. 
Size, parallelogram, 820 by 540 feet. Cost, $260,000. 
Scale, 225 feet to 1 inch. 



A United States. 
B Canada. 

C Liberia. 

D England. 

E Germany. 

F Austria. 

G Japan. 

H Venezuela. 

J Netherlands. 


K France. 

L Sweden. 
iVl Denmark. 

N Norway. 

0 Brazil.” 

P Belgium. 

Q Portugal. 

R Spain and Phil. 
Islands. 


S Argentine Re¬ 
public. 

U Russia. 

V Italy. 

W Mexico. 

X Dept, of Public 
Comfort. 

Y Water-Closets. 
Z Offices. 


Total Length, 540 ft.. Width, 820 ft. Height, 75 ft. 

The Agricultural Exhibition Building stands north of 
Horticult ural Hall, on the eastern side of Belmont avenue. 
A novel combination of materials is illustrated in its con¬ 
struction. It consists of a long nave crossed by three tran¬ 
septs. all composed of Howe truss arches of Gothic form. 
The four courts inclosed between the nave and transepts, 
as also the four spaces at the corners of the building, having 
the nave and transepts for their sides, are roofed in and 
form spaces for exhibits. The building covers an area of 
above ten acres. 


KEY TO THE NOTATION. 

The location of objects in the Agricultural Building is 
shown by a letter and figure, indicating the nearest column 
of the building. The letters—A, B, C, to T—designate the 


successive ranges of columns, proceeding eastward from 
the western wall across the width of the building; the 
figures, the number of the column in each range, counting 
northwardly from the southern wall, the entire length of 
the building, from 1 to 28. Thus C5 is the column in the 
third range lrom the west, and the fifth from the southern 
end of the building. The northeasternmost column is 
Y 28. 

This building is located in the northern 
part of the grounds, and is devoted to the 
exhibition of agricultural products and im¬ 
plements. 

One hundred years ago, when the nations 
of Europe stood still, and gazed over the 
Atlantic to where a few millions of people, 
receiving the “ stall of life ” from their 
neighbors, recognized the strength of uni¬ 
ty, and were fighting for their liberty, not 
one of the spell-bound nations even con¬ 
jectured that, in ten short decades, the 
struggling few would become mighty in 
wealth and power, and would lead the 
world in many important industries. Then 
the western prairies were hidden—their 
vast extent, richness of soil, and salubrity of 
climate were unknown. Gradually, as the 
native American cast his eyes over the 
boundless extent of uncultivated land, his 
attention was directed to the vital import¬ 
ance of having labor-saving machinery to 
gather his harvests. As the demand in¬ 
creased, manufactories and improvements 
came also. Steam was made to do its 
duty upon the plain, as well as in the 
factory, and farms are now seen which 
would require days of journeying to en¬ 
compass; and yet, by its aid, all are under 
perfect control. As the AA r est is the great 
growing portion of our country, so the 
wealthiest manufacturers of agricultural 
implements are in the large western cities. 
Brief statistics of the cereals grown in the 
several states, and also of the importance 
of each grain grown in the United States 
will be found under their several heads. 













































































































432 


AGRICULTURAL HALL—STATE EXHIBITS. 


UNITED STATES. 

Engines,— To run the various machines 
upon exhibition, there were many separate 
lines of shafting hung, that are driven by 
two powerful steam engines—both located 
in the eastern side of the building. The 
largest one is a horizontal, low pressure 
engine, of 48 inches stroke, 17 inches 
bore, and of 150 H. P. It was built by 
Jerome Wheelock, of Worcester, Mass. It 
is furnished with a Wheelock variable 
cut-off, controlled by the governor. The 
pillar blocks and bed are in one casting; 
the cylinder being bolted on. The fly¬ 
wheel is 14 ft. in diameter, 24 inch face, 
and runs a 22 inch belt. 

The next one is a marine upright en¬ 
gine of 20 inches stroke and 20 bore, and 
is rated at 80 H. P. It was made by 
Neafie & Levy, of Philadelphia. The fly¬ 
wheel is 10 feet in diameter, and runs an 
18 inch belt. The engine is very strongly 
and compactly constructed. 

The steam for these is furnished by the 
“ Anderson ” Safety Boiler, built in Spring- 
field, Ohio. It is a sectional pipe boiler, 
maintaining an unchanged water level ; 
parts are so constructed as to facilitate 
repairs ; and it is claimed to be economi¬ 
cal in the use of fuel. It is of 224 H. P. 
capacity, and is placed in a large frame 
building, located east of the Hall. 


STATE EXHIBITS. 

Several of the States have large and 
splendidly arranged exhibits of the most 
important products of the soil, and, in a 
few cases, of agricultural implements. 


NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

Arranged upon the walls of this space 
are jars containing grains ; wools of fine 
quality ; and specimens of wood. In the 
center of the exhibit is shown a plough, 
made by Daniel Webster in 1839. It is 
13 feet long; beam, 9 feet, 1 inch; length 
of handles, 6£ feet ; length of land slide, 
4 feet, 2 inches ; width of mould board, 
20 inches; width of share, 16 inches; 
from point of share to farthest end of 
mould board, 5£ feet. Beside this, stand 
two stuffed hogs, shown by L. P. Cooper, 
and which weighed 1307 and 1253 pounds. 


MASSACHUSETTS- 

There is a large collective exhibit from 
this State. Surrounding the space are 
desk cases, divided into compartments, 
which contain specimens of the grains, 
fruits, and vegetables. Upon the top of 
the cases are shown agricultural imple¬ 
ments of various kinds, and of approved 
styles. An assortment of blocks of the 
native granites, showing a polished and 
plain surface. There are two cases of 
stuffed birds. 


CONNECTICUT. 

Upon a large pyramidal stand, which 
covers the entire space, is an exhibit of 
the native grains, vegetables, and tobacco; 
blocks of granite and brown sand stone. 
At each corner of the space are placed 
sheaves of grain. 


NEW JERSEY. 

The form of the space occupied by this 
exhibit is that of a right angle parallelo¬ 
gram, and has a tier of shelves upon each 
of the longest sides. The one to the right, 
as we enter, has, in the lower divisions, 
cross-sections of the native woods. Above 
them, and shown in clear glass bottles, are 
specimens of the geological formations. 
Upon the opposite side of the apartment 
is an assortment of the State grains. Adorn¬ 
ing the arches over each entrance are 
sheaves of grain. 


DELAWARE. 

Upon long shelves are samples of the 
grains and blocks of the timbers. Under¬ 
neath and surrounding these, are sections 
of large trees : a tulip poplar is 20 feet in 
circumference; a black walnut is 19. Here 
is also shown a small bell, with the date 
1763 upon it, and which hung in the old 
State House of Delaware. 


FLORIDA. 

From this State is a large and exceed¬ 
ingly attractive exhibit of beautiful sea 
shells and mosses, grasses and cereals, in 
great variety; necklaces and chains, made 
of shells and nuts ; many handsome ar¬ 
ticles, made of shells ; several straw hats, 
cool and comfortable. 















AGRICULTURAL HALL—STATE EXHIBITS. 


433 


OHIO. 

In small oval jars are shown the cereals; 
many ears of corn, large and well filled ; 
case containing samples of wools, from 
different parts of the State. Placed in 
convenient places are sheaves of grain. 
The exhibit is arranged with great taste, 
and in the quality of its contents is very 
superior. 


MICHIGAN. 

The grain exhibit from this State is large, 
comprehensive, and splendidly shown. In 
the center of the space is a large column 
of four sides, which have arranged upon 
them the cereals. Upon three sides of 
the department are desk cases, in which 
are shown samples of excellent wool ; the 
u pampas,” or upland rice, a wonderfully 
prolific grain, yielding from 75 to 150 
bushels to the acre ; large blocks of the 
cork pine. Placed at the corners of the 
exhibits are sheaves of the grains and 
grasses. Extending across the rear of 
the department is a wall, upon which are 
tastefully arranged sheaves of the State 
cereals. 

MICHIGAN LUMBER. 

There are over 250 distinct varieties of 
woods in this State, 90 of which are on 
exhibition, and can be utilized for manu¬ 
facturing purposes ; over 1200 specimens 
are shown. Some of the hard woods are 
cut and polished with the grain, which is 
very beautiful. Also shown a twin beech, 
that had a natural graft uniting the two 
trunks, about 25 feet from the ground. 


IOWA. 

This State presents a large and very 
attractive exhibit. Shown in long, glass 
jars, are soils from the different counties of 
the State, which vary in depth from 4 to 7 
feet. Large assortments of all the grains, 
and specimens of most of the woods, some 
of which are very beautifully marked. 
One center table constructed of solid blocks 
of the native timbers, is elegantly made. 
They show 290 varieties of apples made of 
wax, after samples which were grown in 
1875; about 15 specimens of pears and 
quinces. The State desired a permanent 
exhibit and took this means of obtaining 

it. 


INDIANA. 

1 his exhibit, has, upon the side facing 
the main aisle, two large placards, which 
contain statistics of the products of the 
State :—it is first in railroads and tele¬ 
graphs ; the land is gently undulating, 
and was originally heavily timbered, but 
now more than half of it is under cultiva¬ 
tion ; in the southern part inexhaustible 
mineral wealth abounds. The exhibit is 
systematically arranged and comprises a 
full assortment of the different agricultural 
products. The grains are shown in spheri¬ 
cal jars; the specimens of timber are cut in 
transverse sections, and show the diameters 
and textures; all are plainly labeled. 


WISCONSIN. 

In the center of this exhibit is a rising 
stand ? upon which are tastefully arranged 
the grains and wools; upon the lower 
shelves are blocks of the various woods; 
the whole space is surrounded by cross 
sections of large trees, among which are 
very beautiful specimens of maples. Placed 
in one corner is a small, though very neat 
case, containing linseed oil. 


MISSOURI. 

In a handsome case are glass jars contain¬ 
ing specimens of the State cereals. One 
case in which are shown products from 
along the line of the St. L., K., C. & N. R. 
R. Upon a large square column are dis¬ 
played unusually large specimens of the 
grains ; in a second case is a collection of 
vegetables and grass seeds; another is 
devoted mainly to jars of corn : in the 
fourth are pressed leaves and flowers. In 
the center of the exhibit are specimens of 
the native woods. 


ILLINOIS. 

This exhibit is made by the State Board 
of Agriculture. In the center of the space, 
and placed upon slightly sloping shelves 
are the cereals and tobacco : upon a desk 
encircling these are specimens of the woods, 
cut with and across the grains. In neat 
cases are wools, of fine quality ; ears of 
corn, large and well filled; samples of 
native clays and coal. There is a case of 
corn from the Illinois Industrial University. 
This State ranks first in the production of 
wheat and corn in the U. S. 















434 


AGRIOCLTURAL HALL-STATE EXHIBITS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS. 


WASHINGTON TERRITORY. 

This exhibit consists of a large assort¬ 
ment of agricultural products, arranged 
with great care and taste. 


OREGON. 

The grains from this state are well shown. 
Bundles of them adorn different parts of the 
exhibit. Small cases containing samples of 
woods : sections of large trees, one piece 
from a fir, that had a diameter of 15f 
feet and a height of 321 ; several beautiful 
samples of maple : dried and canned fruits. 
In this space W. F. West, of Cincinnati, 
exhibits Adams’ illuminated map of all 
history, 68 feet long and 9 wide : also 
smaller sizes. They comprise a history of 
the world from Adam to the present time, 
and are carefully and accurately compiled. 


NEBRASKA. 

This is next to the youngest state in the 
Union. Its exhibit is very complete and 
is systematically displayed. In long glass 
cases are shown the depth of the soils, 
from 4 to 6 feet. Bundles of the wild 
grasses from 7 to 9 feet long, and sheaves 
of the grains. In an elegant case made of 
black walnut, and divided into small spaces 
are samples of all the grains. Resting upon 
the top of the center of this case, is a collec¬ 
tion of agricultural implements. 


CENTRAL PACIFIC RAILROAD. 

A collective exhibit of products from 
along the line of the road. In two long 
cases are rich specimens of the various 
ores ; lumps of almost pure sulphur; very 
beautiful agates, quartz and crystals; ala¬ 
basters of great beauty; jasper and mala¬ 
chite; all kinds of granites and sand stones; 
white, black, and variegated marbles, and 
several handsome specimens of onyx. In 
some of the geological formations are 
impressions of leaves and shells; there are 
also shown petrified wood and shells; part 
of the jawbone of the mastodon; silicified 
woods which show the grains very perfectly; 
specimens of woods from the petrified 
forests. The famous hot springs of the 
Yosemite valley produce a stone formation 
which much resembles the brain corals. 

There are large assortments of Indian 
relics consisting of war implements; a 


“totum.” This is in the shape of a bird; 
and is cut from stone—it was carried in the 
prows of their canoes. 

They show Capt. Jack’s drinking cup, 
made from a victim’s skull. 

The display of timber is large and com¬ 
prises specimens from many very valuable 
trees. A large and fine array of immense 
pine cones; the bark of a tree which was 33 
feet in diameter; pieces of the Eucalyptus, 
the famous malarial tree. The great seal of 
the State made of 80 kinds of native 
woods. 

There are fine samples of the grains: 
and large quantities of silk worms, cocoons, 
and raw silk. 

There is shown a pulley which had 
been dropped into a shaft of the Union 
copper mines, and taken out in a year’s 
time, changed from iron to copper. Nests 
of the Tarantula, made of mud and having 
a spring door which closes when the spider 
enters. A collection of wild flowers and 
plants. Skins of the Angora goat. The 
entire exhibit is well arranged, and exceed¬ 
ingly interesting. 

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS. 

INDIAN CORN. 

This grain is a native of America, and 
at the present time is the great staple crop 
of the United States. It was first culti¬ 
vated on the James River, in Virginia, in 
1608 and 1609. At the landing of the 
Pilgrims, a few years later, it was found 
to be cultivated by the Indians, and stored 
for winter use. Although it is now found 
in all parts of the world, the civilized coun¬ 
tries of Europe look to this continent for 
their supply, and the network of railroads 
here enables us to easily bring the grain 
to seaports for shipping. 

The total amount of Indian corn ex¬ 
ported from the colonies in 1770 was 
578,349 bushels. Thirty years later, it 
amounted to 2,064,936 bushels, including 
351,695 bushels of Indian meal. The 
quantity produced yearly has steadily in¬ 
creased, and it is estimated it will this year 
amount to nearly 525,000,000 bushels. 


WHEAT. 

The wheat crop in this country is about 
three-fifths that of Indian corn. The 
production in 1874 was 309,102,700 bush¬ 
els. To raise this, required 24,967,027 










AGRICULTURAL HALL-AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS. 


acres, and the average was 12.3 bushels 
per acre, this stands at the head of food 
giains, as it contains a large percentage of 
elements peculiarly nutritious. It is ex¬ 
tensively used to make maccaroni—a dish 
of great popularity in southern countries, 
especially Europe, and growing in favor 
here. 


OTHER GRAINS. 

The other grains grown in this country 
are not of so great value as the two al¬ 
ready mentioned. In the culture of the 
vegetables the land ranks high, and will 
continue to do so, as the demand is rapidly 
increasing. Owing to the necessity that 
exists throughout all the northern part of 
the United States, to stall feed from three 
to six months of the year, the grass and 
hay crop there assumes an importance which 
it has not in the more southern portions 
of the country. As these are not exhaust¬ 
ive crops, the expense for cultivation is 
trifling. 


flour. 

GEORGE V. HECKER, New York._ 

Established 1843. This gentleman ex¬ 
hibits a wind-mill in style of 1776, fitted 
with all the machinery then used in a 
grist-mill. Adjoining this, he has a prac¬ 
tical exhibit of his self-raising flour ; also, 
a large display of prepared wheat of various 
kinds. 

COMMERCIAL EXCHANGE, of Phil¬ 
adelphia.—In a case made of black walnut, 
are exhibits of flours and grains from dif¬ 
ferent States ; barrels of leaf lard ; pork ; 
mess beef, and a case of sugar cured hams. 

LAGOMARSINO & CUNER, Phila¬ 
delphia.—A large and neatly arranged ex¬ 
hibit of maccaroni, vermicelli, and fancy 
pastes. 


OTHER DISPLAYS. 

There are many other exhibits of flour. 
Some of these show specimens of wheat 
and flour, standing in glass jars. There 
are also shown the different flours pro¬ 
duced in the various stages of grinding, 
and the peculiar use of each ; also, barrels 
of the finest quality of flour, showing the 
manner of packing for shipping. There 
are neat assortments of prepared grains ; 
barrels of eatena; oat meals ; cereal food 

21 


435 

for babies ; pumpkin flour, and quantities 
of samp, hominy, and rice, from several 
countries. 


seeds. 

D. LANDRETH & SONS, Philadel- 
plna.—This firm was established in 1784. 
they piesent a splendidly arranged ex¬ 
hibit of agricultural products, which were 
grown upon their farms in Virginia, New 
Jersey, Wisconsin, and Pennsylvania. In 
the center of the space is a high octagonal 
case, that has its sides divided into com¬ 
partments, filled with various seeds. Upon 
each side of this stands a pretty aquarium, 
with plants and fish. Upon the side and 
rear walls are sheaves of grains, seeds, and 
vegetables in endless variety. 

ROBERT BUIST, JR., Philadelphia.— 
Established 1828. Contained in round 
jars, placed upon a conical stand, is a 
magnificent array of seeds. Upon a side 
stand, and upon pillars placed at the cor¬ 
ners, are larger jars, containing still more. 

In 1799-1802, during a voyage round 
the world, Colonel J. Read procured at 
Lima a few beans, that were planted in a 
garden of Silas Shepherd, in Wrentham, 
Mass. The yield of the first year, divided 
among a few neighbors, gave rise to the 
cultivation here of the now popular Lima 
bean. 


COCOANUT PALM. 

This wonderful tropical tree flourishes 
only on the sea-shore. In India it is grown 
as far north as Lucknow (Lat. 26° 50' N.), 
but when cultivated so far from the shore, 
it is dwarfed, loses many of its attributes, 
and lives but a few years. In favorable 
situations the palm attains a height of from 
60 to 100 feet, and its feather-like leaves 
from 18 to 20 feet long, appear only at the 
top. The flowers make their appearance 
on the axils of the leaves, enclosed by a 
thick spathic or foliated sheath, which al¬ 
ways bursts on the under side, and soon 
falls off, leaving a beautiful cluster. During 
the rainy season these bunches are pro¬ 
duced every six weeks, and each one 
ripens from six to sixteen nuts. In one 
end of the nut are three slight indentations, 
which are placed up where the seed is 
planted, and through one of which the vine 
comes. The tree bears in six or eight 
years, and continues fruitful for seventy or 





















436 


AGRICULTURAL HALL-AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS. 


eighty years. The dry leaves when] 
plaited are used by the natives to thatch 
their roofs. The rind-rib is useful either 
as an oar or paddle, the branches as ar¬ 
rows and spears, and the ends as brooms. 
The leaflets make an excellent paper, the 
writing being executed with a sharp stick, 
and the depressions being filled with a 
black substance to render the characters 
more discernible. The leaves are also 
used for fans, fences, bedding, huts, fish¬ 
nets, etc. When properly trimmed, the 
small ribs are good combs, and the whole 
makes a brilliant torch. While the spathe 
remains unbroken, a sap is obtained which 
is a delicious drink when fresh, though it 
soon ferments and makes a good yeast. 
The husk of the cocoanut is covered with 
long fibers, which make a stronger rope 
than hemp. From the meat is obtained a 
rich oil used by the natives for cooking, 
and as an unguent. 


TEASEL. 

There are several exhibits of the teasel 
plants and seeds, and patent methods for 
transporting it. The teasel is used in all 
woolen mills, for raising the nap on woolen 
goods. 


SPICES. 

BONNETT, SCHENCK & EARLE, 
New York.—Case containing spices of all 
kinds. 

AUG. MURDOCH and W. G. DEAN, 
both of New York.—Display of mustard. 

WEIKEL & SMITH SPICE CO., Phila¬ 
delphia.—A neatly arranged exhibit of all 
kinds of spices ; also, a very perfect fac¬ 
simile of their building in Philadelphia, 
made on a scale of three inches to the 
foot. 

J. C. FELL & BRO., Philadelphia and 
New York.—Established 1766. Spices of 
all kinds, whole and ground. The main 
feature of the exhibit is the nutmeg. The 
outer coating is like a peach, and as the 
fruit ripens it bursts and emits the nut. 
The first coating of this is the mace, under 
which is a shell, covering the nutmeg. 
Specialty of the firm is mustard. 

A. COLBURN & CO., Philadelphia.— 
In a walnut case is their display of wash¬ 
ing blue and mustard. 


STARCH. 

DURYEA’S GLEN COVE STARCPI 
MFG. CO., Glen Cove, L. I.—This firm has 
been established for nearly a quarter of a 
century, employs a capital of $2,000,000, 
and is consuming 2,300 bushels of grain a 
day. In the center of the space is a pavilion 
of Moorish style, having a figured glass roof, 
supported upon beautifully decorated col¬ 
umns. Outside of this is a revolving plat¬ 
form, upon which stand four figures, repre¬ 
senting the seasons. The entire exhibit 
has cost the firm over $35,000 to $40,000. 

A. ERKENBRECHER, Cincinnati, O. 
—Starch. In the center of their exhibit 
is a square pavilion made of handsome 
woods, and having the four arches draped 
with heavy curtains of a rich crimson color. 
In the ceiling is a center piece, made of 
bright cloths, radiating from the center. 
The entire display is arranged with great 
skill. 

OSWEGO STARCH FACTORY. N. 
Y., T. Kingsford & Son.—Incorporated 
1848. Hands employed, 1,000. Capital, 
$1,000,000. The case in the center of 
the space is very elegant, having appro¬ 
priately carved pillars and panels, and is 
valued at $10,000. The display of their 
goods is large and well arranged. 

GEORGE FOX, Cincinnati, O.—This 
firm was established in 1824, and presents, 
in a very elegant case, a large display of 
starch. 

OTHER EXHIBITS. 

There are many other very attractive 
exhibits of starch, which, though they 
may differ in quality or method of obtain¬ 
ing the substance, are, as a whole, ex¬ 
cellent. 


TOBACCO. 

The use of this plant, as a narcotic, 
was gradually adopted by civilized Europe 
shortly after the discovery of America. 
The only method of using it, by the In¬ 
dians, was by inhaling the smoke ; and so 
great was their esteem for the calumet, 
that they made it play a most conspicuous 
and important part in all their councils of 
war. When the native passed the pipe 
from his own mouth to his guest, it was a 
tacit pledge of friendship, equal in strength 
and sincerity to that formed by the Arab 
host, when he ate salt with his visitor. 














TOBACCO EXHIBIT IN AGRICULTURAL HALL. 








































































































































































































































































































































AGRICULTURAL HALL—AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS. 


439 


The name is derived from tobago , the 
native term in Santo Domingo for the 
pipe through which the smoke was drawn. 
The name of nicotine comes from that of 
Jean Nicot, a French ambassador to Por¬ 
tugal, who, in 1560, sent some seeds from 
Lisbon to France, recommending the leaves 
as containing great medicinal principles. 

Before the introduction of chloroform, 
it was extensively and successfully used 
by surgeons as an anaesthetic. 

There are about fifty species of the plant; 
the leaves are oblong, lance-shaped, and 
decrease in size toward the summit of the 
plant. The height of the plant depends 
greatly upon the richness of the soil, and 
the climate. It will soon acclimate itself 
to any region, and, for this reason, when 
63eds from a superior quality are grown 
in an unhealthy climate, the flavor will, 
in three or four years, be similar to the 
native. It is owing to this, that the place 
where the plant is grown determines its 
quality, and, therefore, its value. 

Tobacco is largely produced in China, 
Japan, Persia, and other eastern coun¬ 
tries. It is grown in all parts of the 
United States, the most southern portions 
yielding the best grade. The Connecticut 
leaves are deficient in flavor, yet, on account 
of their superior texture, are extensively 
used as cigar wrappers. The earliest set¬ 
tlers of Virginia engaged in the culture of 
it, and, in many instances, it has been used 
as money. 

The seeds, which are exceedingly small, 
are planted in the richest soil possible, and 
when the plant is about 4 in. high it is in a 
fit condition to be transplanted. As the 
crop is a most exhaustive one upon the 
soil, the liberal use of fertilizers is resorted 
to. The growing plants, from the moment 
of setting out until maturity must be most 
vigilantly guarded, as they have innumera¬ 
ble and voracious enemies. "When the plant 
has reached a certain height it is topped, 
to permit the more rapid development of 
the lower leaves. "When ripe, the leaves 
are picked and hung in a well ventilated 
house to dry, usually about 12 weeks. 
When cured they are stripped, divided into 
parcels according to the quality and shipped. 
The operation of flavoring and coloring is 
performed either by the grower or mer¬ 
chant. The leaves with the butts down are 
placed in a pile three or four feet high— 
planks and weights are put on top and the 


whole left for from 4 to 6 weeks. Tobacco 
averages about 600 lbs. to the acre. 

The value of the crop in the U. S. for 
1875 was $29,400,000. The annual con¬ 
sumption is estimated at from 60 to 70,000 
hhds. In January, 1876, the average 
values of leaf tobacco grown in different 
States per hhd. were, Ky. $150, Va. $120, 
Md. $60, O. $60, Ct. $70. From this it 
would appear that the richest crop was 
grown in Kentucky. 

P. LORILLARD & CO., New York. 
This is the oldest tobacco firm in America, 
having been established in 1760. The fact¬ 
ory in Jersey City covers one entire block. 
They employ 2,000 hands, and an estimate 
of the capital may be formed from the fact 
that they have paid the Government during 
the past 10 years $14,000,000, taxes. 
They have a capacity in their works of 
20,000,000 pounds of tobacco per year. 
They exhibit samples of their various 
grades of tobacco, which are valued at 
$8,000. An attractive feature in the 
exhibit is the free distribution of parcels of 
plug, fine cut and smoking tobacco. 

GRAND POINT PERIQUE TOBAC¬ 
CO; E. Bourgeois, Phila., agent.—Exhibit 
of the “perique” tobacco in rolls. 

JOHN W. CARROLL’S, “ Lone Jack ” 
smoking tobacco. Louis Bremer’s Sons 
of Phila., agts. 

LOVELL & BUFFINGTON, Coving¬ 
ton, Ky.—A very elegant case contains 
their exhibit. An eagle, made of cut 
chewing tobacco stands upon a pyramid of 
the same. 

WOODWARD, GARRETT & Co. Phila. 
—agents for E. Holbrook, of Louisville, 
Ky. These gentlemen make a large and 
attractive display of plug tobacco in end¬ 
less variety. > 

MARBURG BROS., Baltimore, Md.— 
In an upright octagonal case, having an 
encircling desk case, is their exhibit of 
smoking tobacco of all kinds. 

WM. S. KIMBALL & CO., Rochester, 
N. Y. The “peerless” and “vanity fair” 
tobaccos. 1 

G. W. GAIL & AX, Baltimore, Md.— 
In a small, though elegantly finished room, 
made of various hard woods, is their 
exhibit of tobacco of every description. 

WM. T. BLACKWELL & CO., Dur¬ 
ham, N. C.—Exhibit of the “Durham” 
smoking tobacco. 

HARRY C. HOLBROOK, Louisville, 








440 


AGRICULTURAL HALL—AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS. 


Ky.—This gentleman presents a large and 
finely arranged exhibit of plug tobacco and 
leaves, all of the finest quality. 

FRISHMUTH BRO. & CO., Phila.— 
Est. 1825. An extensive and handsomely 
arranged display of chewing and smoking 
tobacco of superior quality. 

KERBS & SPIESS, New York.—The 
space occupied by this firm is enclosed by 
a railing of cherry wood. The case is of 
black walnut and contains an assortment of 
fine cigars. 

There are many other large and well 
shown exhibits of tobacco, yet from their 
great similarity both in general appearance 
and in the methods of cultivation, a de¬ 
tailed description of each would be tedious. 
The great variety in the quality and flavor 
of tobacco is due to the manner of manu- 
fapture. Every large dealer has some pe¬ 
culiarity in the method of preparation 
which imparts to the weed a flavor, by 
which all his brands become known. 


COTTON. 

Cotton is, and always has been, an arti¬ 
cle of prime necessity throughout the 
world. It furnishes the cheapest material 
for clothing, and for innumerable other 
purposes of civilized life. The large ex¬ 
tent, fertility, and cheapness of our land, 
enables us to send immense quantities an¬ 
nually abroad. The great manufacturing 
center of cotton has been Great Britain, 
though the yield of the raw material in 
the United States far exceeds that of any 
other country, both in quantity and quality. 
In 1784, eight bags of cotton shipped to 
England, were seized on the ground that 
so much could not be produced in the 
United States. The introduction of a gin, 
invented by Whitney, acted like magic on 
the planting of cotton. In eight years, 
from 1792 to 1800, the exports of the 
United States increased more than a hund¬ 
red fold. The value rose from $30,000 to 
$3,000,000, and the amount from 138,000 
lbs. to 18,000,000 lbs. Owing to the in¬ 
troduction of new machinery for working 
the article, all this was wanted in England. 
In 1810, the yield was valued at $15,- 
000,000, being 93,000,000 lbs. The pro¬ 
duction has steadily increased. In 1872— 
73, there were 3,930,508 bales produced. 
Of these, 1,201,127 were used in home 
manufactures, and 2,679,986 exported. 


The average weight per bale of cotton 
is 464 pounds. The average price per 
pound in New York, in 1873, was 18.15 
cents. The crop ranges from 130 pounds 
to 400 pounds to the acre. 

The Southern States are the most exten¬ 
sive cotton growing regions ; .the Middle 
and Eastern being filled with factories. 
In the following tables will be found brief 
statistics of the cotton grown in different 
countries : 

A. L. Burdock’s Statistical Tables and 

Cubes of the Agriculture and Manufac¬ 
ture of the United States. 

The cotton of the world, produced by 
157 States, representing 40 countries, and 
under 7 governments, amounted to 2,609,- 
900,000 lbs. in 1875. The percentage 
was, United States, 641; Surat, 11J; 
Egypt, 9; E. Indies, 5J; Brazil, 4; Mad- 
ral, 21; W. Indies, 1.67 ; Racoon, Regal, 
and Turkey, 0.83, In the manufactures, 
the percentages were, Great Britain, 47; 
France, Germany, and Continental Europe, 
31, Massachusetts, 8; Maine, New Hamp¬ 
shire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, 7-J; Ver¬ 
mont, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylva¬ 
nia, New York, Ohio, Maryland, and Indi¬ 
ana, 4|; 12 Southern States, 2. 

CLAGHORN, HERRING & CO., Phil¬ 
adelphia. These gentlemen make a large 
and very interesting display of bales of 
cotton, that were grown in different 
parts of the world. Also the best speci¬ 
mens from the several States of the Union. 
Model for patent cotton press. 

NEW ORLEANS COTTON EX¬ 
CHANGE. This exhibit consists of 12 
bales of cotton of various kinds, and of the 
best quality. 

There are many other exhibits of bales 
of the finest cotton. 

MEMPHIS COTTON EXCHANGE. 
Exhibit of one bale of cotton, produced by 
Mr. Taylor, of Phillips County, Arkansas. 
It was awarded a premium of $1,000, by 
the above Exchange. 

ADAMS KELLOGG, Kellogg’s Land¬ 
ing, La. Bale of cotton. 

NEW ENGLAND COTTON MANU¬ 
FACTURING ASSOCIATION. Exhibit 
of 154 samples of cotton. These speci¬ 
mens are of the finest quality, and were 
selected from the best productions of the 
countries represented. 

ST. LOUIS COTTON EXCHANGE. 
The best bales from the State of Missouri 






441 


AGRICULTURAL HALL-AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS. 


aio here shown ; one took a premium of 
$300, the other a sweepstakes of $500. 

GALVESTON COTTON EX¬ 
CHANGE. Here are shown six bales of 
cotton of excellent quality. 


WOOL, CURLED HAIR, ETC. 

Sheep were probably taken into Vir¬ 
ginia in 1609. They came from England, 
and thrived so well that in 1648 they had 
increased to three thousand. In 1625, 
some were carried into New Netherlands 
from Holland. They were brought into 
Plymouth Colony soon after its settlement. 
A small importation of merino sheep was 
made in 1802, and again in 1809. At this 
time fine wool was worth from $1.50 to 
$2.00 a pound. There were 21,723,220 
sheep in the United States in the year 
1850. The number had fallen off in the 
eastern States, but increased in the south¬ 
ern, and especially western. The wool 
from these weighed 52,516,959 pounds, 
and was worth $15,755,088. In 1860, the 
number of sheep had increased to 23,977 - 
085. 

In Great Britain, the great wool market, 
the imports in 1874 amounted to 344,470,- 
897 pounds, valued at £21,116,184; of 
this, 144,294,663 pounds was re-exported, 
and the remainder consumed. More than 
one-half came from Australia. The total 
number of sheep in the United States in 
1875 was about 34,000,000. From these, 
193,000,000 pounds of wool were obtained. 
Of this amount, California produced 43,- 
500,000 pounds. The quantity imported 
into the United States in the same year 
was 54,901,760 pounds, worth $11,071,- 
259. 

It will be observed from the above 
statistics, that all the native wool is con¬ 
sumed in our own factories, and it is neces¬ 
sary to import much more. Concerning 
the other product, we have more than we 
need at home, and export large quantities. 

GEORGE W. BOND, Boston, Mass.— 
Two circular columns, upon which are 
arranged glass jars containing samples of 
wool from all parts of the world. 

BECKMAN & CO., Cleveland, O.—This 
case is divided into small, square compart¬ 
ments, in which are shown all wool shod¬ 
dies, of various colors. 

FAIRMOUNT WORSTED MILL, of 
Phila.—In two oblong cases this firm pre¬ 


sents an exhibit of unwashed wools upon 
one side, and washed upon the other. 


SHEEP. 

The profits of sheep-raising have been 
greatly reduced by the ravages of sheep- 
stealing dogs, especially in the Atlantic 
states. Owing principally to this we find 
that the number of sheep in Massachusetts 
declined from 378,226 in 1840, to 188,651 
in 1850, and to 23,445 in 1860. The Com¬ 
missioner of Agriculture for Georgia rep¬ 
resents that the annual profit on the capi¬ 
tal invested in sheep in that State is sixty- 
three per cent., and that an average of sev¬ 
enty-four lambs is raised for every 100 ewes, 
notwithstanding the ravages of the dogs. 
Ninety per cent, of the commissioner’s cor¬ 
respondents report dogs the principal and 
generally the only obstacle to sheep hus¬ 
bandry. There are in the State 99,415 
dogs, and between April 1, 1875, and April 
1, 1876, they killed 28,625 sheep, worth 
$73,825, or nine per cent, of the value of 
all the sheep in Georgia. This great evil 
has now been remedied in some of the 
Eastern States, Massachusetts taking the 
lead, by a law designed for the protection 
of sheep against dogs. 

We will now briefly examine another 
profitable branch of this industry. The 
number of sheep now in Georgia will fer¬ 
tilize annually 25,544 acres. Supposing 
this area to be planted in cotton, and that 
without the sheep manure it would pro¬ 
duce half a bale per acre, the increase on 
that section would be 12,775 bales of cot¬ 
ton, worth, at $50 per bale, $638,600. If 
there were 2,000,000 sheep in Georgia, as 
there would be, if properly protected, the 
increased production from the effects of 
their manure, at the above rate, would be 
worth $4,000,000 per annum, or one-half 
the State debt. 

It has been shown by the experience of 
the past few years, that by proper atten¬ 
tion to breeding, the hilly portions even of 
the extreme South may be profitably de¬ 
voted to the production of wool. At the 
World’s Fair, at London, in 1851, the 
fleece that commanded the highest pre¬ 
mium for the fineness and beauty of the 
staple, was grown in Tennessee. Germany, 
Spain, Saxony, and Silesia were there in 
strong and honorable competition. Among 
other things the owner of the premium 
















442 


AGRICULTURAL HALL-AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS. 


fleece said, “Nature gave me the advan¬ 
tage in climate, but the noble lords and 
wealthy princes of Europe did not know 
it, neither did my own countrymen know 
it, until we met in the Crystal Palace of 
London, before a million of spectators. 
While their flocks were housed six months 
in the year, to shelter them from the snow 
of a high latitude, and were fed from the 
granaries and stock-yards, mine were roam¬ 
ing over the green pastures of Tennessee, 
warmed by the genial influence of a sum¬ 
mer sun; the fleece thus softened and ren¬ 
dered oily by the warmth and green food, 
producing a fine even fibre.” 


WINES, ETC. 

One of the largest industries of the 
West, especially California, is the culture 
of grapes for raisins and wine. The grapes 
there grown contain twenty per cent, of 
sugar, while foreign grown specimens have 
only thirteen and eleven one-hundredths. 
As a consequence, there is fifteen per cent, 
of alcohol in our light wines, which is 
double that in the European light wines, 
and nearly as much as is contained in the 
stronger ports, sherries, and madeiras. 
The value of the grape crop in 1868 
amounted to $5,500,000, and in all proba¬ 
bility it now amounts to over $10,000,000. 

The exhibits under this head consist of 
wines, champagnes, brandies of all kinds, 
whiskey, and the various malt liquors. 
One of the most attractive displays is that 
made by the Buena Vista Vinicultural 
Society, Sonoma, California. In an elegant 
black walnut case, handsomely decorated 
with carvings of clusters of grapes and 
wines, is a collection of still wines, made 
from various kinds of grapes. They also 
show sparkling wines and brandies. The 
Mammoth Grape Vine of Santa Barbara, 
Cal. Of this immense vine is shown the 
trunk and branches, radiating about twelve 
feet. From this vine over six tons of 
grapes have been gathered in one season. 
Surrounding this tree is a collection of 
fancy articles made of its wood, specimens 
of barks of the great trees on the Pacific 
coast, and a large quantity of cones. 


FERTILIZERS. 

Every extensive agricultural country of 
the present time must necessarily carry on 


an immense trade in fertilizers. These 
are either manufactured or natural. The 
great fertilizer of the world is “guano.” 
This substance has come into use since the 
year 1840, when twenty casks were landed 
in England, where it was soon found to be 
a most valuable manure. So great was 
the confidence immediately inspired in its 
value as a means of increasing the pro¬ 
ducts and renovating the soil of the coun¬ 
try, that in 1841, the very next year, 
seven vessels were employed to convey 
1,733 tons from the Chincha Islands to 
England, and the number increased in 
1842 to forty-one English and three for¬ 
eign vessels, and the amount imported, to 
13,094 tons. From the commencement of 
1851 to the end of 1868 there were im¬ 
ported into the United States and used 
823,412 tons. 

At the present time a large percentage 
of the fertilizers used in this country are 
manufactured, though there are several 
firms that carry on an immense trade in 
guano. 

LISTER BROS., Newark, N. J.—Hand¬ 
some octagonal case of black walnut, con¬ 
taining skulls of animals and fertilizers. 

WALTON, WHAM & CO., Wilming¬ 
ton, Del.; established seventeen years; 
capital $300,000.—Exhibit of fertilizers. 
This trade, last year, amounted to 40,000 
tons. 

J. E. TYGERT & CO., Phila.—Bone 
phosphate fertilizers, and vegetables which 
were grown with it. 

HILLMAN, ROWAND & SON., Kirk¬ 
wood, N. J.—Pulverized charcoal for 
rectifying and chemical purposes. 

L. L. CROCKER, Buffalo Fertilizer 
Works, New York.—Here is shown a fer¬ 
tilizer made of the bones and blood of 
animals, which is claimed to be better than 
that made from minerals, as it contains 
more phosphate and ammonia. The con¬ 
cern has been in operation for three or 
four years, and is very wealthy. 

THE UNITED STATES FERTILIZ¬ 
ING AND CHEMICAL CO.; works at 
Camden, N. J.—A fertilizing phosphate 
made from a South Carolina rock. They 
also manufacture chemicals for making 
phosphates; phosphoric acid of seventy per 
cent. The firm has been established for 
three years; capital $1,000,000. 

BAUGH & SONS., Phila.—A large 
exhibit of fertilizers. They also show 








AGRICULTURAL HALL-PRESERVED FRUITS, MEATS, &C., CONFECTIONERY. 443 


several vertebral bones and the jaw bone 
of a whale, that is about 12 feet loner. 

FARMERS’ CO-OPERATIVE BONE 
& FERTILIZING CO., Phila.—Exhibit 
of their manufactures. 

HARRISBURG FERTILIZER CO., 
Penn.—Bone, superphosphate, and anima' 
compost fertilizers. 

MICHIGAN CARBON WORKS, 
Detroit.—Phosphate of lime and bone 
fertilizers. 

THE BRADLEY FERTILIZER CO., 
Boston.—These goods are shown in hand¬ 
some glass bottles, arranged upon shelves, 
at the back of an open case. The case is 
of pleasing design, and is made of black 
walnut. 

CHAS. V. MAPES, New York.—Exhib¬ 
it of Peruvian guano, and other fertilizers. 

BUTCHERS’ SLAUGHTERING & 
MELTING _ ASSOCIATION, Brighton, 
Mass.—Exhibit of animal fertilizers, and 
bones and neat’s-foot oil. 


PRESERVED FRUITS, MEATS, &C. 

DuVIVIER & CO., New York.—The 
firm presents a case of elegantly arranged 
pickles. In these jars the pickles of various 
colors are cut and grouped so as to repre¬ 
sent bouquets and scenes. One is very 
accurately executed; it represents a large 
crane, standing over a long necked vase, 
in which it has plunged its bill. This has 
a back ground formed of a dark, rich 
green. The exhibit is very attractive. 

In other displays of fruits and vegeta¬ 
bles we find canned red currants and 
jellies: the cranberry plant and the pre¬ 
served article; and large assortments of all 
the native fruits both canned and pre¬ 
served. Some of the articles, contained 
in wide mouthed, clear glass jars, retain 
their shape perfectly and judging from 
appearances are of splendid flavor. 

There are also displays of canned meats 
and fish, that will keep, in any climate 
for any length of time, and when opened 
will be equal to the fresh article. Some of 
the meats shown were cooked previously, 
and are therefore always ready for the 
table. 

There are several exhibits, contained in 
handsome black walnut cases, of tomato, 
mushroom and walnut sauces: quantities of 
packed minced-meat; bottles of vinegar of 
several kinds. 


There are exhibits of improved fruit 
dryers, built in sizes suitable for family 
use and for the factory. For these there 
are many claims advanced, though as 
usual in such cases, each proprietor thinks 
his own the best. 


CONFECTIONERY. 

SCHALL & CO., New York.—In the 
center of the main aisle is a large show 
piece made of candy. In shape it is square, 
having sketches depicted upon the panels of 
the base, representing events in our history, 
and scenes typifying the great industries of 
the country. Fluted columns rising from 
each corner, support the second chamber. 
From this, rise other pillars, similar in 
design, and upholding a dome of beautiful 
workmanship. In the first or lower apart¬ 
ment is a representation of the signing of 
the Declaration of Independence; the men 
who figured in that scene, are standing 
around a center table, upon which are 
strewn writing materials. From the ceiling 
hangs a copy of the “ Old Bell.” In the 
rooms above are still other illustrations of 
revolutionary events. Candy statuettes of 
the great men of the land are placed, upon 
pedestals at the corners. The work is of 
rich and varied design, and is exquisitely 
executed. It is valued at $2,500. 

LIENRY MAILLARD, New York.— 
In the center of this case is a monument, 
hexagonal in shape, having symbolic figures 
of the different countries at each corner, 
and scenes from our own history in the 
chambers. In the panels of the base are 
six pictures, of events from the same source. 
The workmanship upon the landscapes and 
figures, and the blending of the colors, is 
superb, and makes of the whole a beautiful 
and costly lump of sugar. 

E. M. DEXTER & CO., Phila.—This 
firm have an exhibit of exquisitely made 
show pieces. 

W. BAKER & CO., Dorchester, Mass.— 
Established 1780, Confectionery. 

J. R. WEAVER, D. L. PAGE, J. J. 
RICHARDSON & CO., F. LAURENT, 
H. GEILFUSS, WILTBAND & SCAT- 
TERGOOD.—These firms are all from 
Phila., and have exhibits of confectionery. 

S. F. WHITMAN & SON., Phila.— 
Exhibit of confectionery; here we find a 
Martha "Washington tea set made of pure 
chocolate. 











444 


AGRICULTURAL HALL-PORK. GLUE. RUBBER. 


SMITH’S HOMEOPATHIC PHAR¬ 
MACY, New York.—Alkethrepta, a pre¬ 
paration of chocolate. 

There are several other large and attrac¬ 
tive exhibits of plain and fancy candies, 
and elaborate show pieces of delicate design 
and of good execution. 


PORK. 

Ferdinand He Soto probably brought 
the first swine .to this country, in 1538. 
They came from Cuba, and were landed in 
Florida. They were no doubt descended 
from some brought over by Columbus in 
1493. The Portuguese brought swine to 
Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, as early 
as 1553, where they rapidly multiplied. 
The London Company imported them to 
Virginia in 1609, and they increased so 
rapidly, that in 1627, the colony was in 
danger of being overrun by them, while 
the Indians fed on pork from the hogs 
that had become wild from running at 
large in the woods. 

They were introduced into the Plymouth 
colony in 1624 by Gov. Winslow, and into 
New Netherlands, (New York) in 1625 by 
the Hutch West India Co. In all the col¬ 
onies they were allowed to run at large. 

Near the close of the last century, they 
were first bred, with reference to the 
improving of the animal—by crossing. 
Since that time the introduction of many 
varieties of superior hogs, both from 
Europe and Asia, has effected a very 
marked improvement in the common ani¬ 
mal of the present time. 

Neither the eastern nor middle states can 
compete successfully with the west in the 
raising of swine and the production of pork, 
on a large scale. In these states, when 
corn can be raised with little labor, and in 
unlimited quantities, the cost of pork is 
trifling, compared with that in the eastern 
districts. Therefore the great centers for 
raising and packing pork are in large cities 
of the west. The wild hogs exhibit many 
qualities which the breeder dislikes, and 
yet when they are crossed with domestic 
stock, the result is a very superior animal. 

In 1840 to 1860 the number of swine 
in the U. S. largely exceeded that of sheep. 
In 1860 the number of sheep was 23,977,- 
185, and of swine, 36,980,772, an excess of 
more than thirteen millions. In 1869 the 
numbers were: sheep, 37,724,279, and 


swine 23,316,476. Of the great cities of 
the west, Chicago takes the lead in pork¬ 
packing, Cincinnati and St. Louis being 
next. 

In a large space facing the center of the 
building, is an exhibit from several of the 
Cincinnati Pork Packers. The display 
consists of barrels of pork, lard, dried beef, 
and bacon ; also an assortment of sugar- 
cured hams and bacon. These exhibits 
represent one of the large industries of the 
West, and are well worthy the attention of 
all. 

V. W. MACFARLANE & CO., New 
York. Refined lard. In the center of a 
handsome black walnut case, is the trade 
mark, a spread eagle made of lard. The 
piece is faithfully made; and shows great 
skill in the handling of so slippery a sub¬ 
stance. 


GLUE. 

Glue is made from bones, hoofs, horns, 
and hides; in fact, almost any animal pro¬ 
duct may be converted into this useful 
adherent. The best and strongest quality 
is made from the trimmings of ox-hides. 
These, when first received at the glue fac¬ 
tory, are covered with hair, blood, and 
other impurities, to remove which they are 
steeped in milk of lime for several days. 
They are then washed in clean water, 
drained upon an inclined plane, and re¬ 
washed. At this stage exposure to the air 
converts the lime into a carbonate, so that 
in boiling its caustic action is prevented. 
The hides are now enclosed in a coarse 
cloth bag, placed in a copper vessel two- 
thirds full of rain water, and boiled. This 
operation dissolves the glue and mingles it 
with the surrounding water; it sets in the 
form of jelly, when it is placed in vessels 
where it is kept liquid by heat, to allow 
the impurities to settle. After settling, it 
is cooled, and when nearly solid it is cut 
by a wire frame into thin slices and dried. 


RUBBER. 

SMYTHE, EARLE & CO., New York, 
Crude gums of every description; bottled 
rubber milk, and plants. When a native 
wishes to obtain the gum he taps the tree, 
making from 20 to 30 incisions near the 
base; then little baked clay cups are placed 
under each hole, by means of an adhesive 









agricultural hall.—s tuffed birds and animals, fishing apparatus. 445 


kind of earth. The milk from these is 
emptied into a gourd, from which it is 
poured into a large basin. To cure it, 
nuts from the palm tree are burned; these 
make a very dense smoke. A flat “ spaddle ” 
is dipped into the rubber, and the thin 
layer which adheres is held in the smoke, 
the spaddle being constantly turned by 
hand, over the mouth of the furnace. 
When many layers have thus been treated, 
they are removed in pan cakes. These are 
dried in the sun, and are then ready for 
shipping. They show all the implements 
used. A tree of twenty-two inches in di¬ 
ameter will yield twenty-five quarts each 
month, for three months; then it requires 
from three to four years to recuperate. 
One man will gather about twelve pounds 
a day. They show rubber of all kinds, 
and from all parts of the world. The best 
comes from Brazil, and is called <£ para.” 

A. Gf. DAY, New York. This exhibit 
contains many fine specimens of the India 
rubber plant and the crude article. Also, 
seamless tubing, and articles of almost ev¬ 
ery description, made of “kerite,” a sub¬ 
stitute for rubber. 


STUFFED BIRDS AND ANIMALS. 

HENRY A. WARD, Rochester, N. Y. 
This gentleman makes a large and an ex¬ 
ceedingly interesting exhibit of fine speci¬ 
mens of minerals, rocks, and fossils ; also 
casts of several of the most celebrated fos¬ 
sils, from the Royal Museums of Europe. 
These are copies—exact fac similes in form 
and color of the originals. The principal 
feature of the display are the stuffed skins 
of animals, many being of rare kinds. 
There is also a large collection of skele. 
tons. All the articles are systematically 
arranged and labeled. 

The Animals and Birds of North Amer¬ 
ica differ in many respects from those of 
Europe, and even of South America. The 
Bison, or Buffalo as it is generally and in¬ 
correctly called, is not now found east of 
the Mississippi river. The hair surround¬ 
ing the throat is very long, as is that on 
the summit of the head; the horns are 
short, lateral, black, and pointed; the hide 
is very thick, the most vulnerable part 
being under the shoulder. The flesh is 
tender and juicy, the tongue and hump be¬ 
ing esteemed great delicacies. The Moose 
or Elk is of gigantic size, measuring, when 


full grown, above six feet in height; the 
antleis are broad and solid, and armed ex¬ 
ternally with sharp points. The Pronged 
Horned Antelope is peculiar to North 
America, and is exceedingly swift. The 
^ iiginia Deer is a trifle more than three 
feet in height, and lives in large herds over 
a considerable portion of the country. The 
Panther and Wildcat were originally found 
in every section of the United States, 
though they are now but seldom encoun¬ 
tered.. In the higher latitudes of North 
America the White or Polar Bear is found. 
In the more temperate regions are the 
Black and Grisly Bear. The former sel¬ 
dom exceeds five feet in length, is herbiv¬ 
orous, and has a straight, black, shining 
fur much in demand. The Grisly, owing 
to its great strength and ferocity, is the 
most formidable of the species. Adults 
have been killed that weighed 800 pounds, 
and measured nine feet from nose to tail. 
It is carnivorous, but occasionally eats 
vegetables; it hibernates, and it is during 
this period that it is most successfully 
hunted. The above are the largest wild 
animals of the country. 

The Bald-headed Eagle is the largest 
species of bird, and is the chosen emblem 
of the United States. It abounds in the 
milder regions of the American Continent, 
while in the. Old World it inhabits the 
Arctics. It is notorious for its lawless 
habits, obtaining most of its food by rob¬ 
bing other birds of their prey. Owls and 
Hawks of every description are found in 
all the States. Birds noted for their beau¬ 
tiful plumage and sweet song are most nu¬ 
merous in the Southern districts. The 
birds of game are remarkably few; the 
Grouse, Partridge or Quail, Woodcock, 
and wild Ducks and Turkeys being the 
most important.. Our continent has its 
full quota of reptiles of every description. 


FISHING APPARATUS, 

GLOUCESTER CITY EXHIBIT, 
Massachusetts. Here, in a large tank 
12x24 feet, with a depth of two feet, are 
shown models the original size, of fishing 
vessels in style of 1776 and the present 
time. At one end of the tank is a cob 
wharf, fish house and flake of “ ye ancient 
days,” and a graving beach. Beside these 
is a modern wharf, fish and smoke houses, 
flakes, etc., and a marine railway. These 



















446 


AGRICULTURAL HALL—AQUARIUMS, HORSE-SHOES AND NAILS. 


are intended to show the modes and de¬ 
velopment of the industry during the past 
century. Adjoining the tank is an inter¬ 
esting exhibit of samples of cordage, duck 
blocks, and implements and clothing used 
by fishermen. From the rafters over the 
space are gracefully draped fishing nets 
of various kinds. It is the finest collective 
exhibit of the kind in the Hall. The city 
from whence it came is situated on Cape 
Ann, Massachusetts, and is the largest fish¬ 
ing port in the world. 

A. B. SHIPLEY & SON, Philadelphia. 
This firm has been established for thirty- 
five years, employs twenty-eight men, and 
presents an exhibit valued at $6,000. In 
neat cases are shown jointed fishing poles, 
reels, hooks, and all the apparatus neces¬ 
sary for angling. One rod of four pieces, 
with a handle of carved ivory and joints 
of chased gold, is valued at $2,500. It is 
made of four pieces of wood, each of which 
extends to the point; by this combination 
much strength is imparted to a compara¬ 
tively slight rod. 

CONROY’S, New York. A case of 
elegantly finished fishing rods, of various 
styles; also fishing implements of every 
description. 

G. H. MANSFIELD & CO., Canton, 
Mass. Superior fishing lines of all kinds. 

J. A. TERRELL, Bloomfield, Ky. Ex¬ 
hibit of a transparent float, made of glass. 


AQUARIUMS. 

Located along the western wall of this 
building are a great number of aquariums, 
of all sizes- and great variety of patterns. 
Some of these are beautifully filled with 
plants and arched rocks, making pleasant 
homes for small members of the finny 
tribes. Some of the inmates are of rare 
beauty, and when gliding rapidly through 
the water, are of dazzling radiance. The 
water supply of these reservoirs is furn¬ 
ished by a small engine, connected with a 
force pump; all the water, before sent to 
the tank, is filtered. 


HORSE-SHOES AND NAILS. 

RHODE ISLAND HORSE-SHOE CO., 
Providence, R. I. An improved machine- 
hammered horse-shoe. They exhibit three 
weights, in all sizes of horse-shoes; also 
mule and snow shoes. In the center of 


the space is a large shoe eleven feet high. 
Established for fifteen years. Employ 
four hundred men. Capital $500,000. 

AUSABLE HORSE-NAIL CO., New 
York. A large display of horse-shoe nails, 
in all sizes, packed ready for transporta¬ 
tion. 

Dr. J. W. GADSDEN, Phila., veteri¬ 
nary surgeon.—A large exhibit, consisting 
of medicines and surgical instruments; the 
skeleton of the horse “Trustee,” which 
trotted twenty miles in one hour; case of 
calculous concretions, taken from the intes¬ 
tines of horses. 

Collectively there is a large exhibit of 
horse food, and a case containing the dif¬ 
ferent bones of a horse; also cattle pow¬ 
ders, and prepared food for animals and 
chickens. 

C. M. MOSEMAN & BRO., New York. 
—Harness and horse clothing. Their ex¬ 
hibit is shown upon a stuffed horse, that 
is twenty-one and one-half hands high. 

WM. RUSSELL, Cincinnati, O.—Large 
exhibit of elegantly-finished horse shoes. 

MATHEWS & DUGAN, New York.— 
Horse shoes of every description. 

There are a great many other exhibits 
of horse shoes and nails. About so sim¬ 
ple a thing it would not seem possible to 
make much variation, and yet each manu¬ 
facturer has a peculiarity, generally in 
shape, which imparts to his wares a de¬ 
cided individuality. 


AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. 

The oldest and most important farm 
implement is the plow. Among the carv¬ 
ings of the ancient Egyptians are found 
representations of tilling the land with 
plows. They were made of wood, one 
crooked stick serving for both share and 
handles. To the centre of this the beam 
was attached. The point was stiffened by 
having a rope passed up from it to the 
beam. The handle was divided so as to 
present a hold for each hand of the plow¬ 
man. It was drawn by a yoke of oxen. 
At a very early date they were made of 
iron, for in Isa. xi, 4, Micah iv, 3, is the 
illusion, “They shall beat their swords 
into plow shares.” Among the Greek an¬ 
tiquities are found wheel plows, of one and 
two wheels. As early as 1617 some plows 
were set to work in the Virginia Plantation, 
and in 1643 they numbered nearly 150. In 























































































































































AGRICULTURAL HALL-AGRICULTURAL 


IMPLEMENTS. 


449 


1637 there were but thirty-seven plows in 
the colony of Massachusetts Bay. Twelve 
}eais after the landing of the pilgrims the 
farmers about the present site of Boston 
had no plows, and were compelled to break 
up bushes and prepare land for cultivation 
with their hands, and with rude and 
clumsy hoes or mattocks. It was the cus¬ 
tom at that time for a man owning a plow 
to go about and do the plowing for the 
inhabitants over a considerable extent of 
territory. 

In the latter part of the last century and 
the first part of this, the body of the plow 
was made of hard wood, to which were 
bolted sheets of metal for the mould-board 
and a wrought-iron piece for the point. 
The plows used among the French settlers 
of Illinois were made of wood, with a 
small point of iron tied on with straps of 
rawhide. The beams rested on an axle 
and small wooden wheels. The whole was 
drawn by oxen, yoked by the horns by 
means of a straight yoke attached by raw- 
leather straps, with a pole extending from 
the yoke to the axle. 

In 1797 a cast-iron plow was patented 
by C. Newbold, of New Jersey. From 
this period the improvements in plows 
were rapidly made and of great impor¬ 
tance. The machine of the present time 
will reach a depth of eighteen inches, and 
make a furrow twenty-four inches wide. 
The great stumbling block in the use of 
the old-fashioned plows was their lia¬ 
bility to clog; this, by making the mould- 
board convex, has been obviated. The 
great superiority of iron over wood for the 
whole structure is very apparent. Gang 
plows have also come into use. These are 
arranged by placing single plows diago¬ 
nally behind each other, so that the fur¬ 
rows over-lap. 

The cultivator is a gang plow reduced 
in the size of its bodies, and the number 
increased. In large tracts of land, where 
immense gangs are used, they are drawn 
by steam. In some of the interior parts 
of India the old style of plowing, with a 
yoke of oxen attached to a crotch of a 
tree, is still met with. One branch serves 
for a handle; the other for a share. These 
people seem so determined to follow in 
their fathers’ tracks that it will be long 
before the modern innovations reach them. 

A. SPEER & SONS, Globe Whrks, 
Pittsburg, Pa.—This firm was established 


in 1825, and now employs 320 men. Their 
exhibit consists of finely finished plows. 
-They show one made in 1775. They also 
show a revolving hill-side plow, that has 
two shares and two revolving mould- 
boards, the handles can also be reversed. 
When working upon a steep hill-side* 
where it becomes necessary to return in 
the same furrow, the advantage of this 
arrangement is very great. 

RICHMOND PLOW WORKS, Rich¬ 
mond, Ind. An exhibit of their manufac¬ 
tures. 

HIGGANUM MANUFACTURING 
CO., Pligganum, Conn.—This firm, started 
m ? 868 > n °w employs 125 hands, and a 
capital of $350,000. Covering the space 
is an arbor made of plows, land-side and 
swivel; wagon jacks and meat stuffers and 
choppers. They also show seed drills, 
store trucks, ox bows, and yokes, harrows, 
hand and power corn shelters, hay cutters’ 
cider mills and potato diggers. The dis¬ 
play is very attractively arranged, and is 
valued at from $12,000 to $15,000 
CARR & HOBSON, New York.—Ex¬ 
hibit of single and double plows, store and 
stevedore trucks, hay cutters, churns and 
cider presses, corn shelters, mangles and 
wheel barrows. All the wares are well 
made and durable. 

PITTSBURG PLOW AND CRUCI¬ 
BLE STEEL CASTING WORKS, Penn. 

A large exhibit of plows, and castings 
for the same, of all kinds. 

PERU CITY PLOW WORKS, Brew¬ 
ster, Dodge & Huse, Peru, Ill.—Firm was 
established in 1851; from 250 to 300 men 
are employed. Exhibit of strong and 
durable plows and cultivators. 

B. F. AVERY & SONS, Louisville, Ky. 
—Firm established in 1825. This is one 
of the largest manufactories of plows in 
the world. They also exhibit, in connec¬ 
tion with the above, cultivators. The firm 
have always made their goods of the best 
materials, employing the highest skilled 
labor, and have deservedly gained a high 
reputation. They employ 425 men. 

B. D. BUFFORD & CO., Rock Island, 
Ill.—A large and attractive exhibit of 
plows. 

S. FISHER, Phila.— Exhibit of an im¬ 
proved wheel-gang plow. 

SOUTH BEND IRON WORKS, Ind.— 
This firm has been established for five 
years, and employs 800 hands and a large 













AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. HIGGANUM MANUFACTURING COMPANY, 

HIGGANUM, CONN. 



CHARTER OAK SWIVEL PLOW. SANBORN’S LAST PATENT. 


The only Perfect Swivel Plow manufactured. A Reversible Plow, adapted 
to general work. 



CIDER AND WINE MILL. 



HOLBROOK'S 


“VETO” SEED DRILL. 

For Sowing Beet, Carrot, Onion, Turnip, 
Parsnip, Spinach, Fodder Corn, 
Peas, Beans, &c. 



PLOW HANDLES. 



WELLS’ SEED SOWER. 
For grain or grass seed. 


V 



















































































































































































COMMON SIDE HILL OR SWIVEL PLOW. 

nT , °£ T the ab ." ve P1 °w we manufacture nine different sizes-two with iron beams. 

wood beaais - They are-constructed so that the mold board is 

th irl fiS. ° ne 8lde - t 1 ° BS othe . r ’ which enables the operator to perform 
the work horizontally upon side hills, going back and forth on the same side. 



EAGLE SELF-SHARPENER. 

Fig. 1 of the above cut represents the point. As it wears it is pastil 
forward and turned the other side up, thus always presenting a sharp po £t of full 
ength and proper shape. Fig. 2 is the wing or share, and is re?ewiblebeimJ 
® lther £nd or side up. Fig. 3 represents the cast iron colter a little bacf 

“jt e of■ isA. pfj sr nt3 the cap that protects tie 



DEEP TILLER PLOW. 

This cut represents one of the series of the Deep Tiller or Green-sward PWa 
of the line of the celebrated J. Nourse Plows. Four Sizes. Wa d PIowa 















































































































THE SILVER EAGLE SHELLER. 
The Best and King of All Shellers. 



THE SUPERIOR HAY SPREADER, 



/ 

1 





y 
























































































































AGRICULTURAL HALL—AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. 


453 


capital. In the center of their space is a 
very elegant hand plow, with wood work 
of carved cherry, valued at $1,000; also 
show two handsome rosewood plows, each 
worth . $600. Revolving under a glass 
dome is a small gold-plated plow, valued 
at $500. The entire display is valued at 
$6,000. An idea of the magnitude of the 
firm may be formed from the fact that they 
have sold up to November 1st, in the pres 
ent year, 63,000 plows. 

BRINLY, MILES & HARDY, Louis¬ 
ville, Ky.—Steel plows. They show the 
first solid steel plow ever made in * the 
United States. 

PENNSYLV. AGRICULTURAL WORKS, 
A. B. Farquhar, York, Penn.—The firm has 
been established for fifteen years, and employs 
240 men. Their exhibit consists of two port¬ 
able steam engines, upright and horizontal, of 
five and six horse power. They also show 
horse powers, all sizes and kinds of plows, 
two large grain separators, cotton gin and 
gin powers. The entire display is valued at 
$6,000, and claimed to be the largest and most 
complete in the building. 

THE GALE MANUFACTURING 
CO., Albion, Mich.—Plows made of chilled 
iron. One very beautiful show plow, hav¬ 
ing the wood work elegantly carved, and 
the metal portion nickel plated. 

ANN ARBOR AGRICULTURAL CO., 
Ann Arbor, Mich.—Exhibit of a plow 
claimed to be self-sharpening. 

COLLINS & CO., Hartford, Conn.—A 
large exhibit of plows of all sizes; wheel, 
gang, and single; excellent articles. 

W. B. MIDDLETON, Morrisville, Pa. 

A machine that can be used as a plow or 
cultivator, or both. 

WHITELEY, FARSLER & KELLY. 
Springfield, O.—From this firm are two 
venerable machines; one is an old-fash¬ 
ioned flax breaker; the other a plow, with 
mould-board of wood. 

HILBORN, BUCKMAN & CO., New 
town, Pa.—A series of plows and a self 
unloading horse rake; a substantially made 
reaper, and hay and straw cutters. 

W. W. H. DAVIS, Doylestown, Pa.— 
A plow supposed to be at least 100 years 
old. It is of wood, and though it has the 
appearance of having done much hard 
work, is not worn out yet. 

There are several other exhibits of 
plows, which, though well made and of 
good materials, present no peculiarities 
not already noticed. 


HARROW. 

The harrow naturally follows the plow, 
and is equally indispensable. The old 
harrow, and that used by our fathers till 
within the memory of men still living, 
was made of wood, of simple bars and 
cross bars furnished with teeth. More 
i ecently the material used has been iron, 
with teeth commonly pointed with steel! 
A light, sharp-toothed harrow, moved rap¬ 
idly over the ground, accomplishes far the 
best work in preparing the soil for the 
reception of seed. In these implements a 
certain amount of weight and a quick 
motion are eminently essential. 


grain Drill. 

The ground having been prepared by 
the former implements, now only awaits 
the seed. The grain drills are machines 
designed to plant certain amounts of seed 
in given spaces. They must do the work 
rapidly, evenly, and require little power. 
The drill is carried upon two wheels, be¬ 
tween which, and extending the entire 
length of the axle, is a box or reservoir to 
contain the grain. Under this are several 
funnel-shaped spouts, each armed with a 
shoe, similar to that of the cultivator, 
though smaller. As the drill moves for¬ 
ward these make small furrows in the soil, 
into which the grain is allowed to drop of 
its own weight; or, as in some drills, a 
small spiral forces it out in small quanti¬ 
ties. One of the best exhibits is made 
by the firm of THOMAS. LUDLOW & 
RODGERS, Springfield, O. Established 
1867; cash capital, $200,000; men em¬ 
ployed number 150. In a glass case is a 
superbly finished grain and seed drill, 
which cost over $5,000. Nearly 20,000 
pieces of wood were employed in its con¬ 
struction, most of them of the choicest for¬ 
eign varieties. Not a particle of paint was 
used upon it. The metal work is of gold, 
silver, nickel, bronze, and steel, richly em¬ 
bellished with beautiful designs. The ma¬ 
chine shows very superior workmanship, 
being faultlessly made in all its details. 

CORN PLANTERS. 


The early settlers in America were taught 
by the Indians to select the finest ears of 
corn for seed, to plant it at the proper time, 
to weed it, and especially to hill it. They 











454 


AGRICULTURAL HALL.-AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. 


were accustomed to dig small holes four 
feet apart, with a clumsy implement re¬ 
sembling a hoe, and which was not unfre- 
quently made of a large clam shell. Tribes 
living in the vicinity of the sea shore put 
into each hole a horse-shoe crab or two, or 
a fish, upon which they dropped four, and 
sometimes six kernels of corn, covering 
the whole with fine earth. The use of fish 
in the hill as a fertilizer was common in 
the interior also. Beans were planted in 
the hill after the corn had come up, and 
grew up supported by it. Great attention 
was paid to the protection of their crops 
from weeds, and from the ravages of birds 
and insects. To prevent loss by the latter, 
a small watch-house was erected in the 
midst of a field of grain, in which one of 
the family, often the eldest child, slept, 
and early in the morning rose to watch the 
birds. It was their universal custom to 
hill the corn, often from one to two feet 
high, for its support. The colonists imi¬ 
tated this plan, and it has continued down 
to our own times. 

The corn-planter of the present day, 
though not in use except on immense farms, 
is very perfect in all its parts. When the 
field is in the proper condition for receiv¬ 
ing the grain, the corn-planter, drawn by 
a team, is brought in. On the fore part of 
the machine are two hoppers to contain 
the grain, with sliding valves in the bot¬ 
toms, to allow the grain to pass. As it 
moves forward, a shallow trench is made 
directly beneath the hopper, and into which 
the grain falls. A pole projecting from 
either side of the planter marks the place 
of the succeeding row. These machines 
can readily be arranged so as to drop any 
number of grains, and at different inter¬ 
vals, so as to make the hills any desired 
distance apart. 


CULTIVATORS. 

The cultivator is designed to do the 
work of the hoe, expeditiously, and with¬ 
out so much exertion on the part of the 
operator. It may be said to consist of a 
set of miniature plows, set at such distance 
apart as to clear the row of grain. A 
hand-cultivator is composed of a frame 
similar to that of a plow, a guiding wheel, 
and a set of three hoes. This is a labor- 
saving implement, and will do the work of 
three men with the common hoe. The 


smallest vegetables can be worked with as 
great ease as the largest. Two-wheeled 
cultivators are made with sets of four or 
five hoes, but although they will do great 
execution, they make hard work, being 
extremely difficult to guide. The opera¬ 
tor stands up straight, and guides the ma¬ 
chine as he would a common plow. The 
firm of GEORGE W. RUE, of Hamilton, 
Ohio, manufactures a cultivator with a seed 
drill attachment. This auxiliary can be 
rapidly and easily set in position. It will 
sow the largest or smallest seed, dropping 
one pr more at a time ; it will sow fast or 
slow, as it is so arranged that the speed 
may be varied as necessary. These culti¬ 
vators are constructed so that the follow¬ 
ing implements can be used: rakes, shovel, 
mould-board, large and small hoe, fork, 
and spike roller. 

The market gardener of the present day 
probably appreciates the improvements 
made in their line more than any other, as 
the means of reducing the cost of raising, 
thereby enlarging his profits. 


MOWERS, REAPERS, AND HARVESTERS. 

In all probability the sickle is the most 
ancient implement used for gathering 
grain. It would have been an astonishing 
evidence of stupidity on the part of the 
ancients, who relied mainly on wheat and 
the other small grains, had they not tried, 
at least, to replace this instrument by 
something better. 

The first mention of a reaping machine 
is made by Pliny, in the year 60, A. D. 
He describes it as having the form of a 
cart, with a comb-like bar placed in front, 
that stripped off the ears of wheat and de¬ 
livered them into a box—the stalks being 
allowed to stand. An ox harnessed behind 
worked the machine. It is recorded that 
the farmers of Gaul used a similar reaper 
not long after the birth of Christ. 

The first experiments which led to the 
present machine, were made in Europe 
in the latter part of the last century. At 
an early date the inhabitants of this coun¬ 
try turned their attention to these ma¬ 
chines, and obtained results upon which 
our manufacturers of the present time have 
earned a reputation world-wide. In the 
year 1822, a reciprocating or vibrating 
motion was first given to the cutting bar. 
In 1833, Obed Hussey, of Baltimore, pat- 








UNION CORN PLANTER.—JAMES SELBY & CO., PEORIA, ILL. 













































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































BUCK EYE” FORCE FEED BROAD-CAST SEEDER. P. P. MAST & CO., SPRINGFIELD, 



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AGRICULTURAL HALL-AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. 


459 


ented a machine to which he applied saw¬ 
toothed cutters and guards. This device 
has not only been successfully and some¬ 
what extensively used from that time to 
this, in the western states, but has fur¬ 
nished the basis for the most noted models 
in this country. The cutting parts of 
mowers and reapers of the present time 
are essentially similar ; the principal dif¬ 
ference being in the method of obtaining 
the to and fro motion of the knife. The 
cutters are formed of thin triangular pieces 
of steel, fastened to a straight flat rod, 
that vibrates between guards formed of 
two plates, one placed above, the other be¬ 
low the cutting bar. 

The mower cuts the grass and leaves it 
standing, as in this position it will dry 
much quicker and better. 

The reaper has a platform behind the 
blades, over which revolve rakes. All of 
these lower when over the knife, yet only 
one passes entirely across the platform. 
By this device the grain is delivered in 
quantities suitable for binding. 

The harvester, in construction, is simi¬ 
lar to the reaper, with another process 
added. It has a platform upon which one 
or more men can stand, ready to bind the 
grain as it is delivered on a table in front 
of them. There are several inventions for 
binding the grain automatically with wire, 
thus doing away with the men, relieving 
the machine of their weight, and doing the 
work much faster and better. 

THE JOHNSTON HARVESTER CO., 
of Brockport, N. Y.—Was established as 
a joint stock company, for the manufacture 
of the Johnston reapers and mowers, in 
November, 1870, with a paid up capital of 
$300,000. The excellence and popularity 
of the machines were so great as soon to 
necessitate the enlargement of the build¬ 
ings and a large increase of working ma¬ 
chinery, until now it is one of the best 
appointed establishments for the purposes 
designed in the country. The working 
force now numbers nearly 500 men. Its 
organization extends over four of the five 
grand divisions of the earth, Asia alone 
not having felt the tread of the harvester. 
The exhibit they present consists of several 
of their machines, all of them being fin¬ 
ished in a most complete and thorough 
manner. They claim for them lightness of 
weight, ease of draft, great efficiency in 
saving grain when tangled, noiselessness of 

22 


action, thereby showing that there is but 
little friction in the wearing parts. 


“BUCKEYE.” 

The “ Buckeye ” machines have a great 
advantage in having two driving wffieels, 
and also in a jointed cutting bar. The 
gearing, all of which is carried high from 
the ground, consists of only four cog 
wheels; the driving wheels are absolutely 
free from gearing. The first or slow mo¬ 
tion is obtained from beveled gears, and 
the quick motion by spur or straight-cut 
gears. There are four firms represented 
in the Exhibition that manufacture under 
this patent. The Buckeye machines have 
deservedly earned a lasting reputation, 
and, judging from the specimens here 
shown, will long maintain it. 

RICHARDSON MANUF. CO., Worces. 
ter, Mass.—This firm was started about 13 
years since, and now employs from 40 to 50 
men, and has a capital of $100,000. They 
manufacture the “ Buckeye” mowers and 
reapers, and Bullard’s improved hay tedder, 
Their exhibit consists of one of each, fin¬ 
ished, as all their machines are, in a most 
thorough and workmanlike manner. 

C. AULTMAN & CO., Canton, O.— 
This firm also make the “ Buckeye ” mowers 
and reapers. They were established about 
1852, and employ 600 men, and have a 
capital of $1,500,000. They show a mower 
built by them in the year 1856, and though 
it has cut 125 acres of grain and grass 
annually, and shows its hard work, it is 
good for the same service for many seasons 
to come. They also have one of their 
improved mowers, cutting four feet six 
inches. In this, all the machinery, except 
the wheels and frame, is handsomely nickel 
plated. The wood work is of elegantly 
carved black walnut. It cost to build 
$800. Also a single machine of four feet; 
the improved reaper with table rake; also 
an improved mower with dropping attach¬ 
ment, reaping six feet and mowing four 
feet six inches. 

ADRIANCE, PLATT & CO., Pough¬ 
keepsie, N. Y.—Firm has been established 
for eighteen years, and now employ from 
250 to 300 men. They manufacture the 
“ Buckeye ” mowers and reapers. They 
exhibit the reaper, the mower and a one- 
horse machine. An interesting, though 
small, feature of their display is a perfect 













460 


AGRICULTURAL HALL-AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. 


working model of one of tlieir reapers. It 
is exactly fitted in all its parts, and needs 
but a few Lilliputians to manage it to make 
it useful. 

AULTMAN, MILLER & CO., Akron, 
0.—Firm has been in operation for twenty- 
one years. Their hands number 350; they 
have a capital of $1,000,000. Their ex¬ 
hibit consists of two mowers and two 
reapers, furnished with patent table rakes. 
The machines are splendidly made, and of 
the “ Buckeye ” pattern. 

W. FARR GOODWIN, New Bruns¬ 
wick, N. J.—This gentleman exhibits a 
reciprocating screw mowing machine. It 
is noiseless in its action, has no parts liable 
to wear, and needs but little attention. 
The device for moving the knife is exceed¬ 
ingly ingenious, and in its adaptation is 
admirable. 

BRADLEY MANUFACTURING CO., 
Syracuse, N. Y.—Established in 1832; 
hands number from 200 to 300 men; their 
capital is $300,000. They exhibit one 
mower, three reapers, and a sulky rake. 
The machines are made of the best mate¬ 
rial, and are of great merit. 

CLINE, SEIBERLING & CO., Doyles- 
town, O.—This firm exhibit splendidly 
made mowers and reapers. All of the 
materials are of the finest quality, and in 
their design and fitting are excellent. 

D. M. OSBORNE & CO., Auburn, N. Y. 
—Established for twenty years; they em¬ 
ploy between 700 and 800 men. An 
estimate of their business may be formed 
from the fact that last year they made and 
shipped about 15,000 mowers and reapers. 
Their space is one of the largest in the 
Hall, and is entirely covered by a hand¬ 
somely carpeted, raised platform, sur¬ 
rounded by a heavy, black walnut railing. 
They exhibit ten of their machines, several 
of them being in constant motion, so that 
the visitor at a glance is enabled to com¬ 
prehend them. They show a Gordon 
harvester and binder, a machine most 
ingenious and yet simple in its construc¬ 
tion. The entire assortment is of splendid 

ryj o Ipvi q 1 

C. RUSSELL & CO., Canton, O.— 
Established for fifteen years; employ from 
175 to 200 men. Exhibit of a single 
mower and a combined mower and reaper. 
The mountings on these are nickel plated; 
the iron work is painted a pleasing color; 
the wood work is of black walnut and ash. 


W ALTER A. W OOD, Mowing and 
Reaping Machine Co., Hoosick Falls, N. 
Y.—This firm was established in 1853, 
and in the first year made 500 machines. 
In 1875 they made 23,507. They employ 
from 900 to 1,000 hands, and have a capi¬ 
tal of $1,500,000. They exhibit ten dif¬ 
ferent machines - a sweep-rake 

reaper, chain-rake reaper, one-horse Ameri¬ 
can mower, one-horse English mower and 
dropper, two-horse American mower, two- 
horse, low-cut South American mower, and 
a two-horse English mower, with dropper 
attachment. Upon one of their reapers is 
a binding apparatus, that works efficiently 
and rapidly. This binder, of which we 
furnish an engraving, is of great value. 
It saves the constant labor of two men— 
works continuously and with great preci¬ 
sion. It will cut and bind nearly 20 acres 
a day, wdiile the cost of wire is but trifling. 

ROCHESTER AGRI’L’RAL WORKS, 
New York.—One very attractive feature of 
this exhibit is one of their mowers, to 
which are harnessed two very naturally 
made horses. Their machines are excel¬ 
lently made. 

ELLIS, HOFFMAN & CO., Keystone 
Agricultural Works, Pottstown, Pa.—Ex¬ 
hibit of reapers of good style, and finely 
finished. 

REMINGTON AGRICULTURAL CO., 
Ilion, N. Y.—This firm in this branch 
make a large exhibit of mowers, sulky 
rake, plows, cultivators, shovels, hoes, and 
rakes; also the needle cotton gin. All the 
goods shown are of the highest excellence. 

D. S. MORGAN & CO., Brockport, N. 
Y.—Exhibit of well built mowers and 
reapers. 

AMOS, RANK & CO., Canton, O.— 
Display of mowers and reapers. 

W. E. KELLY, New Brunswick, N. J. 
Mowing machines, in which the oscillations 
are obtained from a reciprocating screw. 
This arrangement does away with all gears 
and cranks. 

McPHERSON’S GRAIN BINDER, 
Livingston, N. Y.—This harvester has an 
attachment for binding the grain. It will 
firmly bind bundles, varying in size from 
the few straws to the mammoth sheaf, the 
machine moving at any speed. 

GIBBS & STERRETT MANUFAC¬ 
TURING CO., Corry, Pa.—Mowers and 
reapers, in which all the machinery is cov¬ 
ered. To the box are attached two sets of 






IMPROVED WROUGHT IRON HARVESTER. THE JOHNSTON HARVESTER CO., BROCKPORT, N. Y. 















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































THE KIRBY NO. 1 MOWER. D. M. OSBORN & CO., AUBURN, 































































































































































































































































































































































































































































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WOOD’S HARVESTER COMBINED WITH LOCKE’S SELF-BINDER. WALTER A. WOOD, HOOSICK FaLLS, 






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































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ADAMS & FRENCH HARVESTER, CEDAR FALLS, IOWA. 
























































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































AGRICULTURAL HALL-AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. 


gears and a shifting lever, by means of 
which the oscillations are accelerated or 
retarded. This lever, when in the center, 
throws both gears out and the blade be¬ 
comes stationary. 

TOWANDA EUREKA MOWER CO., 
Towanda, Pa.—Established 1873 ; employ 
one hundred men; capital $300,000. These 
machines have a direct draft, and cut be¬ 
tween where the horses walk. One horse 
moves in the grass outside the cut; the other 
between the standing and the fallen grass. 
The machine moves back and forth on the 
same side of the field, and cuts the trampled 
grass on the return. The grass is left nearly 
standing, and will therefore dry much quick¬ 
er than when fallen. The wheels are for¬ 
ty-two inches in diameter. The machines 
vary in width according to the length of 
the blade. Driven from the main shaft is 
an eccentric, which moves the knife by 
means of a rock shaft. 

THE EAGLE MOWING AND REAP¬ 
ING MACHINE CO., Albany, N. Y.— 
Established for six years; 326 men; $750,- 
000 capital. A large and well shown 
exhibit of mowers and reapers of good 
patterns. 

OTIS BROS. & CO., New York.—In 
this building this firm makes an exhibit of 
the 11 Haymaker ” mowing machine. The 
main feature of this mower is the new 
mechanical movement for actuating the 
knife. The device is extremely simple, has 
no parts liable to wear, and is eminently 
effective. Statistics concerning the firm can 
be found under the head of Machinery Hall. 

C. H. & L. J. McCORMICK, Chicago, 
Ill.—Established 1847; from 400 to 500 
hands; they annually make from 15,000 to 
20,000 agricultural implements. They ex¬ 
hibit a harvester, a combined mower and 
reaper, and a mower. The harvester ele¬ 
vates the grain and delivers it upon the 
platform. Here it is seized by a pair of 
arms, working in a vertical plane, which 
have running through their ends a wire. 
Where these points meet the wire is caught 
and twisted. The first bundle remains 
upon the table until the next is bound. 
There is an automatic tension attachment, 
by which bundles differing in size can be 
bound. This apparatus takes the place of 
two men, and will do its work so expedi¬ 
tiously as to cut and bind from sixteen to 
twenty acres a day. To furnish it with 
wire costs about twenty five cents per acre. 


471 

GAMMON & DEERING, Chicago, Ill., 
and the MARSH HARVESTER MANU¬ 
FACTURING CO., Syracuse, N. Y._ 

Ihese firms manufacture under the same 
patent. They show one Marsh harvester. 
This machine has, moving over the table 
in a direction parallel to the blades, a 
frame set with vertical pins; by these the 
grain is taken and delivered on a table, 
where it is bound. Attached to this table 
is the binder. The last firm exhibits a 
wind-mill of good pattern. 

J AMES S. MARSH, Lewisburg, Pa.— 
Exhibit of a combined mower and reaper. 

Mowers and reapers have become indis¬ 
pensable to the farmer, and are now made 
with a great variety of alterations. These 
are not all valuable; sometimes it becomes 
necessary to continue a trade for which the 
patent is about expiring, and in order to 
run on with an old construction some 
trifling additions will be made and patent¬ 
ed. Sometimes these prove really useful; 
and at others, mere catchpennies. One 
great point to be considered is—is any part 
more liable to break than another? and if 
so, will it be of such a nature that the repair 
can be made by the village blacksmith? 
Again, will there be much delay? for a 
farmer cannot wait long when his harvester 
gives out in the midst of heavy work. As 
for general construction, there is no great 
choice, for they are all based upon the 
same general principles. 

CHAMPION MACHINE CO., Spring- 
field, O.—A. Whiteley, President; Robert 
Johnson, Secretary; established 1868; cap¬ 
ital, $500,000; men, 500. They show a 
No. 4 mower, No. 4 dropper, and a No. 4 
self-raker. This establishment, with the 
Whiteley, Fassler & Kelley and the War¬ 
der, Mitchell & Co. companies, have a 
copartnership for manufacturing their knife 
bars and iron work generally. In this 
branch a large capital is employed and 
from 500 to 700 men. 

WHITELEY, FASSLER & KELLEY, 
Springfield, O.—Eatablished 1852; capital 
$1,500,000; number of men 500.—They 
exhibit one light mower, one combined 
mower and reaper, with self-rake attach¬ 
ment; also a single reaper of six-foot cut. 
The light mower is nickel and gold plated, 
with wood work of iron wood inlaid with 
English holly. It is valued at SI 0,000. 

WARDER, MITCHELL & CO., Spring- 
field, O.—Established 1850; capital $1,500, 









472 


AGRICULTURAL HALL-AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. 


000; men 500. They show one single 
reaper, one light mower, and one com¬ 
bined self-raker. Both this firm and the 
one preceding it make the ‘‘Champion” 
mowers and reapers. 

A. PRITZ & SONS, Dayton, O.—Well 
made reapers and mowers. 

ADVANCE MOWER AND REAPER 
WORKS, Brooklyn, N. Y.—One well 
made mower. 

WAYNE AGRICULTURAL CO., 
Richmond, Ind.—Exhibit of well made 
leapers. 

A. J. SWEENEY & SON, Wheeling, 
West Va. — Screw power reapers and 
mowers. 

R. H. ALLEN & CO., New York.— 
Established 1843. Large exhibit of farm 
wagons, barrows, cultivators, potato plant¬ 
ers, reapers, corn-mills, and corn buskers. 
The display is of splendid materials, attrac¬ 
tively shown. 

SANDWICH MANUF. CO., Sandwich, 
Ill. (Business established by A. Adams & 
Sons in 1857.)—Exhibit of the Adams’ self¬ 
feeding power corn shellers, claimed to be 
the best in the world; all sizes from 1 to 6 
hole. They also show the Adams and French 
harvester. It uses no canvass or belts, the 
the grain being elevated to the binders on 
vibrators—oscillating bars set with teeth. 
The firm has been established for ten years; 
employs 150 men and $250,000 capital. 

C. D. RICHARDSON & CO., Phila.— 
Exhibit of a corn harvester and husker. 
The harvester is intended to be drawn by 
two horses, tandem, traveling between 
two rows of corn. The cutters cut down 
one hill at a time, and throw the stalks 
into the machine; from thence to the husk¬ 
ing rollers. The ears can then be elevated 
to a trough and slid into a wagon attached 
behind the machine. The stalks and husks 
are dropped on the ground in a bundle 
ready for binding. 

THE MASSILLON EXCELSIOR 
WORKS, Ohio.—Edwin Bayliss, proprie¬ 
tor. Exhibit of two well made harvesters 
and several cultivators. 


THRESHING MACHINES. 

As soon as the grain has been gathered 
it becomes necessary to separate the kernel 
from the straw. In olden times, and at 
present where small quantities are grown, 
the flail is used. To thresh out an im¬ 


mense field of grain with this implement 
would be lost time, when we have machines 
that will do it better and with great sav¬ 
ing of power. The threshing machines 
now in use are made in all sizes, and can be 
run either by horse power or steam. In 
many districts of our country, where a 
farm is too small to permit the owner to 
buy a machine, they are carried from place 
to place to thresh each man’s grain. It is 
only upon the most extensive tracts that a 
large thresher is serviceable. 

In all the trials of the threshing machines 
made in different countries, the American 
has distanced all its competitors, and at 
the present time is pronounced the best in 
the world. 

BIRDSELL MANUFACTURING CO., 
South Bend, Ind.—Established 1856; em¬ 
ploy 250 men; capital $150,000. A com¬ 
bined clover thresher, huller, and cleaner, 
of large size, requiring eight horse power. 
The machine is made with great care, and 
is strong and durable. 

EMPIRE AGRICULTURAL WORKS, 
Minard Harder, Cobleskill, N. Y.—Estab¬ 
lished 1859. A single and a double horse 
power, a thresher and cleaner combined, 
and a thresher and separator; all are well 
made and of the best material. 

SHEELER, BUCKWALTER & CO., 
Soyer’s Ford, Pa.—Exhibit of one horse 
power and a threshing machine. 

EVANS & BAIRD, West Chester, Pa. 
—A planetary geared horse power and a 
thresher. 

HAGERSTOWN STEAM ENGINE 
AND MACHINE CO Maryland.—Exhibit 
of the “Empire” thresher. This machine 
is made of dark and light wood, admirably 
arranged and fitted. 

HEEBNER & SONS, Lansdale Agri¬ 
cultural Works, Pa.—Established 1840. 
Single and double horse powers, and a 
small and large thresher. All of the 
machines shown by this firm were pur¬ 
chased to go to Angola Bay, South Africa. 

RUSSELL & CO., Massillon, O.—A hori¬ 
zontal portable steam engine for farm work, 
and an eight horse power wheat thresher, 
doing 1,000 bushels of grain a day. The 
machine is finished with great strength and 
beauty. 

WHEELER & MELICK CO., New York 
State Agricultural Works, Albany, N. Y. 
—Established 1830; employ 125 men; 
capital $186,000. They exhibit threshing 







AGRICULTURAL HALL.—AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. 


4T3 


machines, one-dog power, double and sin 
gle horse powers, a rye thresher that leaves 
the straw straight for binding, tread and 
lever powers, a combined thresher and 
cleaner, thresher and shaker, and forks. 
The entire display has been sold to the 
Japanese Government. 

In our Eastern States, where the farms 
are for the most part small, and where the 
yield of grain is too small to warrant the 
purchasing of a threshing machine, the 
farmer stores his sheaves until the man 
who threshes for the neighborhood makes 
his appearance. When this individual, 
with his machine and assistants has ar 
rived, word is sent to the farmers of the 
surrounding district, who gather to assist 
in freeing the grain. The whole bears a 
strong resemblance to the old custom of 
uniting at a “raising.’' To one not fa¬ 
miliar with farming it may seem useless 
to have such a force, but when it is re¬ 
membered that the sheaves must be 
brought from the loft to the thresher, the 
straw bundled and stowed in some remote 
corner, and the grain placed in bins, it will 
be understood that many men are required. 


LAWN MOWERS. 

The majority of the lawn mowers now 
manufactured consist of a set of curved 
knives revolving near a stationary blade. 
Appropriate gearing attached to a heavy 
roller or to roughed wheels, impart the 
rapid motion necessary in making a clean, 
even cut. If the grass be very fine and 
thin, the blades can be lowered by means 
of set screws, so as to barely escape the 
rigid bar. The entire cutting machinery 
can be placed at any height from the 
ground, so that the grass can be left any 
desired length. In small lawn mowers a 
frame extends from the rear to be grasped 
by the operator; in large sizes, designed 
to be drawn by horses, a pole, or shafts, is 
placed in front. A most essential addition 
to these consists in their having a large 
wooden or tin box to receive the short 
blades as soon as they are cut. This sim¬ 
ple contrivance precludes raking, and by 
dumping the refuse in a heap its removal 
is expedited. Another variety of lawn 
mower has a serrated blade—moving be¬ 
tween two immovable bars having corre¬ 
sponding teeth—that is oscillated by means 
of a crank turning a bevel gear placed 


near the handle. This connects with a 
shaft extending through the handle to the 
cutter, and having upon its lower extrem¬ 
ity a crank pin that vibrates the knife. 
The operator with one hand propels the 
machine and with the other turns the 
crank. The lawn mower is a labor-saving 
implement, as it will do the work of more 
than ten men, and will cut more evenly 
than the most experienced laborer. The 
fine and luxuriant appearance of the lawns 
of our public parks is due almost entirely 
to the use of this machine. 


HAY RAKES. 

Among the ancient Egyptians and Isra 
elites corn was the chief agricultural pro¬ 
duct, and was the principal food both for 
man and beast. We can find no trace of 
their having a rake of any description. 
The Hebrews were shepherds, yet the mild 
climate and rich soil of Palestine precluded 
the storing of hay. The Chinese, who 
never had large numbers of animals, were 
in but small need of grass during the win¬ 
ter season. In these countries the husband¬ 
man cut the grain near the roots with a 
sickle grasped in the right hand, and with 
the left arm upheld the stalks. The oper¬ 
ation was precisely similar to that now 
pursued by our farmers when stacking 
corn. The Romans were familiar with 
the rake, as were most of the nations im¬ 
mediately following the fall of the Empire. 
The modern hay rake will do the work of 
from eight to fifteen men. and therefore 
renders the farmer more secure when 
storms approach rapidly. 


HAY CUTTER. 

The inventive genius of the age has 
been most variedly and successfully dis¬ 
played on this important instrument. The 
great object is to feed automatically, even¬ 
ly, and any desired length, and to cut any 
thickness with little expenditure of power. 
Many contrivances have been patented 
which have these qualities in great perfec¬ 
tion. The “Lightning” hay knife has a 
serrated edge sharpened on the short angle, 
and consequently has great power. In the 
“ common-sense ” feed cutters the blade is 
curved, and is so set as to cut with a slid¬ 
ing motion. There is an attachment by 
which the feed can be altered. A very 
common form of hay-cutter consists of a 








476 


AGRICULTURAL HALL. 


AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. 


series of three or four revolving knives, 
striking upon a drum. In one of these 
the drum is placed directly over the knives, 
so that the dirt does not come in contact 
with the sharpened edges; these require 
less frequent grinding than those in which 
the arrangement is reversed. 


MOTIVE POWERS BEFORE STEAM. 

It is evident that when men began to 
multiply and to undertake great architec¬ 
tural works, that they sought some contri¬ 
vance which would enable them to unitize 
individual labor. The precise dates at 
which ropes, pulleys, and capstans were 
introduced, cannot be determined. When, 
through the teaching of Delilah, Samson 
was overcome by the Philistines, he was 
confined, bound with fetters of brass, and 
“he did grind in the prison-house.” It is 
conjectured that the mills of those days 
consisted of a fixed under or nether mill¬ 
stone, with a revolving one on top. Hori¬ 
zontal arms projected from the upper stone, 
which were grasped and pushed by the 
condemned. By making the beams of 
great length, almost any number of men 
could be put at work on one mill. In this 
manner the Philistines utilized the great 
strength of Samson. Joseph’s well, at 
Cairo, in Egypt, is fully described in the 
article on Ancient Machinery. In an offset 
at the base of the upper shaft, is the lifting 
machinery, which, is similar in many re¬ 
spects to the chain pump of the present 
day. A wheel or a drum carries two end¬ 
less chains, made of rope; at regular inter¬ 
vals on these bands, large, wide-mouthed 
earthen pots are attached. By means of 
two bevel gears, and horizontal and verti¬ 
cal shafts, worked by oxen walking around 
the perpendicular column, which they turn 
by means of a long arm extending there¬ 
from, and to which they are yoked, the 
pots are made to descend, mouth down, to 
the bottom, and are drawn up filled with 
the water they have dipped. The water is 
emptied into a trough which conveys it to 
a basin, from whence it is taken to the sur¬ 
face by similar machinery. It is impossi¬ 
ble to precisely fix the date of the inven¬ 
tion of this method, as even the time of the 
building of the well is unknown. A more 
simple, and perhaps more ancient machine, 
is well known among all enlightened, and 
even some barbarous nations. A specimen 


is now in use in the convent of St. Cath¬ 
erine, located in the desert where the Is¬ 
raelites wandered for forty years, and which 
was founded in the early centuries of the 
Christian church. Its chapel stands on the 
spot which the monks believe to have been 
once occupied by the burning bush that 
Moses saw; it was built by Justinian in the 
sixth century. Travelers are usually hoist¬ 
ed in at a second story window. The ma¬ 
chinery for this operation consists of a large 
drum, about four feet in diameter, placed 
upon a vertical shaft. From the lower part 
of this upright column there are four pro¬ 
jecting arms, at which the monks labor. 
The rope from the cylinder passes over 
pulleys to the outside of the building, 
where it is attached to the basket. The 
drum is at a sufficient elevation to allow 
the monks to pass beneath the rope as 
they trudge around. The Chinese and 
Hindoos at the present time use mills, 
worked like those of the Egyptians. 

Many were the devices for facilitating 
navigation, especially upon large streams. 
Rivers had been crossed, as they still are 
in many far inland localities, by the use of 
wide, flat-bottomed scows for vehicles and 
cattle; and by wherries and batteaux for 
passengers. When travel increased this 
mode of ferrying became insufficient, and 
horse boats were introduced. Some of 
these were made with a revolving platform, 
upon which the horses traveled, turning it 
by their feet as they drew upon traces fixed 
to rear posts outside of the circle. Horses 
were placed at each side, upon the guards, 
while the drivers stood in the center of the 
boats with long whips constantly urging 
the worn out and generally blind beasts 
to their utmost power. By these horse- 
boats the passage from New York to 
Paulus Hook (now Jersey City) was made 
in twenty to thirty minutes—sometimes a 
longer time. 

To drive threshing machines, circular 
saws, cotton gins, etc., machines are con¬ 
structed to be worked by one or more 
horses. Two endless chains are carried 
around two parallel drums, and are con¬ 
nected with each other by means of thick, 
but narrow pieces of hard wood. These 
form a platform upon which the animal 
moves. That portion of the chain which 
is above, is also supported upon friction 
rollers. When first introduced, the ma¬ 
chine was set level, and the horse was 







SEPARATOR, OR THRESHER. 



PORTABLE ENGINE. 

GAAR, SCOTT & CO., RICHMOND, IND. 













































































AGRICULTURAL HALL.-AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. 


479 


hitched to an immovable post. Almost all 
of the horse-powers of the present time are 
inclined sufficiently to permit the weight of 
the horse to move them. Dog-powers are 
constructed upon precisely the same prin¬ 
ciple. In the early part of the present 
century, tread-mills were introduced in the 
United States to utilize convict labor. 
They were tried in several prison houses for 
a short time, but were finally abolished, as 
being inhuman. 


SMALL FARM TOOLS.-HOES. 

Husbandmen of all ages and of all na¬ 
tions have used hoes of some kind. They 
take precedence of the plow, and in all 
probability were cotemporary with the 
sickle. Evidently, when they were first 
introduced, they were used to prepare the 
ground for the seed, and it was not until a 
much later period that they were used to 
cultivate the grain. The Romans, besides 
the common hoe, had a kind of hoe or 
drag, furnished with two hooked iron teeth 
for breaking the clods, and drawing up 
the earth around the plants. As is well 
known, most of the hard work among our 
Indians fell to the lot of the women, with 
the assistance, sometimes, of the old men 
and little boys. They made a kind of hoe 
by tying the shoulder-blade of a moose, 
bear, or deer to a stick or pole, and man¬ 
aged to do much of the work with that. 
It was this people that taught the first set¬ 
tlers to hill their corn. The ancient Peru¬ 
vians had implements made of copper, 
hardened in a manner now unknown. 
The followers of Montezuma were skillful 
agriculturists, yet, as they had no knowl¬ 
edge of iron, their implements were made 
ol wood and copper. The modern hoe is 
less varied in shape than almost any other 
farm tool, and in large tracts its place is 
being taken by the cultivator. 


SPADES AND SHOVELS. 

Although no mention is made of the use 
ot the spade by the Egyptians, we infer, 
from the lact that they had no large ma¬ 
chines for lifting and removing the earth, 
and because of the great multitude employ¬ 
ed on a single work, that a spade or shovel 
of some shape was known. This implement 
was not used m husbandry, but was con¬ 
fined exclusively to architecture. The 
Chinese have used spades m their fields, 


and in excavating their canals, for many 
years. The Romans had a spade which 
was used principally in the garden and 
vineyards, but originally in the corn-fields 
also. The precise date of the introduction 
of the shovel as a distinct instrument can¬ 
not be accurately determined. These two 
are now considered indispensable, and are 
found among all civilized people. 


FORKS. 

The ancients had no knowledge of table 
forks, yet all nations had some description 
of pitchfork. The early Jews and the 
Etruscans made no use of them at table, 
although for other purposes they were com¬ 
mon. Among the kitchen utensils of the 
Egyptians was a large fork used in stirring 
their fires, and a kind of wooden fork with 
which the peasants pitched their grain. 
The priests of the Hebrews had a fork or 
hook w T ith which they removed pieces of 
meat from the pot, and the Greeks had 
them for the same purpose. The Romans 
had forks greatly similar to our furnace 
and hay forks, and having several tines. 
Even as late as the twelfth century, table 
forks were but sparingly known. In the 
year 1379 they were mentioned in the in¬ 
ventory of the princes’ plate, but they did 
not come into general use until the end of 
the fifteenth century. The King of Hun¬ 
gary, who reigned from 1458 until 1490, 
was highly complimented because he could 
eat with his fingers without soiling his 
clothes. They were not introduced into 
Sweden until after the sixteenth century, 
and they were novelties in the court of 
France as late as the end of that century. 


HAY-LOADERS. 

Nature and the ingenuity of man com¬ 
bined to make the hay-loaders of our fore¬ 
fathers, namely, a good strong back and 
a pitchfork. For centuries these were 
considered all-sufficient by every agricul¬ 
tural nation, even those suffering most from 
debility and constitutional fatigue. 

The hay-loaders and unloaders of the 
present time consist of an apparatus which 
firmly grasps a quantity of hay, lifts and 
carries it to its destination, and drops it. 
The devices to accomplish this are many 
and varied. One of the simplest and most 
effective consists of a steel shaft, one end 
of which is pointed, while the other is fur- 









480 


AGRICULTURAL HALL.-AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS, LUMBER. 


nished with a ring to which a stout rope is 
fastened. Placed upon each side of the 
point are two bars of steel, hinged upon 
their lower ends. W^en the shaft is about 
to be dropped on a heap of grass, these 
bars lie close to its side; the instant the 
hay is penetrated their upper points are 
forced apart, so that the whole has the 
appearance of a barbed arrow. The rope 
which is fastened to the ring runs through 
a pulley traveling upon a horizontal rope 
leading to the place designed to receive the 
hay. The quantity grasped by the arrow 
is now lifted, carried here, and released. It 
will be seen that this machine is simple, 
effective, and has no complex mechanism 
which is likely to get out of order, while 
it will load and unload with equal facility. 


STEAM-ENGINES. 

GAAR, SCOTT & CO., Richmond, Ind. 
—This firm makes an exhibit of a horizon¬ 
tal portable steam-engine, and a well made 
threshing machine. The boiler of the 
engine is similar in many respects to that 
of our ordinary locomotive, and is built so 
as to insure perfect safety. It is mounted 
on four strong and very wide wheels, and 
from the front axle a pole projects, for 
horses to transport it. The engine, which 
is of strong and durable pattern, is bolted 
on to the side. Water gauges, safety valve, 
whistle, and steam gauges are placed in 
prominent positions. One of the most 
essential features of the engine is the smoke¬ 
stack, which is so arranged with wire 
nettings as to prevent the escape of sparks, 
even of the smallest dimensions. 


LUMBER. 

Yolney represented the surface of this 
country as one vast forest, diversified occa¬ 
sionally by cultivated intervals. Since his 
time, the woodman’s axe, guided by a 
ruthless hand, has to some extent reversed 
the picture. 

The great latitudinal length of the 
United States gives, within its boundaries, 
climates suited to the growth of almost 
every known tree. It was stated by 
Michaux that there were in this country 
one hundred and forty species of forest 
trees that attained a greater height than 
thirty feet, while in France there were 
only eighteen of the same description. 

The lumber business did not reach any 


great magnitude and importance till a 
comparatively recent date. The exports 
of lumber from the United States in the 
year 1821 were valued at $1,822,077, and 
in 1868 at $12,500,000. The great lumber 
market of the country is Chicago, as there 
were received there in 1868 no less than 
999,229,866 feet, besides one hundred and 
forty-five million laths, and over five 
hundred million shingles. 

The City of Boston receives from the 
Southern States alone, lumber to the value 
of $2,000,000 a year, taking no account of 
that coming from the North. Altogether, 
the lumber business of the United States 
forms one of its most important industries. 


POTATO DIGGERS. 

Rue’s Patent Potato Digger is now so 
constructed as to uncover either Irish or 
sweet potatoes. It has a strong high beam, 
steel share and steel rods for platform; its 
form renders it very hard to clog or choke 
it; the rolling fender on the beam delivers 
all the vines and weeds on one side. It 
will dig cleaner than can be done by hand, 
and will not cut or bruise the potatoes. 
When the ground is in good condition a 
team will dig as many as ten or fifteen 
men will pick up. A well-made and sub¬ 
stantial potato digger is economical from 
the mere fact that it renders the labor of a 
boy as effective as that of a man. 


TANKS AND BARRELS. 

For keeping and transporting liquids 
the ancients made use of earthen jars and 
skins of animals. For transporting wines, 
the Greeks and Romans used a goat’s-skin 
bag, well covered with pitch so as to make 
the seams perfectly tight. For storing, 
they built large stone reservoirs for the 
poorer quality of liquor, and earthen ves¬ 
sels called amphora for the best. These 
were of various shapes, some with wide 
bottoms, and others terminating in a point, 
which was stuck into the ground. A mon¬ 
strous skin, generally of an ox, was placed 
upoij a cart, filled with wine, and driven 
through the streets; from this the amphora 
received their supply. When full they 
were stopped with a cork previously dipped 
in pitch. At the present day, in some 
Oriental cities, water is carried around in 
sacks and sold. The natives of all trop¬ 
ical climates have vessels made of gourds. 






































































































































































































































































































































































































. 











































• . 








































1 
































































































































AGRICULTURAL HALL.-AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. 


483 


Some of the tribes of the Hottentots carry 
a net over the shoulder, filled with gourds 
containing water. The Sandwich Island¬ 
ers turn bowls of all sizes, but of a native 
wood called Poi. This has a rich brown 
color, is beautituliy grained, and has the 
great advantage of never cracking or check¬ 
ing. Until very recently, barrels were 
made by hand, the cooper shaving the 
staves with a drawing-knife, and shaping 
them with clamps. The staves are now 
planed by machinery, steamed, and passed 
between a series of rollers, which compress 
and bend them into the desired forms. 
They are now set up and hooped by hand. 
W. G. O’NEIL & CO., of Phila., exhibit 
barrels and kegs made from a single sheet 
of wood. The wood is split the desired 
thickness, and cut across the grain the 
height of the barrel. Goring pieces to 
taper the ends, cut with the grain, are now 
taken from the sides, the edges drawn 
together, and the hoops put on. The claims 
placed upon these articles are their great 
beauty, strength, tightness, and cheapness. 


CHURNS. 

The experiments of civilized nations for 
centuries have conclusively proven that the 
motion which gives the best results in 
churning, is that which produces a shock 
by a sudden change of direction, similar to 
that of the common dasher churn. The 
Orientals at one time made butter by shak¬ 
ing a skin of cream or milk, and when it 
was formed they melted and poured it into 
skin bottles or earthen jars. It was more 
like oil than our butter. The people of the 
United States, England, and Holland use, 
to a small extent, a churn which consists of 
a keg or small barrel swung from a rope; 
it is moved endways, and the sudden 
change of direction produces a shock simi¬ 
lar in its effects to that of the dasher. 
Wheel churns of innumerable varieties 
have been invented, but they have all 
proved to be inferior to the common form. 
Another form produces aeration by forcing 
through the cream a small stream of air. 
Although this mode quickly frees the adi¬ 
pose globules, it permeates the whole mass, 
and renders the substance more liable to 
become rancid by fermentation. Many and 
various chemical preparations have been 
introduced, mainly for bringing a great 
quantity of butter directly from the fresh 


milk, and in less time than by the old metH- 
od. Although some of these have been 
remarkably successful, they have never 
found favor with the general public. It is 
well known that alum dissolved in milk 
will soon produce a curd. Some specula¬ 
tors occasionally pass through the country 
offering for sale small boxes of fine ground 
alum that they call Butter Powder. A tea¬ 
spoonful of this powder will produce a 
curd in sweet skimmed milk. If a little 
good butter be placed in the churn, it will 
speedily mingle with the curd from the 
alum, and make a double quantity of infe¬ 
rior butter, though when first churned it 
may be very palatable. The Butter Pow¬ 
der is a palpable cheat. 

Butter was almost entirely unknown to 
the ancients, and it was not until several 
centuries after the Christian era that its 
use as an edible became general. It is 
spoken of in the English version of the 
Bible, but learned scholars of the present 
day are of the opinion that the word thus 
translated meant, in the original, cream. 
Herodotus, in his minute description of the 
Scythians, mentions it, and Hippocrates 
describes both butter and cheese. The 
early Spartans had cheese, for to the public 
repasts instituted by Lycurgus, each person 
was obliged to bring monthly, among other 
things, five pounds of cheese. Plutarch 
mentions a visit paid by a Spartan woman 
to Berenice, the wife of Deiotarus, who was 
tetrarch of Galatia. Berenice smelled so 
strongly of fresh butter, and the Spartan 
dame was so bedaubed with sweet oint¬ 
ment, that they could not endure each 
other’s presence. The making of butter 
from the milk of sheep is mentioned by 
Dioscorides, who further states that it was 
used in cookery instead of oil. It was 
used as an ointment for inflamed eyes, 
and in India the wounds of an elephant 
were covered with it. The Greeks and 
Romans were ignorant of it until after the 
second century. The former obtained their 
knowledge through the Scythians, and the 
latter through the Teutons. It was not 
common as a food, but as a medicine and 
unguent. 

The total yield of butter in the United 
States for the year 1870, was 514,092,683 
lbs. Of this amount, New York produced 
107,147,526 lbs., or more than one-fifth the 
whole; Pennsylvania, 60,834,644; Ohio, 
50,266,372; Illinois, 36,083,405; Iowa, 27,- 







484 


AGRICULTURAL HALL.-AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS, BEES. 


512,179; and Michigan, 24,400,185 lbs. 
The ‘exports of butter from the United 
States to foreign countries for the year 
ending June 30, 1871, were 3,965,043 lbs., 
valued at about $853,096. Of this amount, 
2,201,934 lbs. were sent to Great Britain 
and her colonies. 


PRESSES. 

In the time of the Pharaohs, wine was 
drunk direct from the press, before the 
slightest fermentation had taken place. In 
relating his dream, the chief butler remarks: 
“ And I took the grapes, and pressed them 
into Pharaoh’s cup, and I gave the cup 
into Pharaoh’s hand.” It was some centu¬ 
ries after this that the principle of the lev¬ 
er was applied to the wine-press, and it was 
not until comparatively recently that the 
screw was used for the same purpose. The 
Romans made wine much in the same 
manner as it is now. The juice was squeez¬ 
ed out by a machine called torculum, which 
consisted of a receptacle for the fruit, and 
a heavy beam called a prelum , to which the 
power was attached. The wine and cider 
presses of the present time consist of a per¬ 
forated tub, in which a head works by 
means of a screw. Although there are 
many modifications, this is the general prin¬ 
ciple. In all screw and lever presses the 
pressure is limit 


BEES. 

In the Greek and Roman mythology the 
bee occupied a most exalted position, hav¬ 
ing at one time played the part toward the 
Thunderer that the she wolf did toward 
Romulus and Remus. Saturn intended to 
have devoured the infant Jupiter, and to 
avoid this, he was concealed in Crete, 
among the Curetes, and the clangor of 
their brazen arms and cymbals drowned 
his cries. While there hid, the bees assist¬ 
ed in feeding him. 

According to Yirgil the most successful 
bee cultivators of the ancient Romans al¬ 
ways placed their hives in secluded and 
sheltered localities, where no domestic ani¬ 
mals were allowed to trample the flowers. 
If the swarm deserted the hive, leaving 

Note. —Sugar and cotton machinery, stable fit¬ 
tings, are fully discussed in article on Machinery 
Hall. A history and description of windmills may 
be found following the article on Agricultural 
Hall. Refrigerators in Government Building. 


the comb unfinished, and when there could 
be no cause assigned for such a movement, 
they plucked off the wings of the king (or, 
as it is now called, the queen), as it was 
well known that a colony always followed 
its monarch. When a hive is taken pos¬ 
session of by a swarm, the first labor is to 
fill all the cracks with a kind of wax ce¬ 
ment, a stock of which is found in every 
hive. They exercise this great care to ex¬ 
clude all the air, so that the young, which 
are very tender, may be subject to no in¬ 
jurious draught, and that the entire house 
may be kept warm during the cold season. 
The favorite plants and flowers of the bees 
were invariably planted in the immediate 
vicinity of the hive. This was done so that 
the insects could work more rapidly and 
with less fatigue than when they were 
obliged to make long journeys, and so that 
there would be less liability of a strong 
wind preventing them from reaching home. 
From the wonderful sagacity they display¬ 
ed, the ancients thought they were endow¬ 
ed with a portion of the Divine mind. 

Although the hive bee has been cultiva¬ 
ted from the remote ages, its daily life was 
but little more than conjecture until Ma* 
raldi, a mathematician of Nice, in 1712, 
invented the glass hive. From that date 
to the present moment, some of the most 
learned of men have untiringly studied its 
history, and to them we are indebted for 
the knowledge we now have. The inmates 
of a hive consist of a female, now called 
the queen, males, or drones and workers 
or neuters, which are the most numerous. 
The males do no work whatever, and are 
only essential to impregnate the queen, 
which lays all the eggs. The workers col¬ 
lect and store all the wax and honey, build 
and keep the cells in repair, and feed and 
guard the young. The sting is only found 
in queens and workers. This weapon con¬ 
sists of an extensible sheath in which are 
two darts of exquisite fineness, placed side 
by side. They are serrated, and owing to 
this, it frequently happens that they cannot 
be withdrawn, and so cause their owner’s 
death. The sting is projected by very 
strong muscles, and the instant it enters an 
acrid poison is forced into the wound, from 
a bag located near its base. It is so active 
that it will instantly kill a bee, and men 
and large animals have died from repeated 
attacks. The queen seldom ventures be¬ 
yond the limits of the hive, unless to be- 













AGRICULTURAL HALL-GREAT BRITAIN 


AND IRELAND. 


485 


come impregnated, or to lead out a swarm, 
which generally numbers from 20,000 to 
30,000. When she is ready to lay eggs, 
she minutely inspects each cell, and for 
the hist ten or twelve days she deposits 
workers’ eggs at the rate of 200 per day. 
While she is thus engaged the cells to re 
ceive the other kinds are being constructed. 
She lays male eggs in these for from sixteen 
to twenty days, though in number they are 
less than the workers in the proportion of 
one to thirty. The royal cells are now 
commenced if the productiveness of the 
season will warrant the sending forth of 
another hive. When they are ready, she 
deposits a single egg in each at one or two 
days’ interval, workers’ eggs being laid in 
the meantime. The cells are all supplied 
with pollen for the worm or larva. In this 
state the females and workers remain five 
days, and the drones six. At this stage the 
cocoon is begun, and it requires thirty-six 
hours to complete it. The worker comes 
forth a perfect bee in twenty days, the male 
in twenty-four, and the queen in sixteen. 
The bee requires two days to acquire suf¬ 
ficient strength to fly, and during that time 
it is caressed and plentifully fed. If a hive 
be deprived of its queen when there are no 
female eggs in the cells, it languishes and 
dies; if there be eggs, work goes on as 
usual until a queen is born. 


GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 

The exhibit made by this country in 
Agricultural Hall, consists mainly of man¬ 
ufactured articles, there being but few 
grain or harvesting implements. 


self-raising flour and oat meal of the finest 
quality; Irish oat meal. 

CONFECTIONERY. 

T. SMITH & CO., London.—Here is a 
very beautiful exhibit of fancy stands and 
bouquet holders, and a large assortment 
of white artificial flowers, for table trim¬ 
mings, &c. 

J. S. FRY & SONS, London.—A large 
and very attractively arranged exhibit of 
i chocolate confectionery. 

! EMILE MENIER, London. This gen¬ 
tleman is one of the most extensive manu¬ 
facturers of chocolate preparations in the 
world. He has large houses in Paris and 
New York. In the London branch factory 
1,200,000 pounds are annually produced. 
At the sugar refinery of Menier at Roye, 
France, there are 5,500,000 pounds, manu¬ 
factured every year. The business of the 
central office at Paris amounts to $6,250,- 
0 00, per annum. He presents several very 
splendid exhibits, one in Machinery Hall 
of apparatus for making chocolate candies, 
and one in the French department in this 
building. The exhibit from London con¬ 
sists of elegant samples of most of his 
wares. 

There is one case containing rich cakes, 
elaborately decorated with designs in sugar. 
Near this is a case in which is an assort¬ 
ment of mixed candies. 

GEO. NEIGHBOUR & SONS, London. 
—Exhibit of bee-hives. They are in form 
of small domes, and are made of ropes of 
straw. They are exceedingly well adapted 
for hives. 


ESSENCES, PICKLES, ETC. 

CROSSE & BLACKWELL, London. 
—This firm make a splendid - display of 
pickles, sauces, malt-vinegar, and potted 
meats. 

JOHN MACKAY, Edinburgh.—A well 
arranged exhibit of flavoring essences. 

There is one very neat case, having four 
sides made of plate glass, that contains 
bottles of the famous “Worcestershire” 
sauce. 

Near the above are cases of household 
specialties and pickles; bags of salt; cocoa, 
chocolate and baking powders; a large tin 
of milk that has been exposed to the air 
for five years, also desiccated and con¬ 
densed milk: assortments of fancy biscuits: 


LIQUORS. 

CORK DISTILLERIES CO., Dublin. 
—In a small pavilion made of black wal¬ 
nut and plate glass is an exhibit of old 
Irish whiskey of splendid quality. 

Cases of cherry brandies: Allsopp’s well 
known India pale ale; sparkling Edinburgh 
and pale India ale: prepared lemonade: 
ginger beer: ginger ale: a quantity of 
brown stout. 

W. CORRY & CO., Belfast, Ire. This 
firm was established in 1850 and presents 
a very pleasing exhibit of aerated waters. 
The above articles are all placed in cases 
that vary according to the taste of the 
exhibitor, and yet all are neat, pleasing 
and well suited to the purpose. 




















486 


AGRICULTURAL HALL-CANADA. 


WOOLS. 

JOHN L. BOWERS & BRO., Liverpool. 
—Samples of wools of every description. 
Adjoining this are several extensive 
exhibits of raw and dyed wools of the finest 
quality. 

W. WILKINSON & SONS., Sheffield. 
—This firm, one of the oldest in the entire 
exhibition, was established in 1730. They 
present a fine assortment of elegantly 
finished sheep and other shears. All the 
articles are made of metal of the best 
grade, and are reliable. 


WIRE CLOTHS. 

The exhibits of these articles comprise 
cloths of every description, and adapted to 
all purposes.—There are mining cloths, 
made of heavy wire, and having a large 
mesh; wool drying cloths, of galvanized 
iron to prevent rust; rice polishing wire; 
extra strong malt kiln wire; and heptagonal 
mesh wire for fencing. The displays are 
of good material and well arranged. 


EARTHEN WARE. 

JAMES EDWARDS & SON, Stafford¬ 
shire.—An attractive display of handsome¬ 
ly-figured pottery, pestles and mortars, and 
several chamber and dinner sets decorated 
in beautiful patterns, and in rich colors. 

JOHN PHILLIPS & CO., Devonshire. 
—An exhibit of pottery. 

JOHNSON & CO., London.—Mould¬ 
ings, cornices and center pieces, elaborately 
decorated, made of terra cotta. 

There are many small exhibits of tiles, 
scouring bricks, drain pipes of all sizes: a 
patent water filter made of earthen ware. 

There are also shown immense mill¬ 
stones, of fine quality. 


AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. 

A. W. WILLS, Birmingham.—This 
exhibit consists of plantation hoes, axes, 
&c. Ail the articles are made of the best 

yv'l o -f r* 1*1 o 1 Q 

JAMES FUSSELL, SONS & CO., 
London.—An assortment of sickles and 
scythe blades. The display is large, well 
arranged, and of the finest quality. 

AVELING & PORTER, Rochester.— 
This firm exhibit a farm and road locomo¬ 
tive and wagon. The engine is strongly 
and durably built and of good pattern. 


The wagon is made of heavy materials, 
and is large, substantial, and well suited 
for heavy loads. The machines made by 
this firm have been awarded many first 
prizes, and judging by the specimens here 
shown, they were justly given. 


CANADA. 

This country presents an exhibit that 
is extensive, varied, and of splendid mate¬ 
rial. The display consists of samples of 
the cereals grown in different parts of the 
kingdom, fine and well shown specimens 
of the woods, and many attractive exhibits 
of domestic articles. They also exhibit 
agricultural implements of all kinds. A 
description as comprehensive as space will 
permit, will be given of each class. 


GRAINS. 

Facing the main aisle of the building, 
are two large pyramidal stands, upon the 
shelves of which are samples of the native 
cereals. Upon the one located farthest 
south are shown, in oval glass jars, speci¬ 
mens of the garden and field seeds, from 
WM. RENNIE, of Toronto. Upon the 
lower tier, and contained in kegs with glass 
heads, are ground grains, flours, meals, &c. 
There are also ears of corn of all kinds, 
some being extremely large and well filled. 
The grains are all of unusual size, and the 
systematic and attractive arrangement 
adds much to their inherent merits. 

Encircling the base of the adjoining case 
are exhibits of field grains, whole and 
ground, and contained in jars similar in 
form to those above. Above these, in 
large spherical bottles, are samples of all 
the farm and garden seeds. It would be 
seen by a minute examination of the above 
exhibits, that the grains do not differ ma¬ 
terially, either in kind or quality, from 
those grown in the United States. 

Situated in the rear of the above are 
four large upright cases, made of black 
walnut, and having handsome plate glass 
doors, opening upon the two opposite sides. 
Arranged in compartments in the bottom 
of these are quantities of wool grown upon 
sheep raised in different localities. The 
samples are of splendid quality and good 
length. Above these, and placed in ob¬ 
long jars resting upon sloping shelves, are 
still other samples of seeds, that were 
grown in the various counties. 















AGRICULTURAL HALL-CANADA. 487 


Proceeding still further to the east, we j 
encounter an exceedingly interesting and 
rare exhibit made by the 

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF 
LONDON, Ontario.—Upon a sloping stand 
about four feet hign, are placed 86 boxes, 
that are 18 inches square Dy 2 inches deep. 
These are made of Handsome woods, and 
have lids of clear panes ot glass. To furn¬ 
ish a suitable back-ground for the display 
of the insects, they are completely lined 
with white paper. Stuck upon pins, and 
correctly classified and named, are insects 
representing almost all of the kinds found 
in Canada. Some of these, the butterflies 
and large moths in particular, are very 
beautiful and rare. The different kinds of 
beetles, on account of their brilliant and 
rich colors, form a very attractive fea¬ 
ture of the display. Some of the specimens 
that have a body and legs of the same size 
and color, look as if they were made of a 
number of sticks, regularly arranged and 
neatly jointed. The display is by far the 
largest of the kind on exhibition, and ow¬ 
ing to its singularity and pleasing arrange¬ 
ment, attracts much attention. 


BIRDS AND ANIMALS. 

In small cases, placed over and adjoin¬ 
ing the above, are tastefully arranged 
groups of native birds and animals. From 
among the denizens of the air are several 
representatives of richly and exquisitely 
colored plumage. From the interior of 
the country were brought many animals, 
noted more for their ferocity than their 
glossy coats. Fastened to the rafters, and 
overlooking the whole scene, are several 
heads of the elk, with their massive antlers. 
The manner of arranging the exhibit is 
excellent, as it presents every object di¬ 
rectly before the visitor, and as near as 
desirable. 


LIQUORS, ETC. 

To the rear of these are several small 
though attractive exhibits of mineral wa¬ 
ters, both natural and manufactured; gin¬ 
ger and soda water; a large assortment of 
ale and porter, and barrels of cider and 
vinegar. 

CANNED FRUITS, ETC. 

The canned fruits, vegetables, and meats 
are well shown, and in the manner of 


preparation and in the quality, are of great 
merit. 

In a case near by is a fine exhibit of 
macaroni and vermicelli, of good quality, 
and presenting the almost invariable char¬ 
acteristic of looking like yellow curled 
pipe-stems. In this case is also an assort¬ 
ment of wax apples. We next come to 
sample bags of self raising flour, and salt, 
and barrels of the same. 


PRODUCTS FROM THE TERRITORIES OF CANADA. 

This exhibit consists of sheaves of grain, 
starch made from potatoes, a quantity of 
vinegar, and strained and raw honey. 
There are also jars containing samples of 
the principal grains grown in the territo¬ 
ries, bales of flax, and samples of wool of 
fine quality; also several strong and well 
made pails. Suspended from the center of 
this assortment are two articles of interest 
solely because of their manufacturers. 
These are blankets that were made of the 
wool of the Rocky Mountain goat, by the 
Indians resident in the territory. They 
are neat patterns, and rich and pleasing 
colors. 


FISHERIES OF CANADA. 

Here is found a well arranged exhibit 
of kegs of mackerel, salt haddock and cod¬ 
fish; also canned fish of various kinds. A 
large assortment of preserved fish. The 
articles are arranged upon a vertical frame. 
The variety and excellent quality of the 
specimens make of the whole a very pleas¬ 
ing exhibit. 

Adjoining this is an exhibit of sugar- 
cured hams and bacon, placed upon desk 
cases of a convenient height. 


NEW BRUNSWICK WOODS. 

This exhibit consists of planks of the 
native timbers. All the specimens are of 
good width, thickness, and length, and are 
so arranged—all leaning upright against 
a frame—as to be conveniently examined. 
Most of them show a planed and rough 
surface, the former method displaying the 
grains to good advantage. The grains of 
the maples and oaks are in most instances 
very beautiful. 

Next to this exhibit is one of macaroni 
and vermicelli. 
















438 


AGRICULTURAL HALL—AUSTRALIA. 


AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. 

This is the only visiting country that 
has made any exhibit of agricultural im¬ 
plements. That all civilized people make 
them—some nations in immense quantities 
—is a well-known fact. When machines 
made in foreign countries have been tried 
against those built by American manufac¬ 
turers, they have invariably been defeated. 
It is supposed by those capable of judging, 
that this inferiority kept them from the 
Centennial, because it would have been a 
useless and heavy expense to send them, 
since they could not have found a market 
in this country. Those from Canada are of 
admirable pattern, and in the material and 
finish are unsurpassed. 

Located still further east are large dis¬ 
plays of harrows, cultivators of all kinds 
and sizes, and a long space completely 
filled with splendidly made ploughs of ev¬ 
ery description. 

HAMILTON AGRICULTURAL 
WORKS, Ontario.—This firm was organ¬ 
ized in 1836. They present an exhibit of 
mowers and reapers, the majority of which 
are in motion. The firm have always built 
their implements of the best materials, and 
have made and adopted all improvements 
that were deemed meritorious. 

GREEN BROS. & CO., Ontario.—This 
firm have a display of mowers and reapers 
that are splendid specimens of workman¬ 
ship, and made of the best materials. 

HAGGERT BROS., Ontario.—Exhibit of 
a threshing machine and a one-lever horse¬ 
power. The first named article is of the 
largest size, and of improved device. It 
is made of light and dark wood, tastefully 
arranged, and so fitted as to make a 
machine of great durability, and of hand¬ 
some exterior. 

JOHN ABELL, Ontario.—One large 
and admirably finished thresher, and a 
horizontal portable steam engine, suitable 
for farm purposes. 

J. HARRIS & CO., St. John, N. B.— 
A medium sized threshing machine, of 
excellent pattern, and durably built. 

JACOB BRICKER, Ontario.—This gen¬ 
tleman presents an exhibit of one strongly 
built thresher, of large size. 

J. WATSON, Ontario.—A large exhibit 
of corn shellers; root cutters; chopping 
and grinding mills; straw and hay cutters 
that cut two lengths, start, stop, and re-1 


verse, by moving one handle; lever horse¬ 
powers, and one heavy wooden roller. All 
the articles are made with great regard to 
strength, durability, and comeliness. 

SHARMAN & FOSTER MFG. CO., 
Ontario.—This firm exhibit the “Little 
Giant ” thresher, and a four horse-power 
lever mill. 

J. & S. VERROT, Quebec.—Exhibit of 
a combined sower, harrow, and roller. 
The machine is of admirable pattern, dura¬ 
bly built. 

THOS. ELLIOTT, Ontario.—A com¬ 
bined hay rake and loader. 

There are several exhibits of well made 
grain separators; potato diggers, of good 
style; excellent cultivators; two finely fin¬ 
ished sulky rakes, and one large snow 
shovel, the only one upon exhibition. 

J. E. STRONG, Ontario.—A patent car¬ 
riage gate, that is opened upon the ap¬ 
proach of the vehicle, and closed after it 
has passed. It is operated by means of 
two handles suspended from a long lever, 
that raises the gate, and thus permits it to 
swing open. The device is simple in con¬ 
struction, and works admirably. 

A. ANDERSON, Ontario.—Exhibit of 
one hay cutter, that works easily because 
it cuts at an angle. It is simple in con¬ 
struction, cheap, has no wearing parts, and 
it is claimed that it will never require 
sharpening. 

AUSTRALIA. 

SHEEP. 

Australia produces nearly as much wool 
annually as any other country, and of a 
quality unsurpassed. The begining of this 
industry, (raising of sheep,) was very 
simple and unpretentious. Young men, 
with just capital sufficient to purchase a 
few hundreds or thousands of sheep, a 
year or two’s rations, and to hire a shep¬ 
herd or two, sallied out into what was then 
an unknown country, to seek their for¬ 
tunes. They settled on suitable country, 
erected a rude hut, and thus laid the 
foundation of their fortunes. 

Many not able to do this, were compelled 
to serve a long apprenticeship, until they 
had saved the money requisite for laying 
in a stock of their own. In most instances, 
those who started in this way, after a few 
years of hardship became wealthy, and 
either retired from or engaged more exten- 






AGRICULTURAL HALL-FRANCE. 


489 


sively in the business. The industry thus 
commenced has grown until it is at the 
present time the most important in 
Australia. 

In the year 1856 there were 1,962,460 
sheep in South Australia; these increased 
until, in 1866, ten years later, they number¬ 
ed 3,911,610; the numbers were still 
augmented, till in 1875 there were 6,120,- 
211 . 


WHEAT. 

The cost of cultivating wheat in South 
Australia is very trifling compared with 
that of other countries. The virgin soil is 
exceedingly rich, and for the first planting 
is only turned over three or four inches 
deep. As the crop is not an exhaustive 
one, the ground needs no fertilizer of any 
kind, for many seasons. A rotation of 
crops is never attempted, and there are 
farms in the country that have been annu¬ 
ally cropped with wheat for twenty or 
twenty-five years, and yet last harvest they 
produced as abundantly as ever. 

In the year 1858-9 there were 264,450 
acres cultivated. Of this number 188,703 
acres were under wheat, and yielded 
2,109,544 bushels, the average to the acre 
being 11 bus. 11 lbs. In 1866-7 there were 
739,714 acres under cultivation, 457,628 
acres of which grew wheat, to the amount 
of 6,561,451 bushels; an average of 14 bus., 
20 lbs., to the acre. In 1874-5 there were 
1,330,484 acres cultivated, 839,638 of 
which were under wheat. The yield was 
9,862,693 bushels, an average of 11 bus., 
45 lbs., to the acre. 


EXHIBITS. 

There are several exhibits of woods. 
Some of these are of trees found in no 
other country and of great value; there 
are also shown specimens of timbers such as 
are in demand for building purposes and 
for cabinet wares. 

There are cases in which are shown 
samples of native cotton of fine quality, 
and also a few of the most important 
seeds. 

There is one large and well made gang 
plough, and all the necessary tools and 
pipes for driving wells. 


FRANCE. 

The agricultural interests of France are 
of great magnitude. Owing to the mild 
and steady climate, all the cereals are easily 
grown. A large portion of the southern 
part of the country is covered by immense 
vineyards, from the products of which are 
produced many famous wines. The timber 
lands are not large in comparison with 
other countries; this is owing to the age of 
the country, and the dense population: 
nevertheless, in the parts adjoining Spain, 
are immense tracts of land covered by 
valuable trees. Upon the mountains and 
meadows, are great flocks of sheep, the 
last census in regard to animals—that of 
1866—giving the number at 30,386,000. 


LIQUORS. 

Extending along the main aisle are 
several very splendid exhibits of wines 
and cognac. The cases—made mostly of 
black-walnut and ebonized wood—are in 
many instances of great beauty, being 
elaborately decorated with appropriate 
carvings, and having the sides and doors 
of plate glass. Located west of these is a 
neat case, made of a light wood, in which 
are shown liqueurs of a rich golden color. 
The bottles are of cut glass, of various 
sizes, and have, in the bottom of each a 
small quantity of gold leaf. The liqueur is 
the strongest beverage known, as in many 
instances it contains between ninety and 
one hundred per cent, of alcohol. 

Still further west of the above are ex¬ 
hibits of fine cognac brandies and min¬ 
eral waters and an abundance of olive oil. 
Further west of these is the exhibit of 

E. MERCIER & CO., of Epernay. This 
is one of the largest firms in the world for 
the culture of grapes and the manufacture 
of champagnes. Their vineyards, located 
in the southern portion of France, comprise 
some 36,000 acres, that yearly produce a 
sufficient quanity of grapes to make 30,000,- 
000 of bottles of wines. Their wine cellars 
are immense structures and are arranged 
so as to facilitate the work of storing and 
shipping. They exhibit an assortment of 
their wines, and various machines used in 
the manufacture. 

To the rear of this are shown several 
corking machines, of good device: one 
well made cider or grape press. Located 
near the main aisle is an attractive exhibit 









490 


AGRICULTURAL HALL—GERMANY. 


of soda water generators and all the 
machinery necessary for its manufacture. 


CEREALS. 

There is a well arranged display of the 
products of the soil of France. The speci¬ 
mens are arranged in clear glass jars, upon 
which are plain labels. There are also 
sheaves of the grains placed at stations 
so as to add much to the general attrac¬ 
tiveness of the exhibit. 

V1LMORIN, AUDRIEUX & CO— 
These gentlemen are seed growers of 
Paris. They have a large square space, 
upon three sides of which are walls made 
of handsomely grained white woods. Up 
on these are displayed tints of fruits; they 
are splendidly and accurately delineated, 
and represent an almost endless variety of 
fruits and grains. 

In neighboring exhibits are immense 
quantities of maccaroni, arranged in hand¬ 
some cases made of ebonized and oiled 
woods.. 

Near the above are samples of flax, of 
the finest quality, and of a length and 
strength of fiber unexcelled. 

In one case are specimens of loaf-sugar 
of excellent quality. 


GRAIN SEPARATORS. 

In this department there are no exhibits 
of agricultural implements, though there 
are several machines well adapted for 
manipulating the grain after it is har¬ 
vested. 

JPH. PERNOLLET, Paris—Exhibit 
of a grain separator. This machine con¬ 
sists of long revolving cylinders that are 
pierced with holes of different sizes. It 
is similar in construction and operation to 
the large coal sieves. 

Several large mill-stones, of splendid 
quality. 

In the French, as in all other depart¬ 
ments, are exhibits that are of great im- 
portance, though they do not require a 
heading of their own—all these will be 
styled, 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

In the western extremity of the depart¬ 
ment is an exceedingly interesting exhibit 
of cement. Here is shown a block of 
Portland cement that has been lying in 


the sea for more than sixteen years, and 
still preserves its original contour, showing 
not the least indication of decay. Here 
are also displayed blocks of the cement 
that are suspended from a stout beam, and 
hold a platform upon which are placed 
heavy weights. In this way their great 
tensile strength is made evident. 

Next to the above is an exhibit of hy¬ 
draulic lime and Portland cement, suitable 
for cupola building, &c. Also a great va¬ 
riety of bricks and tiles made of these sub¬ 
stances. 

There is a very interesting exhibit of 
clay crucibles, ovens, and retorts; the ar¬ 
ticles are excellently made. 

L. PAUPIER, Paris.—This gentleman 
presents a large display of platform and 
beam scales, the most noticeable being an 
immense wagon scale, and a pen scale for 
weighing cattle. The articles are all fin¬ 
ished in a most superior style. 

C. DAGAND, Paris.—A pleasing ex¬ 
hibit of patent coffee pots. 

Near this is an assortment of emery 
wheels, of the finest quality. A large and 
varied exhibit of strongly made willow 
baskets, of every imaginable shape. 

The French exhibit in this building is 
not so much a display of agricultural pro¬ 
ducts and implements, as it is of domestic 
apparatus. The assortment of the native 
wines and liquors is comprehensive, and 
shows to what an enormous industry the 
culture of grapes has grown. Seeds of 
many of the most famous kinds have been 
sent to California, where they have been 
grown extensively, and have produced a 
most superior wine. 


GERMANY. 

This country is composed of high table 
lands in the southern and middle portion, 
and low, sandy plains in the upper. The 
people have always maintained a high rep¬ 
utation as agriculturists. Their exhibit is 
composed of products of the soil and man¬ 
ufactures. 


WINES. 

SOHLEIN & CO., RHENISH SPARK¬ 
LING WINE CO., Schierstein.—This ex¬ 
hibit consists of four square columns, that 
are placed, one at each corner of a raised, 
square platform. Four gigantic wine bot¬ 
tles are placed on them. Upon the panels 


* 


i 











AGRICULTURAL HALL-AUSTRIA, 


of the sides are packed bottles containing 
the famous Rhine wines. This case faces 
the main aisle, and has upon its left an 
elegantly carved open cabinet case, in 
which are shown receptacles of all kinds, 
filled with liquors. Further to the left, 
and to the rear of these, are other exhibits 
of wines and liquors, all shown in varied 
and elegant cases. One is a very perfect 
model of a wine cellar filled with kegs. 

Here are also exhibited assortments of 
essences and fruit extracts; also barrels of 
cherry juice. All of the articles are of 
the best quality, and are arranged with 
great care and taste. 

Exhibits of samples of wool of the finest 
quality; also an assortment of curled hair. 
Quantities of sealing wax of various colors, 
and glue. Loaf-sugars, and an immense 
variety of fancy confectionery of every 
description. 

There are several large exhibits of leaf- 
tobacco, and the article for chewing and 
smoking. In a country where the pipe is 
almost universally patronized, it becomes a 
necessity to supply the demand at home. 
For this reason some of the finest grades 
of the products are prepared especially for 
the pipe. Here are also shown cigar 
molds made of wood. 


AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. 

The only implements exhibited are 
scythe blades, that are all arranged upon 
one large pillar. They differ from those cf 
American manufacture in being much 
broader, and of a thinner metal, having a 
heavy rim along the back. They are 
sharpened by hammering. They also 
show grain separators, that are revolving 
cylinders, filled with holes of various sizes. 


AUSTRIA. 

Austria is an extremely mountainous 
country, yet it has a climate that is very 
favorable. It being a great distance from 
the sea, all the winds are well tempered 
before they reach it. In the lower por¬ 
tions are grown many of the tropical fruits 
—oranges, lemons, and olives. In the 
middle and upper parts are found excellent 
crops of all the grains. The culture of 
silk worms is an industry of the greatest 
importance, and is of considerable magni¬ 
tude. The silk raised annually is valued 
at $12,000,000. An industry that has but 
23 


NETHERLANDS. 


recently become of any magnitude, is the 
growing, of cotton. The manufacture of 
tobacco is carried on entirely by the gov¬ 
ernment, and is of great value, as it yielded 
a revenue in 1873, of nearly $12,000,000. 

The exhibit consists of wines and liquors 
of excellent quality, and shown in hand¬ 
some cases made of ebonized and oiled 
woods; also assortments of essences and 
flavors;, cases of citron, and confectionery 
of all kinds, attractively shown. 


AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS. 

Under this head are shown quantities 
of Hungarian flax of the best quality; this 
product is grown in great abundance, and 
is a valuable and important crop. In glass 
jars and in sheaves, are exhibited samples 
of the most prominent grains, all of which 
are of unusual size, and are tastefully and 
attractively shown. 

One very essential feature of the exhibit 
is the display of native timbers. The 
most valuable of these are shown in large 
thin sheets, for veneering. They comprise 
several kinds of importance in fine cabinet 
work, and find a ready market among the 
piano manufacturers. Here are also shown 
very perfect sounding boards for pianos. 


IMPLEMENTS. 

Here are exhibits of scythe blades, that 
are similar to those from Germany. Also 
a large assortment of sickles of all sizes. 
The department is well shown, and is very 
pleasing and attractive. 


NETHERLANDS. 

The land of this country is remarkably 
low, and is traversed in every direction by 
both large and small canals. These are 
built to facilitate transportation, and to irri¬ 
gate the country. In agricultural pursuits 
the inhabitants have been famous for years, 
and though much annoyed by having a 
changeable climate and short season, they 
generally contrive to raise a valuable crop.. 
In the breeding of live stock of every de. 
scription, they have been long and very 
successfully engaged. The exhibit they 
have sent to this country of agricultural 
products and domestic manufactures* is 
arranged with great care, and has the na- 
tional characteristic of being economical, 
useful, and substantial. 
















492 


AGRICULTURAL HALL-SWEDEN. 


In the northeast corner of the space allot¬ 
ted to this country is a large pavilion, of 
pleasing form. It is decorated with paints 
of rich and varied colors, and is divided 
into several cases designed to contain liquors 
from several of the oldest and largest firms 
of Netherlands. 

WYNAND FOCKINK.—This house 
was established in 1679, and distil Dutch 
liquors of the highest grade. In the many 
compartments, the originality and taste 
shown by each exhibitor in the arrange¬ 
ment of his goods, adds much to the gen¬ 
eral effect. 

Outside of this pavilion are other exhib¬ 
its of liquors. 

Near these are many attractive exhibits 
of canned and preserved fruits, that are 
perfect in shape and of a superior flavor. 
In connection with these are also shown 
specimens of preserved vegetables and 
meats. In handsome cases are shown 
quantities of fancy confectionery. 

SOCIETY OF THE DUTCH AGRI¬ 
CULTURE, North and South Holland.— 
This Society has exhibited a comprehensive 
assortment of the products of the soil, con¬ 
sisting of samples of all the grains, both 
in sheaves and separated, and blocks of 
the native timbers. The cereals are of 
good size, and were grown upon land that 
yielded a large percentage to the acre. 
The woods are all cut so as to permit a 
minute inspection of the grains. In one 
compartment is an assortment of bulbs and 
plants of flowers and shrubs. A desk 
case encircles the entire stand, and con¬ 
tains several of the well known and easily 
perceived Dutch cheeses. Large samples 
of flax of excellent quality, and flax seed. 
Cases of cigars, and bunches of high grade 
leaf tobacco. 

THE DUTCH AGRICULTURAL SO¬ 
CIETY, of Zeeland.—The exhibit made 
by this Society is arranged upon a pyra¬ 
midal stand, located in the extreme western 
portion of the department. The grains of 
all kinds are shown in glass jars, and in 
small cases with covers of glass. Here are 
also shown cross sections of the native 
timbers, some of the samples being of 
trees of great value for building purposes, 
and for cabinet making. All the materials 
in the exhibit are of superior quality, and 
are so arranged as to be conveniently ex¬ 
amined. 

AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY, of 


Guelderland.—Upon a stand similar in 
construction to the former, are samples of 
the agricultural products, consisting of a 
fine grade of leaf tobacco, and blocks of 
native timbers so cut as to make plain the 
beautiful grains. Upon one side of the 
stand are beehives made of straw, a sub¬ 
stance that on account of its profusion and 
cheapness is admirably adapted to the pur¬ 
pose. There are also shown a great many 
wooden shoes, such as are worn by the 
lower classes. They consist of a pine log, 
hollowed out sufficiently to admit the foot. 

Near the exhibits made by the above 
varieties are cases of feathers for pillow 
and bed stuffing; very perfectly made 
models of sailing vessels; heavy cordage, 
anchors, and buoys. Suspended from the 
rafters of the Hall is one of the largest 
seines upon exhibition; here are also shown 
sieve hoops and bent woods for felloes of 
wheels. Adjoining these are quantities 
of cork, and pictures made of cork. These 
are exquisitely executed, and consist of 
fruits and vines. Near these are exhib¬ 
its of starch, and a fine grade of potato 
flour. 


SWEDEN. 

It is estimated that more than eight per 
cent, of the land of Sweden lies at an ele¬ 
vation above 2,000 feet. The climate is 
generally mild and steady, though the 
summers are short. The country is more 
perfectly irrigated than any other. A 
large portion is covered by dense forests 
that have been the growth of centuries, 
and that are of great value. The products 
of the soil are those that will mature rap¬ 
idly, and do not require excessive warmth. 
One of the most important industries is the 
raising of livd stock, for which the maxi¬ 
mum portion of the country seems to be 
especially fitted. The displays sent from 
Sweden are well worthy and will bear the 
closest examination. 

Extending the entire length of one side 
of this department is a series of plows, con¬ 
structed entirely of iron and steel. They 
are similar to ours in form, though most of 
the mould-boards have a much more sud¬ 
den curve, and will therefore turn the sod 
quicker. They are all strongly made, and 
of the best materials. 

In the center of the space are several 
handsome cases containing fancy crackers 








493 


AGRICULTURAL HALL-NORWAY, NORWAY FISHERIES, DENMARK. 


of every description; also exhibits of con¬ 
fectionery; cases of preserved fruits, veg¬ 
etables, and boxes of sardines. 

Upon an octagonal case, made of beau¬ 
tiful woods, and shown in small compart¬ 
ments. are specimens of the native cereals, 
of good size. Adjoining these displays are 
a great number of sheaves of the different 
grains. 

Arranged in small china jars, and placed 
so as to be conveniently examined, are 
samples of the flours, and a few of the 
other products. Near these are exhibits 
of scythes, made of good materials. 

In large glass jars are specimens of most 
of the valuable fish. Surrounding the de¬ 
partment, and suspended from the rafters 
of the building, are fishing nets of every 
imaginable kind. In one corner is ar¬ 
ranged all the necessary apparatus, and 
perfect models of the vessels used in the 
fisheries. 

Hanging upon the wall in the rear of the 
space is a large and varied assortment of 
tanned hides. These comprise leathers 
that are of the most value to the manufac¬ 
turer. They are of unusual size, and are 
excellently cured. The entire exhibit is 
displayed with great care and taste. 


NORWAY. 

The short, cool seasons in Norway, the 
high average elevation, and the close prox¬ 
imity to the ocean, make it extremely haz¬ 
ardous and difficult to raise the cereals. 
Owing to these disadvantages, the inhabi¬ 
tants only grow the most hardy. Their 
principle agricultural products are wheat, 
oats, and corn. The raising of live stock 
is a much more important industry, and it 
is here we find an animal used as a beast 
of burden, that is not even known in lower 
Europe—the reindeer; they are employed 
in immense numbers. 

They present an exhibit consisting of 
fine qualities of liquors, handsomely bot¬ 
tled and neatly shown; a quantity of pre¬ 
serving compounds. In the southern por¬ 
tions of the country tobacco is grown— 
they show cigars and leaf tobacco of excel¬ 
lent quality; samples of the native pines; 
these trees grow to an enormous height, 
and are especially valuable in shipbuilding. 
An exhibit of samples of all the grains 
grown in the country. In one corner of 
the space is a life-sized figure of a native 


sitting in his sleigh driving a reindeer. 
There is a large and w r ell-shown collection 
of tanned hides. 

The only farm implements shown are 
plows, and one revolving harrow. These 
are of admirable pattern, and are strongly 
made. 


NORWAY FISHERIES. 

The inhabitants of Norway have always 
been reported as being fearless and zealous 
fishermen. Their country is so located as 
to give them every possible advantage. 
Their own markets have most liberally 
consumed their results, as in a climate so 
rigid, fish forms a most desirable edible. 
The exhibit of this industry is situated in 
the northwest corner of the building. The 
space occupied by it is nearly square, and 
is enclosed by fishing nets of every descrip¬ 
tion, from the small scoop net to the 
immense seine. A great number of these 
are also draped from the rafters, and com¬ 
bined with flags of different colors form a 
pleasing feature of the display. Placed in 
desk cases extending the entire length of 
one side, and contained in large glass jars, 
are preserved specimens of the native fish. 
Upon open cases in the center of the space 
are still other samples of the larger kinds. 
They also show models of fishing boats of 
every description. These are very perr 
fectly constructed, and represent both the 
ancient and modern craft. A noticeable 
characteristic of all the vessels, is their 
strong and substantial build, and their 
great width in comparison with the length. 
Some are rigged with square sails, the 
mast being placed near the center; others 
have sails similar to our yachts. Still 
others have the leg-of-mutton sail, that 
extends from the bow to the head of mast, 
that is placed abaft of the center. Occupy¬ 
ing the interior of the department are two 
oblong cases filled with salt fish, and a 
desk case, in which are stuffed denizens of 
the sea, of large size. Arranged in differ¬ 
ent parts of the space are the various 
implements used in the fisheries. The 
exhibit is comprehensive, well arranged, 
and represents a rich and important indus¬ 
try. 

DENMARK. 

This country has natural and artificial 
advantages, that have made it most success- 











494 


AGRICULTURAL HALL-RUSSIA. 


ful in the raising of grains. It has a 
salubrious climate, is well located, and has 
a system of irrigation of infinite value. 
As a consequence, the annual yield of 
grains is estimated to be 100,000,000 
bushels, and of potatoes 200,000,000 bar¬ 
rels. A very important industry is the 
raising of horned cattle, horses, and 
several kinds of the domestic animals, of 
less value. The exhibits, sent by the man¬ 
ufacturers themselves, are small, though 
well arranged and attractive. The space 
occupied by it is near the center of the 
Hall. The department is square and is 
entirely sourrounded by a neat wooden 
railing. Upon the rear side, and placed 
in glass jars are samples of many of the 
native grains. Placed against the wall, 
directly over these are sheaves of several 
of the cereals. Upon these and upon 
elegant stands in the center of the depart¬ 
ment are exhibits of the native wines, of 
superior quality, and of all kinds. All the 
goods are well worthy a close scrutiny, 
and though not so profusely shown as 
those from their near neighbors, deserve 
the highest praise, as they are illustrations 
of individual enterprise. All the exhibit¬ 
ors from Demark were compelled to defray 
their own expenses, receiving no encou¬ 
ragement whatever from the government. 


RUSSIA. 

Russia in its middle and lower portions 
is eminently an agricultural country. The 
land is extremely rich, hardly ever 
requires fertilizing, and is so vast in its 
proportions, that husbandry is practiced in 
what is known as the “three-field ” system, 
in which one-third of the land is always 
resting. The country is well drained nat¬ 
urally, and on account of its great latitud¬ 
inal extent, plants from all climes thrive 
and flourish. All the cereals are grown, 
yet, owing to the primitive state of trans¬ 
portation, but small quantities comparative¬ 
ly find a foreign market. In the northen 
portion, the raising of all kinds of domestic 
animals is a most prominent and valuable 
industry. The exhibit from Russia in this 
building is of the same elegance of con¬ 
tents and symmetry of arrangement, as 
those from it in the Main Building and 
Machinery Hall. It is located in the cen¬ 
ter of the western half of the Hall, and 
occupies a large, square space. 


The exhibits of liquors, extracts, essences, 
&c., are arranged with great care, and in 
many instances are contained in bottles 
peculiar to the country. The cases are 
made generally of black walnut, and are of 
shape that show the goods to the best 
advantage. One of the largest displays is 
from the 

BRANDY DISTILLING CO., of 
Kazar, and consists of brandies and liq¬ 
uors of splendid quality. They are con¬ 
tained in cut glass bottles of every imagi¬ 
nable shape, arranged upon a high frame 
of black walnut. 

There are two cases in which are leaf 
tobaccos, fine cuts, and Russian cigarettes. 

Arranged upon a sloping stand, of 
eight sides, are samples of the cereals. 
They are contained in bags and kegs, 
furnished with glass covers. The grains 
are all of the largest size. Adorning a 
massive column in the center of the stand 
are sheaves of grain. Upon another stand, 
of similar construction, are barrels of seeds, 
and in glass jars, that resemble in shape 
the head of the mushroom, are cottons, both 
in the ball and picked. Still another stand 
contains other specimens of the grains, the 
samples all being of large size, and in 
positions that favor a close examination. 

Three large pillars have arms radiating 
from near the top, that support large rims 
of iron. Depending from these are large 
bundles of flax and hemp. In other places 
in the department, are assortments of the 
raw materials, and of rope of all kinds. 

In one corner of the space is a collection 
of plaited willow baskets, coarse shoes and 
ropes made of strips of bark, mats and 
baskets of every description constructed of 
split woods, and boxes of all sizes made of 
birch bark. This display consists of 
articles made and designed to be used by 
the lower classes. 

There are large and varied assortments 
of sealing wax; fancy and laundry soaps. 
A collection of rape seed oil, and pressed 
oil cakes. Traveling trunks made of thick 
wood, that are in many instances not only 
hooped in iron but completely sheathed 
in it. There are many large exhibits of 
raw wools of the finest quality and of 
various kinds. One case of heavy felt 
over-shoes; these are very thick and dura¬ 
ble, and are well suited for cold cli¬ 
mates. One circular case contains a fine 
display of heavy fur clothing. There are 





AGRICULTURAL HALL—SPAIN. 


495 


three cases of samples of loaf sugar, of 
very superior quality. Here are also 
exhibits of confectionery and cakes. 

Near the center of the department is a 
small pavilion, painted a rich red, and 
elaborately ornamented with carvings; 
the four sides are open, and under and 
above desk cases are the exhibits. Upon 
one side are specimens of the house¬ 
hold, garden, and fishing implements used 
by the lower orders of the people. On the 
south side are harnesses of all kinds, made 
extra strong and having the mountings 
plated ; also horse furniture of every 
description; fishing nets and implements; 
a trunk bound with tin; various articles of 
clothing and a rudely constructed child’s 
sled, made entirely of wood. The opposite 
side contains brass and tin kitchen utensils, 
tiles upon which are sacred pictures, and 
a great number of images, and fancy orna¬ 
ments. Upon the other two sides are 
large waiters and tea sets of earthern ware, 
neatly ornamented; several small figures 
dressed in the peasant costumes, and an 
assortment of toys. The display is extra¬ 
ordinary and exceedingly pleasing. 

Near the above is one case of wax fruit 
and candles. Several cases of cigars and 
cigarettes. 

The only agricultural implements exhib¬ 
ited are two well made reapers, two small 
threshing machines and two separators. 
These are all of excellent pattern and are 
built of the best material. 

The displays in the three exhibition 
buildings, from Russia, have invariably 
been pronounced, by the impartial visitors, 
superior to all others in the rare elegance 
of the materials, the variety of the as¬ 
sortments, and in the systematical arrange¬ 
ment. We were informed by one of the 
Russian commissioners, of another extra¬ 
ordinary and meritorious fact, viz: in the 
whole exhibit there is not one imitation 
article; all are strictly genuine. 


SPAIN. 

Spain is eminently an agricultural 
country. The climate and soil are favora¬ 
ble to the rapid and full development of 
the products, the cereals are all grown in 
abundance, and are large and well filled. 
Grapes for the manufacture of wines and 
raisins are extensively cultivated. Heavy 
timber lands are scattered in various por¬ 


tions; some of the most valuable woods 
come from the slopes of the Pyrennees. 

The Spanish exhibit is surrounded by a 
high and attractive wall. This is made of 
pine, and is most elaborately decorated 
with carvings and different colored paints. 
The entrances—four in number—are placed 
in the centre of the sides. The one in the 
side facing the main aisle, is very high and 
wide, and is most profusely ornamented 
with fancy wood-work. This enclosure 
forms a most prominent and pleasing 
feature of the display. The side and rear 
wall are divided into numerous small com¬ 
partments in which are samples of all the 
known grains. This method of displaying 
these articles is entirely different from that 
of any other country, and has great advan¬ 
tages in being easily accessible and con¬ 
veniently examined. Under the arches of 
the main gate are shown the native wines, 
contained in elegant bottles. In the 
interior the exhibits of wines and liquors 
comprise many kinds that are manufac¬ 
tured exclusively in Spain. The cases in 
which these are shown, are of elegant 
shapes and made of rich and costly mate¬ 
rials. In the grouping and general 
arrangement there is great taste displayed. 

In this country all classes use tobacco, 
to a great extent. The most prevalent 
custom is the smoking of cigarettes. 
These are made of the very best grade of 
tobacco, and are consumed by young and 
old, male and female. As a consequence 
we find large and attractive displays of 
cigars and cigarettes. For the convenience 
of those who prefer to roll them over, are 
made long cut tobaccos and small books 
containing paper of the best quality. All 
the displays of tobacco are contained in 
very elegant cases, constructed of costly 
wood, and enclosed in plate glass. Several 
are profusely ornamented with gilt and 
brilliantly colored paints. Near the above 
exhibits are cases of oil of olives. 

In the interior of the court, there is a 
sloping shelf, extending from the top of 
the wall to within about three feet of the 
floor; arranged upon this are many varied 
and elegant exhibits. 

The grains are exhibited in glass jars and 
comprise samples of all those grown in 
the country. In close proximity to these 
are shown the flours that are made 
from them. There are also exhibits of 
cocoons and quantities of raw silk. Upon 









49G 


AGRICULTURAL HALL—PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, PORTUGAL. 


one stand are shown wools of various 
kinds, and of splendid quality. In the 
center of the department is a rustic arbor, 
of unique and inviting appearance. In the 
interior is an assortment of resin and resin¬ 
ous products. 

Suspended from the rafters directly over 
the department are dressed and raw hides 
of all kinds. 

In one corner of the space is a very 
attractive collection composed of many 
small figures, constructed to show the 
national costumes. These are remarkable 
for their brilliant color, and for the great 
taste displayed in their arrangement. 

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 

The exhibits from these islands consist 
of quantities of hemp, of a long and re¬ 
markable fine fiber. Also an assortment 
of cordage and strips of fibrous bark. 
The land of these islands is extremely 
fertile, though it has not been very exten¬ 
sively utilized. This, with the mild cli¬ 
mate, will eventually make of them very 
valuable farming lands; the woods found 
native here comprise many of the most 
serviceable kinds. 


PORTUGAL. 

The climate of this country is generally 
mild, the land is high, and naturally rich. 
The native growth consists of timbers,' 
valuable for building purposes, and for 
cabinets. All the grains are most success¬ 
fully grown, as those requiring a cool 
temperature, are sown in the table lands, 
while those needing a more temperate 
region are placed below. 

One of the spaces allotted to this 
country, faces the main aisle near the 
centre of the building. In a triangular 
space in front is the largest display of 
cork in the exhibition. It consists of 
pieces of the bark, varying in thickness 
from one-half an inch to nearly three, and 
of all widths. There is no attempt at 
arrangement, the specimens being merely 
thrown in a heap. At one corner are 
round glass jars filled with finished corks 
of all sizes. 

Most of the goods in this department are 
shown in desk cases from the backs of 
which rise large vertical stands. These 
are painted in agreeable colors, in good 
contrast with the contents. In these are 


specimens of the native wines of every 
description. The quantity shown is im¬ 
mense and of great value. 

There are also cans of fancy biscuits, large 
exhibits of maccaroni of all kinds and of 
every imaginable shape. 

Cigars, tobacco in the leaf, and cigarettes 
of the best quality. These articles are 
shown in great profusion and in very ele¬ 
gant cases. There are exhibits of canned, 
preserved, and dried fruits, and boxes of 
sardines. 

The agricultural products of the country 
are shown in conically shaped glass jars. 
They are placed upon stands of a con¬ 
venient height. They are all systematically 
arranged and plainly labeled. All the 
grains are of excellent size; beside these 
are jars containing ground grains of every 
description. 

There are several large exhibits of 
tanned leathers, both plain and fancy. 
All the exhibits in the department are 
attractively shown and of excellent mate¬ 
rials. 


EAST INDIA AND AFRICAN POSSES¬ 
SIONS OF PORTUGAL 

The space allotted these colonies is in 
the southeastern corner of the building. 
The cases in which the exhibits are dis¬ 
played are similar in construction and 
adornment to those in the Portuguese de¬ 
partment. They contain large quantities 
of very excellent liquors of various kinds. 

Samples of the grains are attractively 
exhibited, being placed in clear glass jars, 
standing upon an open case. In this de¬ 
partment we find an exhibit the like of 
which is not found elsewhere in the 
grounds. This is a large and varied dis¬ 
play of samples of all the nuts found in the 
colonies. Many of them are extremely 
nutritious, and in some seasons form the 
only food of the natives. Near these are 
many jars containing specimens of cottons 
and wools, that are all of the finest tex¬ 
ture. 

Here, also, we find one of the best col¬ 
lection of woods in the Hall, both in the 
manner in which it is arranged and the 
rare and valuable kinds. All the samples 
are cut in oblong blocks, so as to show the 
sides and ends. Where the wood would 
receive it, it has been polished. The 
grains in many instances are very beauti- 










AGRICULTURAL HALL—ITALY, JAPAN. 


497 


ful, while the texture is so fine that it will 
receive and retain a high polish. Some of 
the timbers shown are of kinds that are 
only found in tropical countries, and that 
have always been of great value for costly 
cabinet works. 

Adjoining the above is a group of cala¬ 
bashes, woven baskets and bowls, and ele¬ 
phants’ tusks. These articles were made 
by the natives, and in the case of the 
calabashes are elaborately decorated with 
unique carvings. The work upon these 
shows an immense amount of patience and 
a skill well worthy of being trained. 

One case contains jars of native herbs 
and roots, containing medicinal proper¬ 
ties. 

There are several groups of relics made 
by the natives, consisting of knives and 
hatchets, with fancifully carved handles, 
an instrument resembling our adze, a great 
many spears, darts, and bows and arrows, 
shields made of tough hides, and a great 
variety of ornaments. There are also two 
of the native drums, rudely constructed, 
and yet more pleasing to the savage ear 
than the most costly instrument made by 
civilized people. There is also an exhibit 
of leaf and plug tobaccos. 

These exhibits, though of no real value 
or utility, are of interest to all classes of 
visitors, and greatly relieve the monotony 
of the displays. 


ITALY. 

"When approaching the Italian Depart¬ 
ment, the aspect of the whole is made ex¬ 
ceedingly pleasing by the elegance of the 
show-cases, the brilliant colors of the dis¬ 
plays, and the drapery of flags. The 
space is square, and is located in the 
southeast corner of the Hall. The desk 
cases are so placed as to surround the 
whole space; the upright cases, made of 
beautiful woods and of pleasing forms, are 
grouped in the center. Some of the in¬ 
terior exhibits are placed upon stands that 
are pyramidal in shape. The desk cases 
upon the south side contain assortments 
of the national dish—macaroni and vermi¬ 
celli. This substance is made of the best 
quality of wheat. The grain is first 
ground, and then mixed with pure water. 
As there is no aerating agent used, the 
substance when dry is remarkably hard 
and tasteless. In itself it is useless as an 


edible, yet it forms a splendid vehicle for 
strong flavors. 

The cereals grown in the country are 
shown in conveniently-placed cases and in 
sheaves, tastefully arranged. The princi¬ 
pal grain raised is wheat; this is grown 
throughout the entire country, and is of 
most excellent quality. 

The greater portion of the exhibit is 
composed of native liquors. One of the 
most prominent agricultural pursuits in 
Italy is the culture of grapes for the man¬ 
ufacture of wine. For this purpose some 
of the best land on the peninsula is used, 
and by the great advantage of having a 
mild and steady climate and an excellent 
grape, they produce several very superior 
qualities. The exhibit of the products of 
this industry is exceedingly varied. The 
bottles in which these wines are contained 
are in most instances costly and of rare 
elegance, being varied in shape and most 
exquisitely cut. They are arranged upon 
pyramidal and cabinet cases, of handsome 
designs. 

In the eastern extremity of the space is 
an exhibit of lithographic stones of the 
finest quality; an assortment, large and 
attractively shown, of plain and fancy 
leathers of all kinds; an exhibit of sub¬ 
stantial ropes and heavy cordage; one case 
of excellent sardines. Here, as in all 
other exhibits in this building, we find a 
case of preserved fruits, vegetables, and 
meats; also a display of cured pork and 
the famous Bologna sausages. 


• JAPAN. 

The climate of this country is remarka¬ 
ble for its extremes, being exceedingly hot 
and sultry in summer, and fearfully cold in 
winter; yet the autumn months are tem¬ 
perate and steady, and, in combination 
with a naturally rich, well-irrigated soil, 
yield several rare and extremely valuable 
vegetable productions. The lacquer, for 
which the country has long been famous, 
is almost entirely a product of nature, and 
requires but a few mechanical operations 
to be ready for use. It consists merely 
of the sap of the Rhus vernicifera , which 
is cultivated especially for its production. 
The trees, when five years old, are regu¬ 
larly tapped from the end of May until the 
end of October, incisions being made in 
the bark extending about one-quarter of the 










i 


The above Engraving is not intended to represent any particular exhibit, but to 
give those who have not seen the exhibition an idea of how the exhibits of brandies, 
wines, ales, etc., were arranged. There was a great variety in style of arranging 
them—some in square cases, some in eight square, in fact almost every conceivable 
style—all very neat. This class of exhibits covered half of an acre or more in the 
Agricultural Hall. 

There were in Agricultural Hall, according to the official Catalogue, exhibits of 
Wines, Liquors, Ale, Beer, etc.,in whole or in part numbers as follows: United 
States, 38; Great Britain and Colonies, 31 ; France, 95; Germany, 29; Austria, 28; 
Netherlands, 22; Italy, 123; Brazil, 43; Argentine Republic, 65; Portugal and 
Colonies, 706 ; Russia, 33; Philippian Islands, 2. Of course it would be useless to 
undertake to describe all of these from their similarity. 








































































































AGRICULTURAL HALL-JAPAN. 


499 


circumference of the trunk, and just deep 
enough to reach the wood. On the incis¬ 
ion being made, clear sap flows out, min¬ 
gled with a very white, milky substance, 
that darkens very soon when exposed to 
the air, and gradually assumes a dark 
brown and almost black color. At first 
these incisions are made a short distance 
from each other, on alternate sides of the 
trunk, and the lacquer is taken off with an 
iron spatula as soon as it has filled the 
cuts. After an interval of three or four 
days, new incisions are made close above 
and below the former cuttings. Proceed¬ 
ing in this manner until the end of the 
season, the whole tree becomes covered 
with incisions, and has to be cut down. 
The branches are lopped off, soaked in 
water, and also tapped by means of holes 
made in a spiral line. The lacquer taken 
from these becomes very hard, and is 
therefore mostly used for priming. The 
quality of the crude lacquer depends upon 
the season in which it has been gathered, 
and also on the circumstances of climate and 
soil, as well as on the care bestowed upon the 
cultivation of the tree. The raw product 
is a viscous liquid, of a dirty gray color, 
and mixed with particles of the bark of 
the tree and other accidental impurities. 
Having been placed in small wooden tubs, 
lined with paper, it is allowed to settle 
gradually. It divides into two portions, 
the upper half being the best. These are 
separated by decanting, and are strained 
through cotton cloth. The superior qual¬ 
ity is stirred in the open air in order to 
allow a certain excess of water to evapor¬ 
ate. In this layer it appears transparent, 
with a brown color, similar to that of shel¬ 
lac, The further operations are generally 
effected by the workman himself before 
using it. They consist of mixing it with 
powdered substances, with a view of either 
hardening or coloring it, and of straining 
the pure lacquer, or the mixture, through 
a peculiar long-fibred paper made for the 
purpose. The black lacquer is produced 
without the addition of any solid particles, 
such as lampblack or similar substances, 
but merely by stirring the raw sap for one 
or two days in the open air, whereupon it 
assumes a very dark brown color. To¬ 
wards the end of the operation, a small 
quantity of water, that has been allowed to 
stand for a few days mingled with iron 
filings, or a gall-nut, is added, and the 


whole is agitated again until part of the 
water has evaporated. The addition of 
this water is said to be absolutely neces¬ 
sary for producing the highest brilliancy 
and darkness of the lacquer. Amongst 
the peculiar properties of lacquer, it may 
be mentioned that it is slightly poisonous, 
and often produces eruptions on the skin, 
headache, &c. 

Before beginning to lacquer, the work¬ 
man sometimes lines the exterior of the 
object, and especially the joints and cor¬ 
ners, with linen gauze, pasted on with raw 
gum, so as to give the object greater solid¬ 
ity and to prevent its breaking. The 
primary coatings are put on with a mix¬ 
ture of raw lacquer and burnt clay dust. 
When hardened they are rubbed with a 
grindstone to polish the surface. The 
next two or three layers are done with 
inferior kinds of the black or colored lac¬ 
quer, according to the color to be pro¬ 
duced. It is applied in the first place with 
a wooden spatula, and afterwards with a 
very stiff, flat brush. The surface is then 
ground with charcoal and water. The 
freshly prepared articles are placed in 
large wooden boxes, the insides of which 
have been sprinkled or washed with water, 
so that the process of hardening takes 
place in a damp and dark atmosphere. 
This operation is absolutely necessary to 
produce a fine appearance. The final coat¬ 
ing is of the best lacquer of the kind re¬ 
quired, and it is then polished with 
powdered deer’s horn. 

We have devoted this space to the above 
details because the Japanese produce the 
best lacquers in the world, and also because 
but few people understand the process. 

On the islands are also found vegetable 
wax, camphor trees, and the tea and tobac¬ 
co plant. The silk and cotton industries 
are extensive. The cereals have not yet 
been cultivated to any great extent. 

The exhibit from this country is located 
in the southwest corner of the Hall, where 
the hurried visitor is not likely to perceive it. 
The articles are shown in desk cases that 
are covered with * bright yellow cloths. 
The display as a whole is one of the most 
complete and best arranged in the Hall. 


TOBACCO. 

Entering the department from the main 
aisle, we first encounter an exhibit of to- 









500 


AGRICULTURAL HALL-JAPAN. 


bacco. This article is shown in bunches 
of the leaves, and cut fine for smoking. It 
is of excellent quality, and is shown pro¬ 
fusely. 


TEA. 

The culture and preparation of tea for 
the market is one of the largest industries 
in Japan. In this exhibit are boxes with 
glass lids, in which are shown several 
kinds of tea. In gathering or picking the 
leaves very large shallow baskets are used; 
several of these are shown. After the 
leaves have been collected, it is necessary 
to thoroughly dry them. To accomplish 
this a slight frame is built, to hold several 
baskets. These, when filled, are placed in 
position, and left until the heat from the 
sun has prepared them for market. There 
are also displayed drawings of the meth¬ 
ods of planting, and specimens of the 
leaves during the different stages of their 
growth; also the frames and mats used for 
drying. 


FISHING UTENSILS. 

At the rear of the department are fish¬ 
ing nets of all sizes, and well suited for 
the capture of fish of every description. 
Also a great many single and jointed 
bamboo poles, very light and remarkably 
strong. Several perfect models of boats; 
lines and hooks of all kinds, and many 
floats. 


SILK. 

This exhibit consists of representations 
of the different methods of cultivating the 
mulberry tree. These consist of models of 
hilly and low grounds, in which are placed 
small trees, to illustrate the exact manner 
in which they must be planted to thrive. 
The trees are divided into four kinds, to 
suit the position of the land and the qual¬ 
ity of the soil. The first one is the “ Ne- 
gari,” in which the trunk is cut off near 
the root; the second is the “Daigari,” in 
which the trunk is a little higher; the 
third is “Taka daigari,” a tree of middle 
size; the last is known as the “Zumiha,” 
a high tree. These kinds are chosen ac¬ 
cording to the ground, whether wet or dry, 
cold or warm. Also the location of the 
trees is considered, whether they have to 
stand upon a hill, or down near the river, 


or in sandy places that are often over¬ 
flowed. The process of planting them is 
as follows: In the winter or early spring, 
a hole is made about one and one-quarter 
feet in diameter, and one and one-half 
deep, in which the young tree is carefully 
placed, the roots being spread out on each 
side. It is then covered with garden mold 
half-way up, the remainder being filled with 
manure. The branches are bound up with 
straw to protect them. As soon as the 
weather becomes settled, they are uncov¬ 
ered and left to nature. 

The exhibit consists of quantities of 
cocoons and raw silk, called “ Ki-its.” The 
quality of the silk depends upon the kind 
of worms, the water used, and the skill of 
the workman; it also depends upon the 
way of cultivating the mulberry trees and 
on the rearing of the worms; and it is said 
by experts that no good silk is produced 
if one of these points be neglected. Here 
are shown small models of landscapes, upon 
which are the trees of different kinds. 

There are exhibits of skins of the native 
animals; quantities of raw cotton, and bark 
fibers for mats and ropes; exhibits of dried 
bacon, and assortments of vegetable isin¬ 
glass. Also displays of preserved fruits, 
and .soy, a kind of sauce made from fer¬ 
mented wheat and beans mixed with table 
salt. 

There is a large and attractive exhibit 
of woven baskets, wooden ladles, and many 
household articles. 


TIMBER. 

The woods from Japan are shown better 
than those from any other country. A 
board of the tree is cut and smoothed; it is 
divided into two equal parts by a line run¬ 
ning parallel to the grain; one-half is var¬ 
nished, the other is left plain. In this 
manner the grains are shown in their nat¬ 
ural condition, and as they appear when 
worked up. Upon the board is nailed a 
traverse section of the tree, upon the out¬ 
side of which the bark is left. A branch 
of the tree, with the leaves still on it, is 
also placed upon the board. Many of the 
woods are of great beauty and utility. 


AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. 

The only implements from this country 
are several strong and well made plows, 
harrows, and scythes, of excellent quality. 













» 


BRAZILIAN COTTON DISPLAY. 






















































































































































































































































































































































































































BRAZILIAN EXHIBITS IN AGRICULTURAL HALL 































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































... * 














































' 

























. 

■ 








. 























































AGRICULTURAL HALL-BRAZIL. 


505 


BRAZIL 

The greater portion of the population of 
Brazil is employed in agricultural pursuits, 
that are the principal source of the national 
wealth. Large expanses of the soil are 
yet covered with majestic virgin forests, 
and still preserve their primitive fertility, 
that largely and generously, compensates 
labor. The soils are remarkably rich, 
yielding a larger per cent, to the acre than 
any lands of Europe or Asia. 

Maize is extensively cultivated, especially 
in the southern provinces, where in the 
form of bread and meal it constitutes a nu¬ 
tritious food. The topographical forma¬ 
tion, the variety of climates, an abundance 
of pure water, and the almost general and 
constant force of vegetation, adapt the soils 
of this country, in a greater or less degree, 
to every plant in the world. These are 
especially favorable to European fruit trees, 
cereals, and legumes. 

There are immense plantations of sugar, 
rice, and coffee; and in smaller tracts are 
a variety of fruits, the different kinds of 
potatoes, and other tuberous plants. To¬ 
bacco is of native growth, and with the 
little cultivation it has already received, is 
of excellent quality. Cotton is grown on 
an immense scale, and is generally of a 
most superior quality. r 

Grapes are beginning to be cultivated, 
and last year the production of wine was 
large. 

One of the most valuable productions 
of the soil is the India rubber tree. The 
gums we receive from this country are 
much superior to those of any other. An¬ 
other important production is tapioca. It 
is extracted from the roots of the manioc 
or cassava, of which there are more than 
thirty varieties, and consists in the pulver¬ 
ulent substance that settles when the pulp 
of the roots, ground or pounded, is left in 
water for some time. This plant grows 
well in most soils, but thrives best in sandy 
ones. From the roots, farina, used as food 
in nearly all the provinces, is extracted, as 
well as an excellent starch, and other sub¬ 
stances extensively used; alcoholic drinks 
are also prepared, besides the sauce known 
by the name of tucujiy, much esteemed by 
the inhabitants of several provinces. An¬ 
other advantage is, that manioc does not 
require so much care or such good soil, 
neither does its preparation need such ex¬ 


pensive machinery, or agricultural imple¬ 
ments so complicated, as many other plants 
of less real value. Coffee is the chief arti¬ 
cle of Brazilian agriculture; no country 
produces so much, or of better quality. 

The natural breeding of horned cattle 
in Brazil yields considerable profits, not 
only because the outlay is limited, but be¬ 
cause the current expenses are small. 
Sheep breeding is of less importance, 
though it has recently increased. The 
horse and mule breeding, and of the other 
domestic animals, is of considerable impor¬ 
tance. 

Heavy capitalists are engaging exten¬ 
sively in the manufacture of sugar; compa¬ 
nies have been started in several localities 
for the purpose of erecting mills, in which 
the crop for the year can be utilized. In 
this way the industry has and will be in¬ 
creased, and it bids fair to become the 
leading and most valuable agricultural 
product of the country. 

The space devoted to the exhibit from 
this country is entirely surrounded by a 
solid wall about three feet high. All the 
pillars are extended to a height of about 
ten feet, and are made very ornamental 
by being handsomely turned. The panels 
in the base of the wall, and the columns, 
are painted with brilliant colors, in neat 
and pleasing patterns. From the tops of 
the pillars are draped the national colors; 
and adorning different prominent points 
of the department are coat-of-arms and 
streamers. By these simple means the 
appearance of the whole display is much 
enhanced, and made more attractive than 
many of the somber, unadorned exhibits 
that surround it. 


TIMBER. 

Brazil is exceedingly ricb in many of 
the most valued woods preferred by engi¬ 
neers, cabinet makers, and architects, for 
ornamental and ship building. There are 
many species of plants that afford very 
valuable dyes; also gums and resins. It is 
said that the Brazilian materia medica 
contains a greater number of plants than 
any other in the world, some of which are 
of inestimable value. 

The specimens of timber sent from this 
country are cut in sections of from three 
to five feet long, and of a width and thick¬ 
ness suited to the different sizes of the 


1 









50G 


AGRICULTURAL HALL—ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 


trees. Many are shown in small foot- 
square blocks, finished upon all sides. 
Some of these, of a dark, rich color, and 
beautiful grains, that are developed more 
plainly by varnish or shellac, are from trees 
found native. The specimens of woods 
from Brazil are larger, and shown in more 
profusion, than those from any other coun¬ 
try; and to the interested observer, are 
of value from the fact that they are all 
plainly labeled. 


GRAINS. 

In the interior of the department, and 
extending in a direction parallel with the 
sides, are two long cases containing sam¬ 
ples of all the grains. These are of 
convenient height, and constructed of 
handsome woods. In the arrangement of 
these we find a rarely adopted though 
admirable device. The grains are all 
shown in glass jars. Beside each stands 
a jar in which the flour made from it is 
contained. It is easy, therefore, when 
inspecting an unfamiliar grain, and desir¬ 
ing to ascertain its use, to look into the 
neighboring jar for enlightenment. 

Upon the case standing directly opposite 
to the above are jars of pickles, excellent 
wines made from native fruits, quantities 
of tapioca, and liquors of every description. 
These are all contained in elegant recepta¬ 
cles, and are attractive in arrangement. 

There are also shown large samples of leaf 
and plug tobaccos, and cigars and cigarettes 
of splendid quality. Several of the cases in 
which the last mentioned articles are exhib¬ 
ited are of exquisite workmanship, and are 
made of native woods, either oiled or var¬ 
nished. 

In this department are five very beauti¬ 
ful stands, that are circular in shape and 
constructed of some of the most prized 
woods of Brazil. The stand proper is 
about nine feet high, and is supported 
upon a massive pedestal, superbly carved. 
The casings and panels are of various 
woods; the doors are set with long panes 
of plate glass. They are placed one at each 
corner of a square, and one in the center. 
They contain large samples of native fibers 
for rope making, etc. One is completely 
filled with cocoons and raw silks. This 
portion of the exhibit is much more ad¬ 
mired for the elegant workmanship of the 
cases than for the goods. 


Forming a group in the center of the 
space are neatly-arranged sheaves of grain, 
ropes and cordage of every description, 
mats of native fibrous barks, long bars of 
tobacco, and small samples of wool of fine 
quality, and large quantities of the choco¬ 
late bean. There are also cases of maca¬ 
roni, fancy confectionery and sugars of all 
grades. 

From the rafters are hung raw and 
tanned hides of every description, of both 
wild and domestic animals. The only ag¬ 
ricultural implements shown are plows, 
that are of strong and durable build. 

Facing the main aisle is a massive 
square frame, in which all the rafters are 
completely encased with raw cotton. Upon 
the shelves under this are still more sam¬ 
ples and quantities of grain. Upon a 
large conical form in the center, and con¬ 
tained in bell-shaped jars, are more sam¬ 
ples of grains. This exhibit is of pleasing 
materials and is most conspicuously placed. 

The exhibit from Brazil in this building 
is one of the most comprehensive, best 
arranged and brilliant displays. The com¬ 
bined effect of the encircling wall, and the 
beautiful cases and woods in the interior, is 
exceedingly agreeable, and attracts many 
visitors from distant parts of the Hall. 


ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

The climate and soil of this country will 
permit the growth of all of the cereals. 
Though this industry is prominent and 
valuable, it is not equal to that of live 
stock. This trade is estimated at $100,- 
000,000 a year. As a consequence of this, 
the chief exports of the country are the 
products of this industry. The exhibit is 
for the most part contributed by the gov¬ 
ernment, and therefore has no spurious 
articles. The wares are neat and attractive 
in appearance, and are splendidly shown. 
The space occupied by it is in the western 
half of the Hall. 

Entirely surrounding it is a substantial 
railing, agreeably painted, and that has all 
its posts extending five or six feet above 
the rail. From these pillars are draped 
the national colors. By this simple device 
the appearance of the entire department is 
greatly enhanced and made much more 
conspicuous. 

Suspended from the rafters that com¬ 
pletely encircle the space are untanned 








AGRICULTURAL HALL-UNITED STATES OP VENEZUELA, LIBERIA. 


cor 


hides of many of the native wild animals, 
skins of immense snakes and alligators. 
There are also shown the hides of a great 
number of the domestic quadrupeds. This 
exhibit is the largest of the kind in the 
exhibition, and is composed of interesting 
and valuable materials. 

One of the principal features of the ex¬ 
hibit is the large and well-arranged assort¬ 
ment of native woods. The specimens are 
all of good size, and comprise many kinds 
of great value. Those of the most impor¬ 
tance are the walnut, cedar, rosewood, 
pine, &c. Several of the largest samples 
are highly polished and have very beauti¬ 
ful grains; a collection of woods made in 
the form of walking-sticks, some being 
constructed of several nicely-joined pieces. 
There are also specimens of barks, leaves, 
flowers, seed-vessels and seeds, all well 
shown and classified. Here are also dye 
woods and a large quantity of gums and 
resins, and samples of the “ yareta,” a fun¬ 
gus found in great profusion in several 
places among the mountains of the prov¬ 
ince of Rioja. It grows to an enormous 
size, and is a splendid combustible on 
account of the quantity of resin it contains. 
It is also of value as a medicinal plant. 

In glass jars, placed upon a long case, 
are samples of nuts, raisins, spices, herbs, 
macaroni, &c., that are very attractively 
displayed. There is also a large and 
varied exhibit of the native liquors, en¬ 
cased in neat glass bottles, and arranged 
upon handsome cases. 

Upon a case running parallel to this are 
stuffed birds, small stuffed snakes, large 
insects and preserved lizards. Here are 
also shown baskets of different kinds, 
hooks, lines, and a general assortment of 
fishing apparatus. 

In the center of the department are 
cases of wools of a splendid quality, and 
the skins of noted breeds of sheep. There 
are also quantities of leaf tobaccos of ex¬ 
cellent flavor; also cigars and the article 
prepared for smoking; cases of loaf sugars, 
and wax of several kinds; exhibits of pre¬ 
served meats, fruits and vegetables. 

Near the center of the space is an ex¬ 
hibit composed of relics made by the 
natives. These are bows, arrows, carved 
war clubs, spears, &c. Some of the imple¬ 
ments are profusely decorated with fanci¬ 
ful carvings, that must have required an 
immense amount of labor and patience. 


The exhibit from the Republic is ar¬ 
ranged so as to be comprehensively viewed, 
and to present a pleasing appearance. 
Though not occupying a large space, it is 
composed of articles of intrinsic value, such 
as are required by all people. The dis¬ 
plays of the native wild animals, reptiles 
and insects is pleasing and instructive. 

UNITED STATES OF VENEZUELA. 

The department occupied by this country 
is situated in the western part of the hall. 
In the space are shown assortments of 
liquors, of various kinds, made from native 
fruits, also quantities of the preserved fruits. 

The agricultural products are shown in 
glass jars, placed upon low counters; they 
consist of samples of all of the most prom¬ 
inent grains. The seasons in this country 
are long and generally dry. In the 
various portions of the land all of the staple 
grains are grown. 

The native woods are shown in small 
pieces, placed upon a large board. They 
are all varnished and distinctly labeled. 

One of the largest industries is the rais¬ 
ing of live stock. Here are exhibited 
tanned hides of all sizes and kinds. Sus¬ 
pended from the beams are several fanci¬ 
fully ornamented hammocks, made of very 
strong materials. 

Cases of exquisitely made artificial flow¬ 
ers and fruits; one case of well-made boots 
and shoes of every description; a fine 
assortment of the mineral products. 

One very interesting feature of the dis¬ 
play is an exhibit of carved calabashes and 
Indian relics. 

The exhibit is well arranged, and is 
composed of materials that are of hand¬ 
some appearance and great usefulness. 


LIBERIA. 

This is an independent negro republic, 
located on the west coast of Africa; it 
extends a distance of 350 miles, and has 
an average breadth of 80 miles. It has a 
population of about 600,000, of whom the 
American Colonization Society, founded in 
December, 1816, in Washington, D. C., 
sent more than 20,000 from the United 
States, and from captured slave traders. 
Its climate has been greatly improved by a 
systematic drainage, though it is still hazard¬ 
ous for a foreigner to settle there. The na¬ 
tive products of the country are palm oil in 







508 AGRICULTURAL HALL-OFFICES IN 


immense quantities, camphor wood, ivory, 
gold dust, a few valuable minerals, and 
coffee, the most important. No draught 
animals succeed, and much of the camphor 
wood exported is brought 200 miles from 
the interior on men’s backs. It is estima¬ 
ted that two million inhabitants of 
the interior now obtain supplies from 
European markets from this Republic. It 
was formerly a dependency of the United 
States, and was recognized as an independ¬ 
ent Republic in July, 1848. Government 
is vested in a president, vice-president, a 
senate of six members, a house of repre¬ 
sentatives of twenty-eight members, elected 
by all possessors of real estate worth $30. 
A large per cent, of the population use the 
English language. 

Of all the acceptances received from 
various nations to participate in the centen¬ 
nial exhibition, that from Liberia was the 
most gratifying. The measures that have 
been taken by the Republic to insure a 
successful representation at the exhibition 
were of the most satisfactory character. 
Ex-President Payne was appointed to act 
as commissioner in Liberia, to collect, 
arrange, and forward the articles to be 
exhibited, while Edward S. Morris, Esq., 
of Philadelphia, was appointed commis¬ 
sioner to take charge of the exhibits here 

O 

received, and to arrange for their proper 
display. 

The exhibit is located in a small space 
in the southeastern part of the Hall, and 
is arranged so as to present a convenient 
view of all the articles. The principal 
exhibits are vegetable productions and 
rich and valuable specimens of minerals. 
The largest exhibit of coffee is made by 
Brazil. It shows nearly one hundred 
varieties, and their merit is proved by the 
fact that they are all more aromatic, 
stronger, and have a greater proportion of 
caffeine than any other coffee brought to 
the market. Liberia brings but one kind, 
but it atones for what it lacks in variety 
by the quality, as no other coffee is as 
strong, aromatic, or oily. There is a great 
difference in coffee grains; it is not merely 
that some are round, split apart or flat, but 
they differ in size and color. Everywhere 
except in Liberia the small, greenish 
berries are shown as the best, yet there 
they are large and of a brown color. 
Another useful part the coffee plant plays in 
Liberia is in educating the young. The 


AGRICULTURAL HALL, RESTAURANTS. 

children are to plant ten coffee trees each 
day, when a certificate will be given them to 
that effect by the overseer, which entitles 
them to a day’s schooling when presented 
to the teachers. As the life of the coffee 
plant in Africa is about twenty-five years, 
it will be seen that this plan not only edu¬ 
cates the child to a profitable business, 
which he is more likeiy to continue on 
arriving at maturity, having had the 
advantages of a good education, but it is a 
lasting and encouraging monument to in¬ 
dustry, which in itself has its own reward. 
One coffee tree at Monrovia has been 
known to yield thirty pounds of grain. 

Of palm oil, sixteen hundred jars, her¬ 
metically sealed, were sent. 

Liberia appropriated $10,000 for the 
exhibition, but was unable to raise the 
money, and but for the enterprise of the 
firm of E. S. Morris & Co., of Philadelphia, 
it would have been a failure; as it was, the 
display has been universally admired, and 
has achieved results not in the least 
expected, and of the greatest importance. 

OFFICES IN AGRICULTURAL HALL. 

In the center of the northern side of the 
Hall, and on both the first and second 
floors, were well-appointed offices for the 
members of the Agricultural Bureau, the 
live stock officers, etc. These were 
arranged with great care, were in the most 
convenient locations possible, and were 
attended by affable and well-informed 
gentlemen. The amount of business tran¬ 
sacted in them during the six months of 
the exhibition, and the time, care, and 
patience required were enormous. 

The admirable management, the entire 
absence of bustle or confusion, and the 
universal harmony existing between the 
exhibitors and the officers in charge, are 
traits that have characterized not only this 
building, but the entire department. 


RESTAURANTS. 

Located on the main aisle, extending 
north and south, and near the upper ex¬ 
tremity of the building, is a large and 
perfectly-furnished restaurant, that is 
placed there to sell, and introduce to this 
section of the country, some of the most 
noted of the California wines. The apart¬ 
ment is square, and is entirely surrounded 
by a neat wall, adorned in gilt. The 







AGRICULTURAL iiAi jL -WAITING ROOMS, &C., FIRE APPARATUS. 


509 


interior is furnished with all the parapher¬ 
nalia necessary in a first-class restaurant, 
all of its furniture being neat and elegant. 
The attendants are polite to all, and treat 
all alike, to the best of their ability. Here 
we find one admirable feature in a 
restaurant—scrupulous neatness in all 
things. 


WAITING-ROOMS, ETC. 

At the main, eastern, and western en¬ 
trances to the building are large and com¬ 
modious apartments for ladies, with polite 
and attentive attendants. There are also 
waiting-rooms designed for the use of gen¬ 
tlemen. 


FIRE APPARATUS. 

Placed at most convenient intervals are 
fire extinguishers of the most noted kinds. 
Outside, and near the hall, are several hy¬ 
drants, to which the hose can be easily and 
expeditiously attached. These, with the 
patrol firemen, are ample protection against 
all emergencies from fire. 


BREWERS’ BUILDING. 

This building is located in the north¬ 
east part of the grounds, near Agricultural 
Hall. It compares very favorably with 
any structure on the grounds erected by 
private enterprise, and is a credit to the 
trade it represents. The dimensions are 
272 feet long by 96 feet wide. The cen¬ 
tral tower has an elevation of 60 feet, and 
the wings 28 feet. It was designed by II. 
J. Schwarzmann, the architect of Memo¬ 
rial Hall and Horticultural Hall, and 
erected by J. B. Doyle. The contents of 
the building form a complete brewers’ in¬ 
dustrial exhibition of malt liquor, malt, 
hops, and all the mechanical appliances 
used in each branch of the brewing busi¬ 
ness. In addition to the main hall, a 
building has also been provided for the 
storage of malt liquor for exhibition and 
competition, 70 feet by 80 feet, double walls 
filled in, and divided into three compart¬ 
ments : one room being 25 feet wide by 80 
feet long, designed for the storage of ale in 
bulk ; another of the same dimensions, for 
malt liquor on draught, and the entire 
compartment, 20 by 80 feet, over which is 
an ice-box, to hold four feet in depth of 
ice, for the storage of lager-beer. The 


uniform temperature of the middle com¬ 
partment is 45° Fahr., and of the two side 
compartments, 56° Fahr. In these are 
samples of malt liquors constantly on 
draught, and visitors are invited, with the 
permission of the directors, to discuss the 
merits of the same. 

There are, according to the latest re¬ 
turns, at present in active operation in the 
United States, 2,600 breweries, producing 
annually for sale and consumption, in round 
numbers, two hundred and eighty-five mil¬ 
lions (285,000,000) of gallons of malt 
liquors, besides numerous private brewer¬ 
ies where malt liquor is not made for sale, 
and which do not come under the internal 
revenue regulations, and consequently are 
not enumerated. By far the majority of 
these breweries have been erected during 
the last quarter of a century; not one of 
the present structures witnessed the first 
year of our independence (1776), and but 
one or two the first year of the century. 
The largest quantity of malt liquors pro¬ 
duced in a year by a single brewery is 
4,225,000 gallons. Of the trades more or 
less dependent upon breweries, scarcely an 
idea can be formed by the general public. 
From the agriculturist the brewers obtain 
barley for malt, other cereals for fodder, 
and hops. Respecting the recent culture 
of barley, the Commissioner of Agriculture 
in Washington reports as follows: “ There 
was in 1874, 1,580,626 acres under culti¬ 
vation with barley, which produced 32,- 
552,500 bushels, at a value of $29,983,- 
769. The average yield per acre was 20.6 
bushels; the average price per bushel was 
92.1 cents, and the average value of barley 
produced per acre, $18.96, against $13.40 
with Indian corn, $11.66 with wheat, $11.- 
52 with rye, and $11.47 with oats,—barley 
yielding next to potatoes and tobacco the 
highest value per acre. According to the 
money value, the annual produce of barley 
is only second to Indian corn, hay, wheat, 
cotton, oats, and potatoes; being, there¬ 
fore, the seventh agricultural staple article 
of the country, and nearly seven millions 
of dollars higher in value than tobacco.” 
Of hops, the last agricultural census re¬ 
ports a total production in the United 
States of 25,456,669 pounds. The arbori¬ 
culturist supplies the brewer with oak, 
cedar, and pine for barrels, vats, and. tuns, 
and other timber for building purposes. 
Commerce furnishes grain dealers and im- 








510 


brewers’ building. 


porters, because our own country does not 
supply all the necessities of the trade. 

Next comes the maltster, a business so un¬ 
ostentatious and unobtrusive, and so little 
understood, that cities have been known 
to possess extensive malt-houses, which for 
years have been looked upon by the gen¬ 
eral public as commercial warehouses or 
bonded stores; and yet these malt-houses 
number nearly 400 ; of real estate value, 
$10,365,500 ; having malting capacity of 
19,157,100 bushels; in the production of 
which is engaged capital amounting to 
$13,708,000. These employ 2,500 men, 
wdiose annual wages amount to $1,086,900. 
In addition to this enormous trade the 
Commissioner of Agriculture reports that 
6,254,773 bushels were imported from 
Canada and other foreign countries. There 
are, in addition to these, a large number of 
brewers, who malt especially for their own 
use, who are not included in these figures. 

In order that the extent of the brewing, 
malting, and hop trades may be fully un¬ 
derstood, we present the following figures, 
based upon the most reliable data:— 

Capital invested in breweries, estimated 
at $10.00 upon every barrel of malt liquor 
produced, $88,806,290; capital invested in 
malt-houses, $24,094,500; value of land 
under cultivation for barley, $63,225,040; 
value of land under cultivation for hops, 
$2,360,520. 

Labor.— There are employed in brewer¬ 
ies (estimating one man for every 800 
barrels of malt produced), men, 11,000; 
annual wages, $5,772,000. There are em¬ 
ployed in malt-houses (for the season), 
seven months, 2,500 men; annual wages, 
$1,086,500; in the culture of barley (one 
man to every 100 acres), men, 15,806; 
annual wages, $4,742,000. In the culture 
of hops (one man to every 10 acres), men, 
5,901; annual wages, $1,770,300. 

Land.— Under cultivation for barley— 
acres, 1,580,626. Hops—acres, 59,013. 

From the above it will be readily seen 
that the brewing industry in the United 
States is of great importance. 

The exhibit made by the brewers at the 
exhibition is large, comprehensive, and 
systematically arranged. Outside of the 
building a small quantity of hops were 
grown. In the interior is shown all the 
necessary machinery for the manufacture 
of malt liquors of every description. These 
are in full operation, and are so placed as 


to be observed without any inconvenience. 
Here are also shown the different modes 
of packing the articles—in bottles, kegs, 
and barrels. There is a large assortment of 
improved machinery for making barrels. 
For the storage of liquor awaiting the 
kegs, are several immense tanks. There 
are one or two exhibits of all the apparatus 
used in a large brewery, and so arranged 
as to make the entire operation plain. As 
before stated, there are three rooms, kept 
at a low temperature, and used for the 
storage of malt liquors entered for com¬ 
petition. 

The production of malt liquor bears a 
striking similarity to the manufacture of 
bread, the chief difference being the quan¬ 
tity of grain employed and the amount of 
water added. The one, intended to pro¬ 
duce a solid food, is baked; the other, to 
produce a liquid refreshment, is boiled. 
As all the requisite machinery for the 
production of this liquor is exhibited in 
the Hall, it will be more fully compre¬ 
hended from a perusal of the following 
description of the process :— 

Who began the use of fermented liquor 
—for distillation is comparatively a modern 
process—it is impossible to say. The 
earliest historical record shows their gen¬ 
eral use. The Egyptians had their beer, 
and the Greeks, besides their grape wine, 
had a wine made of barley. The beer of 
the earliest periods, like the ale of England, 
before the seventeenth century, was made 
without hops, and was probably something 
like the fermented drink now known as 
weiss-beer. All substances containing 
sugar, or starch capable of being converted 
into sugar, became the basis of fermented 
drinks. In countries where the grape 
flourished, wine was the result of the pro¬ 
cess ; in less genial climes the farinaceous 
grains w r ere used to manufacture beer. 
All of the grains are capable of the malt¬ 
ing process, and one of them—maize, or 
Indian corn—is particularly rich in starch; 
but barley malt is usually preferred. 

Though it requires skill and experience 
to carry it out, the process of brewing is 
simple. The barley is prepared by the 
maltster, who brings it by moisture to the 
germinating point, when the starch is 
partially changed to sugar, and diastase, a 
nitrogenous substance having the power 
by its presence to change the farinaceous 
portions of the grain to glucose, is devel- 





brewers’ 

oped ; and further germination is then 
arrested by heat. This malt is bruised by 
the brewer and placed in the mash-tub 
with warm water, which dissolves the 
sugar and diastase. The latter acting on 
the remainder of the starch, converts it into 
a gummy substance called dextrine and 
grape sugar, and at last entirely into the 
latter substance. The infusion thus made 
is technically known as wort. The quan¬ 
tity of diastase evolved is sufficient to con¬ 
vert into sugar ten times as much starch 
as is found in the malt, and the brewer 
could add the deficient amount to advan¬ 
tage; but this is rarely, if ever, done in 
this country. 

The next step in the process is to stop 
the action of the diastase when it has suffi¬ 
ciently performed its office, and this is 
done by boiling. The same heat coagu¬ 
lates the albumen, and extracts the aroma 
and bitterness of the hops, which are added 
at this stage. The time of boiling, its 
duration and quantity of hops used, are 
determined by the skill and experience 
of the brewer, and have no arbitrary 
standard. 

The boiled and hopped wort is now 
suffered to run into shallow receivers, 
where it is cooled as quickly as possible to 
a temperature most favorable to fermen¬ 
tation— from 34 to GO degrees of the 
Fahr. scale. When lowered to this, it 
is passed to the fermenting-tun; yeast, pre¬ 
ferable from the variety of beer or ale to 
be made, is added, and it is allowed to 
ferment for about a week. Here from 50 
to 75 percentum of the grape sugar is 
changed to alcohol—the remaining portion 
of the sugar being purposely left undecom¬ 
posed, to prevent it from passing into the 
acetous fermentation, and as a foundation 
for additional carbonic dioxide—and the 
beer or ale is now ready to be stored in 
casks for preservation. 

According to Otto , lager-beer contains 
91.0 water, 5.4 malt extract, 3.50 alcohol, 
and the remainder, making in all 100 
parts, carbonic acid, etc. Ale and porter 
differ only in a slight additional percent¬ 
age of alcohol and a larger amount of solid 
extract. In the ordinary process of bread 
fermentation, a portion of the sugar con¬ 
tained in the flour is decomposed and con¬ 
verted into alcohol. It has been heretofore 
supposed that by the heat of baking, the 
whole of this alcohol was expelled, but 
24 


BUILDING. 511 


recent experiments indicate that a percepti¬ 
ble amount of alcohol still remains m 
yeast-raised bread after baking. The result 
of six experiments showed that one-third 
of one per cent, in weight of alcohol was 
obtained from fresh-baked bread ; but the 
quantity was much less in stale bread. 
From forty loaves of fresh bread, two 
pounds each, alcohol equal to one bottle of 
port wine may be extracted. 

But alcohol is by no means the only sub¬ 
stance held in solution or suspension in the 
beer. It is to tlhe other substances we 
must look in order to see all the effects of 
malt liquors on the human system, and to 
explain why the action of alcohol in their 
case is so distinctly modified. Beer con¬ 
tains, besides the alcohol and carbonic diox¬ 
ides, unchanged grape sugar, gluten, and a 
trifle of mineral matter from the grain, 
with some of the aromatic resin of the 
bitter or tonic pine-apple, and a minute 
portion of the volatile oil—the greater part 
of this has been dissipated by boiling—of 
the hops. There is also a very small quan¬ 
tity of tannic acid, which aids to clarify 
the beer, and sometimes a trace of acetic 
acid. The amount of extractive matter 
varies; but in a properly prepared beer it 
is in proportion to the amount of alcohol 
present. It is upon the amount and char¬ 
acter of this extract that the nutritive force 
of the beer mainly depends, as the stimu¬ 
lating effect does on the alcohol, and the 
grateful sensation to the palate on the car¬ 
bonic dioxide. 

The author of Die Narkotisclien Genus- 
smittel und der Mensch estimates that mate 
is used by ten millions of people; cocoa by 
as many more; chiccory by forty millions ; 
the chocolate bean by fifty millions ; coffee 
and betel each by a hundred millions; 
hasheesh by three hundred millions; 
opium by four hundred millions; tea by 
five hundred millions, and tobacco by 
eight hundred millions. Assuming the 
population of the globe to be one thousand 
millions, at least nine hundred millions 
use some kind of stimulant. A prac¬ 
tice so general, commencing in remote 
antiquity, common to both savage and 
civilized peoples, and resisting the sneers of 
the cynic and the remonstrances of the 
philanthropist, necessarily arises from a 
natural craving of man, and is one of those 
instincts which the wise statesman seeks to 
guide into the safest channels. 








WAGON BUILDING, WIND-MILLS. 


512 


The percentage of alcohol in our lager- 
beer, ale, and porter, varies from 4 to 7 per 
cent. Calculating from this statement, 
how much absolute alcohol is in one year 
consumed in beer throughout the United 
States, we find that 9,000,000 barrels of 
beer, containing in the average 5.5 per. 
cent, of alcohol, yield 495,000 barrels, or 
23,850,000 gallons of alcohol. It is calcu¬ 
lated that the State of Ohio produces in the 
whiskey manufactured there in one year, 
more alcohol than is in all States of the 
Union put together produced in one year 
in the beer they manufacture. 

Mr. Edward Young, at the head of the 
Office of Statistics at Washington, made a 
highly interesting estimate of the con¬ 
sumption of spirituous liquors in the 
United States for the year 1871. The 
amount expended for this consumption is, 
according to his statement:— 

Whiskey, 60,000,000 gallons at $6 retail, 
$360,000,000; imported spirits, 2,500,000 
gallons, at $8, $20,000,000; ale, beer, and 
porter, 6,500,000 barrels, at $20, $130,- 
000,000; brandies, wines, and liquors, $31,- 
500,000. Total, $541,500,000. 

The table below shows the proportion of 
the production of beer per head of popu¬ 
lation of beer manufacturing countries, 
taking the production and consumption of 
the year 1872 as a reliable base:— 


Country. Population. 

Beer produced. 

Equal per h'd. 

Bavaria. 

. 4,198,355 

204,600,762 

gall. 

48.5 gall. 

Wurtemberg. 

.. 1,818,484 

62,246,348 

66 

34.2 

66 

Belgium. 

. 4,829,320 

155,555,555 

66 

32.2 

66 

Gt. Brit. & Ire.30,838,210 

792,946,467 

66 

26.4 

66 

Saxony. 

.. 2,556,244 

34,339,542 

66 

13.5 

66 

Baden.. 

.. 1,461,428 

9,300,133 

46 

12.5 

66 

Prussia. 

. .24,693,066 

216,042,288 

66 

8.8 

66 

Aust. Hung.. 

.35,644,85S 

271,377,767 

66 

7.6 

66 

France. 


155,555,555 

66 

4.4 

46 

Russia. 


28,220,000 

66 

.4 

66 

U. S. of Am. 

..38,650,000 

176,013,438 

61 

6.4 

66 


The above figures do not represent the 
quantities of beer imported or exported 
from said countries, but the actual home 
manufacture. 

The exhibition made by the brewers of 
the United States has been most deserv¬ 
edly admired by all, and by its complete¬ 
ness and systematic arrangement has 
enlightened many people, who before 
knew absolutely nothing of the process of 
making beer. The above details and sta¬ 
tistics were obtained from a personal 
observation of the exhibits and from 
essays on the Malt Liquor Question. 


WAGON BUILDING. 

This is a large, one-story, frame build¬ 
ing, situated northeast of Agricultural 
Hall. It is devoted to the exhibition of 
light and heavy dray wagons, carts, vege¬ 
table, grain and ice wagons, and, in fact, 
every description of strongly-built and 
durable vehicles. The express wagons are 
of the various styles, and made in manner 
conformable to the many branches of the 
business, from the light and swift wagon 
to the one designed to carry immense 
loads. 

THE KESSLER WAGON WORKS, 
Phila.—This firm exhibit heavy dump and 
dray carts, and two oak wheels of mam¬ 
moth size. 

MOLINE WAGON CO., Moline, Ill- 
Fine show of farm and light spring wag¬ 
ons, of good patterns and substantially 

IXlciLCl.0 * 

MILBURN WAGON CO., Toledo, O. 
—Strong freight and light spring farm 
wagons. 

FRENCH & Co., Davenport, la.— 
Strong and easy springs, piano trucks, &c. 

HARRISON, LAUTZ BROS. & CO., 
South Bend, Ind.—Dump w T agons, strong 
and durable. 

JOSEPH KEISER, New York—Excel¬ 
lent beer wagons. 

There are many other large exhibits of 
splendidly-built wagons, made of the best 
materials. 

Light road wagons, family carriages, &c., 
will be found described in our article upon 
the “ Carriage Annex.” 


WIND-MILLS. 

One of the most necessary and really in¬ 
dispensable requisites of a well-stocked 
farm is a constant supply of pure, fresh 
water; and experience has demonstrated 
that in no manner can this be at all times 
guaranteed, and at less expense, than in 
the possession of a properly-constructed 
wind-mill. While the fact is admitted, 
yet the complicated manner of construc¬ 
tion, the liability of getting frequently out 
of order, and the general unsatisfactory 
manner of the working of the different 
wind-mills offered to farmers, have induced 
many to submit to the inconveniences 
rather than run the risk of having thrust 
upon them an expensive and impracticable 
machine. Nevertheless, as there is an ab- 













AN OLD-FASHIONED WINDMILL—AGRICULTURAL HALL. 















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































The only Mill with a Graduating Crank, that gives a longer or a shorter stroke to pump in 

proportion to tne force of wind. 

















































































































































































































































THE MARSH WIND MILL. 


The best made Mill in the market, having a Steel Graduating Crank Shaft, babbitted boxes 
turned travellers, lathe-fitted turning table, turned pitman and lever irons, thus saving all wear 
and consequent loss of motion. Its bolts are rivetted or double nutted, and the segment castings 
are self-locking. 43 b 





































































WIND-SULLS. 


517 


solute necessity for their use, the inventive 
genius of the country has been tasked to 
solve the problem of construction on purely 
scientific principles, with the least machin- 
ery, and that of the most simple and du¬ 
rable character. The exhibits of wind¬ 
mills are located northeast of Agricultural 
Hall, and are in active operation, so that 
intended visitors have ample opportunities 
for examining and comparing the different 
devices. 

J. R. KENNEDY, Phila., Agent for 
May Bros, and the Stooer Wind Engine 
Co.—These two firms each present an ex¬ 
hibit of one wind-mill. That shown by 
the latter is the only one that is furnished 
with a friction brake attachment. Both 
the machines are strongly built, of good 
pattern, and would be labor-saving appli¬ 
ances on any farm where it was necessary 
to pump much water. 

U. S. WIND ENGINE AND PUMP 
CO., Batavia, Ill.—This firm manufacture 
the Halladay Standard Wind-Mills. In 
1854 Mr. Halladay secured a patent on a 
device for furling the sails of a wind-mill, 
consisting of a head, sliding upon the main 
shaft, with its connections to the wings or 
sail spindles. The manufacture of mills 
was commenced in Connecticut at once. 
Although the mill was most perfect in its 
operation, yet, owing to the prejudice uni¬ 
versally existing against wind-mills, (which 
in this age of steam have been dropped as 
a thing of the past,) its introduction was 
very slow and attended with great expense, 
but the machine was energetically brought 
forward, and there has been a steadily in¬ 
creasing demand for it up to the present 
time. Now the firm have extensive shops 
filled with the latest improved tools, em¬ 
ploying nearly one hundred men almost 
wholly in the manufacture of wind-mills 
and pumps, with a cash capital of over 
$100,000. The peculiarity of the mills is 
in the regulating gear, consisting of the 
sliding-head and the connections with the 
wings or sails. These are of admirable 
pattern, not easily gotten out of repair, 
and simple. The wind-mills made by this 
firm have long been tested, and are now 
considered among the best in the market. 

ECLIPSE WIND-MILL CO., Beloit, 
Wis.—The mills furnished by this com- j 
pany have been most thoroughly tested j 
during the past eight years, in almost | 
every State in the Union. The principle j 


consists of a wheel, side vane, and rudder, 
so arranged as to act automatically with 
each other. As the wind increases to a 
gale it bears on this side vane, which is at- 
tached to the same casting as the wheel, 
and blows it, with the wheel, out of the 
wind into a parallel position with the rud¬ 
der; thus getting out of the way and pre¬ 
senting no resistance to the wind, the mill 
rests without strain. As the gale dies 
down, the wheel is brought back into the 
wind by the automatic action of the weight, 
the resistance of which is increased as the 
tail and wheel approach, and decreased as 
they recede. The wheel is solid, not a 
joint or loose section, and being mounted 
on the same casting as the rudder, they act 
as a balance to each other. The rudder 
being in an exact right angle line back 
from the wheel, the wind as it passes the 
wheel strikes both sides of it with even 
force, and thus starts the wheel steadily and 
straight against the wind; hence it is al¬ 
ways kept full in the breeze. From the 
foregoing brief description, it will appear 
that the Wheel gets the full power of the 
wind. A decided feature is, that the whole 
weight of the mill rests on four iron 
buttons, which have no friction and need 
no oiling. This is a novel and durable de¬ 
vice, as it avoids the grooves which balls 
wear into and the friction of mills resting 
on steps or rollers. The pitman is made of 
malleable iron, and works similar to a pump 
cylinder plunger, and cannot wear or jerk 
the mill in heavy pumping. The mill can 
be set so as to run fast or slow. They are ; 
constructed with a view of meeting the 
wants of farmers, stock-raisers, railroads,, 
and owners of private residences, thus—a 
ten-foot mill will pump water for 300 to 
500 head of stock and from wells to 110 
feet deep. A twelve-foot mill is one-half 
stronger, and is used where more water is; 
needed and from deeper wells; sixteen and 
twenty-foot mills are used by railroads,, 
water works, and country residences. They 
will supply 12,000 to 60,000 gallons of' 
water per day. Sixteen-foot geared mills, 
will grind feed, shell corn, and do any 
work not requiring over two or three horse 
power. Twenty to thirty-foot geared mills 
are correspondingly more powerful, and 
perform all the duties where wind can be 
utilized as a motive power.. We are uni¬ 
formed that 3,500 of these mills are now 
in successful operation, and the. written 










518 


BUTTER AND CHEESE BUILDINGS. 


testimonials shown us from farmers, exten¬ 
sive stock-raisers, and railroad corporations 
are enthusiastic in their praise, dwelling 
particularly on the fact that they are not 
liable to get out of order, and the ease and 
accuracy of their operation. 

T. KELLOGG, McGregor, Iowa.—One 
well-built wind-mill, that stops automati¬ 
cally when a too strong wind comes up, 
and continues when the gale ceases. The 
main shaft is self oiling; it has a steel 
spring that bears all the strain in a high j 
wind, and all the machinery is covered by ! 
a bonnet. The mill shown is built of the 
best materials, and is made after approved ! 
patterns. 

When a well-constructed and simple 
wind-mill is obtained, it requires but little 
attention, comparatively, and will work | 
faithfully at all hours. From the records 
of the past few years, it would appear that 
wind power has steadily and rapidly ad¬ 
vanced, until, at the present time, it is uti- 1 
lized in all civilized countries. The mills 
of one hundred years ago consisted of 
four long, heavy and immovable arms or 
fans; in the present age it is considered 
much more advantageous to make them 
small and as thickly set as possible. 


BUTTER AND CHEESE BUILDINGS. 

This building is situated east of Agri¬ 
cultural Hall, between it and Lansdowne 
Drive. It is 100 feet wide by 116 feet 
long, three stories high, and made of wood. 
In the center of the east side is a large 
court, beautifully laid out in walks and 
flower beds. The rooms upon the first 
floor contain an immense exhibition of but¬ 
ter and cheese from all parts of the United 
^States and Canada. The articles are all 


and kept with great order and cleanliness. 
There is also upon this floor a balcony, ex¬ 
tending upon the three sides of the court, 
that makes the site much pleasanter. 

It may be interesting to some to compute 
the actual products per cows in butter and 
cheese in the various States. According 
to the census of 1850, the average number 
of pounds of butter produced per cow per 
annum in the States was as follows: 


lbs. 

per cow 

. lbs. 

per cow. 

Florida, 

4.4 

Illinois, 

53.7 

Texas, 

8.4 

Maryland, 

52.7 

California, 

15.1 

Indiana, 

50.4 

Oregon, 

18.8 

Iowa, 

62.9 

Georgia, 

18.0 

Delaware, 

63.3 

S Carolina, 

19.0 

Wisconsin, 

67.0 

N. Carolina, 

20 8 

Massachusetts, 

57.5 

Alabama, 

26.2 

Ohio, 

71.9 

Arkansas, 

23.8 

Minnesota, 

73.3 

Mississippi, 

24.2 

Maine, 

79.4 

Tennessee, 

58 2 

Michigan, 

86.2 

Missouri, 

36.8 

N. Hampshire, 

73.3 

Kansas, 

38 3 

Connecticut, 

77.0 

Virginia, 

40.7 

Pennsylvania, 

89.9 

Rhode Island, 

51.9 

N. Jersey, 

79.1 

Kentucky, 

43.4 

Vermont, 

91.0 

Louisiana, 

11.1 

N. York, 

91.7 


Some of the States, like New York, for 
instance, sell vast quantities of milk in its 
natural state, and yet the quantity of but¬ 
ter per cow will be found to be huge, com¬ 
pared with those States where cattle are 
kept more especially for beef. To conclude 
that the stock of Kentucky, Illinois, or 
Ohio is inferior to that of New York be¬ 
cause the yield per cow is lower, would be 
premature. The objects for which the 
stock of those States is kept are different, 
and for the purposes of grazing, the cattle 
of the Western States may be far better 
adapted than any other would be. 

The statistics concerning the production 
of cheese per cow is as follows: 


arranged upon low, sloping shelves that ex¬ 
tend the long way of the rooms, and have 
wide passages between them. The speci¬ 
mens are carefully arranged, and perfect 
order and scrupulous neatness pervade the 
whole department. The other stories of 
the building are designed to represent a 
complete butter and cheese factory, in 
which all the machinery requisite for man¬ 
ufacturing these articles is shown. The mak¬ 
ing of butter and cheese requires no very 
complicated apparatus, though to turn out 
the best grade of articles demands skill and 
great experience. On the second floor is 
a dairy restaurant that is well patronized 


lbs. 

per cow. 

lbs. per 

. cow. 

S. Carolina, 

.01 

Nebraska, 

2.08 

Mississippi, 

.02 

Oregon, 

2.11 

Georgia, 

.05 

Illinois, 

3.65 

Louisiana, 

.05 

Pennsylvania, 

4.00 

Florida, 

.06 

Utah, 

4.83 

Alabama, 

.07 

Iowa, 

4.90 

Maryland, 

.08 

Minnesota, 

5.01 

Arkansas, 

.09 

Wisconsin, 

5.40 

N. Carolina, 

.22 

California, 

6.49 

Delaware, 

.26 

Rhode Island, 

9.12 

Texas, 

.45 

Michigan, 

9.13 

Tennessee, 

.55 

Maine, 

12.24 

Kentucky, 

.76 

New Hampshire, 

23.67 

Missouri, 

.77 

Connecticut, 

30.95 

Virginia, 

.87 

Ohio, 

32.00 

Kansas, 

1.14 

Massachusetts, 

36.68 

New Jersey, 

1.32 

New York, 

43.21 

Indiana, 

1.67 

V ermont, 

47.08 









THE POMOLOGICAL SHOW. 


519 


The total number of pounds of cheese 
produced in the United States in 1860, was 
103,548,868 of which 48,548,289 pounds 
—almost one-half—were made in New 
York. It will be seen from the above that 
the trade is one of great importance and 
value. 


THE POMOLOGICAL SHOW. 

During the earlier days of the Centen¬ 
nial it was resolved that the displays of 
fruit and vegetables and berries of all 
kinds, should have their due share of rep¬ 
resentation. Under the supervision of Mr. 
BURNET LANDRETH, these displays 
were arranged as follows: From June 
1st to June '/th, Early Vegetables; and 
then, with scarcely a day between, Straw¬ 
berries, Early Grass Butter and Cheese, 
Early Summer Vegetables, Honey, Rasp¬ 
berries and Blackberries, Southern Pomo- 
logical Products, Melons, Peaches, North¬ 
ern Pomological Products, Autumn Vege- 
tables, Cereals, Potatoes, and Feeding 
Roots, Grapes; and it was intended to 
have an exhibition of Nuts and Honey and 
Wax. 


THE EARLY VEGETABLES. 

This, the first of the series, opened on 
the 1st of June. The different varieties 
of fruits and vegetables are shown upon 
long tables, arranged in the center of Ag¬ 
ricultural Hall, in the middle of the north 
and south, and the east and west naves. 

Among the garden vegetables, are a 
number of specimens from Bermuda. A. 
L. FELTON, of Philadelphia, has by far 
the largest collection. He sends some 25 
varieties, comprising some 55 selections; 
all of them very perfect of their kind. 
Some of the pie plants are very large. 

There are also some fine lemons grown 
in the garden of VICARI & SHAGUSA, 
of Milozza, Italy. 

The Cattle Feeding Roots and Potatoes 
are in the west nave. The former embrace 
some 56 selections of Beets and Carrots, 
exhibiting many varieties of the Sugar 
Beets and Mangel Wurtzel, some of which 
are of large size. There are also several 
varieties of white and yellow Carrots. All 
the above are the exhibit of Mr. LAN¬ 
DRETH, the florist. 

The Potatoes on exhibition comprise 
nearly a hundred different varieties from 


the grounds of B. K. BLISS & SONS, 
who make an offer of $700 in prizes for 
the best collection of Potatoes of different 
fine varieties. 

One large display does not come under 
the head of “early vegetables,” however. 
It is a fine collection of Apples, exhibited 
by the MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOG¬ 
ICAL SOCIETY, and comprises about 
100 selections, or plates of over 50 varie¬ 
ties of apples of last fall’s crops. These are 
all in remarkable good condition. 


STRAWBERRIES. 

This show commenced on the 7th of 
June, in the same place as the last. There 
are two large tables that are crowded with 
plates of many different varieties of these 
favorite berries. Some of them are quite 
remarkable for size. Mr. W. PARRY, of 
New Jersey, has some beautiful specimens 
of the “Black Defiance,” a large dark and 
finely flavored berry. J. H. WORTHING- 
TON, of South Amboy, some large, fine 
“Wilseris Albany,” Colonel CHENEY, 
“Matilda,” “Star,” and the “Cumberland 
Triumph.” Mr. FIELDS, of Philadelphia, 
has a few plates of a seedling that is a cross 
between the “Jucunda” and the “Late 
Prolific.” There is shown one variety, 
however, that merits more than a passing 
notice. It is exhibited by Mr. C. DICKY, 
of New York, and is called “ Smith’s Seed¬ 
ling.” It is light in color, flat in shape, as 
if some one had trodden on them; has two 
points, the largest measuring 8£ in circum¬ 
ference, and fourteen of them make a 
pound. 

C. W. DORAND, of Irvington, N. J., 
has some handsome specimens of “Mon¬ 
arch,” a large light colored berry. There 
are quite a number of other exhibitors of 
these favorite berries, H. P. GRANT, of 
Gloucester, N. J., D. L. PELTZ, of Phila¬ 
delphia, E. SALTERTHWAITE, of Jen- 
kintown, Pa., and others. 


CHERRIES, BLACKBERRIES, ETC. 

Beside the above, the displays of early 
summer fruits which were intended to be 
such a prominent part of the agricultural 
show, were not what they were expected 
to be. The early honey exhibit never 
came to hand; and (we are now in the 
latter part of June,) we find ourselves 













520 


THE POMOLOGICAL SHOW. 


amongst the Cherries, with here and there 
still a few varieties of late strawberries. 

A. L. FELTON has some fine “ Reli¬ 
ance ” and “ Centennial ” berries, and a 
few plates of “ Black Tartarean ” and Eng¬ 
lish “Morello” cherries. There are a 
number of the several varieties of raspber¬ 
ries also shown, prominent among which 
are “ Felton’s Early Prolific ” and the 
“ Hornet.” The latter is a large fine flam¬ 
ing berry. Here on two large tables we 
see the Bermuda exhibit, under the aus¬ 
pices of the BRITISH COMMISSION, 
and some additional specimens of trop¬ 
ical fruit. There is the “ Choco ” 
(rather out of place), a funny looking 
brown cucumber, which is a favorite food 
for cattle in the Islands, some fine Pine¬ 
apples, Oranges, and Lemons, specimens of 
Sugar Cane, Cocoa-nuts and the Guava Ap¬ 
ple, and other fruits. 


THE TRIAL OF MOWERS AND REAPERS. 

The Board of Finance had originally 
intended the large lot fronting on Elm 
avenue and the connecting railroad now 
being fitted up for a stock yard, to try the 
Mowers and Reapers, and the different ag¬ 
ricultural machinery. But owing to the 
uses to which that lot is to be placed, the 
superintendent of Agricultural Hall was 
compelled to get an available place at the 
least distance from the grounds possible. 
A lot of about twenty acres was selected 
near Schenck’s Station, on the P. R. R., 
about fourteen miles from the grounds of 
the Centennial. After it was selected the 
Centennial Commission refused to sanction 
it in an official manner. But they went 
ahead. Colonel JAMES SEDDES was 
selected as superintendent, and everything 
is now (June 27th) ready to start. 

The scene is a very pleasant one, the 
ground nearly level, and the country 
round about dotted with farm houses and 
more pretentious villas. Some of the com¬ 
peting firms have put up capacious and 
well appointed tents for their representa¬ 
tives, and it looks somewhat like an en¬ 
campment. 

Amongst the mowing and reaping ma¬ 
chines represented are those of OTIS 
BROTHERS & CO., of New York, the 
“ Towanda,” made by the TOWANDA 
EUREKA MACHINE CO., the ROCH¬ 
ESTER AGRICULTURAL MACHINE 


CO., of Rochester, N. Y., the CHAMPION 
MACHINE CO., of Springfield, and sev¬ 
eral others. 


SUMMER FRUITS AND BERRIES. 

In the early days of July we have a pro¬ 
longation of the displays of Fruits and 
Berries. In addition to some others that 
we have seen in the earlier part, are some 
fine Watermelons from Georgia, exhibited 
by Mr. C. FINGAR; and also some 
Cherries. 

FELTON has some fine Seedling Cher¬ 
ries, and has his two tables well filled with 
a display of vegetables, which he intends 
to keep up as long as the exhibition lasts. 
VANSANT, who has for some years dealt 
in fine early and hot-house fruits, exhibits 
some hot-house Peaches, which came from 
California, packed in cotton. They are 
extremely delicate. 

From the hot-houses of H. B. TRIM¬ 
BLE, of West Chester, Pa., are a few 
bunches of fine Grapes, three bunches of 
which of “ Black Barbarossa ” and “ Be- 
wood” Muscat, weigh six pounds. Here 
also are the Hayes’ Seedling Raspberries, 
and a very fine selection by Mr. R. A. P. 
GREGG, of Aurora, Ind., the berries of 
which are J inch, in diameter, and grow¬ 
ing in thick clusters. 

JOHN BIRKS, of Germantown, Phila., 
sends some English Gooseberries, which 
are of extremely large size and of fine 
flavor. Many of the berries measure 1^- 
inches in length, and are 1 inch thick. 

A. SOMERVILLE, of Harrisburg, Ore¬ 
gon, sends a number of specimens of 
Oregon Cherries, amongst which is the 
variety known as the “ Royal Ann.” 
This is a very large variety, 1 inch in 
diameter, of an amber color, mottled with 
crimson, and having a slight blush. It is 
of delicious flavor. 

CHAS. FINGAR, of California, also 
sends a large lot of fruits grown in that 
State. The Plums, Apricots, Cherries, and 
other early fruits, are all very fine. 

J. S. COLLINS, of Moorestown, N. J., 
has some Blackberries that would com¬ 
mand attention anywhere. Amongst his 
“ Early Wilson ” specimens are many that 
measure 1^ inches in length and 1 inch in 
thickness. He also has some beautiful 
selections of the “Missouri Mammoth,” 
and the “ Brandywine.” 







521 


THE POMOLOGICAL SHOW-CANADA, TIIE UNITED STATES. 


SEPT. 1ST. 

The tables still keep up their attractive 
appearance. The Bermudean display still 
draws great attention, and the vegetables 
and fruits of Mr. FELTON are constantly 
growing in the number and variety of ex¬ 
hibits. There is a curious plant shown 
there. It is called the Swiss Chard. The 
leaves of this exceedingly useful plant are 
something like those of the ordinary pie¬ 
plant. The young leaves are used as 
spinach, and the stalk is cooked like as¬ 
paragus, or when boiled in milk, are very 
much like mushroom. There are also 
amongst the fruit: Apples, Pears and 
Plums. Of the Apples there are some fine 
varieties, varying from the small Golden 
or Red Crab Apple to the “ King,” a very 
large, yellowish green-skinned variety. 
Another, called the “Cream Apple,” is a 
beautiful cream-colored, medium sized 
fruit of fine flavor. There are many vari¬ 
eties of Pears, but none of them of very 
large size; and the same may be said of 
the Plums, although there are some choice 
kinds. There are some fine Muskmelons, 
which are of the finest flavor, and several 
of unusual dimensions. One of them 
measures 12 inches as its longest, and 10 
inches as its shortest diameter, the latter- 
being measured from the stem to the 
calyx. 

The Watermelons on exhibit, are some 
of very good size, and of the oblong shaped, 
dark green Spanish varieties. 

There is amongst the vegetables a curi¬ 
ous bean called the “Yard Bean,” from 
the length of the pod. 


CANADA. 

As we enter, away off to the left we see 
the crimson banner of Canada. The Do¬ 
minion has over 1,200 selections, and is 
constantly receiving fresh additions every 
day. There are over 200 different varie¬ 
ties of apples alone, many of them of re¬ 
markable excellence of form, and color 
and flavor. 

Amongst the most noticeable are the 
“ Northern Spy,” a large juicy apple, green 
skinned, and striped with different shades 
of red; the “Fameuse,” a medium-sized ap¬ 
ple, dark red and green, and of splendid 
keeping qualities. The “Red Canada,” a 
large red apple, the attendant tells us, is 
one of the prime favorites in the Domin¬ 


ion. Amongst scores of varieties, we may 
also mention the “ Rhode Island Green¬ 
ing,” “St. Lawrence,” “Red Russet,” 
“Seek No Further,” “Golden Russet,” the 
“ September, ” the “ Fall Pippin” and the 
“ Pomme Grise, ” the latter a brownish gray 
of medium size. Here is also the twenty- 
ounce apple, red and striped, and its size 
indicated by its name. The greatest curi¬ 
osity in the collection is the “Adam and 
Eve” apple. In this variety, two apples 
appear to have grown together with but a 
single stem, and two perfect calices. This 
apple is a seedling, and every apple of the 
tree is of like formation. In this section 
there are also about 100 varieties of pears 
represented, varying in size from the 
“ Flemish Beauty,” a very large, bell-shaped 
pear, with golden-yellow skin warmed 
on one side with a crimson blush, to the 
small, coppery-looking “Seckel,” the rich- 
est-tasting of them all. There are also 
other fine varieties, the “ Doyenne,” both 
white and golden; the “D’anjou,” “Duch- 
esse D’Angouleme” “Louise de Brune,” 
“Belle Lucrative,” and others. There is 
quite a large display of Crab Apples, and 
as this is a fruit that matures well in high 
latitudes, most of them are very fine. 

Amongst the collective exhibits from 
Canada is that of the FRUIT GROW¬ 
ERS’ SOCIETY, of Ontario, who have 120 
varieties of apples, amongst which is the 
St. Lawrence apple, a foot in circumfer¬ 
ence; also Plums, Peaches, Pears and a va¬ 
riety of other fruits. The Grapes are in 
great abundance, and nearly all the varie¬ 
ties grown in Canada are here shown. 


THE UNITED STATES. 

The display from the different States of 
the Union would challenge the admiration 
of even the most casual observer. Nearly 
all the large tables are laden with their 
luscious burdens, and the air is heavy with 
the fragrance of the fruit. The plates con¬ 
taining the fruits are here numbered by 
the thousand. By the crimson banners 
hung over the tables from the pillars, we 
see that NEBRASKA, KANSAS, IOWA, 
INDIANA, OHIO, MASSACHUSETTS, 
MICHIGAN, CONNECTICUT, NEW 
YORK, PENNSYLVANIA, NEW JER¬ 
SEY, CALIFORNIA, WISCONSIN, 
OREGON, NORTH CAROLINA and 
other States have sent us their fruits. 













522 


THE POMOLOGICAL SHOW-THE UNITED STATES. 


From PENNSYLVANIA there is a 
large collection of fruits, melons, and veg¬ 
etables. These comprise scores of different 
varieties of Peaches, Apples, Pears, Plums, 
Apricots, and Grapes; Watermelons of sev¬ 
eral varieties, Musk Melons, and all sorts 
of vegetables, the fine general collection 
by Mr. A. L. FELTON, of Pliila., number¬ 
ing 215 varieties of all. 

The BERKS CO. AGRICULTURAL 
SOCIETY sends 150 varieties of fruit, 
contained in 249 plates. Amongst these 
is the “ Fallawater” apple, averaging thir¬ 
teen inches in circumference, and others 
equally large. The PENNSYLVANIA 
FRUIT - GROWERS ’ ASSOCIATION 
has two tables of over fifty varieties of 
Grapes. 

CALIFORNIA has an exceptionally 
fine display of fruits of all kinds, grown 
in her especially fine soil and climate. 
The Plums are many of them as large as 
apples of ordinary size; the Peaches are 
also of great size and beauty of color, and 
of good flavor. The Pears are as large 
and fine as to merit especial notice. Here 
we see the “ Duchesse” and the “ Bartlet” 
in perfection, whilst the Grape exhibit is 
extremely large. There is one bunch of 
flame-colored Tokay grapes that weighs 
three and one-half pounds, and some 
Black Hamburgs that are almost as 
large. 

Mr. JOSEPH NEUMAN has a large 
collection of all the different varieties of, 
Pears, many varieties of Apples, Peaches, 
Plums, Grapes, etc., which he disposes of, 
devoting the entire proceeds to help the 
Savannah sufferers. 

Gen. BID WELL also has a rich and 
varied exhibit, and not only of Apples, 
Pears, Plums, Apricots, Peaches, Grapes, 
etc., but from the White Muscat Grapes he 
has made some of the finest sun-dried Rai¬ 
sins. During the past year he has pro¬ 
duced over ten tons of these raisins, which 
are very near to the best Spanish in appear¬ 
ance. Here are also some fine Almonds, 
a nut that is just growing into favor with 
the California fruit-growers, as it flourishes 
finely in that country. 

From OREGON there are large arrivals 
of Apples, Pears, and all kinds of fruit. 
Some of these, particularly the Pears, are 
remarkably fine and large, and the entire 
exhibit, although taking such a length 
of time (nine days) to arrive, and also con¬ 


sidering the great distance coming, is in a 
very good state. 

MICHIGAN has a very large and fine 
display, requiring over 1,000 plates. In it 
are Apples, Pears, Peaches, Plums, and 
Grapes. In all the hardier kinds of fruit 
she shows remarkably good collections. 
The POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF 
THIS STATE sends several hundred col¬ 
lections. 

From NEBRASKA we find four large 
tables that are laden with hundreds of 
plates of Apples, Pears, Peaches, and 
Grapes. The apples are about as fine as 
any in the exhibition. It is conceded by 
all that in no part of the Union are the soil 
and climate better adapted to the raising 
of this standard fruit. Not only are the 
apples of great size (some of them says 
the attendant, we could not put in our hat 
(?), when of the largest size), but are of 
good keeping qualities. All the most 
prominent varieties are well represented. 
Although the State has sent enough to fill 
5,000 plates, she has but 1,000 on the 
tables. 

KANSAS also has a fine collection of 
miscellaneous fruit, but the best part of her 
exhibit may be seen in the Kansas and 
Colorado State Building, where there is a 
grand central stand with a domed temple 
that is covered with fifty barrels of speci¬ 
mens of about 150 different varieties of 
this fruit, producing a very pleasant show. 

From NORTH CAROLINA we have a 
beautiful collection of Apples and other 
fruit, mainly grown by Mr. NATHAN¬ 
IEL ATKINSON, near Asheville, where 
he has an orchard of 280 acres. He sends 
of Apples alone, 100 varieties, many of 
them comparing favorably with any in the 
exhibition. Besides the fruit, he also shows 
an ear of corn fifteen inches in length and 
some tobacco of fine quality. 

OHIO has a collection of 1,200 plates 
of selected varieties of fruit, and among 
them many fine, large Apples, such as the 
Pumpkin Sweet, the Early Pennock, large, 
yellow streaked, Gilliflower, Lewis’ Pippin, 
Maiden’s Blush, and scores of others 
equally as well known. In Pears there are 
the usual varieties of Bartletts, Doyennes, 
Duchesse, etc., and in grapes the display is 
only ordinary. 

NEW YORK sends a moderately large 
collection. The URBANA WINE CO. 
sends 113 boxes of Grapes of different 





THE POMOLOGICAL SHOW-THE UNITED STATES. 


523 


varieties, raised in their vineyards at Lake 
Kakua. The FRUIT-GRO VVERS’ AS¬ 
SOCIATION of Ontario, also send a large 
collection, the Apples alone numbering 
120 plates, and also Pears, Plums, Peaches, 
and others. The rest of the Northern and 
Western States are also well represented 
to greater or less extent. 


VEGETABLES. 

Among the vegetables exhibited are 
some varieties of Sugar Beets, large white 
and yellow Carrots by Mr. LANDRETH, 
of Phila. The Potatoes, however, are a 
marked part of the exhibition. There are 
three large tables of these. One of these 
exhibits a great number of varieties, but 
none in any perfection. The other two, 
however, are by B. K. BLISS & SONS, 
and comprise nearly a hundred varieties, 
the most admired of them being the Ruby 
and the Alpha. There are also in this col¬ 
lection some fine Peach Blows, Lady Fin¬ 
gers, and other fancy and standard varie¬ 


ties. Besides the potatoes, there are a 
number of specimens of different varieties 
of Onions and Garlic. 

Besides the displays of fruits and vege¬ 
tables, there is a beautifully arranged table 
and trophy of Cereals from IOWA. It 
consists of Wheat, Rye, Barley, Corn, Mil¬ 
let, and other grain. 

In order to form a correct idea of the 
immense collection of fruit and vegetables 
at this exhibition, the visitor must know 
that the fruit that fills all the tables in the 
large hall is not nearly all that has been 
sent. Some of the States have five times as 
much on hand as they are able to place 
upon the space allotted to them. The 
Commissioner grants all possible facilities, 
and furnishes the plates and tables for the 
exhibitors. The exhibition lasts until the 
21st, when the remains of the show will be 
returned to the tables in the naves of Agri¬ 
cultural Hall, to make ready for the Poul¬ 
try Show, which will commence on the 
27 th October. 








ANCIENT ART AND ARCHITECTURE. 


In tracing the history of Art and Archi¬ 
tecture we must not expect to meet with 
studied plans and elaborately defined fig¬ 
ures. The first indication of human inge¬ 
nuity threw its light from within the portal 
of Eden; an exhibition of tender regard— 
an effort of our first parents to hide their 
discovery of sin. From this act sprang 
forth tear-washed Modesty in all her crim¬ 
son beauty:—Modesty, whose laws, though 
least and variant, even among the uncul¬ 
tured, are most respected. Immediately 
before the expulsion did “ the Lord God 
make coats of skin and covered them.” 
A rt was the first offspring of modesty, and 
had her birth behind “ the flaming sword 
and before a man was born upon the earth. 

The first-born and his brother made offer¬ 
ings to the Lord, and an offering implies 
an altar; though it may be imperfect, and 
constructed of coarse material. Cain was 
a husbandman and offered his first fruits. 
When they were in the field together, Cain 
slew his brother, and it was for that act the 
land was cursed. He went eastward, to 
the land of Nod—settled, took a wife, and 
raised children. He “ builded a city, and 
called the name of the city after the name 
of his son, Enoch.” Lamech, the sixth 
from Adam, by the line of Cain, had three 
remarkable sons—Jabal, “the father of 
such as dwell in tents, and such as have 
cattle.” Art is recognized in “tents,” and 
his nomadic habits are shown by their use. 

Jubal was “the father of all such as han¬ 
dle the harp and organ.” From him came 
Art’s sister, Music. The third son was— 
“Tubal-cain an instructor of every artificer 
in brass and iron.” In him we find the 
“cunning workman,” that is, an ingenious 
and scientific mechanic. All these may 
have assisted in the building of Enoch. It 
is not necessary to imagine that Enoch was 
a city of temples and gardens. The early 
habits and slender wants of the people did 
not require extravagant adornment. It 
may have been merely a walled enclosure 


filled with mud cabins and many tents. 
Whatever it was, the angry waters of the 
flood carried every vestige of it from the 
face of the earth. 

The ark was antediluvian, and w^as built 
under direction of heaven. 

The first act of Noah after his deliver¬ 
ance, was the building of an altar—a work 
of Art—on which he presented a thank- 
offering to the Lord. Art was the early and 
steadfast companion of worship. 

The Cisdeluvians multiplied rapidly, and 
in the days of Peleg “ the earth was 
divided;” that is: the families separated. 
One large division, traveling eastward,* 
came to the plain of Shinar. 

One said to his neighbor:—“ Go to, let 
us build us a city, and a tower whose top 
may reach unto heaven.” They burned 
brick and commenced, but after a time, 
the Lord confounded their language, and 
they were scattered. The foundation of 
this tower, built of brick made of clay, ce¬ 
mented with bitumen and strengthened 
with reeds at every thirtieth course, was 
2.082 feet in circumference, and covered 
more than six acres. 

Nineveh, built B. C. 2000, and several 
other cities of distant antiquity, were of 
the same material. Of these cities we 
must note, that originally they were mere 
collections of low, one storied, earth built 
cabins and coarsely wrought tents. Their 
subsequent splendors were acquired under 
severer governments than that of the pa¬ 
triarchs. 

The city of Babylon continued to exist 
after the confusion of tongues. Semiramis, 
queen of Babylon, added greatly to the 
splendor of the city, but where there is no 
record, writers place her as far back as 


*The St. James translation says:— “As they 
journeyed from the east/’ The polyglot has a 
marginal note—“Eastward.” A glance at the 
map and a knowledge of the position of the patri¬ 
archal families, show that all the early migrations 
were eastward. 






ANCIENT ART AND ARCHITECTURE. 


525 


2177, or 77 years before the first mud wall; 
others lower, until Herodotus makes it only 
713 B. C. Nebuchadnezzar, B. C. 600, 
added greatly to the beauty of Babylon. 

The city was surrounded by a wall said 
to have been from 45 to 60 miles in cir¬ 
cumference. They were 350 feet high, 
and 87 broad. 

Within the city were circular spaces 
surrounded also by walls provided with 
gates of brass. In one of these was the 
temple of Jupiter Belus, supposed by many 
to be the tower of Babel. Half way up 
was a “ convenient resting place.” The 
tower contained a table of solid gold. On 
the outside of the chapel were two others, 
one of gold. Before his time, Herodotus 
says there was a statue in the temple, 
twelve cubits (21 feet) high, made of solid 
gold. He places the various ornamenta¬ 
tions at over $100,000,000.(?) 

The embellishments of this wonderful 
city were so magnificent that when it had 
existed 1,300 years (B. C. 713), in preaching 
against it, Isaiah said, “Babylon, the glory 
of kingdoms, the beauty of the Chaldees’ 
excellency,” . . . “Thus saith the 

Lord to his anointed, to Cyrus: I will go 
before thee; I will break in pieces the gates 
of brass.” Babylon to-day is a heap of 
ruins so mingled with the soil that the posi¬ 
tion of its great works are unknown—“the 
wild beasts of the forest lie there: the 
dragons howl in her pleasant palaces.” 

Nineveh, at one time almost equally beau¬ 
tiful, has likewise disappeared. Fragment¬ 
ary remains are scattered over many miles. 
Like Babylon, it contained temples and 
statues; and gods of wood and stone and 
gold. 

The first battle spoken of in Scripture 
was between five kings and four kings; and 
when the victors carried away Lot and his 
family, Abram armed 318 servants, born 
in his own house, pursued the triumphant 
kings, destroyed their armies, and rescued 
his relative. We mention this contest for 
several reasons. It shows that “nations” 
were mere communities, and “kings” only 
the heads of families; otherwise Abram 
could not have conquered with only 318 
men. Next, armies were organized and 
provided with arms—probably only swords 
and spears, or javelins. Art and industry 
produced these weapons. The stronger 
drove out the weaker, and prisoners were 
enslaved. 


More amiable families still fled farther 
southward and eastward until they pene¬ 
trated the mountains of India and the 
wilds of China. [Rev. Michael Russell, 
LL. D., the Egyptian historian, is of the 
opinion that the earliest migration was 
along “those great rivers falling into the 
Persian Gulf, and thence along the coast 
of Arabia to the shores of the Red Sea.” 
“They found their way,” he says, “into 
Nubia and Abyssinia.” He then adds— 
“ Meantime, it is probable, a similar cur¬ 
rent set eastward across the mouths of the 
Indus, carrying arts and institutions of a 
corresponding character into the countries 
which stretch from that river to the great 
peninsula of Hindoostan.”] These all car¬ 
ried with them a reverence for the Deity, 
evidently recollections of the creation and 
legends of the deluge. Ignorance and iso¬ 
lation corrupted these sacred evidences 
into base and impure fables. 

But these quiet and almost forgotten 
nations pursued Art with surprising intel¬ 
lectuality. The ancients of India—how 
far back no volume tells—seized mountains 
from which to carve their models, and 
thereof chiseled temples and sacred grot¬ 
toes. The most remarkable of these are 
found in Deccan, where Elephanta is most 
noted—known as the “wonder of Asia.” 
The temple commences about half way up 
the mount, where are three entrances be¬ 
tween four rows of columns, the principal 
one being 220 feet long and 150 feet 
broad. 

On the neighboring island of Kenneri, a 
whole hill is made into an excavated city, 
with tanks, stairs, and every accommoda¬ 
tion for a large population. 

Another and still more wondrous work 
is Ellora. Here a lofty hill is cut into a 
range of temples, and the entire surface 
covered with varied sculpture and orna¬ 
ments. Mr. Erskine gazed with a feeling 
of melancholy upon this desolate, religious 
city. These immense subterranean tem¬ 
ples—the endless variety of sculpture— 
curious foliage—minute tracery—highly 
wrought colossal figures, and the sacred 
shrines, astounded and distracted him. 

Traveling westward from India, Art 
reached Abyssinia—then Nubia, where 
mountains were again carved into temples 
and cities. Fifty miles from Derr is 
Ibsambul, where a mountain becomes a 
temple with a portico fifty-seven feet long 






526 


ANCIENT ART AND ARCHITECTURE. 


by fifty-two wide, adorned with columns 
that are colossal images. In the interior 
we find a temple proper, 117 feet wide and 
86 high, and four colossi, 65 to 70 feet, 
carved with exquisite taste and accuracy. 
The walls are covered with hieroglyphics 
and scenes of battles, with castles, triumphs, 
groups of captives, and other grand, artistic 
designs, the colors bright as when first put 
on. 

Coming still down the Nile, we reach the 
ruins of Dendera, the temple 265 feet long 
and 140 broad. The portico has six col¬ 
umns, with colossal heads of Isis. The 
whole front is covered with fantastic sculp¬ 
ture, hieroglyphics, groups of deities, and 
sacred animals, embodying the most ancient 
manners and mythology. The portico is 
120 by 67 feet, supported by 24 columns, 
profusely and richly ornamented. 

The ceiling of this temple was adorned 
with a painting of the zodiac, covering the 
entire surface.* When the sepoys (Hindoo 
soldiers) joined the British army and en¬ 
tered the temple of Dendera, they imagined 
themselves among their native gods. They 
at once proceeded to perform their accus¬ 
tomed worship, and were greatly incensed 
at the Egyptians for neglecting the ancient 
deities, whose statues they still preserved. 

The Pyramids of Egypt are too familiar 
to the world to need description. We 
may say the same of the Egyptian Laby¬ 
rinth, and of the city of Thebes. Who 
sculptured the mountains into temples— 
who adorned them with the richest paint¬ 
ings—are unknown. We gaze in wonder 
at the magnificence and accuracy of these 
grand adornments, and search in vain for 
names. Not one is found. We know who 
built the Pyramids, and the age of their 
construction, but beyond that we have no 
light. Of the manner in which the Pyra¬ 
mids were raised we shall speak elsewhere, 
but even this is speculative. We have no 
positive information. 

The Temple of Solomon was built B. C. 
1005, and the books of Kings and Chroni¬ 
cles give a full description of the magnifi¬ 
cent structure; and here, too, may be found 
that Hiram, the son of a widow of Tyre, 
whose father was an artificer—was the 
architect—the only artist mentioned so 
far back in history as connected with 


* This remarkable monument has been detached 
from the roof, and is now in Paris. 


mighty works. The Temple was of wood 
and stone, and all overlaid with gold. The 
pillars were beautifully adorned, and fin 
ished in the most elaborate style. Then 
the altar was of gold, and various vessels 
were of gold, and silver, and brass. 

The Egyptians, Etruscans, and Greeks 
seem to have embraced art independently 
of each other, while there can be no doubt 
that each nation borrowed ideas from India, 
or were instructed by Indian teachers. 
The 30 deities of Greece were at first rep¬ 
resented by square stones. Some of these 
are mentioned by Pausanias, as remaining 
as late as A. D. 177. Even Cupid and the 
Graces were only oblong pieces of marble. 
At this time statuary and architecture were 
already ancient. The Persians disapproved 
of statues, as they did not believe the gods 
had human forms. 

The first improvement of the block was 
the head alone—then the arms, hands, legs, 
and feet were sculptured, still leaving the 
body square. 

Egyptian statues vary according to the 
age when produced, the most ancient hav¬ 
ing a Chinese cast; small bias eyes and 
effeminate features. The next series are 
given with thick lips and flat noses. The 
third class (after the conquest by A lexander) 
are more Grecian and more natural. 

In ornamental art the ancients were well 
and early advanced. Rings, brooches, 
pins, &c., and jewelry for the head, neck, 
and hands, as well as minted coin, were 
known as far back as B. C. 2,000. 

The Egyptians stripped themselves of 
ornaments to hasten the exodus of the He¬ 
brews. The golden calf of Aaron was made 
of the jewelry of the tribes. The ancients at 
a very early date understood the modes of 
mixing and separating metals, and delight¬ 
ed in massive rather than delicate displays. 
The Grecians introduced delicate elabora¬ 
tion and more artistically finished designs.* 

Apelles lived in the days of Alexander. 
His most noted pictures were, his Phryne, 
and Alexander holding thunderbolts. The 
latter was placed in the temple of Julius 
Csesar. It was sold for an amount equal 
to $200,000. It soon gave way to the de¬ 
cay of years. 

The Greeks and Romans made statues 


* In our description of the Castellani collection 
will be found the dates, uses, and designs of much 
ancient jewelry. 













527 


ANCIENT ART AND ARCHITECTURE. 


for all the gods, and for the most distin¬ 
guished soldiers and statesmen. The former 
systematized their architecture by grand 
and attractive orders, the models of which 
were obtained elsewhere, but greatly en¬ 
riched, and at the same time simplified. 

hey paid more attention to symmetry 
and proportion; so that instead of huge 
exaggerations, they produced nothing to at- 
ti act by mere monstrosity or enormousness. 
Their ideal statues and busts were the per¬ 
fection of Art made by the closest study of 
Nature. The Romans copied largely from 
the Greeks,, though more of their imposing 
than of their exquisitely beautiful works of 
Art. 

Sculpture and painting declined soon 
after the commencement of the Christian 
era. But few grand buildings mark the 
early centuries. The church of St. Sofia was 
founded by Constantine, A. I). 325, and re¬ 
built by Justinian, A. D. 532-8. The diam- 
etei of the dome, 107 feet. From the ground 
to the cupola, 180 feet. The ceiling and in¬ 
terior arches are of mosaic and gold. The 
gallery is 50 feet broad, supported by 67 
massive columns, some of which are of 
costly jasper, elegantly elaborated and ex¬ 
quisitely worked.* 


But there was a falling away of Art 

uimg the Middle Ages, usually known 
as the “Dark Ages,” which continued 
from A. D. 476 to 1492. In the 5th 
century commenced an intellectual de¬ 
pression. Mankind seemed to fall back- 
ward. Barbaric wars swept over the 
world, and genius was compelled to 
hide among the ruins of empires, and 
the catacombs of forgotten princes. 
Luxurious cities crumbled to dust, and 
the wild beasts nestled in the ancient 
palaces. 

It was darkest in Europe during the 
7th century. A revival commenced in 
Ireland in the 6th, but England and Italy 
were in deplorable barbarism until the 
10th. In the 11th came a relapse that 
reached the 15th century. Since that 
time Art and Architecture have rapidly 
advanced. In our pages upon the various 
displays in the Art Buildings, will be 
found descriptions by nations, showing the 
advances up to the present time. These 
are so arranged as to make a continua¬ 
tion of the history by reference to actual 
works as shown from the best masters. 
The. world is now so advanced, and 
Christianized, that we need scarcely fear 
another decay. 


*Now a Turkish mosque. 

























ART GALLERY. 








































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































THE 


INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. 


art buildings. 


ART GALLERY. 

Size 365 by 210 feet. 




AVENUE OF THE REPUBLIC. 


MEMORIAL HALL.— Ground Plan. 


A. Italy. 

B. United States, Gt. Brit 

ain, Germany, France 
Italy. 

C. United States. 

D. Great Britain. 

E. France. 

F. Germany. 

G. Austria. 

H. Spain and Sweden. 

I. France. 

J. Germany. 

K. United States, Norway. 

L. Great Britain. 

M. Belgium. 


N. Italy. 

O. Belgium. 

P. Great Britain. 

Q. Great Britain. 

K. Great Britain. 

S. Great Britain. 

T. Great Britain. 

U. Italy. 

V. Italy. 

W. Italy. 

X. United States. 

Y. United States. 

{ Great Britain. 

United States. 
Germany and France. 


1 

2 

3 

4. 

5. 

6 . 

7. 

8 . 
9 . 


10 . 

11 . 

12 . 

13. 

14. 

15 . 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20 . 

21 . 

22 . 


ART GALLERY ANNEX.— Ground Plan 


Italy. 

Italy. 

Italy. 

Italy. 

Netherlands. 

United States. 
Norway. 

Denmark. 

United States. 
Argentine Republic. 
Chili. 

Mexico. 

United States. 
Sweden. 

United States. 
Netherlands. 

United States. 
Netherlands. 

United States. 
Superintend’t’s Office 
Italy. 

United States. 

Italy. 

United States. 
France. 

Netherlands. 

United States. 


23. Belgium. 

24. United States. 

25. Spain. 

Sweden. 

Canada. 

Portugal. 

Argentine Republic. 
Brazil. 

United States. 
Portugal. 

Brazil. 

United States. 

Spain. 

France. 

Belgium. 

France. 

France. 

France. 

France, 

France. 

39. Belgium. 

40. United States. 

41. Belgium. 

42. United States. 

43. France. 

44. United States. 

45. France. 


26. 

27. 


28. 

29. 

30. 

31. 

32. 

33. 

34. 

35. 

36. 

37. 

38. 


Memorial II all, built at a cost of $1,500,000, by the State 
of Pennsylvania and City of Philadelphia, is placed at the 
disposal of the Centennial Commission, to be used durin°- 
the Exhibition as an Art Gallery, after which it is de“ 
signed to make it the receptacle of an Industrial Art 
Museum, similar to the South Kensington Museum, at 
London. The design is modern renaissance, and the 
structure is fire-proof. It covers an acre and a half, and 
is 365 feet .ong, 210 feet wide, and 59 feet high, over a 
basement 12 feet high. A dome, rising 150 feet above the 
ground, surmounts the center, capped by a colossal ball 
from which rises the figure of Columbia. The main front 
of the building looks southward, displaying a main en¬ 
trance in the center consisting of three arched doorways 
a pavilion on each end, and two arcades connecting the 
pavilions with the center. The entrance is 70 feet wide 
to which is a rise of 13 steps. Each of the doorways is 
40feet high and 15feet wide, opening into a hall. In each 
paviHon there is a window 12J feet by 34 feet, eight in all, 
which will be used for the display of stained plass, c^lass 
paintings, etc. The arcades designed to screen the long 
walls of the galleries each consist of five groined arches, 
and form promenades looking outward over the grounds 
and inward over open gardens extending back to the 
main wall of the building. These garden plots are 90 
feet by 36 leet, ornamented in the center with fonntains, 
and intended to display statuary. The rear or north 
front of the building is of the same general character as 
the main front, but, in place of the arcade, has a series of 
arched windows, twelve in number, with the entrance in 
the center. Between the pavilions is the grand balcony, 
a promenade 275 feet long and 45 feet wide, elevated 40 
leet above the ground, and overlooking to the northward 
the grounds of the Park. On each front of the buildings 
the entrance opens into halls, 82 feet long, 60 feet wide, 
and 53 feet high. These, in turn, open into the center hall, 
83 feet square, the ceiling rising over it 80 feet in height, 
hrom the east and west sides of this central hall extend 
the galleries, each 98 feet long, 48 feet wide, and 35 feet 
high. 


25 
















































































































532 


ART BUILDINGS. 


ANNEX TO ART GALLERY. 

Groat as is the space afforded in the Memorial Hall, the 
applications from American and foreign artists proved so 
greatly in excess of its capacity as to require the erection 
of a much more spacious building. This, though only of 
brick, harmonizes architecturally with the Memorial Hall, 
and is to he permanent. It stands just in the rear of 
the original Art Gallery. It affords (50,000 square feet of 
wall space available for paintings, and contains 30 galle¬ 
ries, each 40 feet square, besides four galleries, each 100 
feet long, by 54 feet wide, and two transverse central cor¬ 
ridors, 20 feet wide. 


MEMORIAL HALL. 

This building was constructed at the 
joint expense of the State of Pennsylvania 
and the city of Philadelphia. It is a very 
imposing structure, and does great credit 
to the accomplished architect and engraver, 
H. J. Schwarzmann. It has been placed at 
the disposal of the Centennial Commission 
during the Exhibition, and is used as an 
Art Gallery. At the termination of the 
season it will become the receptacle of our 
Industrial and Art Collection. It cost 
$1,500,000. It is a short distance north 
of the center of the Main Building, in a 
commanding position, looking southward 
over the Schuylkill river and the city. 
Its elevation is 122 feet above* the nave. 
The design is modern Renaissance, and 
the building absolutely fire-proof', the mate¬ 
rials being granite, brick, glass, and iron. 
No wood has been used in the construc¬ 
tion. It is 365 feet long, 210 wide, and 
59 high. The dome over the rotunda 
rises to a height of 150 feet above the 
ground, and is capped by a colossal bail, 
upon which stands an emblematic figure of 
Columbia, cast in zinc. 

The main front, facing southward, has a 
ground entrance, with arcades on either 
side and square pavilions at the corners; 
approached by a wide stone stairway of 
13 steps. 

The front entrance is by three arched 
doorways, each 40 feet high and 15 feet 
wide, opening from a platform V0 feet 
wide. Between the arches of the doors 
are clusters of columns terminating in em¬ 
blematical designs, illustrative of Science 
and Art. Colossal sitting figures of Science 
“and Art crown the cornice of the main en¬ 
trance. 

The arcades on either side of the main 
entrance are each 90 feet long by 40 high. 
They connect the principal central building 
with the corner pavilions. These have 
5 groined arches, and open inward upon 
pretty garden plats, each 90 by 36 feet, 


and ornamented in the interior with statu¬ 
ary and fountains. 

The pavilions are 45 feet square. 
There are two of these on the north side 
of the building, connected with those at 
the south by saloon galleries. The pavil¬ 
ions are lighted by two large windows, 
each 12L feet wide and 34 high, fitted 
with paintings, stained glass, etc. 

In front of the building, command¬ 
ing the approach to the Hall, are two 
bronze figures of heroic size, representing 
the famed Pegasus, led by the Muses. 
These groups were brought from Vienna 
some years since, and presented to the 
Fairmount Park Commission, by R. H. 
Gratz. 

The north front is similar in character 
to the south, except that, instead of arcades 
there are small windows opening into small 
rooms or galleries. There are 13 of these. 

The dome is of glass and iron; and at 
the corners are figures representing the 
four quarters of the globe. All the statu¬ 
ary of the exterior is cast of zinc, from 
designs by Mueller, a German artist. 

The main entrance on the south opens 
with a hall 60 feet wide, 82 long, and 53 
high. Great doors open from this into the 
central hall, 83 feet square, and 80 feet to 
the ceiling of the dome. East and west of 
the rotunda are galleries, each 98 feet long, 
83 wide, and 35 high. The central hall 
and galleries form one grand hall, 28V feet 
long, and 85 wide, capable of accommoda¬ 
ting 8,000 people. These great galleries 
and halls have been temporarily divided 
for the better display of various works of 
art, and for more distinct national separa¬ 
tions. 

East and west of the long galleries are 
two others, each 89 feet long and 28 wide, 
connected with apartments that open into 
the pavilions. On the north side are 13 
smaller rooms, that open on a corridor 14 
feet wude, to be hereafter used as studios. 

The interior halls are lighted from above 
and the pavilions from the sides, — the 
northern rooms irom the front. 

The interior doors are of bronze and 
iron, gorgeously ornamented in rich bas- 
relief. The floors are laid of marble tiles, 
and the entire building, within and with¬ 
out, is extremely gay and prepossessing. 
It covers about an acre and a half. The 
builder was R. J. Dobbins. 

So numerous were applications for space 













1211.—(iIRL AS BUTTERFLY. 


1246.—SUNSHINE. 


1122.—BLIND MAN’S BUFF, 


1121.—FLYING TIME 




Mosct' 


















CORRIDOR OP TIiR ART ANNEX. 































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































- 














































/: 











ART BUILDINGS. 


537 


from our own and foreign countries, that 
the Centennial Committee were compelled 
to erect still another building for art pur¬ 
poses. This was placed 100 feet north of 
Memorial Hall, and is known as the 


ART ANNEX. 

This building is 350 feet long, and is 
permanently constructed in a style corre¬ 
sponding to that of its costly neighbor. It 
is divided into 45 courts and galleries, all 
lighted from the top, and so constructed 
that the rooms connect in an easy manner, 
readily comprehended by the visitor. Even 
these two immense buildings were inade¬ 
quate to a comprehensive display of the 
art objects therein collected. Almost every 
pavilion, court, and gallery were crowded, 
and the spaces for visitors so reduced that 
the immense concourse could frequently 
only obtain glimpses of uncertain percep¬ 
tion. In taking our notes, we had often 
to abandon a room for a time, and wait 
for more elbow-room at less crowded in¬ 
tervals. 

Of all the displays in the Centennial 
Exhibition, none attracted the universal 
attention given to the Art Gallery and the 
A nnex. In genius the Poet takes the fore¬ 
most rank, and his works outlive the labors 
and exploits of all others. 

The Psalms of David, composed 3,000 
years ago, and the rich poetry of the 
Hebrew prophets, (nearly as distant,) are 
familiar in all civilized lands; while the 
history of their heroes is covered with 
mystery, and the magnificence of their 
architecture has been overthrown, till “not 
one stone i& left above another.” 

The writings of Homer have a wider 
circulation to-day than they have ever had 
before, though the great, blind Poet has 
slumbered in his grave for 2,800 years. 
The ancient Greek and Latin poets live 
to-day, though the exploits of the ancient 
Greek and Latin captains are mingled with 
fable, and their spirits can only look down 
upon crumbled countries, ruined by the 
wasted energies of their descendants. 

Music, painting, and sculpture are the de¬ 
lineators of poetry, and are to be admired 
and appreciated as they portray the poetic 
truth and force. We have not space to en¬ 
large upon this theme. It is enough to 
throw it out, and to state that with this 
idea we have studied Memorial Hall and I 


the Art Annex. While closely scanning 
various productions, we have sought most 
carefully those that were the vehicles 
through which the gorgeous imagination 
of some poet poured out his lines in mar¬ 
ble or upon the canvas. The sculptor or the 
painter may not be a lingual poet, but if he 
have not a poetic fancy, he cannot shadow 
forth any wondrous truth with chisel or 
brush. 

We have spent many days in examining 
the contents of every room in the two Art 
Buildings, and have taken notes of those 
specimens that drew our own fancy or ap¬ 
peared to attract the general admiration. 
We have paid no attention to the awards 
of the judges, except to note the mere fact 
when we found the painting or statue so 
marked, and of which we had made a 
memorandum. Some pictures for which 
awards were given have been passed over, 
either from want of room, or because we 
failed to discover the particular merit for 
which the judicial credit had been given. 
To this day, we have not read a comment 
upon a single picture in the whole exhibi¬ 
tion. 

We have systematized our review of 
Art, and proceeded methodically therein. 
In our schedule we give the number of oil 
paintings, water colors, engravings, arch¬ 
itectural designs, sculpture, etc., of each 
nation’s contributions, and have classified 
the oil paintings as nearly as we could 
from the catalogue, not supposing it to be 
absolutely correct, but sufficiently so for 
the purpose of showing the general char¬ 
acter of the paintings. For the informa¬ 
tion of those not familiar with Art, we 
would say that those under the head of 
imaginative and composition , are paintings 
of an object or group of objects delineated 
from the fancy of the artist in whole or in 
pare, and not from nature. 


THE UNITED STATES. 

The exhibit of our own country is very 
large, being about one-third of the entire 
collection. Of these we find 688 oil paint¬ 
ings, of which the imaginative and compo¬ 
sition number 220; portraits, 150; land¬ 
scape, 187; animals, 15; interior views, 15; 
fish, 3; marine, 39; flowers, 21; city views, 
20; still life, 7; fruit, l; miniatures, 3; 
poultry, 1; historical, 15; birds, 2; and veg¬ 
etables, 1. Of paintings in water colors 









53S 


ART BUILDINGS. 


engravings and etchings on steel and cop¬ 
per, 230; architectural designs, 269, and 
sculpture, 152. 


OIL PAINTINGS.-IMAGINATIVE. 

14. Desert Scene, by S. COLEMAN, 
New York. The merchants of Laghouat 
( en route between Tell and the Desert Al¬ 
geria. The caravan is well drawn and the 
red sand shows finely in the intense sun¬ 
light. 

128. October Afternoon, by J. Mc- 
ENTEE, of New York. The autumn for¬ 
est is well depicted, the fine, deep coloring 
being most true to nature. The artist has 
been awarded the medal of the Centennial 
for his accurate delineation. 

20. The Pilgrim’s Sunday Morning, 
by G. H. BOUGHTON, New York. This 
is a small picture, representing the fathers 
in front with their guns ready; the wo¬ 
men and children in the center with their 
prayer books, and the young men armed 
in the rear, on their way to church through 
the snow and among the leafless winter 
trees. The conception is good and the 
idea truthful to history. 

159. The Ferry Inn, by IT. BOLTON 
JONES, of Baltimore. A home picture. 
There is the old country tavern, a two-sto¬ 
ried stone house with the ever-swinging sign. 
Then the ferry crossing, the old flat-bot¬ 
tomed scow, and the Conestoga wagon, all 
worked into a small compass, yet most 
truthfully and naturally given. 

981. The Tramp, by T. S. NOBLE, of 
Cincinnati, 0. Full-sized picture. One 
solitary tramp is sitting on a green bank 
by the road side. An old man of sixty, 
with gray locks and patched trousers; one 
shoe out at the toe; his hat is by his side, 
and looks much the worse for wear; he has 
a thoughtful expression. The colors are 
excellent, and no one can mistake the 
Tramp at sight. 

866. Yankee Doodle, by A. M. WIL¬ 
LARD, of Cleveland. This is a gay and 
spirited picture, 7 by 12 feet. In the fore¬ 
ground, just sumounting a hill, are three 
figures representing three generations. The 
center one is an old man of seventy years, 
in his shirt sleeves, with his vest and collar 
unbuttoned, marching with the vigor of a 
boy, and thumping away upon a stout old 
drum. His face and form indicate deter¬ 
mined energy; his lips are firmly com¬ 


pressed, and his eagle eye, not dimmed 
with age, is peering into the distance, in 
hopes of spying an enemy. His head is 
bare, and his thin gray locks are shaking 
backward in the breeze. This is the grand¬ 
father, who has heard the call to arms, and 
rushes forward, forgetful of his age. 
The enemy on his native heath and he is 
young again. On his left his son, with 
head bound up, as if he had aheady met 
the foe and been discomfited. He is 
playing upon a fife, and all his energies 
appear to enter upon blowing loud enough 
for all the neighbors to hear and join the 
ranks. On the old man’s right hand 
marches his grandson, a beautiful boy of 
fourteen, who is also drumming for dear life, 
and with his head turned half round, is 
gazing earnestly in the face of his grand¬ 
father, as if to satisfy himself that it is all 
right. The three generations are march¬ 
ing together over the rocks and amid the 
shot and shell of the foemen. A fine light 
is thrown upon these central figures, and 
the whole foreground is well developed. 
Over the brow of the hill and slightly in 
the distance and in a dimmer light, are 
seen the troops obeying the call of old 
Y ankee Doodle, and forming ranks for the 
march. This is one of the most attrac¬ 
tive pictures in the gallery. It is full of 
life and character. It is constantly sur¬ 
rounded by admiring crowds, who appear 
to enter fully into the spirit of the pat¬ 
riotic conception. 

795. Paying the Rent, by E. NICOLL, 
London. This represents a stirring scene. 
On one side is a table covered over with 
account books. An old clerk in an easy 
chair is nipping off the point of his pen. 
Another holds his pen in his mouth while 
reading a letter. An old man and his 
daughter stand by. He is holding a letter 
between his teeth. The girl’s finger is 
upon her chin, and she is watching the 
changes in the countenance of a red-headed 
individual, who appears in a cent per cent, 
agony. In the middle of the picture sits 
one with his feet thrown out and his hand 
rammed far down in his pocket, as if hand¬ 
ling more money. The figures are all 
natural, and nothing distorted in the whole 
composition. 

800. The New Republic, by F. PAU- 
WELS, Weimar. A very large picture, 
at least 16 by 24 feet. Upon a grand 
central pyramids of steps, handsomely 









ART BUILDINGS. 


539 


carpeted, stands Liberty, full size. On 
hei left is Lincoln; below is Beecher, and 
other national characters. Groups all 
round are crowding to the base and offer¬ 
ing. tributes.. A negro with his broken 
chains hanging from his wrists, is finely 
drawn. The grand old flag is unfurled 
upon the scene, and the Capitol is in the 
distance. 

1048. Christian Martyrs in the Col¬ 
osseum, by P. F. ROTIiERMEL, of Phil¬ 
adelphia. A large impressive picture. 
Mother in front, with a handsome child 
patting her face. A patriarch, whose 
calm, countenance gives evidence of his 
readiness to suffer for his Master. Other 
figures in the distance, indicating the 
^cruelty of the whole scene. Fine lights 
thrown upon the prominent persons. 
Awarded medal by the judges. 

1125. Nella Feeding her Doves, by 
Fanny Alexander, of Boston, is a lovely 
pen drawing, belonging to the Rev. 
Arthur Lawrence. The title tells the 
story and the picture is faithful in the 
domestic scene. 

1159. The Old Tinker (water color), by 
G-. B. WOOD, Jr., of Germantown, Pa. 
Another truthful picture. 

Besides these are many very exquisite 
pictures in water colors. 

855. Little Nell and her Grandpa, 
by EUGENE MEEKS, Florence. A 
small but exquisite scene. Nell is thread¬ 
ing her needle preparing to mend grand¬ 
pa’s bandanna. The old gentleman is 
seated, and the room is adorned with 
armor, swords, shields, lamps, etc.; all 
well worked up, and in grand, not too 
dim shade. A fine study, well executed. 

1030. “Fiercely the red sun de¬ 
scending burned iiis way along the 
heavens,” by TIIOS. MORAN, Newark, 
N. J. This is a remarkably rich and 
gorgeous picture. The sea, the wrecks, the 
shores are all (apparently) on fire from the 
red sun that blazes above them. The 
scene will bear close examination. • The 
light, though deep and piercing, is man¬ 
aged with great skill. The picture has re¬ 
ceived the Centennial medal. 

55. One Hundred Years Ago, by W. 
WHITTREDGE, of New York. An old 
man sitting in a room, gazing out of a 
window. The old flowers are creeping in 
at the light, and the shadows are passing 
away. Medal awarded. 


44 0. Chimborazo, by F. E. CHURCH, 
of New York. A charming landscape. 
The water in the foreground as clear as 
crystal, on which is a canoe with one man 
in it. A raft with a rude house upon it, is 
moored to the shore. Upon the side of 
the hut, and on the raft, is a small bed of 
flowers. On shore is seen a fire, with per¬ 
sons watching near. In the distance the 
towering mountain, with the top apparent¬ 
ly cut off by the clouds floating half way 
up. A small town is perceived on the far 
shore of the lake. The whole picture is 
admirably conceived and executed with a 
master hand. The light upon the water is 
remarkably natural. Awarded medal by 
the Centennial judges. 

123. Tantalizing, by W. A. SHADE, 
of New York. A mother holding a bunch 
of grapes, for which the child in her arms 
is reaching. The expression of mirth on 
the mother’s face, and wistfulness upon 
the child’s, are well drawn, while the flesh¬ 
ing is most admirably done. Medal 
awarded for general excellence and the 
poesy of the whole picture. 

966. Morning in the Alleghanies, 
by CARL WEBER, of Philadelphia. 
A truly delightful landscape. A little 
stream of water runs glibly down the 
gorge of the mountanis; while the latter 
rise up one above another until lost in the 
far distance. The foliage is excellent; the 
light well thrown in, and there is an air of 
true grandeur in the whole scene. The 
waters in front are still and placid. Alto¬ 
gether, a remarkably fine picture. 

863. Feeding the Poultry, by WAL¬ 
TER SHIRLAW, of Munich. Here is a 
small but very engaging picture. It is a 
domestic scene. The geese are hungry, 
and as they press forward to receive their 
breakfast, one timid little girl shrinks from 
the protruding bill and the anxious hiss. 
The mother has opened the door, and is 
scattering the food upon the ground. The 
only poultry are geese, but they are well 
painted. 

86. Spalatro’s Vision of the Bloody 
Hand, by WASHINGTON ALLSTON 
(deceased). Mr. Allston was the son of 
Governor Allston, of South Carolina, and 
was born in 1779. He spent ten years 
abroad. Returning in 1809, he continued 
painting until his death in 1843. He 
painted with great life in his pictures, and 
sometimes placed two or three pictures 














ART BUILDINGS. 


540 


upon the same canvass, one under another. 
One of his pictures receiving some severe 
comments, he told the purchaser if he did 
not like it he might “ scrub ” it off, and he 
would find another sketch beneath. 

The “ Vision” is a grand picture. The 
terror upon the face is fearful, and the 
light from the lamps reveals every muscle. 
The sketch tells its own story, and will 
bear a close scrutiny. 

72. What the Sea Says, by EAST¬ 
MAN JOHNSON, of New York. An 
old man and boy listening to the songs of 
the sea-waves. Admirable contrast of ex¬ 
pression ; the one all thought, the other all 
life. A fine picture. Awarded medal. 

968. Firemen’s Parade in New Or¬ 
leans, by PIERSON & POINCY. A 
large, stirring, life picture, full of energy 
and well shown. The many figures ap¬ 
pear each and all in natural positions. 
There is no effort for mere effect, the sub¬ 
ject abounding in realism. 

1018 . Kany-A-Hoo-Ra, Trenton Falls, 
New York, by J. B. SWORD, of Philadel¬ 
phia. This is a large picture of the falls 
and rapids, of which there are really three. 
The heavy forest trees in the foreground 
are well painted, and the perspective 
grandly preserved — the eye apparently 
reaching miles into the distance, looking 
far away over the upper cataract. 

1017. Siiasta, by H. R. ELKINS, of 
Chicago. Shasta is the name of an extinct 
volcano in Upper California, and has given 
rise to many strange conjectures among 
geologists and others. It has the appear¬ 
ance of something accursed, and yet pos¬ 
sessing many points of wondrous beauty. 
The artist has given us a misty haze hang¬ 
ing over the woods, rocks, and valley in 
the foreground. The distant crater of the 
old volcano is now snow-capped. The 
lights are finely thrown upon the haze, and 
give life to a dreary scene. Mr. Elkins 
has shown great skill in the management 
of his subject, and succeeded finely in his 
arduous task. The coloring is excellent, 
and the whole picture a grand truth. 

1019. Yo-Semite Valley, by THOM¬ 
AS HILL, of San Francisco. A large 
landscape. In the foreground, rude, tall 
trees. Rocks and grass on the hill-side. 
Heavy mountains on either side of the 
valley. Square-topped mountains in the 
distance. A perpetual mist in the valley 
has a grand effect in aiding the light where 


it breaks through upon the picture. The 
magic scenery of the Yo-Semite is well 
developed in this attractive scene. One 
feels in gazing upon it, that he is in one of 
Nature’s wildest and most weird haunts. 
The artist has studied for a fine effect, and 
has produced it. The picture has been 
awarded a medal by the Centennial judges, 
and the distinction is well merited. 

1069. Drifting Snow, by W. V. der 
V. BONFIELD, of Philadelphia. A fine 
winter scene. The snow is falling rapidly 
and the wind blowing a gale. The roofs 
of the houses are covered, and the trees 
loaded and bent over, while a solitary trav¬ 
eler, with closely buttoned coat, is making 
his way along a road almost concealed by 
the drift. 

1005. Mount Hood, by A. BIER- 
STADT, of New York. Another grand 
effort by a master in Art. In the dusky 
foreground, deer are feeding quietly by 
the dark and quiet waters. The snow¬ 
capped mountains seem to hang ready to 
throw their whitened cowls upon the deep 
valley. A grand light falls upon the hazy 
front, and gives a warm appearance to the 
whole scene. It is a large and truly mag¬ 
nificent picture. 

969. Reichenbach Falls, Switzerland, 
by CARL WEBER, t>f Philadelphia. A 
scenic picture, capitally drawn and richly 
colored. The water comes tumbling laugh¬ 
ingly over the rocks at the upper falls. 
The spray and foam are well managed. 
The waters, a little obscured by the banks, 
presently burst out below, and rattle gaily 
over the second cataract. The light is 
fine and artistically painted. 

480. New Hampshire Scenery, by J. 
F. KEUSETT (deceased). Fields, woods, 
and orchard. Road and stream indistinct, 
yet in character. Mountains in the dis¬ 
tance. The foliage is remarkably well ’ 
done, and the picture well lighted. 

476. Kaaterskill Clove, Catskill, by 
A. B. DURAND, of New York. Picture 
3|- by 5 feet. The accomplished artist 
here gives us a peep through the hazy val¬ 
ley, and pictures the grand mountains on 
either side. In the foreground, heavy 
trees and rude rocks. In the distance, the 
mountains towering one above another as 
we peer up the vale. This picture received 
the Centennial medal. 

473. The Great Trees, Mariposa Val¬ 
ley, Cal., by A. BIERSTADT, of New 







ART BUILDINGS. 


541 


York. Bare at base, and broken limbs 
all the way up. A man standing in the 
opening at the roots of the tree, does not 
half fill the hollow space. A grand picture 
of these giants of the forest; portraits by a 
master hand. 

470. Frosty Morning, by J. McEN- 
TEE, of New York. A late autumn scene. 
The red and yellow trees splendidly paint¬ 
ed. Awarded Centennial medal. 

865. Kem Ombres, Upper Egypt, by 
J. R. TILTON, Rome. A very pretty 
landscape. The dark water beside the 
old ruin, and the distant hills, are finely 
done. The light of the setting sun falls 
well upon the scene, and lights up the quiet 
eventide. 

104 9. Dream of the Orient, by THOM¬ 
AS MORAN, of Newark, N. J. A ma¬ 
rine view, with vessels in the distance and 
in a mist. Every thing misty. Awarded 
a medal. 

836. Yo-Semite Valley, by A. BIER- 
STADT, New York. A grand picture of 
grand scenery. Upon one side is a rough 
road running beside immense rocks that 
in places stand almost perpendicular. Up¬ 
on the road, which resembles what used to 
be called at the west, the “ dug-away,” are 
two horsemen. On the left of the picture 
rise nearly perpendicular mountains. This 
picture obtained a Centennial medal. 

835. Palisades, by C. E. Du BOIS, Paris. 
Every traveler familiar with the Hudson 
river scenery, cannot fail to pronounce 
this a capital and truthful picture. The 
rocky hills are seen rising 700 to 800 feet 
above the river. Shops are near the shore, 
and the water is ruffled by a passing steam¬ 
boat. A natural picture. 

1047. Valley of the Rio Virgen, 
Utah, by MORAN. Caravan moving 
through the valley. Mountains in the dis¬ 
tance. The coloring is very effective, the 
perspective well thrown back, and the 
lights and shadows in the foreground 
splendidly sustained. A grand picture, 
and well deserving the award that has 
been given it by the Centennial judges. 

472. Coming Storm, over New York 
Bay, by EDWARD MORAN, of New 
York. A grand marine picture, that will 
pay a close examination. 

195. The Old Stage Coach, by EAST¬ 
MAN JOHNSON, of New York. Child¬ 
ren playing in and around an old worn out 
stage body. A good picture, full of young 


life and abounding in childish fun. This 
picture received one of the Centennial 
medals. 

156. Gulliver in Lilliput, by M. 
WATERMAN, of Boston. Another rich 
and sprightly sketch. The little men are 
extremely busy, and there is great humor 
thrown upon the canvas. 

33. The Mountain Ford, by THOMAS 
COLE (deceased). A girl on horseback 
and alone, just crossing the ford. The 
picture is full of life. It is enough to pro¬ 
nounce the name of the artist to rivet at¬ 
tention to any of his pictures. His great 
skill was the throwing of abundant life 
upon his sketches. They spoke for them¬ 
selves, and were at once comprehended 
and enjoyed. 

79. Model of Cadore, by H. PE¬ 
TERS GRAY, of New York. Exquisite 
coloring, and a lovely face. Expression 
remarkably excellent. Awarded medal. 

53. Aphrodite, by H. A. LOOP, of 
New York. Women by the sea shore. A 
good picture. 

92. Portrait of Bishop G. Berkeley, 
by J. S. SMIBERT, (deceased.) The 
artist was one of the early American 
painters, and has given a likeness that is 
said to be remarkably perfect. It is so 
pronounced by the Massachusetts Histori¬ 
cal Society officers, who hold the picture 
as a very choice work. 

85. Portrait of John Adams, by J. S. 
COPLEY, (deceased.) This is a grand 
picture, and most excellent likeness. Mr. 
Copley was a pupil of Smibert. 

91 & 83. Portraits of Mr. and Mrs. 
T. Boylston, by the same; owned by the 
Harvard University. Very spirited pic¬ 
tures. 

80 & 84. Are Portraits by no less a 
man than Prof. S. F. B. MORSE, of 
electro-telegraphic fame, (deceased.) He 
was born in Massachusetts in 1791, and 
after graduating at Yale College, studied 
in London, under Benjamin West. He 
was one of the originators of the National 
Academy of Design. Though a Professor 
in the University of New York, he ap¬ 
plied himself closely to painting until his 
inventive genius threw the electric spark 
around the globe. 

967. General Grant; a portrait by 
HENRY ULKE, of Washington. An 
excellent likeness. The fleshing is remark¬ 
ably well done, and the light upon the 








542 


ART BUILDINGS. 


face so managed as to bring out strongly 
tlie features of the General. 

1,036. A Portrait, byG. P. A. HEALY, 
of Chicago. A large portrait of a lady 
sitting in a chair. The face is well thrown 
out, and the light upon it most admirably 
managed. The dark dress helps to bring 
out the countenance. Not only is the 
fleshing delicately colored, but the drapery 
is richly given. 

860. Portrait, by E. D. MAR- 
CHANT, of Philadelphia. The portrait 
is that of Henry C. Carey, and is a most 
excellent likeness. It is large, and grandly 
finished. 

1,228. Gen. Washington. The origi¬ 
nal portrait painted in 1796. The only 
picture from life, by GILBERT STUART, 
(deceased,) except the unfinished portrait 
in the Boston Athenaeum. This grand 
picture now belonging to J. Delaware 
Lewis, it is unnecessary to describe. It is 
acknowledged to be the finest likeness we 
have of our great Pater Patriae. Engrav¬ 
ings of this famous portrait are to be 
found in every city and village in the 
land. 

125. Minot Ledge Light, b}^ EDWARD 
MORAN, of New York. A fine view of 
the light-house in a rocky prominence, 
with the waves rolling wide upon the 
shores. The red light thrown upon the 
waves is most excellent, enlivening the 
picture and intensifying the interest of the 
whole scene. Medal awarded for fine 
coloring. 

444. Drifting Ashore in a Fog ; a ma¬ 
rine picture, by M. F. H. HAAS, of New 
York. Upon a rough and troubled sea a 
vessel is drifting broadside upon the shore. 
The sails have been taken in and a line 
passed from the ship to the shore. A tem¬ 
porary shelter has been erected upon the 
land, made of sails; and through the fog, 
figures are dimly seen working to save a 
wreck. The drawing and coloring are 
most excellent. The judges have acknowl¬ 
edged the great merit of this picture by 
the bestowal of a medal. 

897 to 900. The Rise, The Leap, The 
Last Struggle, and Landed, by W. M. 
BRACKETT, of Boston. Here are four 
capital pictures, illustrating the whole pro¬ 
cess of fishing. The angler is on the bank 
of a stream, earnestly engaged in his 
amusement. In “ The Rise,” we see the 
fish coming for the bait that is floating 


upon the surface of the stream. In “ The 
Leap” he has seized the bait—found the 
angry hook in his mouth, and started down 
in vain effort to free himself from the 
snare. In “The Last Struggle” he has 
doubled up, his head and tail almost 
touching, and his body pretty well out of 
water. In “Landed,” we find the fish 
stretched upon the beach, while the captor 
is rearranging his bait for another trial. 

469. Sheep and Cattle, by A. D. 
SHATTUCK, of New York. A pretty 
little picture, true to the life. Cattle in 
the creek drinking. Trees and meadows 
grand. 

843. Bull’s Head, by THOS. ROB¬ 
INSON, of Boston. A small picture, but 
a full sized bull’s head, with short horns 
almost straight. A remarkably fine pic¬ 
ture of animal life. 

804. Cattle, by J. H. L. DE HAAS. 
Bull and cow in a meadow, finely drawn 
and correctly painted. A bridge in the 
picture over a small brook that trickles 
through the meadow. Other cattle in 
the distance. Few trees, but these well 
done. 

1,070. Grapes, by A. J. H. WAY, of 
Baltimore. In reality two panel pictures, 
one of white grapes and the other of dark. 
Both grandly painted, and apparently 
standing perfectly clear of the canvas. 

1,109. Geraniums, by Miss L. G. Mc- 
MURTRIE, of Boston. 

1,111. Carnations, by ANNIE B. 
STORY, of Boston. 

1,116. Gladiolus, by G. F. EDDY, 
of Boston, and 

1,120. Vase of Flowers, by ELLA 
ROBBINS, of Boston. 

These four pictures are extremely at¬ 
tractive, and painted to nature. It is diffi¬ 
cult to decide which is the best executed, 
they being all so well done. 

CATLIN’S PICTURES.—On a wall 
of one of the rooms are displayed 
nearly 150 of the celebrated pictures of 
Catlin. They embrace portraits of Indi¬ 
ans, and scenes of Indian life. They are 
all small. He was obliged to have them 
so in order to carry them from place to 
place during many years spent among va¬ 
rious tribes. These pictures have been so 
long admired that it is unnecessary to point 
out any particular one. The artist attained 
the credit of great genius, and his pictures 
verify the public approval. 





art buildings. 


543 


WM. H. FRENCH, of Philadelphia, 
has a fine exhibit of various objects in 
plaster. Among others, the Philadelphia 
State House, or, as it is better known out 
of Pennsylvania, “Independence Hall.” 
I he model is small, but shows very accu¬ 
rately the original (central) building, as 
erected in 1733; as also the two end build¬ 
ings at the corner of 5th and 6th streets, 
constructed in 1792. In the central edi¬ 
fice the Declaration of Independence was 
signed. In the one at the corner of 6tli 
and Chestnut streets, Washington and 
John Adams were inaugurated. Mr. 
French made the model of the Pyramid of 
Cheops, described in our history of Main 
Building, under the head “ Egypt,” His 
plaster work is of most faithful execution. 

106. Still Life, by W. MACHAR, 
Toledo, Ohio. A group of birds hung up 
by the feet. A well drawn picture, the 
birds appearing to stand out from the 
wall. 

133. Case of Miniature on Ivory, by 
J. H. BROWN, of Philadelphia, Por¬ 
traits elegantly painted and rich in fine 
fleshing. 

1,179. Sunshine, by R. H. PARK, 
Florence. A bare-kneed child just placing 
her hand upon a butterfly. The head is 
slightly bent and the attitude exquisite. 
The delight upon the face is natural. The 
chiseling is good—the drapery very fine. 

The same artist has a bust of Sappho 
(1,182), that is equally praiseworthy. The 
position and lovely features call to mind 
Byron’s Grecian Isles— 

“ Where burning Sappho loved and sung.” 

1,186. The Fisherman’s Daughter, by 
M. G. TURNER, Florence. Statue of a 
child watching for the return of her father, 
—one anxious face looking out upon the 
sea. The wind blows her hair and dress 
furiously. One hand holds her skirt and 
the other shades her eyes as she gazes far 
out upon the waters. The figure is grandly 
posed and the wavy hair well wrought. A 
grand and very expressive work. 

816. The West Wind, by T. R. 
GOULD, Florence. A young girl on tip¬ 
toe, in flowing dress, with neck and 
shoulders bare. Her hair is blowing 
wildly in the wind. The face bears a very 
animated expression, and the flowing of 
drapery is elegantly chiseled, A truly 
artistic work. 


1185. Bust of the Prophet Jere¬ 
miah, by Miss M. FOLEY, Rome. A no¬ 
ble head with a grand beard covering his 
neast. A fine work, full of reverence 
and yet gloom—sustaining most deeply the 
character of the sad prophet. A noble 
work, and yet a pert girl at our elbow, cries 
out “Ma! here’s a man.” The mother 
i eads “ Jeremiah, ” and Miss Pert exclaimed, 
Am t it just like him?” She was prob¬ 
ably thinking of Uncle Jeremiah in the 
song. 

1199. Bust of Lucretia, in marble, 
by J. H. HAZELTINE, Rome. The 
head is thrown back, and the face bears an 
expression of utter disgrace and worthless¬ 
ness. The character is well wrought. 

1206. A statuette of Beethoven bv 
Y. W. STORY, Rome. The arms are 
folded and right hand raised, with head 
thrown forward. The brow bent, as if 
contemplating one of his grand harmoni¬ 
ous symphonies. 

^ 142. Ophelia, by P. F. CONNELLY, 
Florence. A charming statue, $4,500. 
Elegantly chiseled and character well 
sustained. 

1223. Nydia, the Blind Girl of Pom¬ 
peii, by RANDOLPH ROGERS, Rome. 
Full sized marble. A grand conception 
and truthfully worked out. She is leaning 
forward with her hand to her ear, listen¬ 
ing for familiar footsteps among the grand 
ruins of the city; and the face expresses 
wonderful love and simplicity. The whole 
statue seems to breath of devotion to her 
friends, and the face shows deep care for 
their welfare. 

1190. Thetis thinking how she may 
Regain the Birthright of her child 
Achilles, by P. F. CONNELLY, Flor¬ 
ence. F ull sized marble. The mother’s 
brow is firm and thoughtful, though she is 
toying with the foot of the child who 
clings to her bosom. A grand design ex¬ 
pressed with great feeling. 

1192. Bust of Senator Sumner, bv 
PRESTON POWERS, Florence. A fine 
likeness, and fully equal to former works 
of this fine sculptor. 

1409. Marble Statuettes, by Miss 
EDMONIA LEWIS, Rome. “Asleep,” 
a beautiful group. “Hiawatha’s Mar¬ 
riage.” The old‘'Arrow Maker and his 
Daughter.” These are charming designs 
and they are skillfully executed. Miss 
Lewis was educated at Oberlin college, 0., 

















544 


ART BUILDINGS. 


and gives evidence of decided genius in 
the line she has chosen. 

1410. Various Groups (29 in all) of 
plaster statuary for house and lawn, by 
JOHN ROGERS, of New York. These 
figures scarcely need an}^ description. They 
embrace many familiar scenes and have 
been noted for several years both for faith¬ 
fulness of delineation and excellent work¬ 
manship. His “ Council of War,” consist¬ 
ing of Lincoln, Stanton, and Grant, is 
known everywhere. His three statuettes 
of “Rip Van Winkle,” are eqully famous, 
though of more recent origin. “ Hide and 
Seek,” the boy holding his cap before his 
eyes, waiting for the cry of “Whoop!” is 
a perfect character. As works of refined 
art Mr. Rogers’ will bear favorable com¬ 
parison with any shown upon the grounds. 


WATER COLORS AND DRAWINGS. 

1104 to 1108. H. W. HERRICK, of 
Manchester, N. H., gives us four scenes in 
the life of General Stark, and closes with 
a fifth, a picture of his grave. The last 
charge at Bennington is a very spirited 
picture. One can almost imagine that he 
hears the old hero crying out to his army, 
that the battle must be won “ or Molly 
Stark’s a widow!” 

1124. G. A. STONGEL, of Boston, 
exhibits a very perfect pen drawing, being 
a copy of Stuart’s Washington. 

1152. Portrait in water colors, of Davy 
Crockett, the famous hero of the West; 
now the property of John Durand. 

1145. Eighteen pen drawings illustrat¬ 
ing Old New York. These are very 
neatly executed and are remarkably truth¬ 
ful. 

1151. American Cedar Forest, by 
HERMANN HARTWICH, of New York. 
Very true to nature and delicately shad¬ 
owed. 

1155. Pansies, by ELLA ROBBINS, 
painted most faithfully. They look almost 
as if they could be easily gathered in the 
hand. A charming work. 

40. Scenery on the Housatonic, by 
DAVID JOHNSON, of New York. This 
is a small landscape showing a distant vil¬ 
lage, while the foreground is filled with 
thick foliage, excellently placed. The col¬ 
oring is good and the cloudy sky well por¬ 
trayed. Awarded medal. 

973. California Spring, by A. BIER- 


STADT, of New York. A large and grand 
landscape. The front a meadow with cat¬ 
tle feeding under three massive and spread¬ 
ing trees. A small stream of water gur¬ 
gles through the field. 

27. Palianza, Lago Maggiore, by S. 

R. GIFFORD, of New York. Water still 
and glassy as a mirror along the docks and 
among the boats. Shadows in the lake 
almost as perfect as the images of which 
they are reflections. A. grand picture. 
Awarded medal. 

109. A House by the Sea, by W. 
WHITTREDGE, of New York.' A fine 
picture of a sea-side view, with good light 
upon the water and land. Awarded medal. 

149. Windmills, by W. ALLEN GAY, • 
of Boston. The Windmills of Delftshaven, 
Holland. A fine picture. A boat in the 
centre of the water is splendidly fore-short¬ 
ened, though only the bow is shown with 
a single boatman. The windmill almost 
seems to move. 

1208. Giotto, by M. HANDLEY, 
Rome. Marble figure of a boy reclining 
and watching, as a shepherd tending his 
flock. At that age he was taken and edu¬ 
cated on account of his rough charcoal 
drawing. The attitude and expression 
passive, and yet characteristic. Finely chis¬ 
eled work. 

196. The Mountain of the Holy Cross, 
Colorado, by THOMAS MORAN, New¬ 
ark, N. J. A very fine picture of water 
rapids among the mountains. A large 
cross on a distant mountain shows in the 
sunlight. Foliage excellent. Awarded 
medal. 

184. Donner Lake, by THOS. HILL, 
San Francisco. Grand mountain scenery 
and hunters’ camp. Good coloring. 
Awarded medal. 

201. Twilight on the Shawangunk 
Mountains, by W. WHITTREDGE, of 
New York. Grand mountain scenery, and 
skillfully portrayed. Foliage most excel¬ 
lent, while the twilight rests charmingly 
on the whole scenery, the faint light 
warming the entire landscape. Medal 
awarded. 

960. The Adirondacks, by P. H. 
HOLMES, of Gardiner, Me. A picture 
full of grand delineation. Fields in the 
foreground. Man plowing with a horse 
in the lead in front of a yoke of. oxen. 
Midway is a small village, and the rustic 
fences. Beyond is a placid lake, and still 






art buildings. 


545 


beyond the mountains, rising cliff above 
cliff until the tops are lost in the fleecy 
clouds. The atmosphere is just hazy 
enough to bring out the proper light upon 
the foreground. The painting is remark¬ 
able for its faithfulness to nature. Any 
one who has visited the Adirondacks will 
be impressed with the truth of this grand 
painting. 


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNS. 

In room 8, we find a large and rich dis¬ 
play of designs by numerous architects. 

BRYANT & ROGERS, of Boston, have 
the City Hall, Providence, R. I.; a fine 
classic structure. Also a view of the Con¬ 
necticut Mutual Life Insurance Company’s 
building, Hartford, Conn., as well as the 
State Capitol in the same city. 

STURGIS & BRIGHAM, of Boston. 
Chicago Court-House and designs for 
churches. 

RICHARD M. UPJOHN, of New 
York. Trinity Church, Princeton, N. J., 
also, Presbyterian church, at Rye, N. Y., 
and several very elegant designs for houses, 
cottages, etc. 

C. W. CLINTON, of New York, de¬ 
signs for Fifth avenue houses and others. 

R. M. HUNT, of New York, designs 
for the Lenox Library (four drawings), 
Holy Trinity church, and the “ Tribune ” 
building. 

A. B. JENNINGS, of New York, very 
pretty Swiss cottage and designs for blocks 
of houses. 

CROFF & CAMP, Saratoga, N. Y., 
competitive design for promenade, etc., 
Congress Spring park, Saratoga. Also 
the designs of several very pretty villas. 

C. EPPINGHOUSEN, Terre Haute, 
Ind., perspective for Indiana State capitol, 
also design for Market house and City 
Hall, Terre Haute. 

JULIUS HESS, of Detroit, design of 
Michigan State building on the Centennial 
grounds. This building has been greatly 
admired, and pronounced the most elegant 
of all the State buildings. The ornamen¬ 
tation is light and rich, while it is firm 
and strong. The architect has made a 
very decided impression among those who 
contemplate early building. 

WILLIAM T. HALLETT, of New 
York, villas near Stamford, Conn. 

N. LeBRUN, of New York, the grand 
design of Masonic Hall, New York, and 


design of the sanctuary and grand altar of 
the Cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul, 
Philadelphia. 

H. HOLLY, of Hudson, New York, 
three very pretty designs for villas. 

J. A. MITCHELL, design for a very 
elegant memorial window. 

H. J. SCHWARZMANN & KAFKA, 
of Philadelphia. Mr. S. is the chief engi¬ 
neer of the Centennial. The partners pre¬ 
sent designs of nearly all the buildings 
upon the grounds, besides several interior 
designs. As all these buildings have been 
engraved and the pictures largely pur¬ 
chased we need only say that the designs 
have given very general satisfaction; while 
some are most truly beautiful. 

G. R. POHL, of Philadelphia, also 
shows designs for Centennial exhibition 
buildings that are very rich and elegant. 

Besides these there are many architect¬ 
ural designs from a number of other art¬ 
ists, some of which are remarkably pretty. 
The idea of the present age is to make the 
outside of buildings as elegant as possible, 
while care is taken to so arrange the inte¬ 
rior that the rooms shall be large, airy, and 
convenient. Economy does not enter very 
largely into the designs of public buildings; 
and even private villas are erected without 
much regard to cost. 


1250m FALCK, OTTO & CO., Boston. 

12506. S. STACK & CO., Orange, 
N. J. 

1250c. SAMUEL WEST, Boston. 

1250Y GEORGE GIBSON, Philadel¬ 
phia. 

The four houses above named exhibit 
stained glass. The work is exceedingly 
well executed and the figures well placed. 

ART APPLIED. 

1325. LANGE & BROS., of St. Louis, 
exhibit a very elegant show case, said to 
be inlaid with 120,000 pieces of wood. 
The case is perfectly gorgeous, but we did 
not stop to count the pieces! 

1319. LEWIS H. COHN & CO., of 
New York, various impressions from dif¬ 
ferent kinds of wood upon wall-paper. 
Rich, natural, and declared not to be very 
expensive. 

1321. GEORGE W. RUMBOLD, of 
New York. Very richly veined marbled 
wall papers. 

1324. WILLIAM HORE, of Phila- 















546 


ART BUILDINGS. 


delpliia, beautifully inlaid work boxes, 
book-case, etc. 

1318. By OLIVER & EL WAY, of 
Altoona, Pa., a very ingenious frame work, 
said to be composed of 15,000 pieces of 
wood, without the use of a single nail or 
screw, also without employing glue. 

1130. Details from Andernac church 
door, by G. H. BARTLETT, of Boston. 
A remarkably well drawn as well as 
painted picture. The details are most deli¬ 
cately given, and all the elaborate work 
thrown well out. The shades are most ex¬ 
cellently managed — a difficult process 
where there is so much paint. 

1326. WILLIAM HOPSON, of Ev¬ 
erett, Mass., painted table—tops represent¬ 
ing imitations of inlaid marbles. 

1330. EDMUND FOERSTER & CO., 
of New York, breakwater at Calais, and 
other chromo-lithographic views. 

1337. W. J. DEMOREST, of New 
York. A chromo of the familiar scene, 
“The Old Oaken Bucket.” 

GRAFF BROTHERS, THOMAS HUN- 
TER, and JOSEPH HOOVER, of Phila¬ 
delphia, and WILLIAM J. KELLEY, of 
New York, and others present some very 
excellent specimens of chromo-lithography. 
Pierce’s Business College, of Philadelphia, 
presents specimens of elegant and easy 
penmanship. 

The walls of some of the rooms are 
fairly covered with various specimens, 
while in some central screens have been 
erected in order to place upon them the 
designs. We have selected only a few in 
comparison with the large number shown. 
Of those not named ,we can only say that 
many of them were fully equal to those 
already mentioned. But the eye tired in 
examining the rich profusion of the 
rooms. 


GREAT BRITAIN. 

• 

The collection of art in the British De¬ 
partment is not so extensive as we had ex¬ 
pected to find it; but the objects are rich 
in real merit, and some of them have cost 
many thousands of pounds. 

Total number of oil paintings, 194; of 
which there are Imaginative and Composi¬ 
tion, 104; Portraits, 32; Landscapes, 30; 
Animals, 5; Interior Views, 2; Marine, 6; 
and Historical, 14. Of Water Color Paint¬ 
ings, there are 54; of steel engravings, 63; 


, and of Sculpture there are 17, statues, 
busts, and groups. 

OIL PAINTINGS. 

» 

IMAGINATIVE. 

• i 

183. Alice, by HENRY T. WELLS, 
R. A., of London. This is one of the most 
| beautiful studies in the whole collection. 

1 1 It is a full sized portrait of little Alice, the 
heroine of “ Alice’s Adventures in Won¬ 
derland.” She is in the midst of charming 
flowers, and the birds are all around her. 

, She sees and hears continuous wonders, 
and the effect is fully and charmingly por¬ 
trayed upon her bright and beautiful face. 

16. Little Sunshine, by H. H. CLARK, 
of London. A bright, happy child in 
frock and apron, with a basket of flowers 
upon her arm, her golden hair flowing 
from under her straw hat that is torn at 
the seams of the rim. The face is full of 
life and joy. Care has not marked her 
rosy cheeks. The roadway is w~ell done, 
the broken fence of old boards, and the 
heavy trees beyond are painted with great 
skill. A picture to do one’s heart good. 

On The Housetops, by ALFRED EL¬ 
MORE, R. A., of London. This is a 
scriptural scene intended to illustrate the 
prophetic declaration—“That which ye 
have spoken in the ear in closets, shall be 
proclaimed upon the housetops.” In the 
direct foreground a richly dressed Jewess, 
with hands apart, is proclaiming that which 
has heretofore been spoken in the ear in 
the closet. Upon the distant tenements 
are single figures and crowds listening to 
the news. The attitudes portray the deep¬ 
est interest and the closest attention. To 
intensify the truthfulness of the picture, di¬ 
rectly behind the speaker a darkened closet 
with open door is represented, and within 
are seen one closely attentive full face; and 
one side-faced figure whispering in the ear of 
the first, with the right hand placed palm 
outward as if to prevent others from hear¬ 
ing. The whole picture is grandly con¬ 
ceived and interprets strongly the words of 
the prophet. As a work of art it ranks 
very high. As a scriptural illustration it 
is earnest and truthful. The same artist 
has another very perfect scriptural picture 
of “ Two women shall be grinding at the 
mill.” The subject is equally well devel¬ 
oped and adds greatly to his already es¬ 
tablished reputation. 













ART BUILDINGS. 


547 


107. Banquet Scene in Macbeth, by 
ANIEL MACL1SE, R. A. (deceased). 
Lent by F. W. Cosens, Esq. This truly 
great picture stands next to that of the 
marriage of the Prince of Wales, and is 
certainly the finest painting in the collec¬ 
tion. Stage goers are familiar with the 
scene, and yet so truthful was the accom¬ 
plished artist that we feel like witnessing 
again its tragic points while gazing on this 
masterly production. Macbeth has met 
the thanes and his chosen ones are enjoy¬ 
ing the pleasures of the banquet, with his 
chair placed in front, the back being turned 
toward the eye of the gazer. He exclaims: 


“ Give me some wine ! fill full; 

111 drink to the general joy of the table.” 
ti (The ghost of Banquo rises,) 

And to our dear friend, Banquo, whom we miss.” 

The ghost at the moment is seated on 
the chair and the form is hidden by a 
heavy mantle, the back being toward the 
front; yet the figure is sufficiently defined 
to fasten the attention. In turning Mac¬ 
beth perceives the ghost, and cries out:— 

“Avaunt! and quit my sight!” 

Lady Macbeth endeavors to quiet the 
startled thanes, and chides her husband. 
I he ghost disappears and he is “ a man 
again.” He speaks of her retaining “ the 
ruby of her cheeks,” when beholding “ such 
sights.” The next moment she is called 
to dismiss her guests, for the unfortunate 
■word “sights,” has roused a universal cu¬ 
riosity. Rosse cries out:— 

“ What sights, my lord ? ” 

■when Lady Macbeth proceeds immediately 
to break up the assembled nobles, and 
hurriedly exclaims:— 

“I pray you, speak not; he grows worse and 
worse; 

Quesstion enrages him ; at once good night:— 
Stand not upon the order of your going, 

But go at once.” 

The ghost is seen upon the chair. Mac¬ 
beth, in horrible affright, rivets his gaze 
upon the shadowy form, and his guilty 
face expresses remorse, fear, terror, and 
despair. He is almost falling backward. 
By his side stands Lady Macbeth waiving 
off the crowd with imperious gesture. 
Her own deep guilt has not yet reached 
the climax of remorse, which soon after 
betrayed itself in her midnight wander¬ 
ings. The expression on her countenance 
is that of pride and resolute defiance. 


Her only desire at that moment is to pre¬ 
vent the thanes from observing the work¬ 
ing of her husband’s haggard face, and 
hearing other expressions from his lips 
that may still further excite their imagina¬ 
tions. The surrounding figures are gaz¬ 
ing. some upon him, some upon the ghost 
or the chair, (for the ghost is supposed to 
be invisible to all except Macbeth,) and 
others upon Lady Macbeth herself. The 
faces of the assembled nobles wear differ¬ 
ent expressions, but such as might natur¬ 
ally be supposed to haunt so fearful an 
interruption of their gaiety. The attitudes 
are well chosen and the whole drawing 
most grandly illustrates the fearful effect 
of the appearance of the ghost of the mur¬ 
dered Banquo. 

The lights are most skillfully managed 
by being strengthened upon Macbeth and 
his equally guilty, but more unshaken, 
consort; while the gleams fall upon a few 
prominent faces, sufficiently bright to be¬ 
tray the variable emotions of the crowd. 
The picture has a value beyond the mere 
groupings, in that it enables one to realize 
the terrible effect upon the mind of deeds of 
cold and deliberate murder. It brings out 
in bold relief one of the most stirring scenes 
in the deepest drama of England’s greatest 
poet. History furnished the leading inci¬ 
dent. The poet’s genius amplified the 
story and gave the fearful workings of the 
soul stricken with remorse; and the spirit 
of a wonderful painter delineated the more 
wonderful powers of the gifted poet; so 
that in gazing upon the magic canvas we 
comprehend at once the full force of the 
whole terrible scene. 

78. Travelers Waiting for the Dark¬ 
ness, by COLIN HUNTER, of London. 
Boats are drawn up on the shore. The 
water is broken, but not chopped. Four 
men are awaiting for the darkness, while 
the heavy clouds are gathering and deep¬ 
ening above. The quiet of the scene is * 
well preserved, while the coloring is close 
and dusky. Those who have witnessed 
such waitings can appreciate every point 
as faithfully shown. 

47. The Marriage of H. R. H. the 
Prince of Wales, March 10, 1863, by WM. 
POWELL FRITH, R. A., London. Kind¬ 
ly lent by H. M. Queen Victoria. The artist 
received almost a fabulous price for this 
picture. It is rich in high coloring, every 
prominent figure being thrown out by 











548 


ART BUILDINGS. 


strong lights. It contains a very faithful 
likeness of the royal family, and a vast 
number of the nobility and gentry. The 
Queen is in an elevated gallery, and is the 
only figure in shadow. During the whole 
six months of the Exhibition this picture 
has daily attracted crowds of visitors. 

46. Betty, by S. LUKE F1LDES, 
of London. Lent by Isaac M. Marsden, 
Esq. Girl gathering flowers. The face is 
remarkably fine; the golden hair flows 
richly, and the straw hat adds a comely 
grace to the whole figure. The drapery is 
tastefully arranged, and the shading, par¬ 
ticularly about the neck and head, is truly 
superb. 

7. The Temptation, by JAMES BAR¬ 
RY, R. A. (deceased). Lent by the So¬ 
ciety of Arts, London. A grand picture 
of the temptation in Paradise. Eve ap¬ 
pears hardly satisfied, and yet receives 
the apple. Fine attitude and masterly 
coloring. Barry was a native of Cork, and 
became a noted painter before he reached 
his 25 th year. 

86 & 87. The Traveled Monkey and 
the Sick Monkey, by Sir EDWIN LAND¬ 
SEER, R. A. (deceased). Small pictures, 
full of forms, and intended to caricature the 
follies of the age. The pictures are the 
property of Lord Northbrook, being kindly 
lent for the present Exhibition. 

62. The Disputed Toll, by HEY- 
WOOD HARDY, of London. Lent by 
Agnew & Sons. A huge elephant appears 
in front of a toll-gate, and, as the gate¬ 
keeper cannot make him understand the 
necessity of paying liis way, he seems 
inclined to tear down the gate. There is 
much humor in this little picture, while 
the details are admirably worked up. The 
toll-house, the gate and the old brick, and 
the fresh flowers are all skillfully given. 


LANDSCAPE. 

168. Dolbadden Castle, by J. M. W. 
TURNER (deceased). Lent by the Royal 
Academy. One of his early pictures, rich 
in truthful delineation and expressive 
coloring. Turner was born in 1775, and 
at the early age of five showed remarkable 
skill in rude drawings. He became most 
justly celebrated as among the finest Eng¬ 
lish artists. 

21. A Misty Morning, by YICAT 
COLE, A. R. A., London. Lent by J. C. 


Benten, Esq. A charming landscape that 
plainly recalls the foggy spring. 

There are other landscapes of great 
beauty, and many that are suggestive of a 
wonderful skill in depicting natural 
scenery. 


MARINE. 

116. Winter Gale in the Channel, by 
HENRY MOORE, London. This is a 
grand picture, showing nothing but the 
upheaved sea, and the dark clouds massed 
above; and yet the prospective is so well 
given that it is easy to imagine that one is 
gazing far out upon the boisterous waves. 

24 & 25. The Godwin Light Ship, and 
The Rescue of a Barge by a Life Boat, 
Both by EDWARD WILLIAM COOKE, 
R. A., of Trowbridge Wells. These are 
two marine sketches of great life and ad¬ 
mirable conception. The rough sea, the 
angry heavens and the imminent danger 
are fully portrayed. 


PORTRAITS. 

61. Portrait of Earl Russell, by Sir 
FRANCIS GRANT, P. R. A., London. 
Lent by Earl Russell, K. Ct. A very fine 
picture, with the fleshing done with re¬ 
markable neatness. Generally pronounced 
an excellent likeness. 

60. Portrait of Mrs. Markham, by the 
same. A painting of characteristic excel¬ 
lence of delicate coloring. 

177. Portrait, by GEORGE F. WATTS, 
R. A., London. Likeness of John Ever¬ 
ett Millais, R. A. An admirable painting, 
and said to be a very correct and striking 
likeness. 

124. Hannah Moore, by JOHN OPIE, 
R. A. (deceased). Lent by the Duke of 
Manchester. A mild, serene countenance, 
with just the expression that might be ex¬ 
pected upon the face of the author of the 
“Spirit of Prayer.” 


FLOWERS. 

119. White Cactus, by Miss A. F. MU- 
TRIE, of London. A beautiful flower 
picture. The plant is drawn perfectly 
true to nature. 

189. Fresh flowers, by D. U. WYN- 
FIELD, of London. Lent by George 
Dibley, Esq. This is a small but elegant 
picture of a girl placing a bouquet of flowers 
upon a mantel. The face and figure are 










ART BUILDINGS. 


549 


good, while the adornments of the room 
are in grand contrast. The marble and 
the vase are remarkably excellent, while 
the lace of the dress is worked up with 
delicate accuracy. 

WATER COLOR PAINTINGS. 

8. Mountain Solitude, by DAVID COX, 
Jr., of London. Lent by Capt. Baldwin. 
A grand picture of loneliness, well drawn 
and finely colored. 

29. A Morast, by J. KNIGHT, Lon¬ 
don. A dusky scene of a man pushing a 
boat into the dark water. The scenery 
finely drawn and well colored. 

46. Cattle Ferry-Boat, byF. TAYLOR, 
of London. The boat landing at Kylarkin 
from the Isle of Skye. Lent by W. Gib- 
ley, Esq. Well delineated. The old boat, 
the cattle and the people well drawn. Mr. 
Taylor has two other pictures of equal ex¬ 
cellence. 

53 & 54. Groups of Cattle, both by 
H. B. WILLIS, London. One lent by the 
Marchioness of Lome, and the other by 
Mrs. George Moore. The drawing and 
grouping finely executed. The coloring of 
the cattle extremely natural. The pictures 
draw much attention, and deserve high 
praise. 


ENGRAVINGS. 

1. Prayer, by T. 0. BARLOW, A. R. 
A., London. A very touching picture, en¬ 
graven with great skill. Mr. Barlow has 
several other engravings of marked excel¬ 
lence. 

EDWIN EDWARDS, of London, 
offers proof of a work on “ Old Inns,” that 
carry us back to the days of swinging 
signs and jolly bar maids. The execution 
is remarkable delicate. 

22. The Horse Fair, by CHARLES G. 
LEWIS, London. Copy of Rosa Bon- 
heur’s celebrated picture, faithfully exe¬ 
cuted. 

25. Daniel in the Lion’s Den, by the 
same. After B. Riviere. Finished with 
equal skill and truthfulness. 

Many other equally excellent engravings, 
of subjects widely different, are to be 
found in the British collection. 

SCULPTURE. 

4 Bust of the late Benjamin West, 
by Sir FRANCIS LEGATT CHAN- 


TREY, R. A. (deceased). Benjamin West 
was the great American painter who exe¬ 
cuted “ Death on the Pale Horse,” and 
other wonderful pictures. He was of Qua¬ 
ker origin, and when a boy was chided for 
exhibiting his art. But a meeting of 
Friends decided that his gift was so great 
that it ought to be fostered. He became 
President of the Royal Academy. The 
bust is a masterpiece of most excellent 
work, and finds thousands of admirers 
among artists of the day. The bust is the 
property of the Royal Academy. 

1. Giuocutore de Castelletto, by JOHN 
ADAMS-ACTON, of London. A most 
excellent life-size group of a boy and 
dog, in marble. Lent by Samuel Budgett, 
Esq. A masterly production, exciting very 
general admiration. 

7. The Fairy Tate, by A. BRUCE 
JOY, of London. A charming statuette 
of a beautiful child, 8 and 9, by the same. 
Bust of a girl, and one of Napoleon III. 


CANADA. 

The Canadian display of pictures is quite 
limited, and though not all of superior 
merit, we find several that will richly bear 
a close examination, and even severe criti¬ 
cism. Some of the landscapes, though 
they might not suit the taste of connoi- 
seurs from the other side of the Atlantic, 
can be faithfully applauded by our own 
people as most true to nature. The reason 
for this is that our native picturesque is 
widely different from that of European 
lands. Our American forest scenes, so gay 
and varied in the autumn season, appear 
unnatural to trans-Atlantic foreigners from 
the many gorgeous colors that make up 
the native adornment. 


OIL PAINTINGS. 

Total number of oil paintings, 154—of 
which Imaginative and Compositive, 17; 
Portraits, 17; Landscape, 91; Animals, 5; 
Marine, 6; Flowers, 6; City Views, 4; Still 
Life, 2; Fruit, 4, and Birds, 3. 


LANDSCAPES. 

107. Indian Summer, Georgian Bay, by 
T. M. MARTIN. A picture giving a nat¬ 
ural scene, with skillful light thrown upon 
the foliage, while the sky is well portrayed. 

112. Forest Scene, by the same artist, 
recalls many a familiar scene, and is noted 

















550 


ART BUILDINGS. 


for truthfulness. A finely developed 
sketch. 

119. On the White Mountains, by C. 
I. WAY, is a picture of wild scenery with 
which we are all familiar. Light well 
managed. 

7. Autumn, by II. PERR&. One of 
those pictures that can be appreciated 
among Americans. Fine coloring and nat¬ 
ural shades. 

45. Landscape, by JACOBI. A rich 
and natural view. Another picture of 
proper coloring and great life. 

50. Another Landscape, by the same 
artist. 

59. Sunset, by the same artist. A 
bright painting of reflected light; the sun 
dying out amid rich scenery. 

There are several other pictures by this 
fine limner. Montmorcnci River, No. 93, 
and Sha-wau-e-gan Falls, will bear close 
examination. 

140. Summer Noon, by T. M. MAR¬ 
TIN, is warm and beaming with life 
throughout. 

130. Autumn in Canada, by HAN¬ 
COCK, is rich and varied. 

22. Indian Summer in Parry Sound, 
by F. A. YERNER. This is a charming 
landscape. The Sound and the wooded 
shores are skillfully portrayed, while the 
light from a glorious sunset is admirably 
shown on sky and waves. 

There are a few other landscapes of real 
merit, and yet would hardly pass the for¬ 
eign ordeal of which we have spoken. 


IMAGINATIVE. 

48. Old Well in the Woods, by I. 
HOCH; belonging to the Government of 
Ontario. A quiet scene, that recalls old 
memories, and runs us back to the days of 
country life. 

52. Old Saw Mill, by WAY. Another 
picture that brings up pioneer life. The 
old mill seems as if its rattling days were 
almost gone. 

57. Pumpkin Harvest, by the same ar¬ 
tist. A fine picture. 

64. The Reapers, by EDSON. The 
harvest is being gathered, and there is ani¬ 
mation in the scene that will bear scrutiny. 

87. The Lovers’ Walk, by SAND- 
HAM. A very lovely scene. Just such a 
place as young people would choose for a 
loving stroll. 


3. Habitans, by ADOLPH YOGT. 
Small picture of a man driving a sled 
through the pelting snow. Upon the sled 
are calves, and an old cow is running up 
close and licking her own. The winter sky 
is excellent, and the whole picture excel- 
ently colored. 

15. “ Beware,” by J. C. FORBES. A 

sweet, witching portrait, with a smile and 
glance that fully illustrates the words— 

“ Beware! 

I know a maiden fair to see— 

Take care! ” 

114. The Captive, by C. SHARPE. 
Small picture with the life size head. The 
hands show chains, and the expression of 
the face is sombre and careworn. The light 
is well managed so as to display the ex¬ 
pressive features. 


PORTRAITS. 

88a and 885. Portraits by YAN DYCK, 
the first of Prince Rupert; portrait of 
George Abbott, Archbishop of Canterbury, 
in the 16th century, and the other of Owen 
Abbott, who was deputed by the House of 
Commons to bring King George I. to the 
throne. The name of the painter is alone 
sufficient to attract attention to these mas¬ 
terly productions. Both pictures are now 
the property of G. A. Gray, Esq. 

150. Portrait of W. H. Frazer, Esq., 
by I. W. BRIDGMAN. Said to be an ex¬ 
cellent likeness and most certainly an 
admirable painting. The fleshing most 
excellent. 

137. Portrait of the Earl of Dufferin, 
Governor-General of Canada, by J. C. 
FORBES. Splendidly colored, and a truth¬ 
ful likeness of this popular magistrate. 


ANIMALS. 

1. Sheep, by W. N. CRESSWELL. 
An excellent painting. The sheep done to 
the life; surroundings well conceived. No. 
44, also entitled “Sheep,” by the same ar¬ 
tist, is an exceedingly interesting painting 
of these innocent animals. 

115. Taking a Breath of Morning Air, 
by A. YOGT. This is a capital little picture. 
A horse’s head, admirably drawn and 
painted, is thrust out of the stable window. 
The artist has produced an anatomically cor¬ 
rect head of a fine steed, and given an air 
of humor to the picture that tastes of poesy. 









ART BUILDINGS. 


FRUIT. 

155. Bunch of Grapes, by J. WESTON. 
The fruit very nicely done, and true to 
nature. The shading—so difficult in fruit 
pictures is so managed as to throw out 
each single grape. 

98. I ruit, by the same. A picture 
that represents fruit that one may long for. 

128. Fruit, by T. M. MARTIN. This 
is a similarly faithful picture, with most 
refined coloring. 


MARINE. 

13. Shipwreck, by . J. C. FORBES. 
This picture represents the appalling foun¬ 
dering of the Hibernia in mid-ocean. The 
terrific character of the scene is finely por¬ 
trayed. One seems to realize all the hor¬ 
rors of the fearful catastrophe while gazing 
upon the sea crashed vessel. 

131. The Wreck, by W. N. CRESS- 
WELL. Like the foregoing, full of start¬ 
ling reality. The battling waves are 
grandly managed; coloring most excellent. 


FLOWERS. 

37. Lilacs, by D. FOWLER. These 
early spring flowers are well drawn, and 
so excellently painted that in gazing upon 
their delicate beauty, one can almost im¬ 
agine that he perceives their rich fragrance. 

42. Same, by the same, and as charm- 
i n gly executed. This last is the property 
of the Government of Ontario. 

Besides these, Mr. Fowler gives us two 
other flower pictures. No. 74, Hollyhocks, 
draws us back to the old farm houses, 
where the late hollyhocks always surround¬ 
ed the kitchen doors. 

156. Flowers, by HENRY MARTIN. 
A grand picture, natural almost as the 
sweet-scented group in the gardens. 


STILL LIFE. 

33. Still Life, by the last named artist. 
A fine picture, done so nicely that one 
might easily imagine that the objects could 
be readily gathered up. 


BIRDS. 

There are several pictures of birds, and 
all skillfully drawn, and colored to the 
life. 

51. Partridges, by D. FOWLER. 

62. Pigeons, by the same. 

26 


551 

. these pictures colored to perfec¬ 

tion. The positions are good—just such 
as partridges and pigeons naturally assume. 

TIN 2 * Ptarmigan Grouse ; b y T. M. MAR- 

138. Grouse, by the same. The feath¬ 
ering most natural. 


FRANCE. 

The days of Charlemagne saw the early 
French painting, though the French artist 
is not considered as of much importance 
until about 1530. Art attained a high 
position from 1643 to 1715, being greatly 
encouraged by royal favor. Joseph Ver- 
net, born in 1714, represents the old school. 
David was the painter of the Revolution, 
and adapted himself to the various changes 
with remarkable facility. His grand pic¬ 
ture of Napoleon crossing the Alps made 
him famous; yet he limned Robespierre 
with equal fidelity. These great painters 
are not represented in the present exhibi¬ 
tion, and we have only the latest class to 
comment upon. Yet” many of the large 
array are examined carefully and generally 
admired; though the common observation 
is that they are slightly too French—that 
is, painted in rather exaggerated styles, 
with deep coloring and attitudes assumed 
for effect. The collection is large and em¬ 
braces nearly all classes of pictures. 

Total number of oil paintings, 302. Of 
these there are Imaginative and Composi¬ 
tive, 129; Portraits, 22; Landscape, 69; 
Animals, 20; Interior Views, 13; Marine, 
15; Flowers, 7; City Views, 13; Still 
Life, 2; Fruit, 2; Fowls, 1; Historical, 9; 
Birds, 1, and Vegetables, 1. Of water 
color paintings, engravings, etc., there are 
106; sculpture and porcelain, 86; architec¬ 
tural designs, 13. 


IMAGINATIVE. 

201. The Halberd-Seller, by A. A. 
LESREL, of Paris. A small picture, of 
an old man dressed in red and loaded down 
with halberds. Sword in hand, mouth 
wide open, he is crying his wares. Figures 
around him seem delighted. One fellow 
holds a dog by a string, while the peddler’s 
dog seems ready for a fight, only waiting 
the signal from his master. The idea is 
well developed and the picture excellently 
drawn. It is full of fun, and does not re¬ 
quire a second look to provoke laughter. 





















552 


ART BUILDINGS. 


93. Butcher’s Shop in Teastevere, by 
EDMOND LEBEL, of Paris. Quarters 
of meat hanging up; vegetables about in 
baskets; two women bargaining; outer 
stair-way with woman descending; a street 
lamp swung from a crane—old style. This 
is a small painting, but the attitudes are all 
good, and the light most excellently man¬ 
aged. The shadows are well defined, and 
every portion stands out boldly from the 
canvas. 

319. The Railroad Depot, by A. COL¬ 
LETTE, of Paris. Groups of officers on 
stairway; general commotion. Wellman- 
aged. 

327. Motherly Apprenticeship, by I. 
VALANDON, of Paris. Two children 
tending a baby. The larger child ex¬ 
presses much care upon her face. The 
next shows a pitying and pitiful counte¬ 
nance. The fleshing and drapery excel¬ 
lent. 

334. Evening in the Kitchen, by AUG. 
DURST, of Puteaux. The scullion seated 
in a chair has gone to sleep while wiping 
the dishes. The appointments of the room 
many and distinct. This is a large, fine 
picture, that tells its story well and plainly. 

176. The Flower Girl, by T. T. L. 
GLAIZE, of Paris. Another small pic¬ 
ture of a girl seated on a rude step with 
her lap full of choice flowers. The drapery 
is capital, though the scene is rather wintry 
for flowers. The face is very beautiful, 
and the fleshing done with great skill and 
delicacy. The countenance is anxious, and 
yet a feeble smile lights it up. It is a lovely 
picture. 

242. The Little Brother, by J. SALLES, 
of Nimes. Small picture of a mother 
holding an infant in her arms. The mo¬ 
ther’s face full of animation and delight. 
So also the expression of the child. Fine 
light on the picture. Drapery of uncom¬ 
mon excellence. 

298. Csesar, by AD. YRON, of Paris. 
Gsesar on his war horse, trampling every¬ 
thing beneath his charger’s feet. A heavy 
picture in dark coloring, intended to por¬ 
tray the march of an ambitious tyrant. 

296. “You Can’t Have Any,” by MISS 
ELIZA KOCK, of Paris. Boy with a 
bowl of milk. A cat purring at his feet, 
and looking pleadingly in his face. The 
dark background helps to throw out his 
figure. His bare feet, torn jacket, and anx¬ 
ious face are well delineated. 


203. Salambo, by A.DE CETNER, of 
Paris. Full sized, nude figure, delicately 
painted; with a huge serpent drawn by her 
side. 


LANDSCAPE. 

179. View of Fort Napoleon, by A. 
DE CURZON, of Paris. A picture such 
as one might readily suppose would haunt 
the site of an old fortification. There is 
the old mill and the old raceway that car¬ 
ried the mill; with women washing clothes 
in the shallow creek. On one side is seen 
a portion of the village in the shadow, and 
on the other side the remainder of the 
houses in strong light. This division of 
light and shadow is managed with great 
skill and produces a fine effect without ap¬ 
pearing at all unnatural. Even a horse and 
cart, partly in shadow and partly in light, 
is not subject to awkwardness. 

292. The River Marne, by L. HERPIN, 
of Paris. This represents a man in a boat 
fishing. The water, sky, and woods are all 
dark, and, as sportsmen would say, repre¬ 
sent just the day that fish would bite. 
There is a calm quiet about the scene that 
is in admirable keeping with the concep¬ 
tion. 

297. Oaks on the Banks of a River, by 
CLAUDE HUGARD. Cattle under tall, 
spreading trees. Well drawn. Herbage 
and foliage very rich. 

183. Banks of the River Linne, by 
A. R. VERON, of Paris. A fine landscape. 
The water admirably done, and the shadows 
on the river of the figures in the boats 
splendidly thrown in. The foliage on the 
banks deep and grand. The perspective 
charmingly maintained. The whole picture 
has great life and warmth. 

353. A Village in Winter, by EMILE 
BRETON, of Pas-de-Calais. The road and 
woods on either side covered with snow. 
The houses all snowed up, as well as the 
car of a traveling photographic gallery. 
There is a natural chilliness on the whole 
picture. It is about as wintry a scene as 
one can well portray. 

317. The Canal of Courieres, by EMILE 
BRETON, of Pas-de-Calais. The canal is 
in the foreground of the picture, with dark, 
heavy woods on either side. Red and 
brown clouds portend stormy threatenings. 
The light of the sky and that thrown upon 
the canal are truly grand. 









ART BUILDINGS. 


553 


PORTRAITS. 

2. A Nobleman (reign of Louis XIII), 
by A. A. LESREL, of Paris. A fine pic¬ 
ture, though the dress is antiquated. 

337. Washington, by R. PRINCE- 
TEAUX, of Paris. A very fine painting, 
but scarcely approaches our idea of Wash¬ 
ington. The artistic display is good, but 
needs Americanizing to make it our hero. 

98. Congress of Geneva, 1873, by A. 
DAMARESQUE, of Paris. This is not a 
large picture, but presents excellent like¬ 
nesses of the great men of different coun¬ 
tries who, at the call of our Government, 
met to deliberate upon the differences be¬ 
tween the United States and England. 
The scene has become imminently histori¬ 
cal, and the only objection we have to it is, 
that it is not large enough. It should have 
been on a broad canvas, so that the figures 
could have been made life size. 


ANIMALS. 

283. Horses, by E. LACRETELLE, 
London. Horses in stable, with racks well 
down, as they should be. Though small, 
this picture will bear close examination. 
The coloring is excellent, and the grouping 
and light exquisitely controlled to give the 
best effect. 

152. The Horse Fair, by P. A. BRU- 
NET-HOWARD, of Fontaine-Bleau, 
Paris. A very truthful picture. 


INTERIOR VIEWS. 

65. Interior of a Menagerie, by P. A. 
BRUNET-HOWARD, of Fontaine-Bleau. 
A charming and spirited scene of active 
animal life. This picture attracts much 
attention. 


MARINE. 

159. Banks of the River Oise, by E. 
BELIARD, of Paris. A fine view of the 
river in winter. Everything chilled and 
sharp. The effects remarkably well tinted. 

183. Banks of the River Seine, by A. 
R. VERON, of Paris. An effective pic¬ 
ture. Fine light thrown upon the whole 
view. 

197. Fishing Boats Going to Sea, by 
E. BERTHELEMY, of Paris. A scene 
of spirited activity. All hands busy in 
starting for the great deep. Light well 
managed and sombre. 

202. Naval Battle, by M. WILLE- 


NICH, of Paris. All action; all life. The 
movement of the vessels strongly drawn. 
A very dramatic picture. 

343.. Decatur Leaving the Harbor of 
Tripoli, February, 1804, after having set 
fire to the frigate Philadelphia, by H. CAS- 
SINELLI, of Lice. This a grand scene. 
The burning frigate slightly in the back¬ 
ground, lights up the whole picture. She 
had burned almost to the water’s edge. 
The town of Tripoli is seen lighted by the 
conflagration, and the same light shows 
the many figures on board the crowded 
vessel that is escaping from the harbor. 


FLOWERS. 

138. Spring Flowers, by EUGENE 
PETIT, of Paris. A very charming pic¬ 
ture of early spring flowers, so natural 
that they can be almost seen to bend their 
delicate petals as if anxious to scatter their 
perfume abroad. 

264. Flowers, by Miss A. MASSON, of 
Paris. Another very pretty grouping of 
flowers, the delicate tints showing to fine 
advantage: Much skill displayed in the 
arrangement. 


STILL LIFE. 

Miss A. MASSON (31) and F. M. 
LEYENDECKER ( 39 ) both of Paris, 
have pictures of still liie that are remark¬ 
ably well painted. 


FRUIT. 

55. The Watermelon, by N. CHAIL- 
LOU, of Lagny-le-Sec. This grand and 
delicious fruit is painted most temptingly. 
In looking upon the picture, you can easily 
imagine the rich flavor. 

142. Basket with Fruit, by J. P. 
LAYS, of Lyons. White, red, and pur¬ 
ple grapes, most excellently painted. A 
few peaches add to the general attraction. 
The grouping is well done and the shad¬ 
ows charmingly managed. 


HISTORICAL. 

7 6. Rizpah protecting the bodies of her 
sons from the birds of prey (2 Sam. xxi, 
10,) by GEORGE BECKER, of Paris. 
The picture is large, being 14 feet 
wide and about 18 feet high. The seven 
sons are nailed to the scaffold, while she 
stands in front. Her attitude is one of 
defiance, while the face expresses love, 

















554 


ART BUILDINGS. 


courage, and fury. She is on the point of 
striking at a huge vulture that with open 
beak, strong talons, and outspread wings, 
has come for his feast upon the bodies. 
The rocks and woods have a sombre light 
adding to the dismalness of the scene, while 
light is thrown upon the foreground to bring 
out the horrifying details of the picture. 
Two of the sons were her own and five were 
the sons of Michal, the daughter of Saul, 
whom she brought up for Adriel. These 
seven were delivered to the Gideonites by 
David, and they hung them. “ And Ris- 
pah, the daughter of Aiah, took sackcloth, 
and spread it for her upon the rock, from 
the beginning of the harvest until water 
dropped upon them out of heaven, and 
suffered neither the birds of the air to rest 
on them by day, nor the beasts of the 
field by night.” 

67. The Death of Julius Caesar, by A. 
CLEMENT, of Paris. This picture is 14 
by 28 feet, and the various figures are 
life size. The assassination of Caesar oc¬ 
curred March 15, in the year 44, B. C., 
when the great general was 56 years old. 
Though warned that a conspiracy had been 
formed to take his life, he paid no atten¬ 
tion to the caution. He had been told to 
“Beware of the Ides of March,” yet he 
changed not his daily customs. On his 
way to the Senate Chamber, a list of the 
conspirators was handed him, to which he 
gave not a second thought, though they 
numbered sixty, and many of them the 
most prominent citizens of Rome. It had 
been previously arranged that a petition 
should be presented to him by Lucius Til¬ 
lius Cimber, and that his refusal to grant 
the prayer should be the signal for a fierce 
and general onslaught. This plan was 
strictly carried out, and when Cimber and 
his associates rushed upon him, he fell at 
the foot of Pompey’s statue, pierced with 
twenty-three frightful wounds. The atti¬ 
tudes are supposed to be those assumed by 
all when Caesar perceived Brutus among 
the crowd, and drawing his mantle about 
him, exclaimed, “And thou, too, Brutus !” 
and fell expiring to the earth. This may 
be truly classed as a great historical pic¬ 
ture. The positions are excellent, and 
the expressions upon the many faces 
natural. They seem to hold back as if 
their work was done, and they them¬ 
selves are uncertain of the manner in 
which the Roman people would receive the 


news of the assassination. The coloring 
is exquisitely arranged, and the lights and 
shadows so managed as to throw the finest 
effects upon the canvas. 


STATUARY. 

478. Peace; a group in bronze, by A. 
BARTHOLDI, of Paris. A loving pair 
and child. The husband’s arm around the 
wife, and a happy, contented boy on the 
floor, grasping the parent’s knees. There 
is great life in this piece of work. 

479. Genius in the Grasp of Misery, by 
the same artist. Another group in bronze. 
Misery (or one might more properly say, 
Poverty) holds Genius by the wings. Gen¬ 
ius attempts to mount, but is held firmly 
back. The expression on the upturned 
face of Genius is that of despair. It is 
a useless struggle. Poverty masters the 
scene. 

482. “He That is Without Sin Among 
You, Let Him First Cast a Stone at Her,” 
by J. CAM BOS, of Paris. A trembling 
figure in bronze of a woman kneeling. 
Her hands are thrown above her head, 
mouth open, and eyes gazing upwards. 
Action and drapery excellent. 

486. A Discovery at Pompeii (bronze), 
by H. MOULIN, of Paris. A searcher 
among the ruins has found a little broken 
image that he seems to value highly, as he 
sits with one leg drawn up and a spade 
over his shoulder, while he laughs heartily 
He has suddenly made his fortune. 

485. The Flute Player; a statue in sil¬ 
vered bronze, by D. RINGEL, of Paris. 
The player is evidently delighted with his 
music, and attests his pleasure by the sud¬ 
den elevation of one of his pointed toed 
shoes. 

366. Young Grecian Girl, by CHARLES 
CORDIER, of Paris. A fine marble bust 
of great beauty. The face wears a sweet 
expression, and the drapery is chiseled by 
a master hand. 

231. MacMahon, President of the 
French Republic, by GUSTAF GRAUK, 
of Paris. This is a grand colossal statue 
in bronze. Said to be an excellent like¬ 
ness. 

214 and 220. John Crying and John 
Laughing; marble; by A. 1TASSE, of 
Paris. These statues are full of life. The 
first John one pities, and the second John 
sets one to laughing in spite of oneself. 







ART BUILDINGS. 


555 


The same artist has several other rich 
statues, all in marble. 


PORCELAIN. 

232 and 233. Elegant vases from the 
SEVRES PORCELAIN MANUFAC¬ 
TORY. 

233a. From the same. Starting of 
Cythera; elegant work in a rich frame. 

230. Queen Mab, by A. DE GALI- 
NEAU, of Stockholm. A grand life size 
bust of purest marble. When we say “life 
size.” we mean the size of ordinary hu¬ 
manity, and not fairy life size. The bust is 
rich in artistic beauty, and just such as we 
might suppose the mischievous Queen 
Mab to have been. The size is the only 
objection, and this we will cheerfully lay 
aside while gazing on the charming repre¬ 
sentation. The Queen Mab of Shakespeare 
came— 

“In shape no bigger than an agate stone 
On the forefinger of an alderman.” 

And a boisterous little elf was she, playing 
pranks of deep conceit, puzzling lawyers 
and parsons; aud making soldiers, when 
she ran across their necks, dream of “cut¬ 
ting foreign throats”—rousing them from 
their slumbers, when they would— 

“Swear a prayer or two, 

And fall asleep again.” 


TAPESTRIES. 

54. THE GOBELIN MANUFACTO¬ 
RIES, in Paris, Beauvais, and Gobelin, pre¬ 
sent a collection of very rich and elegant 
tapestries. These works of art take their 
names from Jehan Gobelin, a Flemish 
dyer, who, about the middle of the 15th 
century, established himself in Paris, and 
there prosecuted his business, eclipsing all 
the French dyers in the production of the 
most wonderful skill. He monopolized 
the trade—became wealthy, and built a 
tenement, which, for its quaintness and un¬ 
sightly dimensions, was known ever since 
by the designation of “ Gobelin’s Folly.” 
At his death this singular construction was 
sold out of his family, and, though owned 
by different persons for the next hundred 
years, was little esteemed, and remained a 
useless mass of walls and windows. Strong¬ 
ly built, the decaying hand of Time ap¬ 
pears to have made but little impression 
upon it. At length Colbert suggested to 
Louis XIV the idea of converting the 


now venerable structure into a manufactory 
of rich and ornamental upholsterings for 
royal palaces. Acting upon this advice, 
Lebrun, Lefevre, and other renowned 
artists, were employed to organize the 
production of tapestry that should equal 
and even excel the works of the old mas¬ 
ters in that time. The factory was closed 
duiing the reign of Louis XV, and was 
not reopened until 1791, when a new plan 
was adopted, by which the superior quality 
of the work was made prominent, without 
any regard to the quantity of tapestry man 
ufactured or the time required to produce 
it. 

When it is stated that the quantity pro 
duced by a single workman seldom ex 
ceeded forty inches square, it may be of 
interest to the reader to learn the manner 
of production. The warp depends from a 
horizontal cylinder, and upon it the design 
is carefully traced with chalk. The work¬ 
man has before him all the time the pat 
tern to be copied. Placed behind the warp, 
with his bobbins of silk and worsted always 
ready, by dexterously combining the va¬ 
rious colored woofs, so as to cause them to 
blend in harmony, he slowly produces those 
wonderful cloths known as Gobelin Tapes¬ 
try. As fast as he completes a portion of 
his work, it is wound upon a second cylin¬ 
der placed beneath the first. The mis¬ 
placing of a single thread may, at times, 
cause the loss of a whole day’s work, as the 
whole labor must be undone until the point 
of the misapplication is reached and cor¬ 
rected. 

The nine tapestries in the exhibition 
represent different views, and are extremely 
rich. There are landscapes, scroll work, 
and portraits—rocks and woods, men fish¬ 
ing, girl reclining on a bank; then a girl 
with a basket of flowers, pictures of child¬ 
ren, etc. Our ladies seem particularly to 
take great delight in these exquisitely 
wrought tapestries. 


WATER-COLORS, ENGRAVINGS, ETC. 

Rooms 34, 36, and 45 exhibit a large 
collection of grand engravings. Several 
groups in large and richly gilded frames. 

EM. DUMAS, of Paris, has sent a very 
pretty picture of flowers. 

S. GAILLARD, of Pans, furnishes a 
capital likeness of the Pope, Pius IX. 

J. G. LAVASSELR gives us the Mira- 













556 


ART BUILDINGS. 


cle of the Loaves and Fishes, after Murillo. 
A touching picture, admirably done. 

J. J. BELLEL, of Paris, has drawn the 
Ravine at Gravenoire, with its old trees and 
its babbling brook, that seems to laugh at 
us as it creeps along its bed. 

GA1LLARD has another, an etching, 
The Holy Heiress. The mother embrac¬ 
ing a child. 

M. POTEMONT, of Paris, has a sketch 
of La Merveilleuse, a street in old Paris. 
The old wheel barrow by the lamp-post, 
with its contents scattered upon the ground, 
is finely drawn. 

BELLEL sends another, a crayon draw¬ 
ing of the eccentric Don Quixote and his 
fat squire, Sancho Panza—a picture that 
brings out the hero of the windmills and 
his doughty companion in strong light. 

JULES ADELINE, of Rouen, exhibits 
a drawing of the Great Town-Gate at 
Rouen, so finely done that one can almost 
see the heavy portal swing upon its 
hinges. 

The same artist gives us, likewise, a cap¬ 
ital drawing of the Cathedral at Rouen. 

E. A. CHAGOT, of Paris, shows a 
splendid painting in water-colors of a Cof¬ 
fee House in Cairo. Also Views in Guern¬ 
sey and Views in Cairo; very charming 
sketches in water-colors. 

There are many others we cannot name, 
though their paintings, drawings, and etch¬ 
ings are beautiful studies, full of taste, 
skill, and spirit. 


GERMANY. 

Although the German display in Me¬ 
morial Hall and the Annex, is not so large 
as many may have expected; it is replete 
with rich and comprehensive paintings. 
Art bears an ancient date in the German 
empire, and the German people delight in 
the charms of well depicted scenes. They 
are eminently a social people, and enter 
readily into all that pertains to home life. 
The quiet humor and the broad humor 
they also enjoy to a very large extent, and 
their galleries are full of lively, as well as 
grand and heroic pictures. The old em¬ 
pire was larger than the present and once 
included Belgium and the Netherlands, 
together with what now is a portion of 
France. In 1380 WILLIAM de HERRE, 
or WILLIAM of HERRE, established at 
Herre a school of Art. His great reputa¬ 


tion as an artist enabled him to make this 
school successful. 

ALBRECHT, or ALBERT DURER of 
Nuremberg, was born in 1471, and proved 
the founder of a popular style of painting, 
though his subjects were mainly scriptu- 

I* til 

HANS HOLBEIR, who was twenty- 
four years younger than Durer, added 
largely to the German school. 

CORNELIUS and OVERBECK may 
be classed as the originators of the more 
modern school. The former executed a 
grand painting of the Judgment, that oc¬ 
cupied nearly 200 square feet of canvas. 

Total number of Oil Paintings 137; of 
which there are, Imaginative and Compo¬ 
sitive 67; Portraits 7; Landscapes 36; An¬ 
imals 9; Interior Views 5; Marine 9; Flow¬ 
ers 2; City Views 1; Still Life 6, and His¬ 
torical 7. Of Water Color paintings and 
engravings on steel, there are 18; and of 
specimen of Sculpture 12. 


OIL PAINTINGS. 

IMAGINATIVE. 

5. The Car of Thespis in a Dilemma, by 
THEODORE P1XIS, of Munich. This 
painting was recently described in the 
“ Munich News,” and we cannot do better 
than to copy that article. “ THEODORE 
PIXIS represents in his picture the ‘ Thes- 
piskarren’ (Strolling Players Wagon) ‘in a 
Dilemma,’ the characteristic German artist 
humor with sparkling quaintness. The 
scene takes place in a Suabian village whose 
inhabitants are evidently more Philistines 
than admirers of art, whose lack of appre¬ 
ciation has caused this dramatic company 
to acquire debts instead of anticipated prof¬ 
its, thereby compelling the manager to 
close the season so disastrous to his pros¬ 
pects. Therefore we find him one fine 
morning with his whole company and his 
theatrical paraphernalia safely bestowed 
on his 1 Thespiskarren,’ whose meager 
steeds certainly possess little of the Pega¬ 
sus element, preparing to exchange the 
scene of his late performance for one that 
he hopes will be more remunerative. 

“Everything is in readiness. The first 
car has already commenced its journey to¬ 
ward the gate of the city, through which 
an inviting landscape promises a delightful 
ride in the-clear morning. But haste 1 the 
commanding tone of the policemen with 







ART BUILDINGS. 


557 


his ominous “halt,” seems to favor the 
hasty approach of the Jews, and the land¬ 
lord whose eager researches among the 
contents of the already unloaded trunks 
seem to afford little satisfaction to the 
sorry creditors. Well may the importu¬ 
nate manager exclaim with the poet 
Kurt: 

‘ Robbers, Jews, Debts, Women, 

Alas ! no knight is free therefrom/ 

His already sardonic smile avails him lit¬ 
tle, as also the shrug of the shoulders, un¬ 
mistakably illustrating the truthful old 
saying, ‘ where nought exists, the king has 
lost his right,’ for a policeman in these 
days considers himself a far more import¬ 
ant personage than a king, or at least than 
a theatrical manager, to whom nothing is 
more painful than that he, accustomed 
only to command, should here have found 
his man. 

“We see the intriguant grinning with de¬ 
moniac delight, his character plainly.re¬ 
vealed by the Mephisto cap still adorning 
his already hoary head, while his vis-d-vts 
is evidently revolving in his mind the 
heroic deeds which his character enables 
him to execute—his favorite weapon, an 
old halberd, in his hand, and the paste¬ 
board cuirassier helmet hanging by his 
side, may indeed prove dangerous. Tri¬ 
umphant and ever sure of success the lady 
star actress casts her alluring glances 
about, to ascertain if she may not espy 
some forlorn swain, who, captivated by 
so much beauty, is not ready to risk his 
half year’s salary for one kiss from those 
lovely lips, thus setting the Thespiskar- 
ren once more upon its way.” 

113. Early Affliction, by F. BOSER, 
Dusseldorf. This is truly a grand picture 
and one deserving the strongest praise. 
A girl of twelve years with her wardrobe 
in a bundle on her arm is trudging over a 
meadow. On one side is the old fence, on 
the other, the church—both in the distance. 
A shawl thrown over her head is tied un¬ 
der the chin. The face is a little in the 
shadow of the head gear, and yet a sweet 
face shows out in melancholy life. A 
bright ray of light falls just in a point 
upon the nose and another pretty gleam 
upon a speck of her light hair; just enough 
to light up the whole countenance. Taken 
all in all, this is one of the best paintings 
in the room—if not the very best. It has 


been sold. The purchaser is certainly a 
gentleman of taste. 

91. The disagreement, by W. MARC, 
of Munich. A house is drawn with a 
rude bench in front and on one side. A 
damsel is seated on the front bench, lean- 
ing against the wall of the dwelling, and 
gazing roguishly from the corner of her 
eyes toward the side bench, where is seated 
her lover, in the shadow, and in a moody 
humor. There has evidently been a lovers’ 
quarrel, and both are anxious to make up; 
each only waiting for the other to begin. 
There is much quiet German humor in 
this painting, as well as great skill in col¬ 
oring. 

67. Happy Old Age, by RUDOLF 
JORDON, of Munich. The picture gives 
at once an air of contentment, and fully 
developes the idea of easy repose. Jordon 
has devoted his time principally to sea- 
coast scenes and sea-faring people. He is 
now a professor in Dusseldorf. 

115. Before the Christening, and 

86. After the Christening, both by Q. 
BECKER, of Berlin, will bear a critical 
inspection. 

95. Buying the Cradle, by H. KRETZ- 
SCIIMER, of Berlin. A small picture of 
a humorous scene. A young couple are 
standing at the door of a shop, and the 
merchant is descanting upon the great 
beauty of a rudely made cradle that he is 
exhibiting. The young mother is evidently 
pleased, and the young father is satisfied, 
for he has his hand in his pocket, feeling 
for his money. There is great life in this 
picture, and the execution well sustains 
the idea, while the drawing is in excellent 
keeping with the rather humorous scene. 

74. Duett in the Smithy, by H. EWERS, 
of Dusseldorf. Another small painting 
full of quiet humor. The blacksmith’s 
blower-boy has his music book opened 
upon the anvil, while he is endeavoring to 
play a wretched flute. The cradle has 
been overturned, and the baby is crying at 
the top of his voice. The duett is between 
the old flute and the baby. The fire in the 
forge has gone down, and the boy is evi¬ 
dently intent only upon his notes. The 
scene is faithfully depicted. 


LANDSCAPE. 

10. A Moonlight on Sternberg Lake, 
by J. HAHN, of Munich. A small land- 











558 


ART BUILDINGS. 


scape done with scenic strength. Moon- \ 
light well sustained — faint on distant j 
water, and heavier in the foreground. 

61. Environs of Munich, by R. YON 
POSCH1NGER, of Munich. A very at¬ 
tractive landscape, truthfully drawn. The 
water and the trees natural and grand. 
The shores beautifully shown, while the 
light is managed with eminent skill. 
This picture has been sold, and has also 
received the award of the judges. 

11. The Gosau Lake, by C. JUNG- 
HEIM, of Dusseldorf. Representing the 
lake, with the Dachstien, in the Austrian 
Salt Regions. A drawing upon which it 
was difficult to throw good light. The 
front is rather dark, while the light is 
really thiown upon the back ground. The 
men in the boat laying the net, are dis¬ 
tinctly seen. Awarded medal by the Cen¬ 
tennial judges. 

138. Egeria, by C. WILBERG, of Ber¬ 
lin. This landscape shows the Grotto of 
Egeria, and is finely drawn. There are 
ruins near the pool, with a temple on the 
hill. The remarkable shadow in the 
water of a woman, is grandly done, though 
but a shadow. 

136. Christ Appearing to Mary Mag¬ 
dalene, by Prof. PLOCKHOST, of Berlin. 
A very expressive picture. Magdalene is 
rushing forward with outstretched arms, 
and face glowing with admiration and de¬ 
light. The Saviour erect, rather drawing 
back, with his garments held closely, and 
yet not with repellent expression, as he 
says: “Touch me not!” The drapery is 
delicately arranged and the coloring skill¬ 
fully managed. The light falling upon 
the faces seems to bring all the features to 
life. 

28. The Daughter of Herodias, with 
the Head of John the Baptist, by L. 
GUETERBOCK, of Berlin. A large pic¬ 
ture that must be true in detail, as it 
makes one turn away in disgust, not of 
the painting or of the artist, but of the 
cruel heartlessness of Herodias. 

45. Capitulation of Sedan, by the 
COUNT YON HARACH, of Berlin. In 
this picture we find the German Emperor 
surrounded by his staff, and receiving 
from General Rellier a letter from Louis 
Napoleon, asking terms for capitulation. 
Though this appears a misnomer, it is one 
of those poetic licenses often resorted to, 
and does not impair the value of the paint¬ 


ing as a work of art. The picture is finely 
handled, and the likeness is pronounced 
excellent. 

134. Capitulation of Sedan, by L. 
BROWN, of Munich. The same subject 
as the above, taken from a different point 
of view, and handled with great skill. A 
key below the picture gives the names of 
various personages present, among whom 
is our own General Sheridan. The Key is 
quite an aid to the drawing. The forms 
are well managed, and the whole light 
is well distributed, adding largely to the 
general effect. 

137. Lady Jane Grey’s Triumph over 
Bishop Gardiner. For the Royal Acade¬ 
my in 1872. Took Yienna medal in 1873, 
and 1876 received the Centennial medal. 
This is a small historical work, well con¬ 
ceived and excellently drawn. Lady Jane 
is seated, with calm expression. The 
Bishop is standing, as if just ready to take 
his leave. The attitudes are well defined. 
The coloring is excellent, and the drapery 
most naturally painted. 


MARINE. 

112. Storm on the Ylissingen, by A. 
ACHENBACH, of Dusseldorf. The 
waves are rolling over the dykes, and the 
people, fearful of the consequences, are 
actively engaged in strengthening the de¬ 
fenses against the encroachments of the 
angry floods. Large timbers and huge 
stones are being brought forward, and 
ropes are freely used. The clouds are 
dark, and while there is light enough to per¬ 
ceive the action, the picture still possesses 
the indistinctness of a furious storm. 

37. Fishermen Surprised by a Storm, 
by A. RAPPIS, of Munich. A picture of 
great truth, and one that bears out the idea 
of an approaching gale. The hurry is well 
managed. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

34. Flowers, by HELENE YON 
FISCHER, of Bremen. A rich flower 
picture, that is a faithful copy from nature. 

59. Portrait of the Emperor, by L. 
HORST, of Stuttgart. Pronounced a capi¬ 
tal likeness, well colored and in good po¬ 
sition. 

75. Cattle, by C. SEIBELS, of Dussel¬ 
dorf. A very natural picture, well drawn, 
and faithfully colored. 








art buildings. 


559 


80. The same subject, by the same 
artist, and equally well portrayed. 

84 and 92. Cattle, both by W. FREY, 
of Munich. Both excellent. 


FLOWERS. 

126. Broken Flowers, by A. 
SCHWARZ. A very pretty painting, 
showing much skill in arrangement as well 
as in coloring. 

140. Girl with. Wild Roses, by H. 
BEHMER, of Weimar. A life size por¬ 
trait. A very charming picture. The face 
is remarkably handsome, partly shaded by 
the hand, so that the light falls on the back 
of the head and just touches a portion of 
the nose. The eyes are very expressive. 
The drapery faultless. A grand study. 
Awarded medal by the judges. 


WATER COLOR PAINTINGS. 

P. MEYERHEIM, of Berlin, gives us 
several very pretty specimens of his artistic 
style. 157, a Rhenish Landscape; 158, a 
French Village; and 162, Twilight, are 
remarkably attractive. 

L. SPANGEN BE RG, of Berlin, has 
163, a Glacier in Engadin, and 164, Capu¬ 
chin Cloister, near Salzbury; admirable 
delineations. 


STATUARY. 

154. Bust of Friedrich Wilhelm, Crown 
Prince of Germany, by R. SCHWEINITZ, 
of Berlin. Fine work, elegantly chiseled, 
and pronounced an excellent likeness. 

153. . Moltke, by L. BRUNOW, of 
Berlin. Marble bust of the famous Ger¬ 
man general. A well preserved veteran. 

185. Prince Bismarck (bronze), by H. 
MANGER, of Berlin. Colossal statue, de¬ 
clared to be a most excellent likeness of 
the great German primiere. A fine work 
of art as well. 


PORCELAIN. 

169. Porcelain Paintings, by ENGS & 
GREINER, of Lanscha. Of these there 
are twenty, mostly small, but they are really 
splendid, and deserve close examination. 

156. Galvanoplastic representations of 
ancient Art, especially of gold and silver, 
by the BAVARIAN MUSEUM OF ART, 
at Nuremberg. A rich and varied though 
small collection that will well repay a close 
examination. 


180, 181, and 182. Stained Glass Win¬ 
dows, by F. X. ZETTLER, of Munich. 
One for a Christian church, one for a Mo¬ 
hammedan temple, and the last for a Per¬ 
sian temple. Rich and elegant adornments. 
180 is nearly 15x40 feet, and contains fifty 
figures, many of them of life size. The 
picture is divided into five panels, having 
m the center the Madonna and Child; 
above, the Crucifixion; still above, the 
Shepherds. The side panels show Joseph 
going down into Egypt with the Child, and 
fourteen other scriptural scenes. 


MINERALOGICAL. 

184. Pieces of Amber, &c., by A. JUNG- 
FER, of Berlin. Though rather out of 
place, this is an extremely interesting col¬ 
lection of amber pieces enclosing antedilu¬ 
vian insects—ants, flies, gnats, sugar-mites, 
moths, scarabaei, spiders, etc. The impris¬ 
oned insects can be seen very plainly. 

183. Collection of Coins and Medals, 
by the same. This is as remarkable as the 
pieces of amber, for he shows us hundreds 
of specimens, some very rare and others 
very ancient. 


AUSTRIA. 

It was not until about the beginning of 
the present century that Austria had made 
much impression upon the outside world, 
though she had produced many eminent 
artists. Schadon became a resident of 
Vienna in 1788, and greatly aided his son 
who had originated an entirely new style 
of painting. But Vienna was almost an 
isolated city. To many it seemed like the 
end of creation, while to the indwellers of 
that famous and beautiful city it was the 
paradise of earth. The arts were there, 
and there were patrons also; but both 
painters and patrons were inclined to study 
in their seclusiveness rather than branch 
out into the world—to them so far away; 
so little known and so little cared for. 

The fame of her great painters traveled 
only within her limits, and even there their 
talents were not appreciated as they would 
have been had they leaped suddenly into 
the world beyond them. Even in our 
present exhibition, Austria does not furnish 
a very large array, though some of the 
pictures are master-pieces of art. The total 
number of oil paintings is 123, of which 
there are Imaginative and Compositive, 



















560 


AKT BUILDINGS. 


53; Portraits, 9; Landscapes, 36; Ani¬ 
mals, 9; Interior Views, 5; Marine, 1; 
Flowers, 1; City Views, 3, and Still Life, 
6. Of water color paintings and engrav¬ 
ings on steel there are 34. There are seven 
specimens of sculpture. 


IMAGINATIVE. 

81. Venetian Society, by FRANCIS 
LEO REUBEN, of Vienna. Gentry fill¬ 
ing up a gaily decorated gondola; many 
fashionably dressed persons on the shores. 
This picture is full of light and life, both 
so skillfully contrived as to bring out the 
characters in bold relief. 

24. Afternoon Nap, by CHARLES 
RIEDEL, of Vienna. An old gentleman 
seated in a comfortable chair beside his 
table, taking his nap. The table shows 
the remains of a dinner; cups, glass, etc. 
A mischievous cat is taking advantage of 
the master’s obliquity, and endeavoring to 
slily secure to herself some of the aban¬ 
doned feast. The whole picture is well 
conceived. There is much quiet humor in 
it, and the coloring is admirably managed 
to produce the best effect. 

78. Pomegranate Seller, by RALPH 
GEVLING, of Vienna. This excellent little 
picture represents a boy seated on the 
curbstone at the foot of a column, with a 
basket of his fruit beside him, while one 
pomegranate has dropped upon a copy of 
“ La Libertad.” The position is remarka¬ 
bly fine, and the small details of the pic¬ 
ture are well worked up. The painting 
has been sold to one who can appreciate 
its value. 

50. Fish Market at Chioggia, by RALPH 
RIBARZ, of Vienna. A capital picture, 
bringing out the fishers and their fish. 
The evident bartering is well portrayed; 
the rough and the smooth are accurately 
delineated. 

6. Austrian Harvesters, by FRED. 
SCHILCHER, of Vienna. A girl with 
sickle and pitcher. The coloring, though 
not delicate, gives a fine scenic effect that 
brings out and enlivens the figure. The 
face is particularly expressive and posses¬ 
ses great life. The painting has been sold. 

121. The Moor and His Horse, by 
GUSTAVUS WERTHEIMER, of Vi¬ 
enna. A grand picture, of much truth 
and splendid coloring. The horse is resting 
his head on the shoulder of his master as 


if he loved him. A strong light throws 
out the man and horse to great advantage. 

62. Pan and Bacchantes, by EUGENE 
FELIX, of Vienna. A large and very 
beautiful picture of a mythological char¬ 
acter. It is twilight, and the dusky shad¬ 
ows of the evening lend a charm to the 
vivid scene. A charming Bacchante, lean¬ 
ing backward, offers to the bust of Pan a 
goblet filled with exhilarating wine. The 
bust, on a pedestal, occupies the center of 
the picture. On the opposite side of this 
another Bacchante, resting upon the hide 
of a panther, is gathering flowers for a 
chaplet to adorn the head of the god. The 
work is true to nature, while it is devoid 
of all that might be considered sensual. 
The fine light thrown upon the first figure 
adds greatly to its distinctness, and in¬ 
creases its beauty. The shadows gradu¬ 
ally extend, until the forest is sunk in 
dusky twilight. The coloring is almost as 
real as life itself. 

98. The Newly Elected i Mayor, by 
FRANCIS SCHAMS, of Vienna. " This is 
a small characteristic picture, with few 
figures, but full of life and humor. The 
newly elected mayor is a tailor seated on 
his bench at work, when his friends burst 
in upon him with the news of his election. 
He hardly believes, and yet suspends his 
labor to receive the crowd. Through the 
open door the people are seen huzzahing, 
while in the shadow within, his family ap¬ 
pear equally astonished. His spectacles 
even seem alive to the occasion, and his 
red coat trembles with joyous emotions. 


LANDSCAPE. 

31. The Alps, by LEOPOLD MUNSCH, 
of Vienna. Scene, Alp Gschloss, looking 
toward the Gross Venediger. A small 
cluster of rude houses at the foot of a deep 
gorge—all green below, all snow above. 
The wildness of the scene is well depicted, 
and the grandeur admirably sustained. 
One feels warm while gazing on the ver¬ 
dant valley; and is chilled when looking 
upon the snow-capped mountains. The 
light is well thrown out, and the whole 
picture is vivid and natural. 

106. A Mill in the Tyrol, by MARY 
VON PARMENTIER, of Vienna. An 
other pretty and familiar landscape. The 
old mill, the stream, the foliage, all clear 
and natural. The light thrown so as to 








art buildings. 


561 


produce a warming effect that enlivens the 
whole picture. 


ANIMALS. 

83. The Ox Team, by RALPH RI¬ 
BA RZ, of A ienna. The oxen are well 
drawn and seem ready to do good service. 
The coloring—so difficult in painting ani¬ 
mals—is faultless. 

29. Cow and Sheep, by RALPH RI¬ 
BA RZ, of V ienna. The animals well 
drawn, the positions natural, and the col¬ 
oring well displayed. 


the Princess. Since that he has spent 
much time at Berlin and Potsdam, and 
always as the guest of the Crown Prince, 
He has. also visited England and Russia, 
at the invitation of the ruling monarchs. 
and has there painted nearly all the royal 
families.. His portraits, while possessing 
all the life and light possible, are always 
truthful, even in the defects that may to a 
ceitain extent mar the original. He loves 
truth for truth’s sake, and can not be per¬ 
suaded to hide a blemish. 


INTERIOR VIEWS. 

85. An Interior at Hallstiidt, in Upper 
Austria, by ANTHONY SCHROEDI, of 
Vienna. Although views of interior are 
mostly copies of actual work, as in the 
present case, it is sometimes very difficult 
to give them a reality that shall be recog¬ 
nizable. In this by Schrodi, he has suc¬ 
ceeded so well that one can hardly be per¬ 
suaded that he cannot see the paneling 
wherever joined. 

65. Interior of St. Stephens, in Vienna, 
by the Countess ELIZA NEMES RAN- 
SONNET, of Vienna. This picture pos¬ 
sesses remarkable coloring, in which the 
artist has freely indulged, giving a sub¬ 
stantial style that is exceedingly pleasing. 

MARINE. 

23. At the Sea, by AUGUSTUS 
SCHAEFFER, of Vienna. A well painted 
picture of a truly desolate beach. Every 
thing indicates misery. 


HISTORICAL. 


STILL LIFE. 

19. Still Life, by MINNA HOEGEL, 
of Vienna. A capital painting of pheas¬ 
ants and other smaller birds, of rich color¬ 
ing. Done so well that they appear to 
stand out from the dead wall behind. 


PORTRAITS. 

165 & 166.- Portraits, by HENRY 
VON ANGELI, of Vienna. This is one 
of the most distinguished Austrian paint¬ 
ers. In 1872 two of his pictures cre¬ 
ated a noted sensation. At the annual ex¬ 
hibition of the Society of Arts in Berlin 
the attention of the Crown Prince of Ger¬ 
many was drawn to one of Angeli’s por¬ 
traits, and he invited the artist to Potsdam, 
where he painted the Crown Prince and 


1. Venice Paying Homage to Caterina 
Cornaro, by HANS MAKART, of Vienna. 
To see this great picture to advantage in 
the bad light in which it is placed, the ob¬ 
server should occupy a position on the 
opposite side of the gallery, not too much 
in front however. A short distance to 
either side will improve the view. There 
is such a profusion of rich and heavy col¬ 
oring that some little skill is necessary in 
selecting a good point of observation. The 
various expressions upon the many faces 
grouped together are a study in them¬ 
selves, and yet all are enjoying a mutually 
delightful fete, for fete indeed it was, 
when high and low, rich and poor, met 
together to do homage to one who had 
bestowed a kingdom upon a people, and 
this,, too, a voluntary gift. The Cornaro 
family had given several Doges to the Re¬ 
public of Venice. Caterina was born in 
1454, and, beside her distinguished birth, 
was one of the most beautiful women of 
her time, and her hand had been sought 
by many a young nobleman of her own 
country, as well as some of other lands. 

Through political influences, she was 
married to Jacopo II, Lusignano, the 
young Prince of Cyprus. The authorities 
recommended the marriage, and richly en¬ 
dowed the bride, whose family was no 
longer among the ’wealthy of the country. 
Her glory upon the throne of Cyprus did 
not long continue. The young King soon 
died, and Caterina almost immediately ab¬ 
dicated the throne in favor of the Repub¬ 
lic, so that the kingdom of Cyprus was 
given to Venice. She spent her remaining 
days at Asolo, a country seat in the vicinity 
of Venice, where she gathered about her 
the genius of the land. Poets and artists 
were her familiar friends. She died in 














562 


ART BUILDINGS. 


1510, regretted by all who had known her, 
and most severely missed by the poor 
peasantry, with whom she shared continu¬ 
ally the fortune that the Venetian govern¬ 
ment had bestowed upon her on the occa¬ 
sion of her marriage. 

Makart has chosen well for his picture in 
selecting the time when, after her abdica¬ 
tion, she returned to Venice. Arrived at 
the Piazzeta, she has just been handed 
from her superbly-adorned gondola, in 
which, with the immediate members of her 
family, she had made a triumphant tour 
through the Grand Canal. Even the gon¬ 
dolier appears to share with his beautiful 
mistress in the appropriate honors, while 
he leans against the prow of his boat. The 
large, prominent, and remarkably handsome 
figure in court dress of flashing scarlet, 
standing behind the Queen, is Senator Lo- 
redano, who, after welcoming her in the 
name of the Republic, has placed her upon 
the throne decked with costly gaiety. And 
here she received the joyous homage of a 
grateful people. The whole population 
join in the happy and spontaneous demon¬ 
stration. From the proudest nobleman of 
the Republic to the poor fisherwoman of 
Chioggia—all have come and brought their 
simple bouquets or richer gifts to place at 
the feet of the widowed Queen. 

The painter, Hans Makart, was a native 
of Salzburg, and a student in the Vienna 
Academy of Fine Arts. His term expir¬ 
ing, he repaired to Munich and studied 
under Professor Piloty. The school in 
which Makart studied was marked by a 
style peculiarly its own. Bright, profuse, 
and warm coloring adorned the pictures. 
But rich as was the display, Hans soon out¬ 
stripped his teacher, and launched far be¬ 
yond anything they had ever attempted. 
He produced a masterly painting, called 
“The Plague at Florence,” which, having 
been examined by the Emperor of Aus¬ 
tria, that monarch, at once appreciating his 
wonderful ability, placed a studio, with a 
garden and dwelling, at his disposal. On 
this favored spot the painter executed his 
Caterina, and many other grand pictures 
that have attracted attention wherever 
seen, and added to his increasing favor 
among judges of artistic work. This won¬ 
derful picture draws the crowd as soon as 
it is perceived. Its monstrous size, its gay 
colors, its very brightness, its life-sized 
figures—even to the child playing with the 


great dog in front—all arrest attention. A 
close inspection immediately follows, and 
none leave without being well satisfied that 
this is the finest painting in the gallery. 

75. The Judgment of Paris, by LOUIS 
MAYER, of Vienna. A large and elegant 
picture, the figures well drawn, the atti¬ 
tudes correct, and the fleshing extremely 
delicate. 


STATUARY. 

122. The Emperor of Austria, by CAS¬ 
PER ZUMBUSCH, of Vienna. This is a 
full-sized bust in marble, showing artistic 
taste, and pronounced a faithful represen¬ 
tation of his majesty. 

123. A Study, by JAMES GLIBER, 
of Vienna. A fine face, well developed. 
The lace work of dress delicately chiseled; 
beads and cross tastefully done. A rare 
work. 

125. Charles V, a marble bust of rich 
chiseling, by CHARLES COSTENOBLE, 
of Vienna. 


MEDALS. 

167. Collection of Medals, by AN¬ 
THONY SCHARFF, of Vienna. A large 
and interesting collection, mostly of small 
medals. Some of these are very elegant. 


BELGIUM. 

The cultivation of art in this country 
dates far back. Isolated artists were found 
practising their vocation many hundreds 
of years ago, but their works were as little 
known as themselves. Shut off from free 
intercourse with nations, they were chiefly 
confined to their own lands for sub¬ 
jects. In the fourteenth century appeared 
Hubert and John Van Eyck—the former 
born in 1366 and the latter in 1370. They 
worked together and produced a great 
painting, covered with more than 300 fig¬ 
ures, and entitled the u Adoration of the 
Lamb.” This was painted in sections, and 
these sections are now scattered. One 
portion is in the Museum of Berlin, an¬ 
other in the Cathedral at Ghent, and the 
remainder adorns the gallery of the 
Louvre, at Paris. Their style was adopted 
generally by Flemish artists, and practised 
for one hundred and fifty years. 

In the early part of the sixteenth cen¬ 
tury rose Jan Mabaso, who W’as a great 
artist in this school. 









art buildings. 


563 


Then comes Quentin Matsis, the black- 
smith, whose singular story and romantic 
course of life has been woven into a very 
interesting novel. In his day there was a 
vide separation between skilled artists and 
plain, plodding working people. Yet 
Matsis had warm friends among the higher 
ranks, and through these he eventually 
came to distinction. He fell in love with 
the daughter of an eminent painter, but 
the father would not consent to receive 
him as a son-in-law—he was too far be¬ 
neath the standing of the artist. Finding 
he was forced out of the loved presence by 
his ignoble trade, he determined that he 
too would become a painter. He studied 
and practised until he produced some very 
choice sketches. Now it so happened that 
the girl he loved was an acquaintance of 
his sister, and the two young ladies often 
met. The painter’s daughter was not infre- 
quently at the house of the humble smith, 
visiting the sister; and during one of her 
calls, when he was absent, was shown by 
the sister into his humble studio, where 
she found and was pleased with several 
paintings. One painting attracted her at¬ 
tention as being of very superior merit. 

Through a friend, this picture was con¬ 
veyed secretly to the studio of the painter 
father, who, without knowing the artist, 
pronounced it the production of a master. 
When the name was revealed to him, his 
astonishment knew no bounds, and he 
shortly afterward consented to the mar¬ 
riage of his daughter to the poor black¬ 
smith. 

The school abounds in heavy landscape, 
where dark shading predominates; a style 
that requires great skill to blend liveli¬ 
ness with sombre coloring. To reach live¬ 
liness at the same time requires the hand 
of a master, and this master was not fairly 
reached until the renowned Rubens ap¬ 
peared at the easel. 

Rubens was born at Cologne in 1577; 
and having studied under the Flemish 
masters, visited Mantua, where the reign¬ 
ing duke created him court painter. He 
was sent to Spain, and while there finished 
several works. He finally settled in Ant¬ 
werp, and practised his profession until j 
his death, which occurred in 1640. “ The j 

Descent from the Cross,” considered his j 
greatest work, is now in the Antwerp Cathe-! 
dral. During his life he completed nearly 
1,400 separate pieces. 


Anthony Dyck, a pupil of Rubens, was 
born at Antwerp in A. D. 1599; and his 
great masterpiece was “Christ Crucified 
between the Two Thieves,” pronounced one 
of the finest paintings in the world. In 1632, 
at the request of Charles I. of England’ 
he made that country his residence. 

The true Belgian artists, while drawing 
the foundation of their skill from the 
Flemish school, have blended much of the 
French life. 

The total number of Oil Paintings in the 
Belgian exhibit amounts to 172. Of these 
there are: Imaginative and Composition, 
73; I ortraits, 5; Landscapes, 45; Animal, 1* 
Interior Views, 7; Marine Views, 13; Flow¬ 
ers, 6; City Views, 6; Still Life, 1; Fruit, 2; 
Fowls, 1; and Historical, 4. Of Water 
Color paintings and Steel Engravings there 
are 14; of Sculpture, 33; and of Architect¬ 
ural Designs, 1. 

138. The Duet, by J. VAN KEIRS- 
BILCK, of Brussels, now professor in the 
Belgian Royal Academy of Fine Arts. 
This picture represents a musical Italian 
family enjoying the melody of sweet 
sounds. 

28. The Night of St. Bartholomew, by 
ERNEST SLINGENEYER, of Brussels. 
This was the night of the general slaughter 
of the Huguenots on account of their relig¬ 
ious belief. It is night, and there is com¬ 
motion and turmoil in the streets. The 
father, with a drawn sword in his hand, is 
preparing to defend his family. His wife 
and his two children are by his side. She 
looks despairing, her eyes are closed. The 
scene is not exaggerated. A thousand 
such scenes occurred on that horrid night. 

126. On the Road to Market, by AN¬ 
DRE PLUMOT, of Antwerp. A very 
spirited picture, full of life. 

106. Dante and the Young Girls of 
Florence, by NICAISE DeKEYSER, of 
Antwerp. Dante is seated at the foot of 
the steps of a stately mansion, and three 
young ladies are entreating him to leave. 
They have just returned from a visit of 
consolation to Beatrice, on the occasion of 
the death of her father, when they find 
him. He refuses to leave. Light from 
the stairway falls upon the face and shoul¬ 
ders of two of the ladies, and has a fine 
effect in lighting up the picture. It is a 
large picture, and executed by a true mas¬ 
ter of art. 

66. Fire in the Village of Ruhla, Ger- 















564 


ART BUILDINGS. 


many, by FERDINAND PAUWELS, of 
Antwerp. The same great painter who is 
now a director of the Academy of Fine 
Arts of Weimar, has in the United States 
Department (No. 800) a masterly picture, 
called “The New Republic.” 

5. A Christian Martyr, in the Reign 
of Diocletian, by ERNEST SLINGEN- 
EYER, of Brussels. The young Chris¬ 
tian, though condemned to be torn to 
pieces by wild beasts, is found by the 
keeper sleeping quietly upon the floor of 
his prison. As the door is opened a par¬ 
tial light is thrown on the sleeping form. 
In their dens in the dusky background 
the beasts are gnashing their teeth and 
striking at the bars that keep them from 
their prey. The keeper looks surprised, 
and as if wondering that the youth can 
sleep in the jaws of death. The light is 
very delicate, and a small beam that, from 
the crack of the door, falls across the vic¬ 
tim’s knees, gives roundness to the legs, 
and aids in causing the sleeping form to 
almost come out from the canvas. The 
frightful arena of slaughter is seen through 
the open door. The picture is large, and 
attracts constant attention. 

117. Discontent in the Harem, by AL¬ 
EXANDER ROBERT, of Brussels. A 
lady of the harem, resting on a rich divan, 
looking troubled and disconsolate. Flesh 
dark, but good. Small, soft light—just in 
keeping with the idea. 

27. Stop, by EDMUND de PRA- 
TERE, of Brussels. Two dogs are chained 
together—one a hunter, and the other an 
inferior breed. The hunter wants to dash 
upon a search for game, but the more do¬ 
mestic cur objects, and hangs back. The 
picture is good, and full of fun. 

130. The Town Gate, by JAQUES 
FRANCOIS C ARAB AIN, of Brussels. 
It is the town gate at Wertheim, Germany. 
A cart is passing through the gate, that 
pierces the heavy wall. A boy is driv¬ 
ing a few geese. Mother with a child 
in her arms, is upon a door step. Chil¬ 
dren are playing in the highway. Light in 
front on horse, house, and wall very good; 
while through the gate the town is seen 
still in the light. The whole is well man¬ 
aged, and has quite an enjoyable air of 
domesticity. 

135. The Cellar of Diomede, by JO¬ 
SEPH STALLAERT, of Brussels. The 
scene is at the destruction of Pompeii. 


That city was destroyed by an eruption of 
Mount Vesuvius, on the 24th day of Au¬ 
gust, 79 A. D. For more than seven 
centuries it and its inhabitants were buried 
under the earth, and even the knowledge 
of its locality passed from history. The 
spot was discovered only a few years since, 
and in the cellar of a house supposed to 
have belonged to one Diomede, several 
bodies were unearthed. The painting rep¬ 
resents these people crowding the cellar to 
escape the general destruction. The fig¬ 
ures are fleeing inward, and in their rear is 
seen a great, bright light, that illumines 
every point distinctly. The subject is 
grand, and great skill has been shown in 
not overdoing the reality of even so fear¬ 
ful a scene. 


LANDSCAPES. 

136. View at Saxenhausen, near Frank- 
fort-on-the-Main, Germany, by ROBERT 
MOLS. Said to be a truthful picture, and 
certainly a very pretty specimen of painting. 

102. The Rhine, by F. R. UNTER- 
BERGER, of Brussels. Scene on the 
river between Bonn and Coblentz. An 
evening scene. Many figures in the fore¬ 
ground; river clear and placid; distant 
perspective well maintained, though a little 
murky; sky warm and cheery. Just such 
a picture as one might expect to see on that 
grand river of castles and ruins. The 
scene will bear examining, and the more 
examined the more it will be enjoyed. 
There is a quiet rest about it that serves to 
calm the mind and to draw it from the 
troublous trials of our every day life. 

17. Mountain View in Switzerland, by 
COUNT ALFRED DE BYLANDT, of 
Brussels. A charming view of wild moun¬ 
tain scenery, with a fine light thrown upon 
the picture. 

166. Granada, by FRANCOIS AN¬ 
TOINE BOSSUET, of Brussels. One of 
those pictures that call up afresh the pages 
of dusty history. On the right, the castle; 
in the centre, the water; on the left, walls 
and houses. Details well worked up. 
Lights finely thrown on. The distant 
mountains, sloping off in charming perspec¬ 
tive, carry the eye miles beyond the fore¬ 
ground. There is not much foliage, but it 
is good though scanty. The sky is warm, 
with occasional red spots that enliven the 
scene. 







AKT BUILDINGS. 


565 


101. The Fish Market in Brussels, by 
GUSIAVE WALCK1ERS, of Brussels. 
A good picture. The market well shown, 
and so also the sellers and buyers. 

107. Morning, by G. JOSEPH VAN 
LUPPEN, of Antwerp. View near Di- 
nant. A fine picture. Boats drawn upon 
the shore. Mountains on both sides. Good 
light, though a little hazy, and the sky 
rather dreary. 

86. Mill on the River Scheldt, by 
JACQUES ROSSEELS, of Antwerp. A 
very pretty little picture. The mill is in 
the center, and the water is seen foaming 
along. The herbage is sparse, but the light 
i,s well managed. 


INTERIOR VIEW. 

116. Church Interior, by JOSEPH 
MAS WIENS, of Louvain. A fine view 
of the interior of the Abbey of Everbode, 
Brabant. The details are well wrought, 
and the coloring faultless. 

MARINE. 

155. The Sea Shore at Schevenigen, 
by FRANQOIS MUSIN, of Brussels. The 
storm is brewing, and the sea is rough and 
rolling. Vessels in the offing are tossed 
and cramped. Sailors in the water are 
striving to save a ship. The whole scene 
indicates the greatest activity amid the 
greatest danger. The skies are heavy and 
portend no abatement of the furious storm. 
A capital picture that will bear a close 
study. 

170. Shipwreck, .by THEODORE AL¬ 
EXANDER WEBER, of Brussels. Ship¬ 
wreck near Ostend. Horses are dragging 
to the shore a clumsy dray on which is the 
Life-Boat. Its house is on the beach. 
Men are pushing at the wheels; others are 
urging forward the horses. The sea is 
wild and dark, and the sea-gulls are flap¬ 
ping their eager wings as if expecting a 
feast of dead men’s flesh. The whole pic¬ 
ture has an active, stirring reality about it 
that makes it more truthful. The light is 
well managed, and is thrown with sufficient 
distinctness upon the more prominent 
points of the picture. 

168. Shipwrecked in the Bay of Douar- 
nenez, France, by THEODORE ALEX¬ 
ANDER WEBER, of Brussels. A stirring 
picture, well worthy of a close examina¬ 
tion. 


16. Sea-Shore, by JEAN VERHAS 
of Brussels. The sea-shore at Blanken- 
berghe, with the horizon thrown well 
above the center of the picture. By this 
construction the artist has been able to 
gi\e a better delineation of the sandy 
beach, with three children playing amono* 
the dry sea-shells. The rolling waves, the 
light upon the fine sand, and the pretty 
little ones, give life and beauty to this 
picture. It has been sold. 

7. Harbor of Rotterdam, by FRAN¬ 
COIS MUSIN, of Brussels. A well paint¬ 
ed picture of the Harbor on a rainy day. 
The thick clouds are full of storm, and the 
wharves seem battling with the waves. 


FRUIT, FLOWERS, AND GAME. 

165. Flowers, by ALBERT RAOUX, of 

Brussels. Here we find a very pretty 
grouping of fruit and flowers, well drawn 
and beautifully colored. 

145. Fruit and Game, by VERHOE- 
VEN-BALL, of Antwerp. Well mingled 
fruit and game, painted so as to greatly 
excite the appetite. 

104. Fruit, by Mrs. EMILIE DE 
FRANCHIMONT, of Brussels. Fruit 
painted so temptingly that one desires to 
taste as well as to view. 

50. Fruit, by ALBERT RAOUX, of 
Brussels. Fruit well drawn, elegantly 
placed, and charmingly painted. 

69. Azaleas, by Miss MELVIN A DE 
VIGNE, of Ghent. Flowers painted most 
accurately. A delightful picture. 

7 9. Lilacs, by the same. A very pretty 
representation of these spring flowers. 


CITY VIEW. 

134. Rome, by FRANQOIS ANTOINE 
BOSSUET, of Brussels. View from the 
River Tiber, the Fort and the Bridge of 
St. Angelo, and St. Peter’s Cathedral. 
River placid, with many boats drawn up. 
This interesting locality is well drawn, and 
the lights and shades are so given as to 
produce a remarkable clearness. It is 
classic ground, and a thousand old historic 
memories crowd upon the mind while gaz¬ 
ing upon this quiet picture. Those seven 
hills had once governed the world. Fact 
and fable are mingled with their history. 

















566 


ART BUILDINGS. 


HISTORICAL. 

10. Insurrection of St. Martin, by 
CHARLES SOUBRE, of Brussels. Dur¬ 
ing this insurrection, Marie de Fooz, a 
wealthy lady of Liege, had a number of 
the nobility concealed in her dwelling. 
The mob demanded the right to search the 
premises, when she brought out refresh¬ 
ments, and then gave permission for a 
thorough examination. Her hospitality 
quieted the angry crowd, who naturally 
concluded that the information that had 
been received was false, and their suspicions 
being banished, they retired without giving 
her any further trouble. 

39. The Confederates in the Presence 
of Marguerite of Parma, by FRANZ 
YINCK, of Antwerp. This will be found 
an interesting historical picture. The 
figures are well drawn, and the light is 
finely controlled. 

287. Cruelty of Adolph, by JOHN 
BERNARD WITTKAMP, of Antwerp. 
The cruelty of Adolph to his father, Ar- 
nond, Due de Gueldres. Adolph having 
at midnight of one of the coldest periods 
of winter, torn the old man from his couch, 
and compelled him, covered only with his 
night clothes, to walk seven leagues over 
the ice and snow, while he himself rode on 
horseback by the side of his victim. The 
story is told in the “ Revolution of the 
Netherlands,” c. viii. The picture is very 
large and the figures of life size. The son 
is on a fiery steed, looking scornfully at 
the old man. The latter is faint and almost 
falling backward, with a rope round his 
body that is held by his unnatural son. 
His face is turned imploringly upon his 
son, who shows no love in his distorted 
face. Even the noble horse seems to pity 
the old man, and almost wish to throw his 
red trappings to the victim. The whole 
scene is one of striking reality, and yet 
one wishes it were not so real. The color¬ 
ing is excellent. The horse well propor¬ 
tioned, and the whole has a dramatic effect 
that is rather painful than otherwise. 


WATER COLOR PAINTINGS. 

MARIE FERDINAND DE BEECK- 
MAN and JOHN ROBINSON, both of 
Brussels, give us three pretty sketches. 
288. Yiew at Tervueren, Yiew of the 
Forest of Fontainbleau, and “She is a 


Winsome Wee Thing” (Burns). Very 
truthful and interesting pictures. 


PHOTOGRAPHS. 

THE ROYAL BELGIAN SOCIETY 
OF PHOTOGRAPHY present a very 
handsome Album of Photographs, after the 
Belgian painter Wiertz, deceased. This is 
a remarkably choice collection, and the 
various pictures show the height to which 
the art has attained in Belgium. 

ARCHITECTURAL. 

LOUIS DE CURTE, of Brussels, pre¬ 
sents very elegant plans for a cathedral in 
the rich Gothic style of the 13th century. 
The elevation will make a grand and im¬ 
posing structure. 

STATUARY. 

ANTOINE FELIX BOURE, of Brus¬ 
sels, has given several animals in marble. 
Two, of lions (176 and 177), finely chiseled. 

GUILLAUME DE GROOT, of Brus¬ 
sels, furnishes a very beautiful child in 
marble (184). 

189. The First Child, by the same ar¬ 
tist, is another group of mother and child, 
for which the Centennial judges have 
awarded a medal; and the award is well 
merited. The mother’s face is full of love 
and pride, and the child in her arms smiles 
his thanks to his parent. A grand piece 
of work. 

190. The Drone Bee, by CHARLES 
AUGUSTE FRAIKIN, of Brussels. A 
charming piece of statuary in white mar¬ 
ble. A beautiful girl is spreading her 
apron to catch the drone that is on the 
ground at her feet. The expression of the 
child’s delight is charmingly given on her 
face, while the drapery is superbly chis¬ 
eled. The child is wild with delight, and 
yet the attitude shows that she does not 
intend to lose her prize. The statue has 
been awarded a medal. 


MEDALS. 

CHARLES WIENER, of Brussels, 
presents (No. 205) an extensive display of 
very elegant medals. Among them, Por¬ 
trait of Jonas Webb; Cathedral in Se¬ 
ville, exterior and interior; Portraits of A. 
Rodenbach, Queen Victoria, Baron de St. 
Genois; King of the Belgians, etc.; in all 
thirty-six. 










ART BUILDINGS. 


artistic brass work. 

JEAN JACQUES LABAER, of Ant- 
werft h as six works (206 to 211), William 
the Silent, The Mayor of Antwerp, etc.: all 
very beautiful. 


567 


DECORATED FAIENCE. 

FRANZ DAUGE, of Brussels, shows a 
Battle Scene, a Landscape with Cattle 
Cupids, Bacchantes, The Holy Family’ 

Miss GEORGETTE MEUN1ER, of 
Brussels, has the Holy Family, Diana 
Spring, etc. 

EDWARD TOURTEAU, of Brussels, 
has over forty specimens, including The 
Broken Pitcher, The Rat Catcher, The 
Thinker, Animals, etc. 

FRANCIS XAVIER VOLKAERTS 
of Brussels, has Ducks, Cupids, etc. 

These are all rich and rare works. They 
will bear examination and repay careful 
scrutiny. 


masters that take us back to the days of 
grand and complex scenes. 

Total number of Oil Paintings in Neth- 
erland is 157. Of these there are: Imagin¬ 
ative and Composition, 54; Portrait, 0 1- 
Landscape, 55; Animals, 9; Interior 
Views, 2; Marine, 15; Flowers, 3; City 
Views, 16; Still Life, 2. And of Sculp- 
ture, 1. r 


OIL PAINTINGS. 
IMAGINATIVE. 


NETHERLANDS. 

Natural scenes have long been favorite 
subjects in the Netherlands, and the Dutch 
artists have given us many very superb pic¬ 
tures. In the 16th century, Jan and Peter 
Breughel and their father, did much to for¬ 
ward art. Rembrandt, whose name is famil¬ 
iar wherever great paintings are known, was 
bom in Leyden, in 1606. He owed much of 
his success to a hole m an attic. His father 
was a miller; and it has been asserted that 
the light admitted to the garret of the mill 
through a single window gave the son his 
first idea of the power of light and shade. 
His companions were of the coarser sort, 
and his innate love of the ludicrous caused 
him to take frequent advantage of their 
dress and manners. He excelled in Chia¬ 
roscuro, and he had many followers. 

David Teniers, born in 1610, was con¬ 
temporary with Rembrandt, and painted 
with great facility. It has been said that 
to exhibit all his pictures would require a 
gallery ten leagues long. 

Another line of Dutch artists seem to 
have reveled in landscape paintings, the 
subjects being drawn from nature and from 
fancy, in accordance with the taste and 
sentiment of the artist. Most true it is 
that the present exhibits in Memorial Hall 
and the Art Annex present many choice 
sketches all painted with exquisite taste and 
ability, while we have copies of the old 

27 


50. The Widow, by ELCHANON 
VERVEER, of the Hague. A touching 
scene. In a pretty landscape is shown the 
widow with child in her arms and another 
trotting by her side with an armful of 
faggots. The widow’s apron is also full. 
An old man at her side is handing her 
some more twigs. His face expressing 
pity, hers sorrow. The little bare-footed 
trotter is clinging to her mother. There 
is much character in this picture, and the 
judges have very properly awarded the 
artist the Centennial medal. 

28. Domestic Happiness, by H. VAL- 
KENBURG, of Amsterdam. A father 
with child upon his knee is feeding the 
youngster beside the table. The mother 
is seated near by with her daughter stand¬ 
ing by her side. A natural scene, well, 
conceived and finely worked up. 

32. Four Weeks, (after St. John’s 
Day,) by J. D. HUYBERS, of Zwolle.. 
An old lady in white cap, is reckoning 
the weeks upon her fingers. A wonder¬ 
fully fine picture. The flesh of the old 
face is truthfully colored, while a good 
light is thrown upon it. Some excellent, 
judge has already purchased the rich 
picture. 

15 & 40. In Summer and In Winter,, 
both by C. CUNAEUS, of Amsterdam.. 
The first shows the pampered dog on the 
door-step taking his ease, in rich and com¬ 
fortable quarters. But 40 shows a dog 
left in the snow at the door of the stable, 
where he cries in vain to be let in. He is 
almost chilled to death by the cold, and 
holds up piteously one nearly frozen paw. 
Both pictures have secured the Centennial 
medals. 

46. A Morning Concert, by H. F. C. 
TEN KATE, of the Hague. Concert in 
small room. Piano. Man playing flute. 














563 


ART BUILDINGS. 


Several figures, but rather indistinct. Re¬ 
ceived medal. 

6. The Card Players, by J. ISRAELS, 
of the Hague. This is a very touching 
little picture. Three men are seated at a 
table, two of whom are playing. The 
mother near by, with a babe in her arms, 
wears a very anxious face. The players 
appear earnest but calm. The old clock 
against the wall points the hour. Well 
drawn, well painted, and well deserving 
the medal that has been awarded the 
painter by the Centennial judges. 

7. Rain and Sunshine, by J. H. EGEN- 
BERGER, of Groningen. A picture 3^ 
by 4-J- feet. Two lovers are in a meadow 
during a severe rain storm. A mammoth 
umbrella covers and shelters them, while 
everything outside is drenched. While 
the storm is pelting outside, these two are 
as happy as possible. Their smiling faces 
tell plainly that all is sunshine under their 
ample shelter. 

106. The Cat Pretending to have been 
Hanged, (after La Fontaine,) by B. TE- 
GEMPT, of Amsterdam. This is a graphic 
picture, full of life, though the main char¬ 
acter is pretending to be dead. The old 
cat is hanging by her hind legs over an 
empty trap, just ready to drop upon her 
victims. Young and old rats are playing 
about the floor. One old rat, with a family 
of seven little ones, is evidently lecturing 
the crowd upon the enormities of their 
enemy that hangs above. With one paw 
she points upward. Young rats are frisk¬ 
ing about as if no danger were hanging 
above them. The scene is full of humor, 
while the group on the floor are awaiting 
the catastrophe. The picture has been sold 
to one who sensibly appreciates its merits. 

56. The Hare in his Covert, by Mrs. 
HENRIETTE RONNER, nee Knip, of 
Brussels. In the very center of the pic¬ 
ture is the hare, who has partly concealed 
himself in a clump of underbrush. His 
ears are thrown out listening, while his 
nose is buried in the dry leaves. He 
hopes he is safe, but a dog on each side 
ready to pounce upon him, gives life to the 
scene. The dogs are in splendid attitude. 

30. Annexation, by C. CUNAEUS, of 
Amsterdam. A little animal dinner con¬ 
test. A savage bull-dog, with his foot 
upon a plate, from which has fallen the 
ready bone, while the rich gravy runs out 
upon the floor; with a horrid grin, is 


frightening off a poor, cowardly Skye, who 
thought he had some right to share in the 
meal. Bull is of a different opinion, and 
by his actions, tells Skye to keep his dis¬ 
tance, and the hungry pup obeys. This 
picture is excellently managed. It has re¬ 
ceived the award of the judges, and has 
likewise been sold. 

12. Freeman’s Certificate, by J. A. B. 
STROEBEL, of the Hague. This relates 
to a practice of the 17th century. The 
Deacons of the Silversmiths’ Guild are 
conferring a freeman’s certificate. Figures 
about a table well drawn. Through the 
windows comes a subdued light that falls 
finely upon the faces of the new-made free¬ 
man and the one conferring the certificate. 
Details well worked up. An expressive 
picture, that has received the Centennial 
medal. 

58. A Critical Moment, by GERKE 
HENKES, of the Hague. This is well 
named a critical moment. A child has 
fallen through the ice, near a bridge, and 
crowds of people are leaning over the wall 
on the open street side, gazing downward. 
Their attitudes are well conceived. A man 
hastily fastening a rope around his body, 
has leaped into the chasm through the ice, 
and is reaching for the child that is almost 
within his grasp. In the boats at the 
water side, parties are all activity. The 
street scene and the houses beyond, are 
finely shown. A very touching picture. 


LANDSCAPE. 

153. Landscape, by M. BOCHS, of the 
Hague. This represents a very pretty 
scene, with a woman and child in a field, 
while the dwelling is seen in the distance, 
almost hidden by the trees. The foliage 
is splendidly done, and the warm light 
gives life to the whole picture. Medal 
awarded by the Centennial judges. 

148. Dutch Church, by J. BOSBOOM, 
of the Hague. A small painting, but one 
of most remarkable clearness in the detail 
drawing. Figures are in front, and rather 
in the shade, while the light falls from be¬ 
hind upon the pavement between the out¬ 
side columns and the front wall of the 
church. The effect is natural and not at 
all forced. The pretty little picture has 
received a medal from the judges of the 
present exhibition. 

25. View of Amsterdam, (16th century,) 









ART BUILDINGS. 


509 


by J. A. RUST, of Amsterdam. It ap¬ 
pears merely as a village. Boats plenty in 
the harbor, and the city rather in the dis¬ 
tance. Great stillness in the picture. 
Water quiet. Details well wrought, and 
light managed so as to give a good affect. 
This picture has received the award of a 
medal from the judges of the Centennial. 

119. Young Bull, (after Potter,) by S. 
ALTMANN, of Amsterdam. The origi¬ 
nal was painted in 1647. This is really a 
group of cattle, for beside the young bull, 
there are cows and sheep. The bull is 
standing. These are all in the front, under 
a fine tree, beside which stands the farmer, 
his head crowned with a well-worn straw 
hat. In the distance other cattle are feed¬ 
ing in the meadow. 

52. Pack-Iiorses, by W. C. NAKKEN, 
of Antwerp. Several finely developed 
horses; some saddled and others browsing 
outside of a thatched barn. The animals 
are well drawn—the attitudes excellent. 
The snow on the roof, trees, and road 
nicely shown. The whole picture is well 
managed, and has received a medal from 
the judges. 

43. Village of Scheveningen, by S. L. 
VERVEER, (deceased.) Represents rude 
houses and church, with village in the dis¬ 
tance. Children gazing upon a vessel far 
off on the water. Sky threatening, and 
atmosphere hazy. Received Centennial 
medal. 

29. River View, near Dordrecht, by E. 
KOSTER and H. SAVRY, of Haarlem. 
In the foreground cattle are shown in a 
meadow. A field lamp is elevated on a 
high pole. River placid. City beyond in 
a dull haze. Details well drawn. Sky 
warm and light effective. 

9. Dutch Fishermen Caught in a Storm, 
by W. GRUIJTER, Jr., of Amsterdam. 
The storm has come suddenly. Fishing 
smacks are being tossed about wildly, and 
all hands are busy in providing for safety. 
Dark, lowering sky. Good picture. 


INTERIOR VIEWS. 

136. Dutch Interior, by J. A. B. 
STROEBEL, of the Hague. A small 
parlor scene. A lady is sitting and her 
maid standing by. The apartment re¬ 
ceives a subdued light from an open interior 
door, that reveals an apartment beyond, 
with another figure more distant. The 


brighter light is upon this far interior, and 
is managed with remarkable skill The 
details of the rooms are faithfully given, 
and every object marks the proverbial 
Dutch neatness. This picture has received 
the medal of the Centennial judges. 

24. Vestibule of a Church, (St. Mark’s 
in Venice,) by W. J. MARTENS, Rome. 
A fine picture. Priest and boys marching 
forward, the latter with lighted torches. 
Church columns dark. Dog careering over 
elegant tesselated pavement. Awarded 
medal by Centennial judges. 


HISTORICAL. 

156. The Masters of the Kloveniers- 
guild, by S. ALTMANN, of Amsterdam. 
This is a copy of a great picture by Franz 
Hall, painted in 1633. Kloveniersguild 
was the name given to a regiment of home 
guards, whose duty it was to defend the 
city in case of invasion. The picture is 
large—about 9 by 14 feet. The dresses of 
the regiment are strikingly faithful to the 
times when the company was first organ¬ 
ized. Here we see the heavy and stiffly 
starched collars, the guady flags, wide 
streaming sashes and the lengthened hal¬ 
berds. There are fourteen figures, and in 
as many positions, all apparently having a 
good time, and preparing to make the 
most of their condition by securing plenty 
of provender. They formed a jolly crowd. 
Fine, robust, ponderous looking they are. 
Just such a regiment as might be expected 
to crush any foreign foe they might hap¬ 
pen to fall upon. They evidently belonged 
to the “heavy weights.” 

157. Masters of the Drapers, by the 
same artist. The picture is painted after 
Rembrant. Here we have the same char¬ 
acteristics of dress. There are only a few 
figures, but these are of large size. It was 
the duty of this association to fix upon 
prices, and they are represented as exam¬ 
ining many articles for the purpose of reg¬ 
ulating the standard. The same fat jollity 
seems to be in every face, and though en¬ 
gaged in an important service they do not 
appear to take it very seriously. 

158. Banquet of the Civil Guard, by 
the same artist—after Van der Heist. 
This picture is 9 by 20 feet, and contains 
about thirty figures, engaged in a merry 
entertainment. There are the same heavy 
collars and the same wide sashes, though 












570 


ART BUILDINGS. 


with more diversity and a strong festive 
appearance. There is a bass-drum ready 
for emphatic pounding, and the crooked 
drinking horns prepared for spirituous 
sounding. By the obliquity of some brows 
we may conclude that the horns have been 
tried until not much sound remains in 
them. The banqueting-room is crowded 
with light, so that every figure is brought 
out in bold relief. 

These three pictures are truly grand. 
The details are charmingly wrought, and 
full justice is done to the subjects repre¬ 
sented. Each group will bear a long in¬ 
spection, and while art is studied by the 
examination, history is learned. 

151. Fruit, by D. J. H. JOUSTEN, of 
Haarlem. Here is a fine, though small, 
picture of grapes, peaches, and plums. A 
glass upon the fruit-stand is so well painted 
that the observer is fearful it may fall and 
break. 


DENMARK. 

The display from this country is quite 
limited, and confined to only eight artists, 
all of whom reside at Copenhagen. It 
must not be supposed that the small dis¬ 
play at the Centennial includes all of art in 
Denmark. The pictures partake of the 
same force we find in other northern Eu¬ 
ropean countries, with illustrations of the 
peculiarities of climate and scenery. A 
warm-hearted, genial race, though dwel¬ 
ling in the colder regions of the earth, 
they have leaned rather to natural views 
and domestic life. In these scenes they 
appear to revel with intense delight, and 
bring out home scenes with a wonderful 
and cheerful truthfulness. The bitter 
northern winters do not chill the human 
life-springs, and the Danish painters often 
thrill the heart with their warm and 
spirited delineations. 

In the present exhibition they have but 
fifteen paintings, of which these are, Im¬ 
aginative or Composition, 1; Landscape, 4; 
Animals, 2; Marine, 4; City View, 1; 
Fruit, 2, and Historical, 1. 

H. J. HAMMER gives us “By the 
Fountain of Ariccia,” in Italy (No. 5), a 
very rich painting. The fountain occupies 
the middle foreground of the picture. A 
man with a load of hay has driven up to 
water his team of oxen. Bright sky, and 
the whole scene well lighted. A delicate 


gleam plays upon the edge of the fountain. 

W. MELBY gives us the only imagina¬ 
tive sketch in the whole 15, and this very 
striking scene (No. 8) is entitled “Mid¬ 
summer Night, Iceland, Stormy Weather.” 
The gleam upon the frozen scene and the 
murky atmosphere, while appearing singu¬ 
lar, is, beyond a doubt, truthful. 

A. ANDERSEN’S Winter Landscape 
(No. 1) brings up the cold chill; for which 
in some degree his (No. 2) Afternoon in a 
Danish Beech Forest somewhat atones. 

A. MACIvEPRANG’S Fox and its 
Young is a very skillfully-drawn painting, 
and gives a capital idea of wild animal life. 

I. E. C. RASMUSSEN has three pic¬ 
tures—one (No. 11), Discovery of America 
in the Year One Thousand, partakes 
strongly of the marvelous. 

The same artist has sent over the “Dan¬ 
ish Fjord” (No. 13), a grand little sketch. 
Under a large and solitary tree are seen 
cattle, feeding. In the distance other cat¬ 
tle, some in the stream, drinking. Vessels 
are seen in the distance. A shepherd lies 
stretched upon the ground, watching the 
herds. A bend in the beach seems to 
carry it far away. The beach well shown. 
Light excellent. 

The few remaining artists give us good 
sketches. As a general thing, the ideas 
are well conceived and the coloring fault¬ 
less. 


SWEDEN. 

There were many great painters in Swe¬ 
den hundreds of years ago, and their pro¬ 
ductions were highly esteemed. Even to 
this day the landscapes of Wickenberg and 
Blomer hold exalted rank, while the por¬ 
traits of Breda, Kraft, and others are con¬ 
sidered faithful to the times in which they 
were executed. In the present century, 
in historical work, Hockert (recently de¬ 
ceased) achieved wonders. Wickenberg’s 
winter scenes are extremely rich, and held 
at enormous prices. 

The Swedish school of the present day 
partakes largely of the French and Ger¬ 
man. The Royal Swedish Academy of 
Fine Arts has graduated many excellent 
artists, but most of them have finished in 
foreign schools. 

Total number of oil paintings in the 
Swedish Department amount to 127. Of 
these there are: Imaginative and Compo- 







ART BUILDINGS. 


571 


sition, 54; Portraits, 4; Landscapes, 41; 
Animals, 4; Interior Views, 2; Marine, 
11; City Views, 9; Still Life, 1; and His¬ 
torical, 1. Of water-color paintings there 
are 11, and of sculpture, 2. 


IMAGINATIVE. 

47£. Wedding in a Swedish Country 
Church, by B. NORDENBERG. A sweet 
little picture, though of few figures. The 
couple are sitting and the parson is stand¬ 
ing. The bride looks earnestly upon the 
minister, while the groom is gazing upon 
the floor, though evidently listening in¬ 
tently. A child waits with flowers for the 
bride. Boys around in green breeches, 
and decorated in accordance with the cus¬ 
tom of the country. 

47 d. The Dead Sheep, by B. NORDEN- 
BERG. The scene is in a farmer’s kitchen. 
The dead sheep is lying upon the floor. A 
half-grown girl has raised one foot of the 
sheep in her hand, and looks mournfully 
upon the body. Little girl by her side is 
watching her face. A lamb is standing by, 
licking the dead dam. Several figures are 
in the picture—seated. A boy is on the 
doorstep, another in the passage. The 
light comes in at the open door, falling 
upon the boys and girls. Other sheep 
seen outside. A fine, touching picture, 
that has excited general interest among 
children on account of its peculiar tender¬ 
ness, and from artists through its excellent 
merit. 

27 b. Poor People’s Graveyard, by BAR¬ 
ON 0. HERMELIN, of Stockholm. A 
touching picture, full of loving interest. 
A graveyard in the foreground shows the 
simple headstones of the poorer classes. 

54d. Girl with Eggs, by Miss S. RIB¬ 
BING, London. A delightful picture. 
The child is most admirably painted, and 
her little curls look as if they could be 
easily gathered up in the fingers. The col¬ 
oring is fine, and the attitude well drawn 
and expressive. 

36. Dogs Attacking a Fox, by C. F. 
KJOERBEL, of Dijon. A sort of free 
fight, done with great spirit. Fine color¬ 
ing, and anatomically correct. 

4 6b. The King of the Children, by S. 
NILSSON, Paris. Boys and girls having 
a good time in the kitchen. Some have 
paper hats. The king, or captain, is a 
rosy, bare-footed fellow, who seems to 


command the whole. One has a drum, a 
girl is playing the accordeon, and another 
the flageolet. The king is crowned. The 
picture is all life, the light excellent, the 
positions familiar. The picture has found 
a purchaser. 

45. Dance of Elves, by J. AUG. MAL- 
STROEM, of Stockholm. This picture is 
passed by thousands, who do not tarry 
long enough to understand the real artistic 
skill therein displayed. At first view the 
moon only is seen, the light thrown dimly 
upon a thick mist. Closer inspection re¬ 
veals the forms of the elves dancing and 
sporting in the dim twilight. There is 
great spirit in the whole scene when time 
is taken to study; but in the rapidity of 
inspection, amid a crowding army of visit¬ 
ors, we fear that only a few really enjoyed 
this fine picture. 

40c. Girl with an Orange, by Miss 
AMALIA LTNDEGREN, of Stockholm. 
A truly delightful picture. The joyous 
face is enough to stamp the sketch as most 
truthful. The light is exquisite. 

33a. Market Day in Dusseldorf, by 
AUGUST JERNBERG, Dusseldorf. The 
details of this picture are most admirable, 
and truly characteristic. Hucksters and 
purchasers are all mixed together, with an 
occasional beggar. The different charac¬ 
ters are well portrayed, and the whole pic¬ 
ture true to the life. 

72a. Letter-Box in Dalarne, by J. C. 
VIRGIN, Stockholm. Another fine little 
picture, full of life and character, repre¬ 
senting a small log-cabin raised on pillars 
of wood. The figures are few, but each 
appropriate. 

73. Of What is She Thinking, by Mrs. 
M. ZETTERSTROEM, Paris. A maiden is 
spinning from a distaff. Suddenly she has 
stopped, and a pleasant smile lights up her 
sweet and expressive face. Her happy 
over comes behind her with a bouquet in 
iis hand, and as he hesitates he seems to 
ask the question, “Of what is she think¬ 
ing ? ” She sits by the kitchen fire, and 
ler feet rest upon the plain board floor, 
Dut she is evidently happy. Both faces 
are bright and joyous. 

54c. The Gardener’s Children, by Miss 
S. RIBBING, London. A sprightly pic¬ 
ture, full of infantile life and jollity. The 
children are having a good time upon an 
old cart. The whole scene is replete with 
joyousness. Some one to whom this grace- 








572 


ART BUILDINGS. 


ful picture lias conjured up home life, has 
shown good taste by becoming a purchaser. 

40a. Father Returned from Market, by 
Miss AMALIA LINDEGREN, of Stock¬ 
holm. The father is holding up a dancing 
jack and pulling the strings, to the delight 
of a small urchin, who holds up his hands 
to receive it. A boy on the floor is blow¬ 
ing a small horn most vigorously. A lit¬ 
tle daughter is peeping into father’s bag to 
ascertain if there are any more toys. The 
mother is nursing the babe. It is a grand 
home scene, admirably conceived, and 
charmingly painted. Some appreciating 
home-lover has secured the picture. 

23a. Good Morning, by W. 0. ENG- 
STROEM, of Dusseldorf. No one would 
guess the subject from the title, and yet 
no more comprehensive name could be 
given to the picture. A hungry pig has 
poked his head through the stable window, 
and is looking down upon the fowls in the 
barn-yard. It is his “good morning,” and 
a young rooster, perched upon an over¬ 
turned basket, is replying to the salutation. 
There is much quiet humor in the little 
scene, while the coloring is very excellent. 


LANDSCAPE. 

27a. Winter Day in Sweden, by BAR¬ 
ON 0. HERMELIN, Stockholm. A fine 
little picture of a bleak day. The farm¬ 
house and the barn and road covered with 
snow. The old well and sweep. The col¬ 
oring cold and dreary. 

76. Winter Landscape, by 0. P. AR- 
BORELIUS, of Stockholm. A good win¬ 
ter scene. Men engaged in drawing logs 
through the snow. The fields and trees 
covered with a white mantle. The light 
is good, and yet everything has the chill 
of winter upon it. 

ба. Evening Prayer in the Desert, by 
H. ANKARKRONA, of Stockholm. This 
is a fine Oriental picture, with the camels 
at rest and the men at prayer. The des¬ 
ert is well painted, and the various atti¬ 
tudes of men and camels are well portrayed. 
The light is still and warm, giving a gen¬ 
ial glow to the whole scene. 

бб. View from the Boundaries of Al¬ 
giers and Morocco, by H. ANKAR¬ 
KRONA, of Stockholm. A charming 
desert scene. In front is a caravan mov¬ 
ing across the red sand of the desert. The 
camels find no vegetation on their sterile 


journey, and yet they slowly tramp on¬ 
ward. Sand hills in the distance cut off 
the horizon. The blue sky is clear and 
well tempered. An impressive and grace¬ 
ful picture of travel in the Orient. Some 
lover of Nature has purchased the scene. 

56a. & 565. Winter and Spring—Land¬ 
scapes, by C. F. RYDBERG, of Stock¬ 
holm. These are two very pretty pictures 
—the one showing us the chill of a bitter 
winter and the other the genial glow of 
the spring. Both excellent landscapes, 
and such as must enhance the reputation 
of the artist. 


MARINE. 

11a. Fishing Harbor on the coast of 
Sweden, by EDWARD BERGH, of Stock¬ 
holm. A pretty marine view. The wa¬ 
ter and the boats finely shown. 

105. Marine View, by ALBERT 
BERGH, of Stockholm. Another delight¬ 
ful sketch, with fine light and natural color¬ 
ing. 

27m. Fishing Place near Stockholm, by 
BARON 0. HERMELIN, of Stockholm. 
A stirring little picture, three by five feet. 
An opening is seen in front, between two 
rude piers or wharves that extend well 
out from the main shore. On one of these 
is a rough log-cabin; and poles are seen 
stretched out in lines for drying the fish¬ 
ermen’s nets. Smacks and other water 
craft are at different points. The shadow 
upon the water in front is splendidly given. 
The light striking back on the water, 
relieves the gloomy tints of the sky. The 
picture is natural, well conceived and grand¬ 
ly finished. The scene does not differ 
greatly from those around our own fishing 
houses, except that the surroundings are 
ruder than those we generally observe in 
our own country. 

495. Coast Scenery, by AXEL NORD- 
GREN, Dusseldorf. A well drawn marine 
picture showing skill in management. 


ANIMALS. 

44. Norwegian Horses, by FR. LOENN- 
ROTH, of Boras. A grand drawing of 
the heavy northern horses, colored truly 
to Nature. Fine action. 

35a. Cattle in Skane, by A. K ALLEN- 
BERG, of Berlin. A fine drawing of cat¬ 
tle and still finer coloring. 










ART BUILDINGS. 


CITY VIEW. 

19. View of Stockholm, by P. A. 
CEDERGREN. of Stockholm. A grand 
view of the old city, admirably painted. 


HISTORICAL. 

32. Burning of the Royal Palace, by 
J. HOECKERT, of Stockholm. The scene 
represents the destruction of the Royal 
Palace at Stockholm, during the youth of 
Charles XII. The King is assisting his 
grandmother to escape the flames, while 
the body of the deceased King is being re¬ 
moved. The fright is general, and the 
flames are seen as if furiously pursuing the 
living and the dead. The reality of the 
painting is grandly developed. The dif¬ 
ferent, difficult, and confused actions are 
strongly portrayed, as only the hand of 
a master could give them. 

15b. Consultation, by CH. J. ROK- 
LUND, of Stockholm. It represents 
a sort of council of war between Gustavus 
Adolphus and three warriors. A fine 
picture, skillfully managed, and expres¬ 
sively colored. 

SCRIPTURAL. 

53. The Five Foolish Virgins, by Miss 
CHRISTINE POST, of Stockholm. This 
is a large, dark, somber painting of figures 
life size, or rather more than life size, “ at 
the door.” And the door is closed. The 
first prominent figure is represented with 
flowing hair, and a coronet upon her brow. 
The face is dark and in the shadow, yet 
there is light enough to perceive an ex¬ 
pression of deep sorrow. The second fig¬ 
ure is kneeling almost prostrate with her 
head bent down in anguish. Her face is 
also in deep shadow, yet the attitude is 
that of one overcome by grief and para¬ 
lyzed, unable to move, scarcely possessing 
power longer to exist. The central figure 
is leaning over with outstretched arms as 
if trying to trim her feeble lamp; or search¬ 
ing for oil in it. Back of these, figure four 
is leaning back with a stronger light upon 
her face, but still somewhat in shadow. 
Enough is seen to exhibit despair and a 
palsied countenance. The fifth figure, 
more in front, is directly before the closed 
door, at which she holds up a lamp 
from which a feeble flame is curling, 
bent and flickering. She raises it high 
above her head, and gazes imploringly at 


r.'-o 

O i .J 

the unyielding portal. “ Too late, ye can¬ 
not enter in.” The faces are all expres¬ 
sive of despair, and yet they all differ. 
The fifth figure ha3 the light of her al¬ 
most extinguished taper thrown down 
upon her dress. 

The grouping is remarkably excellent. 
To any student of scripture the picture 
tells its story at a glance. The sunken 
arm by the closed door, nearly all in 
shadow, adds to the impressive. The very 
hanging down, after an ineffectual knock, 
portrays the wretchedness of its owner. 

The drapery is of the richest character, 
and suitable for the attendants at a mar¬ 
riage feast. The picture is certainly one 
of great merit, and has not failed to draw 
the attention of every person who has come 
within reach of it. Though the produc¬ 
tion of a lady, it will bear a critical exam¬ 
ination. To those who appreciate the 
teachings of scripture, it is a study that 
will bear long contemplation. 

Besides those named there are many 
other paintings of much beauty; and alto¬ 
gether the Swedish display is one of great 
merit. The designs are well conceived, 
and the coloring and shading disclose 
great artistic skill. 

Baron 0. HERMELIN, of Stockholm, is 
a member of the Swedish Academy of Fine 
Arts, and is likewise Art Commissioner 
from Sweden to the Centennial Exhibition. 
He has a dozen of his own paintings in 
the general display, and they are among 
the most admired upon the grounds. 


WATER COLORS. 

785. Man of War, by J. HAEGG, of 
Stockholm. Finely drawn and well col¬ 
ored. 

765. A Spring Day, by Miss ANNA 
GARDELL, of Stockholm. A charming 
picture of warm and genial spring. 

74. City Gate of Rouen, by J. 
AHRENBERG, of Stockholm. A faith¬ 
ful representation. 


STATUARY. 

la. & 15. The Lady of the Lake, and 
Psyche, by J. BOERJESON, Rome. The 
only pieces of statuary. They are well 
done, and attract much attention, particu¬ 
larly, Psyche. 














574 


ART BUILDINGS. 


NORWAY. 

This country has but a limited display 
of pictures, and yet, few as they are, there 
are several that are not only very hand- 
some, but evidently painted by a master’s 
hand. The total number of oil paintings is 
only 51. Of these there are: Imagina¬ 
tive or Composition, 5; Portraits, 1; Land¬ 
scape, 29; Animals, 2; Marine, 10; Flow¬ 
ers, 1; City Views, 9; Still Life, 1, and 
Historical. 1. Of Sculpture there are only 
5 specimens. 


IMAGINATIVE. 

16. Winter, by JACOB SCHIVE, of 
Diisseldorf. This is a grand picture of 
winter scenery. A boat is drawn up on 
the beach. A farm-house is seen in the 
distance, and several outbuildings among 
the leafless trees. Snow is on the meadow, 
and a charming light falls upon it and on 
the water. There is great life in the whole 
scene. This picture has been sold. 

27. Norwegian Fjord, by A. NOR¬ 
MAN, of Diisseldorf. Good light thrown 
upon rocks and mountains from a rich and 
natural sky. Nothing overstrained about 
the painting. It has been sold. 


LANDSCAPE. 

50. Scenery on the Romsdalsfiord, by 

A. NORMAN, of Diisseldorf. A grand 
landscape, showing precipitous, snow-cap¬ 
ped mountains, with wide and tranquil 
lake between. Light thrown well upon 
the foreground. The whole scene one of 
vivid picturesqueness. Somebody has 
been delighted with the gorgeous scene, 
and has become a purchaser. 

17. View from Drobak, near Chris¬ 
tiana, by HANS GUDE, of Carlsruhe. A 
very sweet moonlight landscape. Boats 
and sloops well shown in the summer haze. 
Sky remarkably well done. A still, quiet 
scene, well drawn and most artistically 
painted. 

20. Waterfall in Telemarken, by NIELS 

B. MOELLER, of Diisseldorf. Here we 
find in the center of the picture the old 
mill, in the midst of a small hamlet, and 
we trace the waters tumbling over the fall, 
and coming from a mere thread back 
among the mountains. The rocks are 
heavy, the houses old and shattered, while 
the little hills are green and fresh. The 


distant mountains tower heavenward until 
lost in the mazy clouds. Another capital 
picture, which some one else has appre¬ 
ciated and purchased. 

38. A Summer Morning, by I. M. 
GRIMELUND, Paris. This is a beach- 
wood scene, and well has the artist charac¬ 
terized the peculiarity of the trees. The 
white bark and gay leaf stamp the beach. 
A woman is seen crossing a small stream 
upon a rustic bridge. A bright, warm 
picture, and one that has already found a 
purchaser. 

31. Winter Day, by F. SMITH-HALD, 
of Diisseldorf. A marine picture. Mar¬ 
ket and lumber boats at wharf. Church 
and town in the distance, snow-covered and 
cold. A truthful picture, done well enough 
to bring a chill while gazing on the scene. 


MARINE. 

14. French Fishermen in the Channel, 
by E. 0. R. SKARI, of Christiania. A 
grand marine picture. The boats well de¬ 
fined, and the action of the fishermen 
truthfully given. This picture has attract¬ 
ed much attention from those who de¬ 
light in piscatorial enjoyments. 


HISTORICAL. 

28. A Sea Fight, by J. J. BENNET- 
TER, Paris. The picture is intended to 
represent the fight between the frigate 
“ La Preneuse ” and the line-of-battle ship 
“Jupiter,” which took place the 26th of 
September, 1799. This is a thrilling exhi¬ 
bition of a sea-fight. The vessels are well 
shown, and the action finely portrayed. 


PORTRAIT. 

37. Portrait, by BERGSLEIN, of Chris¬ 
tiania. A grey-headed and bearded gentle¬ 
man, remarkably well painted, and shaded 
with great skill, bringing out the full ex¬ 
pression of dignified age. 


FRUIT. 

39. Fruit, by FRANTZ BOE, of Ber¬ 
gen. A fine picture of fruit, colored most 
naturally. 


FLOWERS. 

47. Flowers, by FRANTZ BOE, of 
Bergen. A small picture of flowers, su¬ 
perbly painted. The grouping has been 













art buildings. 


finely managed. One high glass vase 
nearly filled with roses and other flow¬ 
ers, while many are scattered on the 
table. 


575 


tremes of fancy—in some instances even 
o grossness. And yet, there were efforts 
that may even now be contemplated with 
admiration. 


ITALY. 

Art in Italy has flourished for many 
hundreds of years, though the styles have 
differed with the various ages. The re¬ 
fined works of the old Roman schools were 
more the sculpture of her Pagan rulers and 
demi-gods, and her poets and orators, than 
of anything else. The chiseled scenes of 
heathen temples testify to a high degree of 
art. Battles, processions, etc., were strong¬ 
ly portrayed. Sculpture seems to have 
carried the palm among the ancient Ro¬ 
mans, though now so covered with the 
dust of ages that it is extremely difficult 
in many cases to ascertain the man chiseled 
or the exploit so elaborately marked upon 
the stone. In some cases inscriptions give 
us this information, but there are hundreds 
unknown, that will probably be always a 
mystery. 

The general character of the sculptured 
images is that of grand and imposing man¬ 
hood. Forms finely developed and finished 
in heroic grandeur. Very few female 
images remain, and these are generally of 
the Amazonian school—representations of 
goddesses, and perhaps a few noble women. 
But the Roman empire itself was necessa¬ 
rily heroic and masculine. Little esteem 
was accorded to woman. She was a neces¬ 
sity more than a refined ornament. Con¬ 
sequently, the ancient school of art ran 
naturally to the coarser demonstrations, 
and partook but slightly of true and deli¬ 
cate refinement. 

When the Roman empire became Chris¬ 
tianized a new class of artists sprang up; 
but these were divided among those who 
were still filled with Pagan notions, and 
others who delighted in the new gospel 
light that so suddenly burst upon the 
heathen world. The first adhered for a 
long time to the style we have already en¬ 
deavored to describe, while the second 
became so enraptured with the new truths 
that they carried the representations to 
overdrawn and exaggerated lengths. Then 
came a class devoted entirely to Scriptural 
scenes, and as but little was known in 
Rome of the true Scripture at that early 
date, the imagination ran riot in the ex¬ 


It was not until the eleventh century, 
when Cimabue and Giotto, particularly 
the latter gave a new direction to art. 
Giotto studied Nature closely, and at his 
death left over one hundred pupils, who 
continued to portray upon his foundation, 
the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries 
grandly perfected the teachings of the 
eleventh and twelfth. Then came Raphael 
Leonardo and Michael Angelo. Raphael 
was born in 1483, who, in expressive gen¬ 
tleness in his paintings, exceeded all others. 
His fiescoes in the Vatican adorn gal¬ 
leries known for ages as the chambers of 
Raphael. His Madonna and Child, known 
all over the world, was first chalked out 
upon the head of an empty barrel. 

Leonardo painted his “Lord’s Supper” 
about 1498. This painting has been en- 
gia\ed repeatedly, and is also well known 
to the world. 

The works of Michael Angelo are as 
well known. His imagination grasped at 
once the grand and beautiful, and never 
failed in making an impression of its won¬ 
derful worth and truthfulness. 

A little later came Correggio, who 
seemed to combine the grand beauties of 
other artists, and to make them all his 
own. Nature as nature was his hobby, 
without any effort to strain his subject, or 
to multiply useless lights and shades— 
known too well as accidentals. 

After these came other masters, and from 
that day to this, Italy has been the field for 
grand efforts, both in painting and sculp¬ 
ture. The poetic idea to which we early 
alluded in this article, has grown with the 
Italians, until their country has become 
the school of art for the entire world. 
Every young aspirant for fame in art, no 
matter where may be his native land, 
thinks he can not be perfected in his stud¬ 
ies until he has visited Italy, placed him¬ 
self under her best masters, studied her 
immense galleries, and copied some of her 
grandest works. Her stores are ample, 
her artists most proficient, and if he can¬ 
not learn there he had better abandon his 
useless aspirations. 

Of the present masters in Italy, both in 
painting and sculpture, there are many fine 
specimens. They are extremely various, 













576 


ART BUILDINGS. 


so that the most fastidious cannot fail to 
he pleased with something. 

The total number of oil paintings are 
132. Of these there are: Imaginative, 
71; Portraits, 4; Landscapes, 32; Ani¬ 
mals, 3; Interior Views, 5; Marine, 2; 
Flowers, 1; City Views, 9; Still Life, 3; 
Fruit, 1; and Historical, 1. Of groups 
and pieces of statuary there are 325. 


OIL PAINTINGS. 

Some of these are exceedingly well ex¬ 
ecuted, both design and finish indicating a 
master hand; but there is not that general 
depth that we usually find in Italian paint¬ 
ings. While there were some that almost 
chained us to the spot, there were others 
that scarcely drew from us a second 
glance. Perhaps we anticipated too much 
from the world-wide reputation of the 
nation. 


IMAGINATIVE. 

92. Galileo before the Tribunal of the 
Inquisition, by SC1PIONE LODIGIANI, 
of Milan. Dressed in sackcloth, and upon 
his knees, the great discoverer was com¬ 
pelled to deny his frequent assertion that 
the earth moved. The painting is large, 
and intended to represent this occurrence. 
The different portraitures are given with 
great skill, and the painting is much ad¬ 
mired. 

195. Grandmother’s Admonition, by 
MICHAEL AOMMARANO, of Rome. 
The grandmother is seated and admonish¬ 
ing a boy who is standing with his eyes 
cast down. Apples, etc., scattered about. 
He has evidently been in mischief. There 
is much life on the picture, though his 
dress is like the one that Jacob made for 
his son Joseph—it is “of many colors.” 
His coat is brown, his vest red, his breeches 
a lighter brown, his hose blue, his shoes 
black, where the original soil has not be¬ 
come plastered on them. The old lady is 
quite in earnest, and the urchin looks as if 
he felt that he had done wrong and de¬ 
served a good scolding. 

95. Arnoldo da Brescia and Pope Ad¬ 
rian IV, by ALBERTO GILLI, of Turin. 
The painting represents the banishment of 
Arnoldo, and is conceived in an attractive 
and touching style. 

187. A Refusal, by GAETANO PA- 
LAZZI, of Bologna. Two figures—one a 


young and very pretty girl, who is ap¬ 
proached by a procuress. The. latter of¬ 
fers rich and tempting bribes which 
the maid refuses with indignation. The 
attitudes and expression are truthfully por¬ 
trayed, and much life thrown into the pict¬ 
ure. 

98. Inundation of the River Po, by 
GIROLAMO TRENTI, of Milan. Picture 
four feet by seven. The waters have rushed 
over the banks and submerged a meadow. 
Trees are standing in the water. A town 
is seen in the distance. Black clouds cover 

! the heavens. Light coming from under 
! the clouds lights up the central sky and the 
waves, with a grand effect. This is a re- 
! markably excellent painting upon which 
the master’s hand has not worked in vain. 

99. Incarnation of the Virgin, by 
ROMOLI, of Florence. This is a copy of 
Fra Angelico’s Incarnation. The painting 
is about five feet square, and surrounded by 
a very ornamental frame. In the center 
the Virgin is sitting among angels, while 
below are crowds admiring, wondering, 
and worshiping. 

103. A Cup of Tea, by ERNESTO 
GIROUX, of Rome. A large portrait of a 
lady with cup and saucer in her hand. The 
face is a delicate blonde with plump flesh¬ 
ing. The attitude is one of perfect satisfac¬ 
tion. The dress a rich pink. Coloring very 
superbly done. 

315. Approaching Storm, by Prof. 
CARLO JOTTI, of Milan. Threatening 
clouds and heavy sky; cold and forbidding. 
A very truthful picture. Coloring finely 
selected and appropriately arranged. 

105. Copies of Fra Angelico’s Angels 
and Virgins, by ROMOLI, Florence. 
Small panel work in gold and oil, on pan¬ 
els of wood. The old style is here noticed 
with its wonderful stiffness. The faces are 
handsome, but the make-up is not agreea¬ 
ble to present taste. 

218. Sleeping Child and Dog, by LO- 
DOVICO ACCARISI, of Florence. This 
is one of those pictures of childish rest and 
animal affection, that wins with all who 
gaze upon it. 

183. Dancing the Tarantella, by LO- 
DOVICO ACCARISI, of Florence. A 
wuld dance. One bitten will dance the 
moment he hears music, and will continue 
until completely worn out, when he falls 
to the ground insensible. After a while 
he revives, when it is found that his vio- 














ART BUILDINGS. 


lent exercise has completely dispelled the 
poison and he is no longer troubled. A 
good picture. Effective. 


LANDSCAPE. 

182.^ Summer, by LODOVICO AC- 
CARISI, of Florence. A sweet, pretty, 
warm picture giving a very summery idea 
to the green hills. 

266. Noon in the Country, by ENRI¬ 
CO BARTESAGO, of Milan. Here we 
have a very rich autumn scene. Foliage 
charmingly painted. The coloring and 
lights well given. The painting is four by 
six feet. 

177. Landscape, by ACHILLE FOR- 
MIS, of Milan. A very pretty and warm 
picture, representing a view in a grand 
park. The foliage excellently done. The 
general cast of this picture is real and at 
the same time artistic. 

270.- Landscape, by FEDERICO ASH¬ 
TON, of Rome. A very pretty view, with 
good distribution of light and shadow. 
Perspective remarkably well maintained. 

197. Woods in Autumn, by FEDERI¬ 
CO ASHTON, of Florence. A very natu¬ 
ral landscape with the warm sun-light en¬ 
livening a quiet scene. 


ANIMALS. 

180. The Horse Market, by GIOVAN¬ 
NI FATTORI, of Florence. A capital 
drawing of animal life painted with re¬ 
markable truthfulness. The postures are 
fine and the anatomy of the horse clearly 
portrayed. 


INTERIOR VIEWS. 

94. Interior of St. Mark’s Church, 
Venice, by Prof. LUIGI BISI, of Flor¬ 
ence. A very beautiful interior view of 
this noted church. The light falling on 
the different objects brightens the whole, 
scene. 

194. Interior of the Choir of the Cathe¬ 
dral at Parnice, by SALVATORE MAR- 
CHESI. A very fine view, well lighted, 
and the various portions of the gallery 
shown in delightful detail. 

269. Interior of St. Peter’s, by CESARE 
DIES, of Rome. A closely drawn view 
of the interior, with strict regard to detail. 


577 


MARINE. 

181. Storm, by N. DELLA VALLE, 
of Leghorn. The rough sea is finely por¬ 
trayed as it lashes the sturdy shore. The 
sky is dark and threatening. The draw¬ 
ing true and the coloring well done. 


STILL-LIFE. 

Still-Life, NICOLA SCARSELLI, of 
Florence, presents (125 & 127) capital 

pictures of very natural still-life done 
in mosaic. Both will bear close examin- 
tion. They have been much admired. 
There are other still-life scenes and all 
extremely natural. 


flowers. 

263. Flowers, by GIOVANNI LOM¬ 
BARDI, of Rome. A natural picture— 
flowers delicately grouped and exquisitely 
painted. 

316. View of Naples, by GIOVANNI 
SMARGIASSI, of Naples. A charming 
mingling of city and country. Arched 
way with road in the foreground, the city 
midway and the volcano in the distance. 
Many figure^ on the canvas, some danc¬ 
ing, others feasting. 


STATUARY. 

When we approach this branch of Ital¬ 
ian Art, we find a rich display of the rare 
and beautiful. We are not now disposed 
to hurry on, but can scarcely find time 
enough to absorb the grand array before 
us. We wander from room to room—re¬ 
turn—and pass again in the same direc¬ 
tion. As a class the exhibits are all from 
master hands. There has been no slight¬ 
ing in detail—no unsightly roughness—no 
incompleteness. The subjects are well 
chosen, extremely varied, and of very 
general interest. A few might as 'well 
have staid home and saved freight and 
charges; but we are speaking of the whole 
—and we are largely supported when we 
assert that the Italian display of statuary 
exceeds any that we have ever had the 
pleasure of examining in this country. Of 
the 375 we have selected a few, though 
we could have trebled the number and not 
then have told all. 
















578 


ART BUILDINGS. 


I 


ITALIAN DEPARTMENT. 

417. Beggars, by RIZZARDO GALLI, 
Milan. Group of mother and son. The 
first has a young though care-worn expres¬ 
sion, while the barefooted boy, hat in 
hand, appears like all other beggar boys, 
with a face that, notwithstanding its timid 
appearance, might be easily roused to jol¬ 
lity. The attitudes are good and the char¬ 
acters well wrought. 

420. The Florist, author unknown. 
The drapery exquisitely done, betraying a 
master hand. 

437. George Washington, by PETER 
GUARNERIO, Milan. “ Model expressly 
executed for the Centennial Exposition.” 
Washington is represented as of collossal 
size, and apparently on the back of a 
dwarfed spread-eagle. The figure has not 
height enough to be standing, and too 
much for sitting. The likeness is poor. 
The idea may be good, but it is so far in 
advance of our present conception that we 
fail to see it. 

436. Aruns in the act of shooting the 
Virgin Camilla, by the same sculptor, is a 
grand full-sized statue, and one of which 
he may well be proud. Attitude, expres¬ 
sion, and anatomy are all well shown. 

70. Modesty, by ANTONIO ARGEN- 
TI, of Milan. This is a bust with the dress 
coming close up around the neck. The 
hair in plaited bands, falls over each shoul¬ 
der. A very truthful representation of 
modesty. 

66. Garibaldi, by ALESSANDRO 
M ARTEGANI, of Milan. A full sized bust. 
Beard and hair done to the life. The like¬ 
ness of this famous hero is accurately 
given. As a work of Art the bust is a 
most decided success. 

63. Alessandro Mansoni, by GIOV¬ 
ANNI STRUZZA, of Milan. A grand 
old man with sharp features and expan¬ 
sive forehead, done in bronze. 

59. Vase (in green marble), by PETER 
BAZZANTI & SON, of Florence. Pedes¬ 
tal four feet high. Four figures seated at 
the base of the vase and on top of the pe¬ 
destal. Vase five feet. Total height nine 
feet. A very elaborate piece of work, 
modeled with eminent skill and executed 
in truest taste. 

1. Brotherly Love, by PIETRO LAZ- 
ZERINI, of Florence. A pretty group of 
marble statuary. Nude boy, and girl al¬ 


most so, on a bed of moss and flowers. Their 
arms are embracing each other and they 
are just ready for a kiss. Though almost 
bare there is nothing voluptuous in the 
group. 

245. Delight, by RAIMONDO PER- 
EDA, of Milan. A wild boy in only his 
shirt, has succeeded in catching a bird that 
he holds in his hand. He is laughing 
while the poor bird is suffering. The ex¬ 
pression on the face is one of intense 
pleasure. 

405. The Night of the 11th of October, 
1492, by D’AMORE, of Palermo. A 
grand group, representing Columbus 
pointing out to a comrade the distance 
view. The group is only in plaster. 

408. The First Ride, by FRANCISCO 
BARZAGHI, of Milan. This represents 
a happy four-year.old astride of a broom, 
with a short switch in his hand. His 
pantaloons are rolled up, and he is the 
picture of rollicking jollity. The dress is 
finely cut and the expression of the pretty 
face well sustained. 

410. Columbus in his Youth, by Prof. 
EMILIO ZOCCHI, of Florence. He is 
half reclining and has an atlas upon his 
knees. His figure raised as if he had just 
mastered a mystery. The expression is 
earnest and pondering. A very fine piece 
of sculpture. 

412. The Boy’s Playmate, by ENRICO 
BRAGA, of Milan. This group repre¬ 
sents a boy with a dog between his feet. 
The boy looking down and the dog up, 
A net is shown finely cut. The whole 
piece is in excellent keeping and quite 
natural. 

72. Girl and Dog, by BECUCCI 
BROTHERS, of Florence. Child lying 
on a cushion with dog in her arms, both 
gazing upward. Lifelike and very pretty. 

76 & 77. Washington and Plis Hatchet, 
and Franklin and His Whistle, by PETER 
BAZZANTI & SON, of Florence. Both 
these pieces are of fine work, and the mar¬ 
ble remarkably clean and white. The 
dresses are managed with great skill. 

173. Hope, by ANTONIO BOTTIN- 
ELLI, of Rome. A splendid specimen of 
sculpture. The eyes are thrown up, with 
a serene and trusting, expectant glance; 
while the partly open mouth shows antici¬ 
pation almost realized. The anchor on the 
breast stands fairly out, while the drapery 
of the dress is chiseled as fine as lace work. 





ART BUILDINGS. 


579 


155. Berenice, by RENATO PEDUZ- 
ZI, of Milan. A great abundance of hair. 
Naked arms extended, while the dress 
only covers one breast. A rich figure. 
The chiseling of the drapery remarkably 
executed. This statue received the Cen¬ 
tennial medal. 

223. Benjamin Franklin in his Youth, 
by Prof. EMILIO ZOCCHI, of Florence. 
He is represented as quite in the youth. 
He is seated on a pile of books and with 
the copy before him, is correcting proof. 
Received the Centennial medal. 

249. Ophelia, by ANTONIA ROS¬ 
SETTI, of Rome. A good representation 
of the crazed and love-sick girl. The face 
pretty but has a vacancy of expression 
highly in character with the Shakesperian 
model. The flowers and drapery are well 
cut. 

332. The Forced Prayer, by PIETRO 
GUARNE RIO, of Milan. A very attrac¬ 
tive statue, that causes a smile as soon as 
the eye rests upon it. A little fellow in 
his night-dress, just ready to be tucked 
away in his comfortable crib, is called upon 
to say his prayer. He is probably sleepy, 
or has been curtailed in his childish sports, 
and is in no humor for praying. But pray 
he must, and with his little bare feet 
planted firmly, his lips pouting in vexa¬ 
tion, and a large tear just starting from 
each eye, he sulkily and lazily goes through 
the form of praying. The talented artist 
had probably witnessed a bed-room scene 
that suggested the idea so finely chiseled 
from the white marble. Many a child 
could realize the truthfulness of the 
statue. 

454. The Daughter of Zion "Weeping 
over Jerusalem, by SALOMI, of Florence. 
This is a grand half-reclining figure, in 
white marble, and a good delineation of 
“Behold! 0 Lord, for I am in distress. 

I weep. Mine eye runneth down with 
water because the comforter that should 
relieve my soul is far from me.” Her 
hands rest upon her knees, the palm of the 
right being upturned. The face expresses 
intense wretchedness, and the eyes look 
imploringly, as if she expected still an an¬ 
swer to her prayer. The statue has been 
greatly and deservedly admired. 

29. Spirit of Liberty, by SERAFINO 
RAMAZZOTTI, of Rome. This, beyond 
all question, is one of the finest groups of 
statuary in the whole collection. Two 


boys are represented with their arms 
around each other. One carries a flag 
over his shoulder, and looks greatly in 
earnest. The other, with open jacket, 
smiling broadly. Hand uplifted. One 
with one foot in a sandal, and the other 
having a piece of leather strapped on for a 
sole. The other boy is bare-footed. Here 
is real life—real energy—grand enthusi¬ 
asm. The whole marble represents a 
scene such as often occurs in real life. 
They are going out in the name of liberty 
to conquer; and they will. The artist has 
succeeded charmingly in portraying patri¬ 
otism. 

Memorial Altar, from Italy. A grand 
work by several artists. The sculpture by 
LEONARDI, of Rome. The Byzantine 
mosiac, by the same. The Florentine mo- 
siac, by VALENZI, of Rome, and the 
Roman mosaic, by RUBICONDI. The 
representations consist of the Lamb, the 
Holy Birth, and tke Magi. A grand con¬ 
ception. The whole work is magnificently 
arranged and delicately elaborated. The 
paneling is of various marbles. 


MOSAIC TABLES. 

Of these there is an almost endless 
variety, by a number of talented artists. 
Among others, MONTELATICI BROTH¬ 
ERS, NOVELLO, UGOLINO, SAN- 
DRINI, SCARSELLI, all of Florence. 
Of these tables the mosaic tops are richly 
ornamented. The variety of pattern is 
fully equalled by the number of pieces. 
They are mostly of black tops with white 
inlaid centers; while these white spaces are 
filled with the most elaborate designs. 
Flowers, musical instruments, fancy border 
work, lace trimmings, are all here, worked 
with delicate accuracy and refined taste. 
True, some of these tops appear over¬ 
wrought— that is, too many objects to 
collect together — giving the design a 
crowded appearance. 

One mosaic table topis valued at $1,000. 
Another has an open pen-knife; a good 
likeness (vignette) of Dom Pedro II, and 
a torn book; another, a letter envelope 
and paper-knife. Price, $160. One longer 
inlaid table, $3,500. 

106. The Table of Science, by SCAP- 
PINI, of Florence. This is said to have 
occupied seven men for three years, in 
order to complete it. The top of the table 








580 


ART BUILDINGS. 


lias another table top inlaid. The first is 
black, the smallest white, marble. Here 
are the stylus, the black pen-feather, 
groups of flowers, compasses, callipers, 
globe, hammers, guitar, hour-glass, sheet 
music, etc. It is certainly a very remark¬ 
able as well as beautiful work, and exe¬ 
cuted with, wonderful precision and exact¬ 
ness. The price marked upon it is $10,- 
000 . 

131. Vase of Flowers, (in mosaic,) by 
TELEMACO BIANCHINI, of Florence. 
A most natural representation in color, 
shape, and arrangement. 

132 & 133. Bouquets, by TELEMACO 
BETTI, of Florence. More elegant flower 
work in rich mosaic, worthy of a careful 
examination. 

107. Inlaid Table, by ANGELO CI- 
YITA, of Florence. A table inlaid in 
porphyry, the latter resembling granite. 
A very charming piece of work; valued at 
$4,000. 


CASTELLANI COLLECTION. 

If we have been somewhat disappointed 
thus far in our review of Italian art, that 
feeling must at once disappear as we ap¬ 
proach the wonderful collection of Signor 
ALESSANDRO CASTELLANI. We 
may now run back among the centuries 
for more than three thousand years, and 
peer into the mysteries of private house¬ 
holds—the luxury of the ancient bath 
and the magnificence of personal adorn¬ 
ment. Though we cannot join with Wen¬ 
dell Phillips and cry aloud in our 
unchecked admiration for the lost arts, we 
can at least yield the palm gracefully, and 
■wish that some of the skill of the past had 
continued to the present. 

The collection is extremely valuable, 
and rendered instructive by the arrange¬ 
ment into classes, dating back to the pre¬ 
historic ages, and showing the rise, pro¬ 
gress, and decline of certain branches of 
art. We cannot give a description of the 
two thousand objects displayed, but we 
may speak of those most prominent—fol¬ 
lowing the order in which they are ar¬ 
ranged in the Castellani catalogue. Even 
with these, we must necessarily be brief, 
and yet we shall endeavor to give enough 
to make each class distinctly under¬ 
stood. 


MARBLES. 

The marble statuary bears the impress 
of age, and in most instances of tolerably 
rough usage. Parts of limbs, parts of 
features, and in some cases whole limbs, are 
missing; while the whiteness of the marble 
has almost wholly disappeared. These de¬ 
fects, while they detract from the beauty, 
do not invalidate the fact that they are 
precisely what they are represented to be. 
There are no Cardiff giants among the col¬ 
lection. 

4. Head of Euripides, in which, for¬ 
tunately, the features are tolerably well 
preserved. A massive brow and well-set 
eyes—the latter so difficult to chisel. 
Found at Rome. 

5. Head of Sappho, well preserved. 
Expression loving and yet thoughtful. 
Found at Rome. 

7. Spinario, a young shepherd, who, 
seeing the Latins invading the territory of 
Rome at night, ran with the intelligence 
to Rome. Though a thorn pierced his 
foot, he continued his speed until he had 
communicated with the Senate, when he 
sat down to extract the thorn. The Senate 
decreed a statue in his honor. The present 
statue is of a naked boy seated on a rock, 
searching for the thorn. The left leg is 
crossed upon the right knee, and the head 
bent over in an effort to see the wound. 
The right leg, from the knee downward, is 
gone—the left foot is broken, and both 
hands injured. The body is in good pres¬ 
ervation, and the various rolls of the mus¬ 
cles are well defined. The posture, though 
constrained, has nothing unnatural in it. 
On the contrary, the artist has very faith¬ 
fully given every wrinkle the body would 
assume in so forced a position. Found at 
Rome. 


TERRA-COTTA. 

4. Early Christian Lamp, with bass-relief, 
and a figure of the Saviour trampling on 
Satan, and holding a staff surmounted with 
a cross; an angel on each side. This is 
small, yet very pretty, though showing the 
effects of age. 


BRONZES. 

The Cista was a casket in which the 
early Etruscan and Latin ladies deposited 
the customary articles required at the 
I bath. The Cistse are described as cylin- 








ART BUILDINGS. 


581 


drical, and provided with lids, feet, and 
handles. 

The handle was in the form of a woman, 
or, sometimes, of two figures wrestling. 
The lid was ornamented with outline en¬ 
gravings, mostly of a mythological charac¬ 
ter. The handles are supposed to have 
been molded. The sketches show a differ¬ 
ence in workmanship, some being coarsely 
produced, and others replete with artistic 
elegance. The art is attributed to the 
third and second centuries B. C., at which 
time Grecian luxury took strong hold in 
Italy. Twelve of these Cistse were found 
in the necropolis of Palestrina, buried 
with the dead. Their use is not questioned, 
as they invariably contained articles of 
toilet employed at the bath, such as combs, 
mirrors, sponges, rouges, and cosmetics. 
They are made of very thin metal. The 
sides are covered with engravings, repre 
senting scenes from the ancient poets— 
principally Virgil, who appears to have 
been worshiped by the Homan matrons. 

2. Cylindrical Cista, with the Greek 
names of actors changed to Archaic Ital¬ 
ian forms, and inscribed above the figures. 
Found at Praeneste. 

3. Similar Cista, of bronze and wood, 
with fighting warriors engraved upon the 
cover. The handle is formed of two ath¬ 
letes carrying a dead body. Found at 
Praeneste. 

4. Similar. On the lid is represented 
the scene in which iEneas points to the 
slain Turnus and claims the hand of Lavi- 
nia. Found at Praeneste. 


TOILET ARTICLES. 

A great variety of articles found in the 
vases discovered at Praeneste are displayed 
in cases. There are over seventy in all. 

15. Bronze Mirror, with ivory handle. 
Morning, represented by a female figure 
having four wings on her body and two 
upon her feet. Two youths are standing 
on each side. Very elegant work. 

20. Bronze Mirror. Perseus, at the 
side of Minerva, reaching to take the eye 
from the Greece. The names are given in 
Etruscan characters. Heroic and mytho¬ 
logical. 

24. Mirror. Winged genius playing 
on pipes to two women dancing. 

27. Engraved Mirror. Three women 
making their toilet. Very delicate work. 


32. Mirror Case. Jupiter under the 
form of an eagle carrying off Ganymede. 
Her brothers and sisters standing by. 

42. Duck-shaped Cedar Rouge Box. 
Very pretty, though much the worse for a 
long seclusion from the world. 

46. Cedar Comb. Carved and orna¬ 
mented. 

47. Plain Cedar Comb. These combs 
are like the present double fine combs. 
Some are broken, and look extremely 
dirty. 

There are dies of bone for impressing 
seals. Of these there are eight. There 
are ivory and glass buttons and bodkins, 
silver hair-pins, boxes for cosmetics. 
The whole collection evidently toilet 
articles. 


GREEK, ETRUSCAN, AND ROMAN BRONZES 

58. Mirror. Neptune attacking Per¬ 
seus, in presence of Minerva. Names 
given in Etruscan characters. Found at 
Etruria. 

59. Cupid. A very pretty statuette, 
representing the God of Love flying and 
singing. Found in Thracia. 

7 6. Colander. This is the earliest 
Etruscan style, done in repousse, being a 
bearded human head with a crown, adorned 
with rabbits and lions in repose. A very 
curious and interesting relic of extremely 
ancient art, found in the necropolis of 
Capua. This head found many ardent ad¬ 
mirers among the visitors. 

85. Christian candlesticks. Of these 
there are ten, found in the crypt of a 
church in Lombardy. Style of the fourth 
century. 


PERSONAL ORNAMENTS. 

Etruria was a country in the interior of 
Italy, where art rose early to great emi¬ 
nence. The Etruscan style was patterned 
after for many centuries. Golden crowns 
made in Etruria, and very richly orna¬ 
mented with precious stones and elaborate 
carving, were worn in Rome. The ancient 
jewelers used agents by which they sepa¬ 
rated and joined almost imperceptible par¬ 
ticles of gold. The Etruscan, as well as 
the Greek granulated work, is considered 
as having been beyond the knowledge of 
the goldsmiths of the present age. The 
present collection forms a school in itself, 
where progress and change are distinctly 











582 


ART BUILDINGS. 


noticeable. In personal ornaments we can 
follow the history of art during each suc¬ 
cessive century. There are twenty cases, 
well filled with what may be termed pro¬ 
gressive specimens. 


Case No. 1. 

Pre-historic ornaments from Praeneste, 
a town of Latium, famed for the beauty 
of its roses and for its Temple of Fortune, 
and the oracle connected with the tem¬ 
ple. 

Here is a large and very elaborate 
torque, in perfect preservation. A torque 
is a necklace, and takes its meaning from 
a twist—something out of shape. Several 
kinds of torque were used. 

Then we find a necklace with twelve 
bullae. The bulla is anything rounded up 
by art or otherwise. These bullae are 
simply balls pendant. One large bulla is 
decorated with four discs in relief. Two 
large Cypraea (fossil). 


Case No. 2. 

Still pre-historic. This case contains a 
very beautiful fibula or clasp, formed of 
six loose pieces of amber. An amulet in 
the form of the head of a man. These 
amulets were considered charms, and were 
said to prevent or check disease. They 
were so worn by the ladies of Latium. 
This case has only fibuke and amulets. 
One amulet has a monkey in repose, from 
which it is reasoned that, as the animal was 
not indigenous to Italy, the necropolis of 
Praeneste must have been used by Phoeni¬ 
cian colonists. This reasoning may be cor¬ 
rect or may not. At least it aids the gen¬ 
eral history. 


Case No. 3. 

This contains early silver and glass 
ornaments found in Tarquinia, Etruria. 
Scarab (taken from scarabeus , a beetle), 
and heads of iridescent glass, set in a fibula. 
Richly tinted, and was once extremely 
beautiful. Figure of a Phoenician priest¬ 
ess, in dark, black basaltic lava. Head of 
a crowned woman, in ivory, with traces of 
coloring rather faint. Necklace of silver, 
with fourteen pendants in the shape of 
amphorse. 


Case No. 4. 

Primitive Etruscan and Phoenician orna¬ 
ments of uncupellated gold, adorned with 
granulated work—700 B. C. We now ap¬ 
proach a more distinct classification, or an 
era that may be traced historically; and 
we have in this case objects of luxurious 
taste and wonderful mechanical skill, that 
have existed for twenty-six hundred years. 
In this case are 21 specimens. A beauti¬ 
ful amulet, being a bird with open wings, 
and a human head. Very rich work, bear¬ 
ing traces of enamel. Found at Sardica. 
A large, rose-shaped ornament, with a 
bull’s-head center amid the rich granulated 
work of which we have already spoken. 
Found at Cyprus. A vase of beaten gold, 
in the shape of an alabastrum, a sort of cas¬ 
ket for perfumes, having the top running 
up to a point. The ornamentation is of 
zigzags, not unlike torque work. It is the 
only gold alabastrum known. It is about 
five inches high. Necklace of eleven pieces 
of amber, set in gold, with bullae, and six 
anchor pendants. Found at Cervetri. Such 
an ornament is described by Homer, where 
one of the cnaracters relates the manner 
of his capture when a child. The Phoeni¬ 
cians, on taking to ship, desired to seize 
him, that he might be sold as a slave. One 
of the sailors, entering the apartment 
where his mother sat, surrounded by her 
household, brought a necklace of amber 
and gold. While all were admiring the 
cruament, a sign to the nurse caused 
the child to be borne to the ship of her 
countrymen, for the nurse was a Phoeni¬ 
cian woman. 


Case No. 5. 

Etruscan. Pure cupellated gold—500 
to 400 B. C. We have advanced now be¬ 
tween two and three centuries, and mark 
the change in manufacture. Here are 
large funeral rings, with winged Victories; 
saddle-shaped gold ear-rings, in granulated 
work; ear-rings with cornucopia and heads 
of lions; bell-shaped patera of alabaster. 
Inside this patera (dish used during ob¬ 
lations) are two recumbent figures of a 
man and woman, and near by the Vene- 
rian amphora. Found at Chiusi. The 
lapse of ages does not appear to have 
greatly affected this rich ornament. 








ART BUILDINGS. 


583 


Case No. 6. 

Italo-Greek gold ornaments—350 B. C. 
A cicada (tree cricket) made in onyx. The 
Athenian women wore these in their hair 
to prevent barrenness. Very delicate. 
Found at Tarentum. A similar talisman, 
found at Capua. Ear-rings in form of a 
helix, with charming flower work just at 
the bend, terminating in very lovely female 
heads in repousse. The four heads in this 
ornament are adorned with ear-rings of 
precisely the same shape. Found at Meta- 
pontum. This is very beautiful, and 
shows but few signs of any tarnish. The 
work is exquisitely done. Ear-rings, with 
gold dolphins and rope work, showing 
fins, eyes, and other parts of the animals. 
Found at Tarentum. In this case are sev¬ 
eral other very beautiful designs. 


Case No. 7. 

Gold Etruscan, with enamel. Found by 
Prince Torlonia in the Epogium of Vulci 
—300 B. C. Clasp decorated with grains. 
Necklace of glass beads, mounted in gold, 
joined by two rams’ heads ai^d a wheel, 
with a garnet in the center. Fragment 
of a necklace, being seven cylinders of 
gold in filagree work, alternating with six 
beads of turquois and white vitreous 
paste. Very rich gold ear-rings, with 
enameled Centaur as a pendant. This case 
is mostly of ear-rings, on which the work 
is of the highest order. 


Case No. 8. 

Gold. Ptolemaic style, found in Syria. 
Large, horn-shaped gold ear-rings, formed 
of twisted wire. Very elegant. One of 
the most elegant in this case is the Nodus 
Herculeus, or Herculean Knot of Love, that 
could not be severed. It is the finest rope- 
work, with a figure of Cupid in the center. 
The next to this is a like rich work, called 
the Discerniculum—pin used in parting 
the hair. The pin is fastened to a chain 
and decorated with a Corinthian capital, 
on which is a figure of Venus. Here we 
also find buttons of gold, carved and en¬ 
graved, some in rich repousse. Large gold 
armilla (bracelets worn both by men and 
women). The clasp is a winged vase, with 
garlands, and overflowing with fruit, done 
in repousse. The band is of fruit and 
leaves, connected by delicate rope-work. 

28 


This is exceedingly elegant, and is declared 
to be one of the most extraordinary speci¬ 
mens of the goldsmith’s art of that period. 

Case No. 9. 

Etrusco-Roman gold and bronze—100 
B. C. Funeral diadem of very thin gold, 
perforated in leaves. Small gold ear-ring, 
with a solitary pearl. Rare scarab of 
vitreous paste, in gold. Seven amulets of 
mother-of-pearl and ivory, found in a vine¬ 
yard near Pompeii. There are none others 
known, except a few small ones in the 
Naples museum. Their rarity is attributed 
to their fragile nature. 


Case No. 10. 

Personal ornaments of the Imperial 
epoch. Gold ear-rings, wifh sapphires. 
Colored glass, representing the head of an 
empress. Very pretty striped agate, en¬ 
graved with Medusa’s head, in an antique 
setting, as a clasp. One of the most at¬ 
tractive articles in this case is a bronze, 
enameled disc, with a lengthy Gnostic in¬ 
scription on one side, and on the other the 
bust of a Fury, with hair of dragons and 
serpents, surrounded by another inscrip¬ 
tion. These inscriptions are said to be ex¬ 
orcisms or invocations as a curative for 
gout. Two ivory hair-pins, with busts of 
women, are very superb; but perhaps the 
richest of all is a gold necklace, with 
eleven uncut amethysts alternating with 
gold ornaments in the form of a pelta 
(shield in the shape of a crescent), set 
with plasma. 


Case No. 11. 

Marked as “Mundus Muliebris” (“The 
"Woman’s World ”). Beautiful pair of sil¬ 
ver strigils, the worse for age. The strigil 
was a sort of scraper for irritating the 
skin, just as the crash and hair towels are 
used at the present day. Here are boxes 
for cosmetics—one has four compartments. 
Silver Etruscan crown, with rich ornamen¬ 
tation. Handle of a bucket. Statuette of 
Jupiter. 


Case No. 12. 

Here is another “Mundus Muliebris.” 
The toilet-case of an ancient Roman lady. 
Her silver treasures were a patera in the 
form of a shell, with dolphins, trident, etc., 
















584 


ART BUILDINGS. 


repousse; patera with reeded edges; bull; 
dog; statuette of Jupiter, with thunder¬ 
bolt; mask of Bacchus. Then she had 
hair-pins, instruments for crushing paints, 
spoons, and that delectable associate of the 
ancient toilet, a fine-toothed comb, about 
five inches long. However clean and beau¬ 
tiful they may have been two thousand 
years ago, they are no longer elegant. 


Case No. 13. 

Ancient coins, set as personal ornaments. 
Various antique coins, variously mounted. 
Byzantine and Roman coins. Gold of Em¬ 
peror Honorius. Gold medallion of the 
same. Double statue of Philip of Mace¬ 
donia, father of Alexander the Great, 
mounted in gold. 


Case No. 14. 

Early Christian ornaments, from the 
Catacombs. Bronze fibulas. Silver disc, 
being part of a buckle; lion-headed man 
in relief. A representation of an evil 
spirit, in repousse. Gold bracelet of four 
wires. Gold lid of a reliquary, with Greek 
inscription in niello, bearing record that it 
contained a bone of the finger of St. 
Stephen. Oblong bone amulet, 'with the 
monogram of Christ. Many of the early 
Christians would not write the name of 
the Saviour, but devoutly abbreviated it by 
using the Greek ^ —chi, rlio. They were 
coupled, the p being placed above the 
In this case we also find a bronze disc, 
worn by a slave, with an inscription on 
either side. Prof. De Rossi, of Rome, tells 
us that up to the reign, or conversion, of 
Constantine, when a slave escaped, upon 
being recaptured, his master could brand 
him on the brow with a hot iron, in order 
that he might be easily recognized in case 
he again escaped. Constantine changed 
this by a decree, in which he said: “That 
as on the brow of man was the image of 
God, no man had a right to touch it; but, 
instead of that, he would rivet a torque 
(band) around his neck, with a tablet bear¬ 
ing his master’s name and residence.” 

Case No. 15. 

Personal ornaments of the time of 
Charlemagne. Crescent-shaped gold orna¬ 
ments, with colored enamel and gems. 
Carlovingian ear-rings of gold, decorated 


with flat garnets and large grains of gold. 
Cross of gold, with ornamentations in re¬ 
pousse. From holes upon the edges it is 
inferred that this cross was sewed upon 
the breast of the soldier’s vest. A gold 
fibula, that must have been of great beau¬ 
ty, is polygonal, with a hole in the center 
for the pin. It is formed of a knot of 
pearls and colored gems, kept in position 
by gold flowers on stems, a beautiful and 
ornamental security, that might be prac¬ 
tised at the present day but for the gen¬ 
eral desire to cheapen, even in jewelry. 

Case No. 16. 

Lombard gold ornaments—800 A. D. 
We are down now to within eleven hun¬ 
dred years of our own time, and we run 
upon the fleur-de-lis and the geometric 
cloisonne work. We find the crescent 
rather increasing in popularity, and gold 
set with few and often no gems. Eigh¬ 
teen different and costly articles in this 
case were found in one tomb, and were 
the decorations of a Lombard chief. 


Case No. 17. 

This contains silver and bronze military 
adornments used by the Crusaders—1000 
to 1100 A. D., 


Case No. 18. 

This brings us down to 1300 A. D., and 
is a collection of military buckles of silver, 
bronze, and ivory—in all 42. 

Case No. 19. 

Contains 29 belt clasps, many of which 
are in excellent preservation. 

Case No. 20. 

Has 31 similar decorations. These last 
two cases come down to 1400. 

' IVORIES. 

We now meet a separate case, devoted 
to ivories. Grecian, Etruscan, and Roman 
bodkins,spoons, knife-handles, amulets, and 
tesserae. Some of the latter have inscrip¬ 
tions remaining that can still be plainly 
read. Some have elegant carvings, as the 
face of a Gorgon, figure of a child holding 
a goose, bust of Hercules, etc. There is a 
portion of a tibia, a musical instrument, 





















art euildings. 


tr O r 
*-) kjO 


with holes marked for half notes as well as 
full tones. 


GEMS. 

Engraved precious stones, from the days 
of Nineveh and Persopolis to the fifth cen¬ 
tury .of the new era. They consist of 67 
specimens of cylinders, scarabs, and intag¬ 
lios. Here we have the Assyrian cylinders 
of black agate, plasma, chalcedony; the 
burnt agate scarab. The cuttings repre¬ 
sent heads of men and entire animals. 
These are all very rare gems, found at dif¬ 
ferent places, including Chiusi, Rome, 
Apulia, Corneto, etc. 


intaglios. 

We find three trays, containing 136 in¬ 
taglios. These are elegantly-cut gems. 
Many of them are white, transparent agate. 
Figures — ram and three stars, scenic 
masks, head of Medusa, Venus bathing. 
Many of these retain much of their orig¬ 
inal beauty. 


ANCIENT CAMEOS. 

Of these there are seventy-eight, and 
they are still extremely beautiful—some of 
them magnificent. One amethyst—bust of 
a child—very rich. Agates in two and 
three layers; one with head of Vulcan, 
one of Apollo, one of Antonine. Rare 
reddish agate with bust of Cupid. Many 
of these inscribed. Mostly found at Rome 
and Naples. 

— 

RINGS. 

Of these we notice 337, of all kinds, 
styles, and material. There are scriptural, 
funeral, and signet rings. One gold sar¬ 
donyx with engraved human figure, ex¬ 
tremely elegant; the hard gem cut in the 
sharpest lines. Tower-shaped ring, gold. 
Gold ring with a movable scarab in car- 
nelian. A magnificent signet ring with a 
seated Venus balancing a reed; Cupid 
dancing before her. Gold ring impressed 
with a human head and mask. A remarka¬ 
bly fine, large gold ring, garnet, with bust of 
King Seleucus Nicator, the founder of the 
Syrian monarchy, B. C. 312-280; it is one 
of the most valuable ancient royal seals 
known; found in Syria. Gold, garnet (en¬ 
graved with portrait of Asander, King of 
Bosphorus), on a pivot. A very remarka¬ 


ble ring, bearing the name of the Greek 
engraver; found at Alessandria. No. 176 
is a large amber nuptial ring, with divini¬ 
ties m relief on the upper part and around 
the hoop. We cannot pass this without 
lemaiking upon its enormous size, being 
nearly two inches square on top and an 
inch deep of solid amber, the hoop extend¬ 
ing below the block. The figures are 
beautifully raised from the surface of the 
stone. Fqund at Aquileia. This ring is 
extremely valuable, as it is the only one 
now known of the same great size. 

A gold signet ring of the 14th century, 
No. 269. An eagle holding a crown in 
his beak is engraved on a garnet, with 
the inscription: SECRETVM ME VM (My 
Secret). No. 304 is a signet ring in bronze 
gilt, with the initials B. A. It belongs to 
the 13th century, and bears the coat-of- 
arms of the Orsini family. No. 337 is a 
silver monetary chain with ten links, used 
by the Goths as money. They are made 
of bronze, silver, and gold. The rings look 
like iron, and are about the size of a half 
dollar. In paying money the links were de¬ 
tached from and when receiving they were 
added to, the ring. The pieces are helices 
easily joined. Found in a Gothic tomb at 
Chiusi. 


ITALIAN MAJOLICA. 

The term Majolica, or Maiolica, was re¬ 
stricted to the lustered wares from the 
Island of -Majorca, called by the ancient 
Tuscan writers Maiolica. Luca della 
Robbia is stated to be the discoverer of an 
enamel which he applied to terra-cotta. 
He made many famous works, the earliest 
bearing date 1438. At his death, his 
nephews took the business. He died ifi 
1481, and they continued the manufacture 
fifty years later. About the same time 
other factories practised the like art. The 
( astellani collection embraces specimens 
from a large number of majolica works. 

The wares consist of large and small 
vases, jars, etc., resembling what is gen¬ 
erally known among us as blue China ware, 
or blue tile. Many of them, however, are 
painted in other colors, and some show 
very elegant metallic tracings. These are 
nearly all tarnished and worn, and a large 
number are broken. Of the Arabian ware 
there is a basin (No. 7), blue decoration on 
white ground. The interior has two 




















580 


ART BUILDINGS. 


women on either side of a monument, hav¬ 
ing inscriptions and arabesque decorations 
on their dresses. Time, 1600 A. D. 

Of the Caffagiuolo ware (Tuscany), many 
of the vases are, or have been, extremely 
beautiful, while some bear dates; one 
1567, another 1523. There can be no 
doubt about the dates, as they were evi¬ 
dently burned in when the articles were 
made. 

¥e have dwelt at some length upon this 
wonderful collection, as it serves to trace 
the progress of art from the far distant 
past. It comes from the ruder ages, 
through wealth and luxury—through quiet 
empires and war-stained and impoverished 
nations. It exhibits the wonders of ancient 
study and the application of science to art, 
through all the long centuries. It forms 
a valuable school—a progressive course of 
study. 

The collection was taken to England 
and there offered for £40,000 sterling, but 
it was allowed to pass without a purchaser. 
It was supposed that it would return to 
Europe, but as we write we learn that there 
are efforts now being made with a view to 
its retention in this country. We hope 
they may be successful. 


BRAZIL. 

This country has but few pictures, mostly 
historical, and some of them quite large. 
There are only ten oil paintings. Of these 
there are: Imaginative or Composition, 2; 
Portrait, 1; City View, 1, and Historical, 
4. Of water-color paintings there are but 
3, and of pieces of sculpture, 5. Of these 
we have selected only five of the oil paint¬ 
ings. 


IMAGINATIVE. 

8 . The First Mass in Brazil, by VIC¬ 
TOR MEIRELLES BE LIMA, of Rio. 
This large picture tells its story very plainly. 
A rude altar has been erected by the side 
of a newly-opened country road. The 
altar has been neatly though not richly 
adorned, and an aged priest, with a few 
attendants, is celebrating Mass in the open 
air, and in the midst of the forest. Groups 
of Indians and others are looking on. Some 
of the Indians are in the trees, gazing in 
wonder upon the celebrants. The light is 
well thrown upon the scene, and brings out 
the strong points in excellent relief. 


PORTRAITS. 

22. Bom Pedro II., by J. BOS PASSOS 
BAMASCENO, of Rio. A very faithful 
likeness, done with pen and ink. 

20 . Landscapes, by I. INSLEY PA¬ 
CHECO, of Rio. Two very pretty crayon 
drawings, full of life. 

HISTORICAL. 

7. The Brazilian Iron Clad Fleet Pass¬ 
ing by Humaita (during the Paraguayan 
war), by VICTOR MEIRELLES BE 
LIMA, of Rio. This is a very large and 
naturally dark scene, with heavy coloring 
appropriate for night. The vessels are 
seen gliding proudly by the port. Pro¬ 
nounced a w T ell-developed picture. The 
artist has chosen one of the most difficult 
subjects. In night scenes the arrangement 
of light requires great judgment. There 
must of necessity be darkness, and yet 
there must also be sufficient light to discern 
the objects attempted to be portrayed. In 
the present scene this trying trouble has 
been remarkably well managed. The ships 
are seen with sufficient distinctness to im¬ 
press their power and grandeur. 

6 . Naval Battle, by the same artist. 
This picture is also of the heavy, dark 
character, but the broadsides of the vessels 
are made to light up the scene, so that 
there is more distinctness, and consequently 
more life. The large steam frigate in 
front, wuth her blazing ports, is effectively 
painted. 


PHOTO-LITHOGRAPHS. 

21 . Bay of Rio de Janeiro, by LEUT- 
ZINGER & SONS, of Rio. These are 
photo-lithographs, representing panoramas 
of this celebrated bay; said to be one of 
the most beautiful in the world. 


ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

This exhibit is confined to oil paintings, 
of which there are thirty-five in all. Of 
these there are: Imaginative or Composi¬ 
tion, 12; Portraits, 3; Landscapes, 6; Fish, 
1 ; Marine, 2; Flowers, 1; City Views, 4; 
Fruit, 2, and Historical, 4. 


IMAGINATIVE. 

34. Washerwoman Going to Her 
Work, byS. CALZABILLA, of Santiago. 
A characteristic picture, worth studying by 












ART BUILDINGS. 


587 


those who desire to become acquainted 
with the country details. 

4. At the Fountain, by G. MARROIG, 
of Entre Rios. Water well painted and 
the light thrown full upon the whole scene. 

17. The Beggar Monk, by G. MAR¬ 
ROIG, of Entre Rios. A good illustrative 
picture. A monk with his cowl drawn 
over his head is begging of an old huck¬ 
ster woman, who has but an empty show 
upon her market-stand. A young woman 
is sitting with a child nursing. The faces 
are well managed. The monk looks well 
fed, and the old woman appears to be an¬ 
noyed. The fleshing is well done, and the 
group strongly characteristic. 


FRUIT. 

1 . Fruit, by PETRAZZINI, of Buenos 
Ayres. A very pretty sketch, well drawn 
and delicately colored. 

24. Fruit and Flowers, by B. DEL 
CASTILLO, of Buenos Ayres. A good 
grouping, very naturally drawn and de¬ 
lightfully tinted. 


CITY VIEWS. 

14. View of Santiago, Chili, by E. 
CHARTON, of Buenos Ayres. This is a 
street scene; houses on one side and trees 
opposite, with mountains in the distance. 
The houses are well drawn; the foliage 
rich and heavy, the lights excellent, the 
sky natural. 

9. Valparaiso, by the same artist. The 
city seen in a bend of the sea-shore. The 
water well done. The distant mountains 
finely portrayed, as also the small, rude 
hills in the foreground. 


MEXICO. 

Art in Mexico partakes strongly of the 
Spanish school, and revels in scriptural 
and historical scenes. Her painters are 
said to be much better known in Europe 
than they are in the LTnited States. There 
are twenty academies of art in the coun¬ 
try, and they hold many valuable paint¬ 
ings. Nearly all the pictures on exhibition 
here belong to the National Academy, the 
only one represented. 

OIL PAINTINGS. 

The total number of these is fifty-three, 
of which there are: Imaginative or Com¬ 


position, 32; Portraits, 8; Landscape, 4; 
Interior Views, 2; City Views, 4; Fruit, 2, 
and Historical, 1. Of sculpture there are 
5, all of plaster; not a single statue in 
marble. 

There are twelve pictures, of a class 
of pictures entirely scriptural, and be¬ 
longing to the 17th century. There was 
a period when these were placed in the 
highest ranks of art. At the present day 
they are not so much admired, though they 
certainly exhibit great skill in a particular 
line. Of these, mention will be found of 
Nos. 47, 52, 53, and 54, under their appro¬ 
priate headings. 


IMAGINATIVE. 

54. Scenes in the Life of the Virgin 
Mary, by JOSE IBARRA. These are 
eight small panel pictures; too small to be 
appreciated as they should be, for they are 
certainly very rich and artistic paintings. 
The groupings are not at all forced. On 
the contrary, they are quite natural and 
attractive. 

53. Assumption of the Virgin Mary, 
by IGNACIO VASQUEZ. This large 
picture represents the Virgin Mary sur¬ 
rounded by groups of angels, while a large 
body of saints are engaged in worship. 
There are too many figures to be separately 
described. The Virgin, compared with the 
saints, is very large, while beside the angels 
the figure is colossal. The idea is good, 
and well wrought. 

24. Galileo, by FELIX PARRA. Gali¬ 
leo is showing the motion of the earth by 
small globes. His listener appears atten¬ 
tive. The figures w r ell shown. 


LANDSCAPE. 

7. The Valley of Mexico, by JOSE 
MARIA VELASCO. The wild scenery 
and the grand surroundings well shown, 
with a good light to bring out the strong 
points and most attractive features. 

9. Wood of Chapultepec, by the same 
artist, and bearing the same characteristics. 

13. The Road of Chapultepec, by GRE¬ 
GORIO DUMAINE. A fine picture of 
this famous ground. The road winding in 
among the gfeat trees is well delineated. 


PORTRAITS. 

52. Saint Gertrude, by NICOLAS 
RODRIGUEZ. The saint is worshiping 














58S 


AET BUILDINGS. 


before the cross. The painting is of a 
sombre character. The face is very sweet 
and devotional. 

47. Saint Rosalia, by JOSE PAEZ. A 
large, dark picture of a holy saint; finely 
painted. 

203. Portrait of Stanley, by D. J. DE 
ORTIZ, New York. Young Stanley was 
sent out by James Gordon Bennett to 
search for Dr. Livingstone in the midst of 
the savage tribes of Africa. He met the 
Doctor, and his interesting letters describ¬ 
ing the interview were published in the 
New York Herald. They caused quite a 
sensation, both here and in Europe. The 
likeness is excellent, and has always a 
crowd gazing upon it. 

3. Portrait of Hidalgo, by JOAQUIN 
RAMIREZ. Hidalgo was the father of 
Mexican Independence. This is a full- 
length painting of imposing grandeur. He 
is standing alone and shows a finely de¬ 
veloped physical and mental organization. 

30. Benito Juarez, by JOSE ESCU- 
DERO y ESPRONCEDA. This is an ex¬ 
cellent likeness of the late President of 
Mexico; so pronounced by those who were 
w T ell acquainted with this remarkable man. 
As a painting it is worthy of high com¬ 
mendation. Juarez was part Indian and 
had more of the points of the Indian coun¬ 
tenance than many half breeds. The 
dark hair, high cheek bones, and other 
characteristics of his mixed blood, are not 
smoothed over, but drawn and painted 
with great truthfulness. 


INTERIOR VIEWS. 

10. Interior of the Convent of Loreto, 
by JOSE JIMENEZ. The convent is sit¬ 
uated in the city of Mexico. In accuracy 
of detail, those who have seen this interior 
pronounce it a very faithful representation. 
The coloring is remarkably clear. 


ERUIT, ETC. 

33 to 39. Various subjects, by Mrs. 
DeMAYOR A, of Guadalupe. Among 
these are two fruit pictures that are neatly 
grouped and well painted. All these pict¬ 
ures are the property of the artist. 


STATUARY. 

58. The Orphans, by DUMAINE. A 
pretty group in plaster that ought to have 
been in white marble. 


There are four other pieces of statuary, 
all of plaster. 


SPAIN. 

In this exhibit there is a large variety 
from which to select, some of which are 
of the true and grand, and there are others 
before which we have not lingered long. 
We have the old masters—Morales, who 
lived in the sixteenth century, and Murillo, 
Jordan, and Rivera who painted in the 
seventeenth, and have left exquisite works 
that are appreciated and copied at the 
present day. And then we have the later 
—those of our own time. Art has long 
been cultivated in Spain, and her artists 
have been encouraged and patronized by 
people of all ranks, from her monarchs 
down. The land itself has been full of 
romance and religion, and subjects in 
abundance have been found for the exer¬ 
cise of genius. The towering mountains, 
the gushing streams, the wide spread val¬ 
leys, have all given encouragement in the 
study of nature. There are few countries 
that have thrown out so broadly and so 
vividly, scenes for the easel. Spain has 
scarcely a vale or rivulet that has not in¬ 
spired the poet, and her painters have 
caught the inspiration. 


OIL PAINTINGS. 

The total number of Oil Paintings is 
141, and of these there are Imaginative or 
Composition, 74; Portraits, 19; Landscapes, 
13; Animals, 4; Interior Views, 8; Fish, 
Marine, 4; Flowers, 4; City Views, 7; Still 
Life, 2; Fruit, 10; and Historical, 2; of 
Sculpture and Carvings there are 30. 


IMAGINATIVE. 

50 a. David’s Victory over Goliath, by 
LUCAS JORDAN. This eminent painter 
was born in Italy in 1632, and some of his 
works are in the Escurial. The’ picture 
represents the young Psalmist triumphing 
over his prostrate foe, with the armies in 
the distance. A grand painting. 

50&. Jesus appearing to Mary Magda¬ 
lene, in front of the Holy Sepulchre. 
Mary is kneeling and stretching out her 
arms to the Easter, while He is drawing 
back, forbidding her to touch Him, and 
yet speaking kindly, for the expressive 
face tells this. The conception is very 














ART BUILDINGS. 


589 


touching and the arrangement of the fig¬ 
ures warranted by Scripture. 

40 d. Torquato Tasso retiring to the 
Monastery of San Onofre, by G. MAU- 
RETA. The few figures are well grouped 
and the various expressions upon the faces 
finely portrayed. The drapery excellent 
and coloring delicately placed. 

406. Fountain in Galicia, by D. FIER¬ 
ROS. A girl is filling a pitcher and a child 
waiting her turn. An old soldier is read¬ 
ing a letter to a young peasant girl, who 
has a very anxious and expressive face. 
A boy is listening and laughing, as if en- 
joying the maid’s perplexity. Some grand 
old trees in the picture are truthfully done. 
The coloring is excellent and the general 
idea handsomely worked up. 

40 [n. The Insanity of Donna Juana de 
Castilla, by L. \ ALLES. The Donna 
was the wife of Don Felipe, who was called 
u the handsome;” and she was so greatly 
grieved at his death that she became a 
monomaniac. . Having heard a wild fable 
of a certain king who came to life after 
slumbering quietly in his grave, she imag¬ 
ined that her husband would be restored 
to her. She had the body of Don Felipe 
placed upon an elegant couch in her own 
room, and kept constant watch upon it. 
When her friends and attendants remon¬ 
strated with her upon the injurious effect 
upon her health, she would only say—“ Do 
not make a noise; he will wake directly.” 
This picture is so faithfully painted that 
the scene can be read from the canvas; 
and few paintings have excited a more 
general admiration. 

401. Burial of San Lorenzo, at Rome, 
by A. \ ERA, of Madrid. The scene is 
in an orchard, near the house of the widow 
Ciriaca, where persecuted Christians met. 
Hipolito has been converted and baptized 
upon witnessing the miracles of San Lor- 
enzo. Hipolito and the priest, Justino, 
placed the body of the saint in a tomb in 
the orchard. An effective picture. 

40c. The Translation of Saint Francis 
of Assisi, by MERCADE. The body of 
the Saint is in the church surrounded by 
a number of nuns. It is represented kiss¬ 
ing its hands. 

40/n Duel in the Seventeenth Century, 
by F. DOMINGO. Several figures, prin¬ 
cipals and seconds. Costumes and the 
duello finely portrayed. 

606. Andalusian Fair, by FREDERICO 


EDER, of Seville. A characteristic paint¬ 
ing with many figures. Sundry donkeys, 
saddled and lying down. Old thatched 
house well shown. Warm sky. The 
whole picture natural and highly artistic. 

56a. Reproduction of Oil Painting from 
the center and chief wall in the Chapel of 
Ferdinand and Isabella, “the Catholic,” in 
the Alcazar at Seville, by FRANCISCO 
hs ICULOSO. Painted on enameled bricks. 
This is a very elegant production; as is 
also— 

56c. Two Holy Bishops, by the same 
artist. These paintings belong to the Se¬ 
ville Academy of Fine Arts. 


LANDSCAPE. 

29a. Banks of the River Ter, by JUAN 
JvABADA y VALLVE, of Barcelona. 
A landscape of artistic merit. The water 
is calm and dark, and the old trees in the 
foreground assist in impressing reality. 
The rapids add life to the picture. The 
mountain scenery with the old ruins partly 
hidden in the distance and made still more 
indistinct by the hazy atmosphere, add to 
the natural charms of the drawing. Price 
marked $1,000. This picture attracts 
much attention. Several artists have 
gazed long upon it, studying its beauties. 

27. Moonlight on the Sea, by CAYE- 
TANO BENAYENT, of Barcelona. A 
dark picture, and yet the moonlight well 
distributed. Color maintained at every 
point. The moonlight pierces the somber 
clouds and falls gently on the water, pro¬ 
ducing a rich and tempting effect. The. 
picture has been awarded the Centennial 
medal. 

296. Banks of the River Lleboegat, by 
JUAN RABADA y VALLVE, of» Barce¬ 
lona. The banks are richly shown and the; 
water is finely painted. The boat with one,- 
man who seems to be gliding smoothly along 
upon his voyage. The distant town is not. 
too much crowded in. The stream break¬ 
ing through the old dam in sundry places, 
is very closely painted, so that it is easy to 
recognize the fact that age has greatly 
damaged the premises. This picture has 
received the Centennial medal, and is well 
entitled to the honor. 

252. Landscape, by FELIX RESUR- 
ECSION. A small but lovely picture. 
An old thatched house. Rich foliage. 
Small creek of clear, limpid water. The 













ART BUILDINGS. 


590 

sky warm and light thrown very effectively 
upon the woods and the stream. 


PORTRAITS. 

42a. The Nazarene, by DIVINO MOR¬ 
ALES. A very wonderful production 
painted in the sixteenth century, and far 
in advance of the generality of pictures 
that have come down to us from that dis¬ 
tant day. 

45. Saint Jerome, by RIVERA. A 
fine devotional face strikingly given. Riv¬ 
era was known in Italy as el Spagnoleto — 
was a pupil of Correggio, and died in 1656. 

204. Portrait, by VELASGfUEZ de 
SILVA, who lived in the sixteenth cen¬ 
tury and was known as the father of the 
Madrid School of Art. Fine coloring 
that has stood the test of time. 

42c?. Christ, by MURILLO. This won¬ 
derful artist lived in the 17th century, and 
astonished the world by his masterly pro¬ 
ductions. The present picture is the prop¬ 
erty of Tomas Moreno y Galindo, of Mad¬ 
rid. 

54c. A Capuchin Monk, before the Ro¬ 
man Conclave, by FRANQISCO JOVER, 
of Madrid. A good painting, though rather 
stiff and harsh in places. 

58 b. A Capuchin Monk, by JOSE 
ORTIZ. The poor old fellow has gone to 
sleep over his beads. Plis face is partly 
shrouded by his cowl. The idea is good. 

37. Christ, by RAMON RODRIQUES 
VALCAZAR, of Cadiz. A large paint¬ 
ing. A fine light thrown upon the figure. 


ANIMALS. 

■63. Bulls in the Field, by JOAQUIM 
D1EZ, of Seville. Many cattle in the fore¬ 
ground, well drawn and naturally painted, 
without exaggeration of colors. The herb¬ 
age, trees, and foliage very delicately ar¬ 
ranged. Clear, cold sky; but altogether 
this large picture is remarkably well paint¬ 
ed. 

395. Hunting Logs, by LEOPOLLO 
VILLAMIL, of Lugo. One dog lying 
down. Both finely drawn and delicately 
colored. A good light thrown on the ani¬ 
mals. Very life-like picture. 


FRUIT. 

28a. Grapes, by JOSE y VALIVE 
RABALA, of Barcelona. One bunch of 


grapes, most naturally painted. White 
grapes. Price $200. 

MARINE. 

47. View of the Sardinero, in Santan¬ 
der, by PEDRO SANCHEZ BLANCO, 
of Madrid. A long, narrow canvas, with 
the red sand in the foreground; boat on 
the beach; sea rolling in gently. Mountains 
finely shown in the background. The wa¬ 
ters rather bluer than we are accustomed 
to see them on this side of the ocean, but 
still not unnatural. Sky cold, with light 
clouds flying below. Steamer plowing the 
waters in the distance. A very fine marine 
view, and one that has many admirers. 

INTERIOR VIEW. 

44a. La Seo, Cathedral of Saragossa, 
by PEREZ PABLO GONZALVO, of 
Madrid. A fine painting. A grand light is 
thrown effectively upon the floor in front 
of the organ. The dark columns in front 
seem to hide the main passage. This 
picture attracts a very general inspection. 

The same artist forwards two other pic¬ 
tures (44c and 44c?), both very excellent 
interior views, with the same effective 
handling of lights. 


HISTORICAL. 

51. Landing of the Pilgrims, by A. 
GILBERT. A fine picture, well grouped. 
The upturned faces of the kneeling figures 
have fine expressions of deep reverence 
and thankfulness. The ship in the offing 
is well painted, and the whole picture finely 
conceived and handsomely executed. 

40??i. Last Moments of Don Fernando 
IV. el Emplazado, by I. CASADO. A 
large and attractive picture. The Don had 
caused two knights of the Carrajales family 
to be thrown over a precipice, and was 
himself present at the time. Previous to 
their execution, having sought in vain for 
his mercy, they summoned him to meet 
them at God’s tribunal within forty days. 
The summons made a fearful impression 
upon his mind, from which he soon took 
to his bed, and died on the fortieth day, 
imagining that the slaughtered knights 
were constantly at his bedside. The pic¬ 
ture represents him on his bed, by the side 
of which are two figures, one holding an 
hour-glass just ready to be turned, marking 
the time. 












art buildings. 


591 


WATER COLOR PAINTING. 

70. The Rural Orchestra, by FED¬ 
ERICO GU1SASOLA, of Pontevedra. A 
picture full of rich fun. An old man has 
a fife, and a boy beats the drum. The 
whole scene is charmingly given, and so 
earnest are the musicians that the sound 
does not seem to be far off. 


RUSSIA. 

Art in Russia does not extend as far 
back as in other European countries. The 
condition of the people was such as to for¬ 
bid the exercise of any great poetic fancy, 
and there was no incentive, and conse¬ 
quently no encouragement. The rulers 
were too much engaged in promoting their 
own ends and clashing among themselves 
to think of bestowing the least patronage 
upon their obscure artists. And yet the 
talent existed. Subsequent developments 
have shown a wonderful advancement 
among the people, and art has taken a de¬ 
cided stand in the foremost ranks.* 

John the Terrible, in the 15th century, 
though feared and abhorred, gave some en¬ 
couragement to art, and during his reign 
it was somewhat advanced. Peter the 
Great was (besides being a ship-builder) a 
great turner, and himself made several 
artistic works upon the lathe. His grand¬ 
daughter, Elizabeth, who came to the 
throne in 1740, founded the Academy of 
Arts, and may be considered as the first 
Russian monarch that gave any decided 
impulse to genius in the fine arts. Cath¬ 
erine II. (1762) enlarged the Academy and 
allowed the institution an annual income of 
about $50,000. 

This may be considered as the starting 
point of modern Russian art. Under Al¬ 
exander I. (1801 to 1825) appeared Karpof, 
Bessen, and others, who took prominent 
rank. So also during the reign of Nicho¬ 
las I. Alexander II., the present Czar, 
has founded several academies and given 
great encouragement to students. Many 
Russian artists of the present day have 
well-earned reputations, and though the 
collection in Memorial Hall is not very ex¬ 
tensive, it contains several truly beautiful 
pictures. 

* In our account of Machinery Hall, under the 
Russian head, will be found several descriptions of 
the perfection of mechanical art in building models; 
while the accuracy of detail corresponds in every 
point with the larger realities copied. 


• OIL PAINTINGS. 

The total number of oil paintings in the 
Russian exhibit is 64. Of these there arei 
Imaginative and Composition, 28; Por¬ 
traits, 6; Landscapes, 18; Animals, 4; 
Marine Views, 5 ; and City Views, 3. There 
are also eight pieces of sculpture. 

I he subjects are not greatly diversifying. 
They show, however, good advancement 
in the Russian school, and are examined 
with much care. Several of them are 
extremely attractive, and these are gen¬ 
erally those delineating the country’s cus¬ 
toms. 


IMAGINATIVE. 

90. Blessing the Bride, by F. JOOR- 
AYLEFF, of St. Petersburg. A picture 
of one of the customs of the country, in 
which the bride is seen kneeling before her 
father for his blessing on the intended mar¬ 
riage about to take place. Her affianced 
and the members of her family witness the 
scene. This represents one of the many 
delightful scenes among the Russians, 
whose stern climate seems to have increased 
their natural affections. 

89. Take Me Down, by F. JOORAV- 
LEFF, of St. Petersburg. A little fellow 
on a table is fearful that he may catch a 
fall, and cries for somebody to take him 
down. The mothers appear to crowd about 
this picture in trembling anxiety lest he 
should tumble off before the rescuer enters. 
The idea is capital, and the painting ex¬ 
quisitely executed. 

34. The Amulet Seller, by HENRY 
SEMIRADSKY, Rome. A very excellent 
painting. The face is well drawn and open 
to a proper light. It is the only picture in 
the collection by this talented artist. 

17. The Stepmother, by F. JOORAV- 
LEFF, of St. Petersburg. The mother is 
holding her own child upon her lap, neg¬ 
lecting the little step-child near by. Well 
drawn, as are all the pictures of this artist. 
Attitude and expression are various, but 
finely depicted. 

37a. A Game at Morro, by ALEX¬ 
ANDER GERIMSKI, of Warsaw. A 
peculiar game, where the players strive to 
catch each other by the hand without look¬ 
ing at them. A very lively scene, charm¬ 
ingly portrayed. 

8. Ice Drift on the Neva, by ALEXIS 
BOGOLIOOBOFF, Paris. The ice is 


i 














592 


ART BUILDINGS. 


drifting and carrying everything down 
stream. The artist has accomplished a 
very difficult task in painting the mingling 
of ice and water in a rushing torrent. 

88. Dinner After a Funeral, by F. 
JOORAVLEFF, of St. Petersburg. This 
is a picture of a custom particularly Rus¬ 
sian, and is a fine delineation of costumes 
of the middle classes. 

43. Carnival Week in the Country, by 
NICOLAS SVERTCHKOFF, of Zarskoe- 
Selo, near St. Petersburg. The picture is 
full of life, and gives a vivid sketch of the 
amusements of the people during the car¬ 
nival. The figures are thrown well out by 
the management of light. 

22. A Sunday Tea-Party, by ALEXIS 
KORZOOCHIN, of St. Petersburg. A 
very old couple enjoying a timely tea-party. 
An air of quiet comfort pervades the 
whole scene. A charming specimen of 
art. 


PORTRAIT. 

85. Portrait of Prince Gortchakoff, by 
BOGATSKY, of St. Petersburg. This is 
certainly a rich painting, and has been pro¬ 
nounced a very strong likeness of this dis¬ 
tinguished prince, who is even now at the 
head of the Russian diplomats. 

MARINE. 

1. Storm on the Black Sea, near the 
Crimean coast, byJOHN AIVAZO WSKY, 
Crimea. This shows a sea storm in all its 
grand fury. The waves are lashing the 


shores and the wind driving the clouds in 
fearful majesty. The shipping trembles 
and rolls upon the heaving waters. 

5. Storm of the North Sea, by the 
same artist, and having the same truthful¬ 
ness. 


CITY VIEW. 

2. View of Constantinople, from the 
European shore, by JOHN AIVAZOW- 
SKY, Crimea. A life like picture of the 
grand old capital. The city and the wa¬ 
ters given with truthfulness. Light well 
managed and sufficiently clear. 

MARBLE. 

64. Bust of Washington, by THEO¬ 
DORE RYGER, of Warsaw. This bust 
will bear scrutiny, although we are perhaps 
a little fastidious about the representations 
of our great Captain. The likeness is 
well preserved, and the chiseling finely 
wrought. Mr. Ryger deserves the thanks 
of Americans for choosing our hero and 
doing his work so faithfully. The marble 
is of the purest white. 


WOOD CARVINGS. 

There are a few specimens of wood carv¬ 
ings that are very artistically done. 

80. Child’s Head, by KOOZNETZOFF, 
of St. Petersburg. Finely chiseled. A 
good, plump face. 

'79. Images Carved in Wood, by T. S. 
KROOSTASHEFF, of Sergievsky-Possad, 
near Moscow. Various and different, yet 
showing very delicate work. 








THE 

INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. 


WOMAN’S PAVILION. 



Length, 160 ft, 


WOMANS’ PAVILION. 


Width, 160 ft, 


On February the 15th, 1873, by an in- 
vitation of the Citizens’ Centennial Board 
of Finance, thirteen women were called to- 
gether, and requested to aid in awakening 
an interest in the work of preparation for 
the National celebration, and to endeavor 
to obtain subscriptions to Centennial stock, 
according to the regulation of the Board 
of Finance. The Executive Committee 
of the United States Centennial Commis¬ 
sion sanctioned the appointment of Mrs. 
Crawford Arnold, Mrs. Emily R. Buck- 
man, Mrs. Henry Cohen, Mrs. John W. 
Forney, Mrs. A. H. Franciscus, Miss Eliz¬ 
abeth Gratz, Mrs. E. D. Gillespie, Miss Mc¬ 
Henry, Mrs. John Sanders, Mrs. Mathew 
Simpson, Mrs. Aubrey H. Smith, Mrs. J. 
Edgar Thompson, and Mrs. Richard P. 
White (13). The plan for organization 
being left to these women, they elected 
Mrs. E. D. Gillespie, President, Mrs. John 
Sanders, Vice-President, Mrs. Aubrey H. 


Smith, Secretary. The plan for obtaining 
subscriptions in the city of Philadelphia 
was adopted before the 22d of February, 
and the chairmen for ward committees 
were appointed. The Director-General of 
the Commission assured the committee of 
women that space for an exhibition of 
women’s work would be given in the exhi¬ 
bition building. In May, 1873, the Com¬ 
mission adopted these resolutions : 

“ Resolved , That the Centennial Commission 
gratefully acknowledge the very successful exertions 
of the Women’s Centennial Executive Committee 
of Philadelphia, and most cordially commend their 
example to the patriotic women of other states. 

“ Resolved , That the Commissioners and alter¬ 
nates be requested to authorize the formation of 
similar associations in their several states and ter¬ 
ritories.” 

Acting upon this, the Women’s Centen¬ 
nial Committee applied to commissioners 
and alternates for the names of women in 
their states, able and willing to cooperate 













































594 


woman’s pavilion. 


with it, and the result was that twenty- 
four more names were enrolled on the ex¬ 
ecutive list: Mrs. Bion Bradbury, Maine; 
Mrs. Frederick K. Smith, New Hampshire; 
Mrs. James T. Fields, Massachusetts; Mrs. 
Sidney J. Cowen, Connecticut; Mrs. F. W. 
Goddard, Rhode Island; Mrs. L. C. Hughes, 
Arizona; Mrs. Frederick MacCrellish, Cali¬ 
fornia; Mrs. J. M. Washburn, Dakota; 
Mrs. Henry L. Tatnall, Delaware; Mrs. M. 
E. P. Bouligny, District of Columbia; Mrs 
Ellen Call Long, Florida; Mrs. W. I. Hill, 
Idaho; Mrs. J. P. Matthews, Illinois; Mrs. 
Hendricks, Indiana; Mrs. F. R. West, Iowa; 
Mrs. W. L. Challis, Kansas; Mrs. M. C. 
Ludeling, Louisiana; Mrs. K. S. Minor, 
Mississippi; Mrs. S. B. Bowen, Montana; 
Mrs. W. L. Dayton, New Jersey; Mrs. Ed¬ 
ward F. Noyes, Ohio; Mrs. M. J. Young, 
Texas; Mrs. D. H. Strother, West Vir-! 
ginia; Mrs. William P. Lynde, Wisconsin; | 
Mrs. Jourdain Westmoreland, Georgia. In 
addition, Miss Anne Brewster, Rome, Italy; 
and committees were formed in Florence, 
under the care of Miss Elizabeth Ellery 
Vernon, and in Milan, under the care of 
Mrs. Trimble, wife of the United States 
Consul. 

Something of the spirit excited may be 
seen from this letter from Miss Hosmer, 
the sculptor, in Rome: 

“We had a fright here that there was not 
to be a W Oman’s Department, which dis¬ 
appointed us all, me in particular, because 
I don’t think I should trouble * myself to 
send anything to a General Exhibition, 
whereas for the women 1 shall send every¬ 
thing I can rake and scrape together. But 
your last letter leads us to hope that fear 
is baseless, as Mr. Goshorn ought to know, 
and he states that we are to roam in pleas¬ 
ant feminine fields by ourselves. By-and- 
by I will talk to you about what I am going 
to send. I have a truly American subject 
in hand now, and I shall certainly send 
that; I must try and find a good woman- 
subject.” 

On January 28th, 1874, one of the Ex¬ 
ecutive Committee went to New York, 
and was successful in her errand. Mrs. 
John Sherwood was appointed by the Gov¬ 
ernor to take charge of the work in that 
State. Then came the days of tea-parties, 
when women all over the land opened their 
parlors to the multitudes, and counted 
nothing too sacred to place on the altar of 
Centennial interest; nevertheless, at the 


close of the year the public thought it un¬ 
wise to ask money from Congress, and the 
record of the first year of the Women’s 
Centennial Committee closed with an ap¬ 
peal to each woman of the United States 
to subscribe for at least one share of Cen¬ 
tennial stock before the 15th of March. 
The reports of the several ward commit¬ 
tees, with what Mrs. Gillespie received, 
was $34,350, the amount paid on 5,724 
shares, of ten dollars each. 

The second anniversary still showed ne¬ 
cessity for hard work. Congress still refus¬ 
ed an appropriation, although great encour¬ 
agement came from the interest of foreign 
countries. Changes had taken place in 
the Women’s Committee; Indiana, Illinois, 
Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Dela¬ 
ware were no longer represented, but 
Eastern Kentucky and Arkansas were 
added. Many women of the war-wasted 
Southern States were earnest and sympa¬ 
thetic, but could not contribute liberally 
of money, and $3,000,000 were needed be¬ 
fore the close of the year, in order that the 
Exposition Buildings might be completed 
by the first of January, 1876. The follow¬ 
ing from their report will give some idea 
of the work done. The receipts of moneys 
through the Ladies’ Department to sub¬ 
scriptions of stock (original issue), from 
February 16th, 1874, to March 11th, 1875, 
inclusive, was $8,308—on the new issue, 
$20,616; at the sale and restaurant tables 
of the different “International Assem¬ 
blies,” $7,643.80. 

“The Women’s Centennial Executive 
Committee, in preparing their report of 
work accomplished during the past year, lay 
aside the doubts and anxieties which sur¬ 
rounded them when last they met togeth¬ 
er,” is the opening paragraph of the third 
book. Hitherto all their work had been 
for the Exposition, without regard to 
“ color, sex, or previous condition of servi¬ 
tude;” but now the report goes on to say, 
“ When we met last year, we were ex¬ 
pecting to occupy a small portion of the 
Main Exhibition Building, for the separate 
exhibition of Women’s Work. In June, 
the numerous applications for space in that 
building, prompted our kind friends, the 
Director-General (Hon. A. T. Goshorn) 
and the chairman of the Building Commit¬ 
tee (Mr. Thomas Cochran) to propose that 
instead of continuing our contributions to 
the General Exhibition, we should reserve 








595 


woman’s pavilion. 


them for the erection of a building of our 
own. 

This proposition found favor with a ma¬ 
jority of the organizations in outside states, 
and in our own. 

By some the matter has been misunder¬ 
stood, and we are constantly told that 
women have been prevented exhibiting in 
the Main Hall. The number of women 
exhibitors in the Main Hall, will, we hope, 
after the 10th of May, put an end to all 
such misrepresentation. 

In July, 1875, a separate department 
for Women’s Work was decided upon, and 
plans for a building, prepared by A. J. 
Schwarzman, architect, were adopted. 

On October 12th ground w T as broken, 
and our building begun. On February 
29tn, the odd day in this memorable 
year, the building was received by your 
committee, from the chairman of the 
Building Committee of the Board of Fi¬ 
nance. 

In October, 1875, your President ad¬ 
dressed a letter (approved by the Director- 
General) to the heads of commissions in 
all foreign countries which had accepted 
the invitation of our government to the 
International Exhibition of 1876, asking 
those gentlemen to aid us in obtaining 
specimens of Women’s Work for exhibi¬ 
tion. We have received courteous and 
encouraging replies from the Commission¬ 
ers from England, Sweden, Canada, Spain, 
Austria, Japan, and Egypt; and it is a fact 
worthy of note, that the first exhibit that 
arrived for our department came from our 
Mother Country. 

Our thanks are due to our member in 
Italy, Miss Brewster, and to Miss Hosmer, 
as well as to those Americans now abroad, 
who by their energy and liberality have 
enabled the women of Italy to send for¬ 
ward their work to us. 

The Treasurer’s report will show the con¬ 
tributions in money to the Women’s De¬ 
partment from the various states. It will 
not show, however, the earnest effort made 
to secure these contributions by the mem¬ 
bers of our organization. Especially is 
credit due to those who in California, Mon¬ 
tana, Utah, Idaho, Kansas, and other far 
off states have aroused sp large an interest 
in the enterprise. 

The Treasurer’s report will likewise 
show that we have largely contributed, by 
the sale of stock, to the General Exhibi¬ 


tion during the past year. A fact which 
must be satisfactory to all of us. 

We have likewise, by the sale of med¬ 
als, added $5,659.90 to the general treas¬ 
ury. 

In reply to the question now so often 
asked, “ Vv hat further need have you for 
money ?” we would say, that we hope to 
bear all the expenses attending our exhibi¬ 
tion ourselves. Our insurance, our watch¬ 
men, and our employees will all require 
money. Alterations must be made in our 
building to accommodate the works of art 
promised to us. Many of our exhibitors 
cannot provide the necessary glass cases, 
and as one prominent object of our under¬ 
taking is to assist our poorer sisters, we 
must meet this want. 

Besides this, we have undertaken to 
bear the expense of a great Educational 
Exhibit, and are now erecting a building 
especially for Kindergarten schools, a work 
which peculiarly belongs to women. Our 
organization in Pawtucket, R. I., requests 
that their contribution shall be appropri¬ 
ated to this branch of our work. 

'We have offered to provide for the ex¬ 
pense of a large chorus for the opening 
day of the exhibition, and for the Fourth 
of July. This offer has been accepted, the 
musical societies of Philadelphia have 
united with us, and our chorus is now re¬ 
hearsing. It is scarcely necessary to add 
that the funds for this object will be pro¬ 
vided by our organization in Philadelphia 
alone. 

It seems fitting that woman should have 
some part in the honors of that “opening 
day,” and in no way can she more appro¬ 
priately assert her right than by providing 
for the harmony of the occasion. 

E. D. Gillespie, 

President 

Women's Centennial Executive Committee. 


The new list of officers and members of 
the Women’s Centennial Executive Com¬ 
mittee show what changes had taken place 
in the organization, and who were on duty 
during the six months of the Exhibition. 

President, Mrs. E. D. Gillespie, Phila¬ 
delphia; Vice-president, Mrs. John San¬ 
ders, Philadelphia; Secretary, Mrs. Richard 
P. White, Philadelphia; Treasurer, Mrs. 
Frank M. Etting, Philadelphia. 

Members—Mrs. Crawford Arnold, Mrs. 
Emily R. Buckman, Mrs. John Brock, Mrs. 










596 


woman’s 


Henry Cohen, Mrs. Theodore Cuyler, Mrs. 

A. H. Franciscus, Mrs. John W. Forney, 
Miss Elizabeth Gratz, Miss McHenry, Mrs. 
Matthew Simpson, Mrs. Aubrey H. Smith, 
Mrs. Henry C. Townsend, Mrs. Robert Iv. 
Wright, all of Philadelphia; Mrs. L. C. 
Hughes, Arizona, Mrs. Frederick MacCrel- 
lish, California; Mrs. M. E. P. Bouligny, 
District Columbia; Mrs. J. M. Washburn, 
Dacotah; Mrs. Ellen Call Long, Florida; 
Mrs. F. R. West, Iowa; Mrs. W. I. Hill, 
Idaho; Mrs. W. S. Rand, Kentucky; Mrs. 
F. W. Crowell, Kansas; Mrs. M. C. Lude- 
ling, Louisiana; Mrs. Bion Bradbury, 
Maine; Mrs. James T. Fields, Massachu¬ 
setts; Mrs. K. S. Minor, Mississippi; Mrs. 
S. B. Bowen, Montana; Mrs. W. L. Day- 
ton, New Jersey; Mrs. Edward F. Noyes, 
Ohio; Mrs. F. W. Goddard, Rhode Island; 
Mrs. M. J. Young, Texas; Mrs. C. J. Faulk¬ 
ner, West Virginia; Mrs. J. B. Thorp, 
Wisconsin; Mrs. Worthington Hooker, 
Connecticut; Mrs. W. 0. Rockwood, In¬ 
diana; Mrs. William George Reed, Mary 
land; Mrs. Elizabeth S. Stevens, New 
Hampshire; Mrs. Gen. G. W. Cullum, 
New York; Mrs. J. Gregory Smith, Ver¬ 
mont; Mrs. J. M. Fleck, North Carolina; 
Mrs. Aaron V. Brown, Tennessee; Mrs. 
Eliza R. Snow, Utah; Mrs. Gov. Beveridge, 
Illinois. 


CHAIRMEN OF WARDS IN THE CITY OF PHILA¬ 
DELPHIA. 

Wards—2 Mrs. C. M. Peterson, 3 Mrs. 

B. Morton, 5 Miss Forney, 6 Miss Bomeis- 
ler, 7 Mrs. R. L. Ashhurst, 8 Mrs. Tunis, 
9 Miss Louisa E. Claghorn, 10 Miss Magee, 
11 Mrs. Alex. H. Newitt, 12 Mrs. William 
Conn, 13 Mrs. T. W. Baily, 14 Mrs. Hyne- 
man, 15 Mrs. A. W. Rand, 16 Mrs. Dr. 
Knorr, 18 Mrs. Dr. Claridge, 19 Mrs. T.W. 
Swain, 20 Mrs. Abner Lincoln, 21 Mrs. 
W. B. Stephens, 22 Miss Zell, 24 Mrs. E. F. 
Hardie, 25 Mrs. Robert Kennedy, 26 Miss 
Carr, 27 Mrs. Charles Mcllvaine, 28 Mrs. 
T. J. Davis, 29 Mrs. W. B. Mann, 31 Mrs. 
E. H. Ryan. 


treasurer’s report for the women’s 

DEPARTMENT. 

Receipts, 1876. March 31. Total re¬ 
ceipts to date, $45,026.48. 

Disbursements — Total disbursements, 
through the Board of Finance, for build¬ 
ing, plans, etc., $31,088.71; additional ex¬ 


PAVILION. 


penditures and alterations in interior, 
$3,458.50; total, $34,547.21; balance on 
hand March 31, 1876, $10,479.27. De¬ 
posited in the Philadelphia Trust Safe 
Deposit and Insurance Company. Alice 

C. Etting, Treasurer. 

The cover of the blue book was adorned 
with a picture of the completed building, 
a pavilion of many angles and squares and 
flags, the latter always straight out before 
the wind and snapping with vigor. The 
unpretending house had a history. At the 
time of its suggestion no woman architect 
could be found, and the building, plan and 
all was done by the same agency that con¬ 
structed the rest of the Exposition build¬ 
ings. On taking possession of it, having 
already paid to the Board of Finance 
$31,088.71, the women were obliged to 
expend $3,458.50 ‘‘to additional expendi¬ 
tures and alterations of the interior.” If 
a woman had planned and superintended 
its construction, the “I told you so’s” would 
have thickened the air. 

The grand chorus of opening day, as the 
first result of the efforts of women to make 
the Exposition a success, fulfilled the high¬ 
est expectations. A clause from the open¬ 
ing prayer of Bishop Simpson, showed the 
feeling toward them and what good men 
hoped for:— 

“We ask Thy benediction on the women 
of America, who, for the first time in the 
history of our race, take so conspicuous a 
place in a national celebration. May the 
light of their intelligence, purity and enter¬ 
prise shed its beams afar, until in distant 
lands their sisters may realize the beauty 
and glory of Christian freedom and ele¬ 
vation.” 

The building was formally opened by 
the Empress of Brazil, who, after the grand 
ceremonies of the day, attended by the 
ladies of the Executive Committee, re¬ 
ceived by the chairmen of the several 
wards and their aids, proceeded to the 
section where the machinery stood, and 
pulling a little cord, unsealed the power of 
the Baxter engine, in the little brick build- 
ing outside, and the climax of three years’ 
hard work had come. 

A description of the Women’s Building 
would be incomplete without mention of 
some of the women whose daily care was 
necessary to its existence. First of these 
was Mrs. MARY MORRIS HUSBANDS, 








597 


woman’s pavilion. 


the grand-daughter of Robert Morris, the 
Revolutionary financier, a silver-haired 
matron whose appearance fulfilled the 
ideal of the representative of a great 
family. Commanding in appearance, cor¬ 
dial in manner, of tireless patience, she 
was a representative American woman in 
whom no one was disappointed. She had 
served three years as army nurse, and 
scores of “her boys’’found the shine of 
the blue eyes of “ Mother Morris ” the best 
sight of the Exposition. In the library, 
day after day, sat Mrs. ELLEN CALL 
LONG, the member of the Executive 
Committee from Florida. Of southern 
birth, and in high position in southern 
society, a loyalist of loyal parentage, lov¬ 
ing the South as only a native can love it, 
she did much to bring to a better under¬ 
standing the women of different sections, 
and establish kindly relations. She was a 
woman eminently fitted to stand as the 
representative of southern women. Asso¬ 
ciated with her in the duties of Secretary, 
and in the multitudinous requirements 
which grew out of it, receiving strangers 
on business, and answering questions 
which repeated daily for many months 
grew monotonous, not to say wearisome, 
we may name Miss ELLEN HORNOR, 
of Philadelphia, Mrs. CALDWELL and 
Mrs. TOWNSEND, who had received ap¬ 
plications, and who had laid out and re-ar¬ 
ranged the allotments according to the 
shifting necessities of the exhibitors. She 
was, after the opening of building, com¬ 
missionaire >, attending to sales which 
amounted to about $3,500. 

The engine, that was in a small brick 
house at the northeast side of the building, 
was “ run ” by Miss ALLISON, who was 
originally of St. Catherines, Ontario. Her 
father had owned large mills, in which she 
had spent a portion of her time, and 
learned much from her brother, who was 
an engineer. She learned to run the Bax¬ 
ter engine in a few moments, and for a 
time did all the work, from starting the 
fire to blowing off at night. The last half 
of the season her place was supplied by 
Miss LOUISA McGINLEY, a working 
woman of Philadelphia. 

On either side of the main aisle are busi¬ 
ness rooms—one as library and reception 
room; the other occupied by Mrs. E. A. 
CALDWELL, who transacts all business 
between buyers and foreign or absent exhi¬ 


bitors. At the right, entering from the 
south, was the room of the President. 
Opposite to it the office of The New Cen¬ 
tury for Women, honored by the presence 
of nearly all the women of the United 
States who have distinguished themselves 
in any works either of the heart or brain. 
Here sat the editors of the paper, Mrs. S. 
F. HALLOWELL, the daughter of Fred¬ 
erick Fraley, (President of the Board of 
Finance,) and Miss LOUISE STOCKTON, 
whose father was a well known journalist, 
and whose brothers, Frank R. and John 
Stockton, are connected, the one with a 
leading magazine, and the other with the 
most flourishing newspaper of New York. 
Miss Stockton herself has a high reputa¬ 
tion among writers. 

The walls on either side of this aisle 
were lined with pictures and representa¬ 
tions, about one hundred in all, of public 
institutions founded, supported, and man¬ 
aged by women, in different parts of the 
world. 

The room at the left, entering from the 
east, after the cold weather came, was used 
as the printing room. 

The color of the roof-arches are of blue, 
ornamented with simple arabesques. The 
inscription on either side of each door, in 
English, French, German, Italian, Span¬ 
ish, and Swedish is: “Let Her Works 
Praise her in the Gates.” The northwest¬ 
ern alcove was for the most part occupied 
by the exhibits of household art decora¬ 
tion; adjoining it is the picture gallery. 
The northeast section is devoted to active 
industries. The southwestern, to the man¬ 
ufactures of women—embroideries, laces, 
and fancy articles. The southeastern, to 
patents and inventions. A large fountain 
occupied the center of the building, the 
walls everywhere lined with pictures and 
charts. A soda fountain stands in the 
south aisle. This aisle terminates in the 
red draped alcove prepared for “ Miss Hos- 
mer’s Gates,” which never came, because 
of the risks of the voyage. Just outside, 
adjoining the loom section, is the small 
brick engine house, and but a step beyond, 
the Kindergarten Building, to erect which 
(by request of the donors,) a part of the 
the contributions of the Rhode Island 
women was used. 

The library contains a large collection of 
volumes (the works of women authors), 
some relics of ancient finery, Martha Wash. 





598 


woman’s pavilion. 


ington’s wedding slippers of embroidered 
satin, an electric jar once used by Benja¬ 
min Franklin in his experiments, a cen¬ 
tennial roll of honor, on which were written 
the names of children who, for a certain 
time,had promised to read some historical or 
useful works, made and placed there by 
MRS. FANNY FOSTER JENKINS, of 
New York. On the inner side of the door is 
fastened a large piece of very rich brocade 
silk, the colors quite distinct, though the 
original brightness is doubtless dimmed. 
It was from the wedding dress of the wife 
of Rev. John Emerson, D. D., pastor of the 
First Congregational church in New Hamp¬ 
shire, 1670. The dress is 206 years old. 
The wearer died in 1732. 

Just outside the door hangs a relic, in 
almost constant use as a call bell for the 
men on duty. Under it is pasted an ex¬ 
planatory letter:— 

Fredericksburg, May 4th, 1876. 
Mr. Seile Harrison ,— 

Dear Sir: Herewith is the bell formerly 
belonging to Mary, the mother of Wash¬ 
ington. It was bought at her sale in this 
place by Mr. Jacob Heindon, an old Baptist 
preacher of this(Spottsylvania) county, and 
purchased by me of his son, John P., wdio 
immigrated to Texas. It was cast in 1667, 
per inscription. It no doubt has called her 
family many a time from labor to refresh¬ 
ment. Yours Truly, 

Gabriel Johnston. 

Almost over the head of the lady tele¬ 
grapher hangs a framed table cloth with 
centennial designs; a gift to the enterprise 
of the ladies of the Centennial Committee 
(with three others which were sold), by 
J. G. RICHARDS, proprietor of the fa¬ 
mous Bessbrook Mills, of Ireland. In this 
corner is the telegraph office, an exhibit of 
telegraphy as an employment for women. 
The office is attended at different times by 
Miss E. D. FOWDEN, who, with only one 
arm, is fully capable; Miss B. H. McMA- 
NUS, RUTH CLEMENTS, and F. FAN¬ 
NY LYNCH. 

The exhibit of the Wood Carving, from 
the Cincinnati School of Design, Section 
A, is in most perfect harmony with the de¬ 
sign of a special exhibit of women’s work, 
inasmuch as it opened in a regular and in¬ 
telligent way, a new and paying feminine 
work. Ben. Pitman’s employment was 
phonography; his delight, wood carving. 


His was the idea and his the first effort 
which finally made it one of the branches 
of instruction in the Cincinnati School of 
Design. The separate pieces of work are 
too numerous for especial mention. Card 
receivers, wall pockets, picture frames, 
easels, stools, tables, bureaus, bedsteads, 
and musical instruments are decorated for 
the most part in delicate flower patterns. 
The greater part of the ornamental work is 
in slight relief. The ebony legs of a piano 
carved by Miss PITMAN, more nearly re¬ 
sembled the heavy carving of the Italian 
department. On the piano itself the ve¬ 
neering wafe cut away in a wide band, and 
beginning at the center, a pattern of deli¬ 
cate tracing represented the different flow¬ 
ers of the season. Miss FANNY M. 
BANKS earned for herself, by ornament¬ 
ing it, an Estey Organ. That part of the 
case which rises above the key-board has 
on it, carved in quaint lettering— 

“She sang of Love as the flowers woitld sing, 

If Love could lend their leaves a tongue.” 

The sloping panel against which the 
music rests, is cut entirely through the 
wood in a passion flower pattern, which 
shows to advantage against the colored 
silk placed behind it. Almost every visi¬ 
ble part is decorated with some beautiful 
pattern in low relief. The work occupied 
three months; the value of the instrument 
is $500. 

The carved bedstead, however, designed 
originally for their brother by the sisters, 
Hattie and Mary Johnson, attracted most at¬ 
tention. The carving of the high head-board 
represents the old homestead porch, with 
alternate panels of trumpet flowers and 
apelopsis, or American woodbine, on a lat¬ 
tice work. The slate panels are painted 
with morning glories asleep for the night; 
the head posts have, one a poppy and the 
other a lily, to represent sleep and inno¬ 
cence. 

On the inner side of the foot-board, 
morning glories are awake, and the outer 
side has a checker work with a daisy in 
each square. The carving attracts atten¬ 
tion from the China painting of the same 
school, some pieces of which are very fine, 
in particular that by Miss McLAUGHLIN, 
on which is a summer scene—children at a 
stile in the woods, after Birket Foster; and 
a tray, ornamented after the manner of 
Boulier, with dolphins at play in the waves. 






woman’s pavilion. 


The Art Exhibit of the Women of Mas¬ 
sachusetts, occupies the opposite side of the 
same section (A). Lowell sends a collec¬ 
tion of china. A graphic picture of the 
Centennial Tea Party of 1776, on a cup and 
saucer, is by Miss ELLA COBURN. Mrs. 
E. C. W^AGNER puts upon another the 
first notes of Yankee Doodle, and Mrs. G. 
B. WHITAKER, on another, the carica¬ 
ture Yankee, labeled “U. S. 100 years 
old.” Mrs. HELEN W. WRIGHT en¬ 
closes her good flower picture in a frame 
cut in arabesque pattern with a fret-saw 
by Miss HELEN A. WHITTIER. From 
Boston, Miss S. E. HOMANS sends three 
plates with original illustrations of the 
German story of Hansel and Gretchen, 
almost as charming as the story itself! 
Miss ELLA ROBBINS, a tete-a-tete set, and 
Miss LAURA M. MARQUAND six cups 
and saucers of superior merit. Miss ELIZA 
JUDKINS, of Cambridge, has painted 
some autumn leaves on mica (an applica¬ 
tion of mica to art purposes of which she 
claims the discovery) that rival nature’s 
best colors. Miss E. W. PERKINS mod¬ 
eled and made a gray stone jug, on which 
the old man’s head that nearly forms the 
vessel, has much artistic merit. The Misses 
ALICE C. CHANDLER and ANNA A. 
WHITNEY constitute a business firm of 
Decorative Art Workers in Lancaster, and 
their furniture here shown — chimney- 
pieces constructed of wood and painted 
tiles, and pottery of antique shape and sim¬ 
ple ornament—are good specimens of their 
wares. With some of her work in deco¬ 
rated china, Miss ISABELLA JAMES 
sends a holly wood chess table; its sixty- 
four squares having each an original de¬ 
sign, quaint, grotesque, or beautiful, repro¬ 
ducing most of the story of Alice in 
Wonderland; and another of equal merit 
is ornamented in the squares and on the 
margin with etchings from the frieze of the 
^Parthenon, by MARY STORY, of Cam¬ 
bridge. A chess table top is appropriately 
decorated, by MARY W. ALLEN, also of 
Cambridge, with figures from the cele¬ 
brated picture of “The Chess Players,” by 
Moritz Retzcli. Of the same kind of art is 
the sconce of white holly wood, by Mrs. 
ANNA D. HALLOWELL, of West Med¬ 
ford. The drawing is in severe lines of 
black and white. The wild oats, grasses, 
and delicate flowers of the border are per¬ 
fect. Around the brackets is the couplet— 

29 


599 

“O wad some power the giftie gie us 
To see oursels as ithers see us." 

. In another place is a case of birds, na¬ 
tives of Vermont and Massachusetts, shot 
and stuffed by Mrs. SARAH E. BONNEY, 
Stirling, and some very beautiful fans 
of pigeons’ wings joined by so much of the 

head and body as to give the whole a life¬ 
like look. 

In a case in Section D, Mrs. EMMELINE 
M. SHEPHERD puts, with her portrait, a 
handkerchief valued at $500. The eight 
designs. are “Centennial,” Independence 
Hall, Liberty Bell, &c.; one design, how¬ 
ever, a bird’s nest, as a piece of needle 
work, is a marvel, despite some discrepancy 
of design. Two panels of embroidered 
yellow silk, sent by Mrs. W. G. WELD, 
of Boston, are of unusual beauty. One shows 
a bunch of the common blue flag; the 
other, swamp “cat-tails” in all their’ rich 
brown ripeness. Another noticeable work 
was a large screen of green silk, sage tint, 
painted in water colors. At the base is a 
bunch of narcissus; above, an apple bough 
covered with blossoms only partly conceals 
a gorgeous oriole. 

Near the printing press of the “New 
Century for Women” was the business ex¬ 
hibit of specimens of Job Printing of Mrs.. 
H. G. MILLER, of Springfield, Mass., who, 
after the death of her husband, conducted 
the business personally and profitably. 

The walls of section A are thickly cov¬ 
ered with the work of women and young 
girls, pupils of Art schools of Massachm 
setts. From the Lowell School of Design, 
of the institute of Technology came twen¬ 
ty-seven designs for laces, silks, Brussels 
(for camp chairs), and oil cloths, two oil 
cloths manufactured by Folsom & Sons 

from designs by women of this school_ 

four patterns of printed robes and two of 
printed calicoes. Many graduates of this- 
school are teachers, receiving high salaries.. 
From the PUBLIC and NORMAL ART 
SCHOOLS of WALTER SMITH, State 
Director of Art Education, came drawings 
—geometric definitions, designs, free-hand 
drawings, enlargements, reductions, and 
memory and dictation exercises—these from 
the PRIMARY SCHOOLS; from the 
GRAMMAR SCHOOLS, designs original 
and copied, geometric, free-hand, dictation, 
black-board, and model drawings of 
machines, mechanical designs, charcoal 
sketches, drawings from models, drawings 















600 


woman’s pavilion. 


of botanical analysis; and designs for fans 
and jewelry, tiles, porcelain, laces, muslin 
prints, calicoes, etc. 

The drawings from the NORMAL ART 
SCHOOL, of Boston, embrace geometrical 
and perspective problems, orthographic 
projection, machine and architectural draw¬ 
ings, model drawings in outline shaded in 
chalk and monochromes, outline drawing 
of ornament from cast, of foliage from 
nature, of human figures (from copy), of 
animal form (from object), of furniture 
(from object), of paintings from nature in 
water colors (with and without back¬ 
ground), of flowers, foliage, fruit, and land¬ 
scape; studies in oil and monochrome of 
the human figure, from casts, and still life 
from nature (in oil). From the class in 
Constructive Arts, designs for houses, 
plans and elevations, monograph of the 
medieval style of architecture .and orna¬ 
ment, machine drawing, descriptive geom¬ 
etry, ship drawing and topographical draw¬ 
ing. The class in modeling sent bas-re¬ 
liefs of foliage and flowers, medallion por¬ 
traits from nature and historical ornament 
and studies of ornament. 

The women of the FREE INDUSTRI¬ 
AL EVENING SCHOOL, of Lowell (the 
school open two evenings of each week to 
both sexes, models furnished to pupils for 
study at home), designs for carpets, rugs, 
wall-paper, prints, manufactured carpets of 
their design, decorated tiles, and portraits 
of Mozart, Longfellow, “Lady moon,” a 
child’s head, and storks. It is impossible 
to give the names attached even to the most 
meritorious productions, the ages accom¬ 
panying many of these names are 13, 15, 
17—and the designs show a quality of tal¬ 
ent of which Americans may be proud. 

Near the Wood carving is a case of fac¬ 
similes of the illuminations on vellum of 
the 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, and 14th centu¬ 
ries. One of the finest and most inter¬ 
esting is from the so-called Bible Charle¬ 
magne, though it belongs to the time of 
Charles the Bald. Another was a copy 
of the scriptures of the 9th century, writ¬ 
ten in gold. The most grotesque are of 
the 8th and 10th centuries. It need only 
be said of these that for her illuminations 
the Academy of Fine Arts of Perugia, 
(Italy), conferred on Miss ISABELLA 
CONOLLY, the Diploma of Honorary 
Member. 

Very near this is the furniture made 


by a self-taught work-woman whose story 
is best told in the pathetic letter which lay 
on the table she sent:—“ CHRISTINE 
OLSON, who did this work, was born in 
Kalmar, Sweden, where her father was a 
manufacturer of tables and chairs, and the 
ordinary rough furniture used in that coun¬ 
try. The girl seemed to have a passion 
for working in the shop, but her parents 
were not willing to have her do so, think¬ 
ing it was no place for a woman. When 
she was sixteen years old she made a bu¬ 
reau, and encouraged by that she kept on 
working at something all the time. After 
her father died she was obliged to work 
at her trade to support her mother. At 
twenty-nine years of age she came to this 
country, and did housework for a family 
in Lake Forest. While there she did 
some beautiful work, making a sideboard 
which is the wonder and admiration of all 
who have seen it. She also made a deer’s 
head with wide-spread antlers, which is a 
lifelike representation, and shows great 
talent and patience. She made her tools 
of pieces of skirt wire and other available 
material found about the house. In 1872, 
she married and went to Chicago to live. 
During the last four years, she has made 
these three pieces of furniture for her own 
house. There are three thousand pieces 
of wood used in constructing the organ, 
table, and bureau, all the work of Christ¬ 
ine Olson, 108 Front street, Chicago.” 

The woods used are American walnut, 
French walnut, curled maple, birdseye ma¬ 
ple, white ash, cherry, laurel, and many 
others. The inlaid work of flowers and 
leaves are often thought to be paintings, 
but no paint was used on the furniture. 
The green of the leaves only were penciled 
to show veins. On the wide panel above 
the pedals of the organ, different colored 
woods make the picture of a vessel sailing 
before the wind on a ruffled sea. Advan¬ 
tage is taken of tortuous graining to give the, 
effect of lines that in a drawing would repre¬ 
sent full sails, and by using a light colored 
wood whose peculiar grain has an unusual 
wave line, the sea is represented. Her work¬ 
shop is her kitchen, and the articles were 
made in the intervals of household duties. 
The best cabinet makers of Philadelphia 
declare that her work is done as well as 
it is possible for any cabinet maker to do 
it, and she did not simply ornament but 
made it from the rough. 







On the west wall of this alcove hangs 
Miss LEWIS’ chart of The Animal King¬ 
dom. I he trunk of the tree represents 
the ancestral form, and the entire animal 
kingdom find representation in the arrange¬ 
ment of boughs, twigs, and leaves. With 
this is its model in wax-muslin. In this 
classification of vertebrates English and 
American zoologists have been followed 
—the English also for the molluscs and 
the German for some of the invertebrates 
Miss GRACE ANNA LEWIS is a mem¬ 
ber of the Academy of Natural Science of 
Philadelphia. Her special attainment is 
zoology, more particularly ornithology, and 
her chart has had high enconiums from 
Professors Huxley, Baird, and Gill. 

Very near this is a Chart of General 
Literature, by ESTHER J. TRIMBLE, 
instructor of literature in Swarthmore 
College. It is a chronological list of the 
principal writers of the world, and is in¬ 
tended, not to supersede text books, but to 
furnish a means of accurate and ready 
reference. In a case under the first chart 
are the Microscopic Illustrations of Hr. 
Wormley’s Micro-Chemistry of Poisons 
by Mrs. T. G. WORMLEY. The story of 
her work is familiar—how she studied and 
fitted herself to prepare these illustrations 
after she found no one else capable of do¬ 
ing it. In the same case are a set of 
plates of the Geological Survey of Ohio, 
from drawings by Miss KATE E. AN¬ 
DREWS. The beautiful Oberammergan 
Album, of Mrs. GREATOREX, is also 
here. And more of her art work is to be 
found, not only in the Art Gallery of the 
Women’s Pavilion, but in Memorial Hall. 

There is constant inquiry for the Queen’s 
needle work. The Queen of England sent 
some napkins, the linen of which she had 
spun; and some etchings, most of them 
caricature portraits of her young family, 
done in the years succeeding 1841. The 
question had reference to the cases from the 
ROYAL SCHOOL OF ART NEEDLE¬ 
WORK, of which Her Majesty is the 
Patron, and Princess Christian of Schles¬ 
wig-Holstein, the Vice-President. Its ob 
ject is “ to restore needlework to its place 
as an art,” and to make “an industry by 
which ladies of small means may earn a 
living in a truly feminine and refined oc¬ 
cupation.” An artistic upholsterer is ap¬ 
pointed to apply the work to furniture and 
decorations. The “ Royal Case ” contains 


besides the Queen’s napkins, embroidered 
hangings, spreads, and a coat of arms, the 
work of the Princesses. Another case con¬ 
tains the fac-simile of a dress designed for 
the Queen by the Princess LOUISE It 
is of creamy white satin thickly embroid¬ 
ered on gold colored silk, with myrtles, 
orget-me-nots, pansies, and conventional 
flowers. Another very beautiful dress of 
blue corded silk, faced with cream-colored 
satin, and embroidered with forget-me- 
nots, was designed by WALTER CRANE 
and also embroidered by the school. Other 
cases show restored antique patterns for 
hangings, modern designs and embroidered 
tidies. The most artistic work of all is a 
portion of a curtain designed by MORRIS 
and lent by Mrs. Percy Wyndham. The 
flowers are honeysuckles, wild hyacinth 
and acanthus leaves, enlarged on an em¬ 
broidered ground of blue. 

Near the west window of section A 
Miss MARGARITE VAN ZANDT, of 
New York, well known to many who 
came to the building, as an early and suc¬ 
cessful advocate of more of labor for 
women, and as a “ correspondent ” when 
that was a new role for women, worked 
with her colors and brush, copying floral 
nature upon small cards; making it a busi¬ 
ness, receiving orders, and paying her dues 
for the privilege of doing them; a work 
she loves and is successful in. In this sec¬ 
tion, also, was a large botanical collection 
of the flora of northern Illinois, made by 
Mrs. P. V. HATHAWAY. A collection 
of mosses, classified botanically by Miss 
JENNIE WATSON, of Massillon, Ohio; 
and two sets of plates, decorated by Mrs. 
THOS. N. DALE, of Paterson, N. J., 
many years ago in Dresden. They com¬ 
pare favorably with the very splendid set 
of “ Dresden-Dresden ” ware (eighty-five 
pieces, said to be the finest in America,) 
offered for sale across the water, at an im¬ 
mense discount, for a small fortune. 

The most interesting exhibit of Sweden 
is by Miss HEDDE SOPHIE ANDER¬ 
SON, who is in the main aisle, near the 
railway entrance, weaving cushion lace in 
native pattern,—the white, from thread of 
her own spinning. Plain in dress and 
figure, sensitive and shy because of her 
poverty, she nevertheless has the moral 
courage to fall upon her knees—no matter 
for the presence of the guards or early vis¬ 
itors—and preface her morning’s work 







602 


woman’s pavilion. 


with her accustomed devotions; even to 
the plaintive crooning of her morning 
hymn is she faithful to the teaching of her 
church and the vows of her childhood. 
No one who witnesses the simple action 
can doubt the sincerity of her life, or fail 
to feel reproved for lack of moral courage 
to do duty — not necessarily this one— 
under all circumstances. 

The Swedish W ax Figures receive great 
attention from the crowd. A solitary 
bride, and a group of three—two peasant 
girls and a man—in their picturesque Sun¬ 
day attire, prayer book in hand, learning 
the story of the plucked daisy in the hands 
of the prettiest girl — 

“ Loves me ? Loves me not ? Loves me V’ 

Back of these figures, and against the 
wall at the commencement of section C, 
are specimens of native weaving. The 
Norse patterns of brown linen, richly 
striped, have almost an Oriental look. 
Other patterns reminded American women 
of the coverlets that were the pride of our 
Revolutionary grandmothers. Some of 
the rugs might pass, both in figure and 
colors, as Turkish manufactures. Their 
substantial applique work, designed for 
borders of table of piano covers, are of the 
most grotesque pattern—writhing serpents 
and curling dragons intertwined, with here 
and there a little grotesque figure as an 
excrescence on this unnatural growth. 
The lace work somewhat resembles the 
Spanish in structure and stitch, though not 
in design. Tidies, towels, rugs, and hang¬ 
ings of “old north style,” are much ad¬ 
mired. All this work is the exhibit of 
the HANDARBEITELS BANNER, the 
Friends of Female Industry, organized in 
1874, “to promote and develop female in¬ 
dustry on the basis of native art.” 

AGNES ENGDALEL, “ Head Instruc¬ 
tor at the Polytechnic School of Stock¬ 
holm,” describing her own invention, 
says : “Asa correct position of the hand 
is undoubtedly of the greatest importance 
in writing, I have found it very useful to 
have in full size a model of the hand.... 
to show the most correct position of the 
hand in writing. That the pen should be 
correctly held, a ring is secured to the 
penholder an inch above the pen. From 
the ring a branching wire springs out, 
three-fourths of an inch in length, and 
each branch has a hole at the end through 


which is put a cylindrical piece of wood 
about six inches long, which prevents the 
pupil from turning the pen between his 
fingers.” The penmanship accompanying, 
the model of which a part of the descrip¬ 
tion is here omitted, is perfect. 

NORWAY sent dolls instead of life- 
size figures, to show the native dress of 
the people, which is not unlike that of the 
Swedes. The chief difference is in an as¬ 
tonishing head-dress, a fluted cotton cap 
with wings-like projections each side of 
the head. An immense bridal crown of 
beads and tinsel is another curiosity. 
Different articles of the quaint dress of the 
women are gay with bead work in geome¬ 
trical patterns; beside these are substantial 
blankets, hand woven, of red and white 
yarn. Knitted articles, and spreads orna¬ 
mented in applique of arabesque patterns, 
beside garments stitched by hand; re¬ 
minders of the pride of pre-sewing ma¬ 
chine days. 

All the little girls who come near stop 
to admire the very full set of doll’s house 
furniture sent by Mrs. MARIE GRIMS- 
GARD, of Sarpsborg; and it would be in¬ 
vidious to a large branch of the human 
family not to mention the good stockings 
knit by Miss Helen Lundle, “aged six.” 
A counterpane and four pillow-shams of 
lace, made in 1830 by young serf girls of 
Moscow, was sent by a lady of Norway, 
whose mother belonged to the nobility of 
Russia. But the most popular and saleable 
of all the articles are small bouquets of 
pressed flowers, the secret of whose pre¬ 
served colors belongs only to Miss LAURA 
LARSEN, of Moss, who received the 
“ Auerkennung’s Diploma” for her art at 
Vienna, in 1873, and at the national fair 
at Drammen “mention honorable.” In 
the case is also some very fine embroidery 
on pina cloth. 

Near the exhibit of Norway is that of 
SPAIN and her colonies. From the 
ASYLUM OF SAN MANUEL, in Ma¬ 
laga, is some very fine Valenciennes lace; 
from the CHARITY SCHOOLS of the 
ladies of the Catholic Association, of Mad¬ 
rid, raised work embroidery and wide 
point lace, made by girls of ten, twelve, 
and thirteen years of age. Madrid also 
sends an embroidered picture of Don 
Alfonso, done in miscroscopic stitches of 
black silk to resemble the finest engraving. 
From Santiago came a hat, fan, w T atch-case 






_ woman’s 

and puff-box made of the inner fibre of 
common daisy. The NORMAL 
feOHOOL of Teachers sent, among other 
things, a sofa cushion in “ Gobelin point 
embroidery” on gold cloth, priestly vest¬ 
ments of bullion work, and specimens of 
needlework by BENITA, LOUISA, NINA 
and MARIA, of Barcelona. The most in¬ 
teresting exhibit comes from the PHILIP¬ 
PINE INLANDS. The islanders are par¬ 
ticularly skilled in making priests’ vest¬ 
ments, from the fact that at one time 
when the priests found it difficult to pro¬ 
cure these vestments, they taught the na¬ 
tive . women how to make them. Their 
specimens of bullion work, done by young 
gills, cannot be excelled. A novelty in 
embroidery, done on pina cloth, is termed 
‘ rea lp e or royal work. It is an ancient 
Moorish art, preserved in the convents of 
Granada since the conquest of that city by 
the Spaniards. From Granada it was car¬ 
ried by the nuns to the Philippine Islands, 
and is here in the Women’s Building ex¬ 
hibited for the first time, it is probable, in 
this country. The leaves of the flowers 
and the wings of the birds and butterflies 
stand up separate and alone from the cloth 
on which they are embroidered. A small 
handkerchief embroidered in this style re¬ 
quired the work of one woman for two and 
a half years, and is valued at $250. The 
making of pina cloth is woman’s work; 
the pine-apple fibre of which it is made is 
so delicate that all the processes must be 
by hand. 

The contribution of ITALIAN WOMEN 
consisted for the most part of needlework. 
Across one side of the case is hung a 
paleotto or altar cloth. The material, 
white moire-antique silk, is embroidered 
on the border in bouquets with colored silk, 
by MARGARITA LAZZI, of Perugia, 
in her sixteenth year. It is not quite fin¬ 
ished; a long thread of dangling silk 
almost says what is inscribed on the card: 
“She died before it was finished.” The 
handkerchiefs are mare beautiful than 
many of more exorbitant prices; especially 
so is one made by GEROSA ADELE, of 
Milan. There are more imitations of en¬ 
gravings in black silk embroidery and a 
wire window shade of painted yellow silk. 
The case was carpeted with the coarse 
stuffs woven in hand looms by the WOMEN 
OF SEAFATI, near Pompei. A Roman 
Contadina’s apron, bordered with coarse 


pavilion. 0Q3 

and gaudy embroidery, is familiar as the 
never omitted article of adornment in con¬ 
ventional pictures of the Italian girl. 
“ The real palm branch, ornamented by 
nuns, formerly of St. Antonio, Rome,” is a 
sample of those blessed by the Pope and 
borne by cardinals, priests, and people in 
the procession in St. Peter’s on Palm-Sun- 
day. For nearly half the length of the 
branch the flat woody strips of the leaf 
were braided, looped, and twisted into fan¬ 
ciful forms. An embroidered picture of 
the Devils Bridge, “a Roman monument 
sketched from nature,” is also an imita¬ 
tion of ancient Arras. It is the work of 
Miss THERESA DI LEUNA, who for a 
piece of work done in the same style re¬ 
ceived at the Vienna Exposition a prize 
medal. 

The work of the JAPANESE WOMEN 
is very conspicuous. One case is full of 
pincushions, made of different colored 
crapes, to represent almost all small fruits 
and vegetables; there are also tippets of 
crumpled crape, which, costing dollars here, 
are worth in Japan only a few cents. 
There are. large folding screens, at least 
six. feet high, and wide in proportion, on 
which fans are pictured, almost covering 
the back ground, and lying at every con¬ 
ceivable angle. Each of these fans has 
some illustration of common life, most of 
them of women at work. Here one can 
see almost all the processes of silk and tea 
culture. There are also convivial and re¬ 
ligious scenes. The faces of the lower class 
women, as well as their work, distin¬ 
guish them. Some of the embroidery pic¬ 
tures are both allegories and caricatures— 
a scene in a marsh, in which the actors are 
a frog, a grasshopper, and a cricket. 
Another is a bridal procession of foxes. 
A lady of rank, dressed for the afternoon 
in four or five different colored robes, is 
seated at her sewing; her work-basket, 
with its pincushion and scissors (the latter 
with a continuous handle, like sheep shears), 
gives a striking resemblance to many 
American interiors. Another is a woman, 
with writing implements and scrolls, med¬ 
itating a poem, poetical composition being 
almost the special employment of a cul¬ 
tured Japanese lady. These pictures are 
made by cutting the figures from stiff 
paper, painting the faces and covering the 
bodies skillfully with crape, much as chil¬ 
dren would dress a doll, securing the cloth 








cot 


woman’s 


with stitches or gum at the back, which, 
pasted against the background (prepared 
in much the same way) or secured by 
“blind stitches,” effectually puzzle the 
Western woman, confused by the mis¬ 
nomer, embroidery. The Japanese women 
do embroider, however, with a skill to 
which Western women never attain. A 
hair-cloth screen, almost perfectly trans¬ 
parent, is embroidered so that both sides 
are exactly alike, and it is impossible to 
detect where threads are fastened or 
joined. Some of the rugs which they 
make are very soft, firm, and pretty, having 
a thick, fleece-like nap. A very handsome 
glove-box and some colored balls of well- 
harmonized bright colors, have this descrip¬ 
tion accompanying them. “The glove- 
box, the cover of which is entirely woven 
by hand, and the balls of wound cotton 
thread, are made by the grandmother of 
Prince Nabeshima, a lady whose eyesight 
is still perfect, notwithstanding she is 
already over 70 years of age.” She is a 
lady of great culture, and is considered 
authority on all matters concerning Japan¬ 
ese literature and Japanese warfare. Not 
only is she remarkable for her horseman¬ 
ship, but also for the fact that she excels in 
the use of the halberd, which formerly con¬ 
stituted a part of the military science, and 
required several years of practice to attain 
perfection. Her chief enjoyment is the 
instruction of her neighbors’ children in 
the art of weaving, of raising silkworms, 
and in other industries. A large picture, 
a sea-shore and storks flying away, each 
with a scroll tied to its foot, is painted, 
and the five or six figures of women on 
the shore are of paper and crape, fastened 
to the background as described. It is also 
described already. A scene from the 
Genji Nonogatari, a historic romance com¬ 
posed by a Japanese court lady in the 
13th century. This book is a classic 
work, and a standard of the language. 
The scene is laid near the strand of Kama¬ 
kura. Yoritomo’s wife and her maids are 
celebrating the Hojoye (setting free living 
creatures), a festival still observed in Japan 
on the 16th of August. 

The work of CANADIAN WOMEN 
consisted of embroidery and painting on 
silk, satin, velvet, and canvas; lace chenille, 
and tatting, some of the latter of remark¬ 
able depth and richness of design—a wide 
flounce; leather work, and spatter work 


PAVILION. 


(the former received an award); and chasu¬ 
bles and church furniture in rich bullion, 
some of the furniture finely ornamented 
with straw work, much of it done in nun¬ 
neries, constituted the greater part of the 
exhibit. A piece of painted white velvet 
is marked $400, and a handkerchief worked 
by a nun, judging from its size for a gen¬ 
tleman, is $300. One of the finest speci¬ 
mens of embroidered portraits was of 
Mary Stuart. A picture of Faust and 
Margaret Leaving Church, beside having 
merit as a picture, is of special interest to 
connoiseurs in needlework as being done 
“in real Gobelin stitch,” by Madame DE 
BELLEFUILLE McDONALD, of Mon¬ 
treal, who unraveled a piece of ancient 
work, an heirloom of the family, and so 
unraveled the mystery. Another picture, 
by Mrs. GEDDES, is of the same stitch. 
Among the most beautiful things of the 
whole collection are pictures made of lich¬ 
ens, bark, and mosses—one of Melrose Ab- 
bey, by Mrs. E. G. WARREN, of St. 
John, N. B. The cretonne work, by Mrs. 
HENRY PRYOR, of Halifax, is very 
good; and some basket-work—a basket 
and a beautiful hat, with plume and flowers 
of the same material, is of its kind the 
most beautiful ever shown. The most 
significant exhibits are the models of re¬ 
ligious houses, made accurately according 
to a scale, by nuns of the institutions: one, 
ST. JOHN OF GOD’S INSANE ASY¬ 
LUM, Long Point, near Montreal, in all 
nine buildings. Other models were of the 
General Hospital and Mother House, of 
Montreal, the Sacred Heart Convent, the 
Convent De Jesus Marie, the Mother House 
of the Sisters, “De Notre Dame,” founded 
in Montreal by the illustrious Margaret 
Bourgeoys in 1653, and the Hospital Gen¬ 
eral of Quebec, where, in 1775-76, Col. 
Arnold stationed a part of his men, and 
from whose belfry Brig.-Gen. Montgomery 
observed the movements of the British in 
Quebec. What is usually passed as a doll, 
is an exhibit of an improvement in cloth¬ 
ing, by Mrs. HENRIETTA CONNER; 
“ A complete waterproof, composed of an 
outside paletot and an inside skirt, with 
space of material between the two for the 
insertion of a lady’s dress and all her 
skirts, the paletot of light rubber or mack¬ 
intosh for the length of half a yard or 
less, the upper portion to be of light woolen 
material.” Two large volumes of water- 




WOMAN'S PAVILION. 


605 



work Fish-scale bouquets of colored flow- Wisconsin artists. A bunch of magnolia 
era; feather flowers a Brazilian specialty, blossoms are of special merit, as is the 
with their bugs; a bouquet of some filmy picture of her Florida home where they 
transparency, marked, “ flower cut in the grew, by Mrs. HEWITT, of Milwaukee, 
fig tree; some finely made clothing, and a A cabinet of carved ebony, designed, and 
picture skilfully carved in cork, by ANNA the panels painted, by Mrs. J. O. CUL- 
SEXSEDILLO FARIA, made up the VER, of Madison. A very splendid af- 
greater part of the display. It would be fair is an ebony “shrine,” elaborately 
invidious to the children not to mention carved and lined with silver plates on which 
a very good likeness of a very ordinary are engraved the names of women engaged 
cat, done in worsted and card-board, and in Centennial and in charitable work. Near 
masked very particularly, “ Escolo Munici- Section B are some private contributions 
jjciI de St. Sebastmo, MARIA. DA GLO~ of surpassing beauty and of art value; par- 
RIA MA R TINO, 11 annos. Her cat was ticularly the Dante Album, a collection of 
recognizable, her stitches neat, and her pen-and-ink sketches of the scenes he 
ambition laudable. visited, by ISABELLA LANE CONOL¬ 

EG YPT sends two rugs of gold em- LY, a native of Wisconsin, but for some 
broidery on black velvet; one of them, time a resident of Italy; and two framed 
covered with hieroglyphics, is a prayer panels that, taken in all respects, are 
cushion. In another case are dolls dressed the best exhibited in the building, 
in Jewish and Moorish costumes; with painted by TERESA HEGO, Nice, but a 
them are embroidered shoes made by native also of Wisconsin.’ “The Four 
LILLA RASCHID, and an embroidered Lakes of Minnesota,” a poem written upon 
shashea cover and jacket, by Mrs. HOUS- request by. Longfellow, is copied upon 
SEIN BEY, a Moorish Princess. parchment and framed by a set of illustra- 

The NETHERLAND case contains a tions by LYDIA ELY HOWITT, of 
silk bed cover of patchwork of 4,200 hex- Milwaukee. Four medallions, one at each 
agons, with mosaic work on the border, corner, contain fine pictures of the lakes. 
From the WOMEN’S UNION OF BRE-1 Aurora and Night, that embellish the up- 
DA, a carved bracket, bullion work, and a I per part of the border, are of unusual beau- 
feather picture frame. Mrs. BADHOE- ty. The parchment is in an elegant eb- 
VEVE, a musical composition, an orato- ony case with heavy silver mountings, 
rio, “ God’s Ubiquity.” Here is also a banner of white silk embroi- 

These complete the exhibit of the sec- dered with the thistle and laurel for CHI- 
tion. V AS POST, No. 2, G. A. R., and some 

Across the short aisle was a very large elegant white silk embroidery, done by the 
display of BELGIUM laces, accompanied inmates of the ROSE ASYLUM FOR 
by the portraits, in a group, of the cottage ORPHANS. Near the south door hangs 
women who wear out their lives for a a piece of embroidery pronounced by a 
scanty pittance to make these delicate fab- good judge to be the best of its kind; a 
rics for which they who wear them pay medallion, the seal of Beloit College, 
fabulous prices. A cushion with an un- worked in silk worsted and chenille on 
finished piece, and the numberless bobbins white, the center of satin, the circle about 
as the workwoman left them, attracted it of gros-grain silk; the border of white 
much attention. JULIE EYERAERT I velvet, in all about three feet in diameter 







606 woman’s 

and handsomely framed. In the center is 
an open Bible, and on the scroll descend¬ 
ing about this is the motto, “ Scientia vera 
earn pura .” An anchor forms the period, 
and the letters are interwoven in a delicate 
wreath of field flowers. “ Col. Beloit, Rep. 
Wisconsin,” in large letters of different 
shades of crimson chenille, form the frame¬ 
work, and in the center of each is a rep¬ 
resentation of some national flag, the coat- 
of-arms of the United States forming a 
picture at the base. At the left, in the 
circle, is a tent, showing the condition of 
Beloit in 1833; opposite is the first log- 
house of 1836, and at the top, the improved 
school-house. In Section A, near the 
first of the exhibits just described, is a 
case of decorated china, quite different, and 
in most respects superior, to any other of 
woman’s decoration, twelve plates, each of 
two sizes, painted by Mrs. THOMAS N. 
DALE, of Paterson, N. J., when in Dres¬ 
den. In the case with Mrs. Dale’s ware 
are good specimens of panel painting by 
MARTHA J. WOOD, of Vermont, and 
LUCIA M. GILBERT, of Pittsford, in 
the same state. 

The total receipts of the NEW YORK 
WOMEN’S CENTENNIAL UNION 
were $21,161.72; $1,000 was contributed 
for Wagner’s Centennial March; $12,000 
was forwarded to the Women’s Pavilion, 
and $1,401.21 was reserved for the ex¬ 
pense of returning the exhibits. 

The CENTENNIAL BANNER is com¬ 
posed of two pieces of white silk embroi¬ 
dered alike in colored silk, and placed to¬ 
gether so that both sides present the same 
appearance. In the center is a shield sup¬ 
ported by life-size figures of an Indian 
and a Sailor. Above, are a globe and 
eagle. The inscriptions upon the banner 
are, “ God and our Country,” “ From the 
Women of the City of New York,” and 
“Centennial, 1776—1876.” The border 
is of heavy yellow fringe, the cord and 
tassels are of the same material. The ban¬ 
ner, sixteen feet long and twelve wide, is 
supported by a rosewood staff with silver 
spear heads. It was designed by Mr. 
Whitehouse and made by Tiffany & Co., 
and was finally hung opposite the south door 
of the Women’s Building 

The exhibits from FLORIDA occupy 
but one case near the eastern entrance, 
Section B. A very handsome wreath of 
fungi and mosses, and a basket by Mrs. C. 


PAVILION. 


B. HILDRETH, of St. Augustine. Some 
very handsome ladies’ hats of palmetto, 
and one of corn “shucks,” by Mrs. M. 
CARRERA; a musical composition—the 
Centennial Waltz—introducing national 
airs, by Mrs. WESCOTT; some flowers 
made of fish-scales (which received an 
award), by HARRIET RANDOLPH 
B1RKALL, Mrs. J. R. WHITNER, 
MARY L. BAKER, and Mrs. MARIA 
EPPS SHINE, granddaughters of Jeffer¬ 
son, who affix to their pretty work a card 
signifying that they make this an industry, 
and will take orders. Besides the money 
raised by the white citizens of Florida, 
some colored women raised thirty dollars, 
and they alone of all the colored race con¬ 
tributed personally to the exhibition, in the 
Woman’s Pavilion. 

The southern wall of Section D is thickly 
hung with embroidered pictures. The first, 
according to the last arrangement, is a very 
large one of General Washington, by Miss 
J. WHITTEMORE, of South Carolina; 
and another of especial merit, a scene from 
Shakespeare—Henry VIII, Act 3d 2 Scene 
1st, exhibited by Mr. EDGAR E. SELL, 
of Charleston, S. C., and worked upon three 
years by Mrs. PAMELIA A. ROBERTS. 
A pair of mittens, with Centennial design, 
is a marvel of ingenuity with the knitting, 
needles; done by a granddaughter of Major 
CLAPP, of Revolutionary memory. Oth¬ 
ers are—Hagar, by LINA FIELDNER, 
of Milwaukee, Wis.; a bouquet, by the 
SISTERS OF VISITATION, of Ottumwa, 
Iowa; Hide-and Seek, by Miss JULIA 
WEILER; Christ Blessing Children, from 
the Centennial Association; an Altar Front, 
from ST. JOHN’S GUILD, N. H., the 
picture, a sacrificial lamb; a Naval Picture, 
from the Wisconsin exhibit; a Rag Rug 
made by hand, that is of greater beauty than 
one could suppose possible from such mate¬ 
rial, made by Mrs. JULIA F. WINGATE, 
of Rochester, N. H.; a Child’s Rug, with 
figures of animals in applique , a sort of 
Kindergarten to amuse an infant; Rugs 
made from burlap and carpet thrums, as 
handsome as Brussels, by Mrs. E. B. SH AP- 
LEIGH; The Marriage Feast, by Mrs. D. 
SMITH, of Philadelphia; and specimens of 
work in indelible ink, by MARTHA A. 
TORREY, also of the same city. 

In this section (D) is a Centennial ban¬ 
ner of silk embroidery, by Mrs. C. HEW¬ 
ITT PFORDT, and the exhibit of JOSE* 






woman’s pavilion. 


607 


PH A EC K, St. Louis, Mo., of hand-made 

lace in colored silk, with the cushion and 
bobbins, her business card and her photo¬ 
graph. Mrs. A. A. RILEY sent embroi¬ 
dery, Portraits of the Queen, the Prince 
Consort, the Princess Royal, the Prince 
and Princess of Wales, Win. Gladstone, 
and John Bright, as well as a large histori¬ 
cal picture of the Battle of Langside, which 
decided the fate of Mary Queen of Scots. 
The scene is the Death of Douglas. 

Some very elegant furniture for a sew¬ 
ing basket came from the LADIES’ SOCI¬ 
ETY OF BELLOWS FALLS, Vt., and 
embroidery from the HOME OP THE 
GOOD SHEPHERD, Bath; more elegant 
marking by Mrs. GRAHAM, of Mt. Wash¬ 
ington, and magic darning by Mrs. TAY¬ 
LOR, of Baltimore. In another case is a 
box containing a piece of silk ; some ravel- 
ings of the same, a small ball of yarn and 
a child’s stocking; the whole accompanied 
by a lengthy description. The yarn is 
made from ravelings of old silk, “ the idea 
conceived and executed by Mrs. CLARA 
HAENSSLER, 61 years of age. The 
crude conditions are presented as a contri¬ 
bution to the Woman’s Department, with 
the hope that American ingenuity will de¬ 
velop the suggestion to more practical and 
useful results, by the invention of a ma¬ 
chine, the great desideratum for reducing 
the old, useless, and rejected manufactured 
fabric, if not to its original at least to its fila¬ 
mentary condition.” CLARA HAENSS- 
LERR seems, more than any one else, to 
have caught the idea of the Woman’s 
Building. Some Macrame lace is a real 
novelty. It is described as Old English 
knotting revived. Miss ELINOR E. 
BOOK, Wymondly Vicarage, Stevenage, 
Hertfordshire, England, exhibits it. Some 
Florentine Fringe seems to be a similar 
kind of work, by LILIAN TAYLOR 
(L. A. A.), New York. A Teapot Cosey, 

11 used in Scotland for infusing tea—will 
keep it hot for six hours; made and exhib¬ 
ited by Mrs. PARKER. The Cliff, Scot¬ 
land,” is a novelty. It is covered with 
bead work, and looks like a very large old- 
fashioned work-pocket, well filled. Its in¬ 
ternal structure was a provoking and a 
sealed mystery. Some embroidery on 
canvas by Mrs. CHARLES P. MARSH, 
Woodstock, Vt. Some fine needle-work, 
by a woman almost blind, and 7 5 years of 
age, had affixed to it the name of Mrs. 


CANADY, of Wilmington, N. C. Mrs. 
JOHN MULL, of Philipsburg, sent some 
brown silk crochet, and with Miss MARY 
E. HALE, some good point lace of their 
own manufacture. 

Miss LOUISE HAZELY, Freetown, 
Sierra Leone, West Africa, sent embroi¬ 
dered slipper fronts. Mrs. KEYSER, of 
Phila., had a case of fashionable clothing 
for women and children. 

Spring Time, tapestry needle-work 
(framed), is the exhibit of Mrs. ANNA 
TARBELL, of Brooklyn, N. Y. Flax 
thread pillow lace, made by cottagers of 
Buckinghamshire, England, was sent by 
Miss LUCY MARIAN HUBBARD, Ad¬ 
dington Manor, Winslow, Buckingham¬ 
shire. 

A quilt of 1,500 red and white roses, 
crocheted from 7,000 skeins of embroi¬ 
dery silk, each rose having 743 stitches; 
the whole lined with white silk and finished 
with a deep fringe, is the two years’ work 
of Mrs. ANNE T. AUERBACH, of Troy, 
Alabama. Some lace is offered for sale 
by Miss E. HUDSON, of Buckingham, 
England, the proceeds to be used to 
rebuild the old parish church. A fine 
exhibit of Brussels lace was accompanied 
by the business card of JULIE EVER- 
AERT & SISTERS, “ Bruxelles.” In cases 
near the aisle, and opposite the looms, 
are an embroidered spread by Mrs. HOR¬ 
ACE BROWN; a spread with designs from 
ancient arras, by FANNY HARDING, of 
Islington Lodge, Norfolk, King’s Lynn, 
Eng.; a border for a mantel-piece, by 
CAROLINE HARDING, of the same 
place. Though showing skill in work, but 
in very poor taste, were a Garden of Eden 
and a Noah’s Ark quilts, by Mrs. L. CON¬ 
VERSE, Belville, N. Y. 

In another place hangs more work of 
the Misses HARDING—a very handsome 
'parterre or head-piece for a bed. The con¬ 
ventional flower is large, of a reddish 
orange color; the large, graceful leaves of 
shades of yellowish brown, the whole on 
blue serge. The other piece had a magnifi¬ 
cent sunflower. A mantel valance, like 
those just mentioned, done in crewel, is 
the work of Miss FANNY CARR, The 
Firs, Lavender Hill, London, S. W. Eng. 

Easter Morning was a good piece of 
work in chenille, by Madame MARTINEZ, 
of Cincinnati, Ohio. The least gaudy and 
most beautiful quilt of the collection is of 











608 


woman’s pavilion. 


linen, the “quilting” stitched by hand with 
the exactness of the best machine work, 
between the heavily embroidered pattern 
worked in pale gold-colored silk, as is the 
stitching. It is the work of a Boarding 
School in County Antrim, Ireland, was 
finished in 1830, and is exhibited by Mrs. 
SAMUEL ORR. It is marked $200. 
There are, near these, a very rich altar 
cloth and antependium for a pulpit, and a 
quilt of rose colored silk embroidered in 
silk. The names of the makers are unfor¬ 
tunately not noted. Near this is a case of 
gossamer fabrics as delicate as cobwebs, 
the most of them the products of Scotch 
knitting-needles. 

A large spread, heavily embroidered 
with crewels, was the work of LAURA 
HILLINAN, of New York. Miss FAN¬ 
NY HARDING, before mentioned, also 
sends a copy of some old Flemish work, an 
embroidered picture of a knight of the 15 th 
century. The original belongs to the Mar¬ 
quis Townsend, of Raynham Hall. 

In Section D is a case containing some 
Iowa exhibits. A larger quilt, covered 
with good floral designs, made without a 
pattern with an ordinary pen and indelible 
ink, by Mrs. MARY GILMER, of Bur¬ 
lington, sixty years of age. An embroid¬ 
ered dressing-gown, made by a woman of 
sixty-five, and cushions by Mrs. A. S. 
WELCH, of Amies, some mats by ADA 
C. YAIL, and some other good needle¬ 
work, the names not to be read, in the 
same case. 

The patents in this section not before 
mentioned, are a bedstead with drawers, 
(The Surprise,) by a Boston lady; Mrs. 
HUTCHINSON, of New York, idea of 
dress reform; also Mrs. FLYNT’S, of 
Boston ; a patent Mattress Holder and Bar 
for mosquito nets, by Miss JENNIE H. 
SPOFFORD, of Phila.; a Flower Stand, 
by Mrs. MARY R. PIERCE, formerly of 
Phila., but now of New York; a Lap- 
table, by Mrs. LAURA M. FRIEND¬ 
SHIP, of N. Y.; a Dirt Catcher, by Miss 
ELIZABETH PAGE ; a Leather Table 
and Checker-board, Mrs. G. A. WIL¬ 
LIAMS, Baltimore, Md.; a Kettle and 
Pan Scraper, Mrs. E. J. WHITMAN, of 
Oakland, Cal.; a Lock Barrel Cover, by 
Mrs. HANNAH STEIGER, Laurel, Md., 
and some other inventions, were to be 
found in this section. 

Section B, the industrial department, had 


fewer exhibits, but from their character 
better appreciated. The Carpet Loom 
stood in the corner, and was for the whole 
six months daily attended by Miss LIZZIE 
THROW, of Phila. The Quill Wheel and 
Spooling Machine were attended for three 
months each by MINNIE BOSSERT and 
EMMA TRETBAR; the loom for weav¬ 
ing poplin dress goods by LIZZIE 
JONES; the Ribbon Loom by MARY 
REEDER, of Phila. ; the Jacquard Silk 
Loom by Mrs. BERCHTOLD, formerly 
of Switzerland; the Taylor Loom by Mrs. 
LAWSON, formerly of England. The 
center of the space is occupied by the 
Potter Press, and two days in the Veek is 
in motion, striking off copies of the New 
Century for Woman. Next to this the 
candy stand, hereafter described. The 
cases of work of the girls in New York 
and Iowa institutions for the blind were 
in this section. That of Iowa is very good, 
but of necessity has less variety than that 
of New York, which represents the work 
of forty girls; the most notable being ma¬ 
chine sewing and knitting. Two of these 
girls, Miss CELIA McNAMARA and Miss 
BERNADINA PORAT, were for the 
whole six months, the one sewing and the 
other knitting, in Machinery Hall. Near 
the east door is an exhibit of Indian work. 
Learning of the Department of Women’s 
Work at the great Exhibition, they made 
and gave to the wife of the agent at Wi- 
chita some manufactured mink furs of 
excellent quality, their best of moccasins 
and bead-work, a miniature tent, and the 
tiny model of an Indian wagon, (without 
wheels,) such as is provided for old women 
and children in traveling. In great con¬ 
trast, and very near, is some wax-work, so 
perfect that it suggested the art as acces¬ 
sory to the study of botany. Here is the 
stand of Miss H. F. BAILEY, of Wal¬ 
worth, Wis., whose wonderful art talent 
for form found expression in cutting 
graceful and complicated foliage patterns 
from unmarked paper. 

Mrs. R. E. JENKINS, of Bordentown, 
N. J., put in the section a whole case of 
dolls’ shoes, apparently her exponent of 
business. Mrs. ELIZA F. JACQUEMIN, 
of St. Louis, Mo., had a large case of arti¬ 
ficial flowers, of a quality equalling that of 
boasted importations. Miss ELOISE F. 
W ALCOTT, of Boston, a woman of high 
culture, who speaks several languages, 





woman’s pavilion. 


609 


perhaps to prove that culture is not detri¬ 
mental to skill in handicraft, sent a case of 
basket work, the result of a few months’ 
teaching from Indians. It was dainty, 
and apparently “Indian;” beside it a hand¬ 
some brown-faced, red-lipped woman sat 
and worked at her baskets, where the 
world could see and admire. She was 
dressed a little peculiarly, but becomingly, 
in the common costume of American wo¬ 
men “ Indianized,” her long black hair, 
slightly confined, falling to her waist, and 
gave a card to her customers, which read 
simply, “MARGARET KESIAH, Obkine 
Indian, Canada .” The proudest nation of 
the world had no representative woman of 
greater dignity, suavity, and heart-winsome- 
ness than this Obkine Indian of Canada. 

A small case contained some pretty 
•worsted work, termed “soft sculpture,” 
(of animals and flowers,) by Mrs. H. 
FERRIOR, of Des Moines, Iowa. Dr. F. 
C. TREADWELL, of Phila., represented 
a new profession open to women, by a case 
of her work; Madame K. SMITH, a new 
trade, by a case of hair jewelry of her own 
manufacture; and Mrs. IT. G. MILLER, of 
Springfield, Mass., probably the only 
woman in the world who is in person a 
practical job printer, recognized as such 
by men, and actually engaged in the busi¬ 
ness after the death of her husband. Her 
business announcement reads: “Having 
purchased this office from the estate of 
the late Joseph Miller, and established my¬ 
self in the business of Job Printing, I am 
prepared to furnish all kinds of Insurance, 
Railroad, Commercial, Wedding, and other 
Plain and Ornamental Printing. I also 
solicit orders for fine Engraved Cards, In¬ 
vitations, Marriage Certificates on Parch¬ 
ment (to order), Elegant Monograms, &c. 
Samples furnished of latest novelties in 
Papeterie, Ball Cards and Covers, Tinted 
Piries, Bristols,”—which made up the list 
of her specimens, highly praised by both 
Boston and New York journalists, and the 
exhibitor complimented by the assertion of 
Mr.MAcKELLAR, of Phila., as “deserv¬ 
ing to take high rank among printers.” 

MARY A. BALDWIN, of West New 
Brighton, S. I., represented herself as a 
manufacturer in specimens of paper hang¬ 
ing. In a case principally devoted to 
Maryland exhibits, Miss AUSTIN, of Bal¬ 
timore, (only fifteen years of age,) showed 
some table mats whose decoration, pen 


and ink sketches, displayed great natural 
artistic merit, as did her models in clay. 
Anothei case here seemed to be occupied 
with small articles of amateur art, from 
Connecticut. A glove box, whose box¬ 
wood panels were painted in water-colors, 
by Mrs. DUNNING, of West Canaan; 
some painted shells, by ANNA H. BRAD¬ 
FORD, of West Winsted; a portrait of a 
Revolutionary officer, and painted fans of 
great beauty, by an “ Amateur;” painted 
tiles, by Miss F. W. DAVENPORT, of 
New Haven, and Mrs. H. D. ANDREWS, 
of Hartford. One of these, “ Hicory Dico- 
ry Dock,” was a very happy conceit; and 
several specimens of “chasing,” from 
the MERIDEN BRITANNIA WORKS, 
where women are employed to do this 
kind of work. In another case near by was 
a chair upholstered with black satin, and 
decorated with oil paintings of very appro¬ 
priate and artistic designs, executed with 
great skill by Mrs. E. T. NELSON, of 
Grand Rapids, Michigan. 

One of the most active industries was 
the manufacture of candies and confec¬ 
tions at the stand of which Mrs. WHITE, 
of Philadelphia, was the proprietor, and 
Mrs. ROBERT SPIIELDS the exhibitor. 
Mrs. Shields is the only woman known who 
understands the whole manufacture of can¬ 
dies and confections, and who follows it as 
a business. At a very early age she began 
to earn her living in a candy factory, m 
some department of the work always open 
to women. While here she became famil¬ 
iar with the rolling machine used in the 
manufacture of lozenges. This machine 
was so constructed that when gauged to 
cut a lozenge of certain thickness, “ it had 
to run so all day; it could not be readily 
changed.” The exhibitor invented an im¬ 
portant improvement—an eccentric gauge, 
by which the machine could be changed 
instantly to cut any form of lozenge re¬ 
quired. She procured a patent for her 
improvement—one of which is used in 
Chicago (her home), one in Philadelphia, 
one in Boston, and one in Springfield, 
Mass. It is employed in the largest candy 
factory m the United States. When Mrs. 
SHIELDS determined to learn the busi¬ 
ness, she met with great opposition. It 
was only by conceding to the manufactu¬ 
rers the use of her patent that she was 
allowed to learn. She spent four years in 
thoroughly mastering every department of 












610 


WOMAN’S PAVILION. 


From the following cuts and explanations, it will be seen what the various useful combinations of 
this Queen of Desks are, namely :— 

Folding Desks, Sliding Desks, Paper Racks and Files, Archives, Book Case, Secretaries , 
Cases of Drawers, Swinging Ink Wells, and Waste Paper Receptacle. 

Fig. A. 



WHEN OPENED. WHEN CLOSED. 

Fig. A represents a Double Desk when opened, the rack filled with Paper Files. The height of 
Desk, 7 feet; length, 6 feet; width, 7 feet; capable of accommodating eight persons to Desk privileges. 
Fig. B represents the same, when closed, but only 18 inches in width, instead of 7 feet, as in fig. A. 
Fig. C.—Explanatory. Ink Well. 



1,1,1, 1—Paper Racks ; 2,2—Folding Desks; 3,3—Sliding desks; 4—Waste Paper Receptacle ; 
5—Archives; 6—Book case; 7,7—Secretaries; 8, 8—Cases of Drawers; 9,9 —Swinging Ink Wells; 
10—Rack for Paper Files. 

Fig. C also represents the Desk opened; one of the Paper Racks turned outward; Door 5 opening to 
the Archives; and Sliding Desk 3 drawn out. 


STILES’ BOOK AND PAPER FILE. Pat. June 20th, 1876. 

Fig. D. 




Fig. D represents a Paper File, made of metal, the back resembling a book; through it extend 
parallel wires on which each paper is filed separately,while the pages open consecutively; adjustable 
sides are also attached to it, when necessary to preserve valuable documents. 


STILES’ SWINGING INK WELL.—Pat*. Applied For. 

Represents a pivoted Ink Well, which always retains the Ink without spilling, owing to its rotary 
motion while the folding leaf of the Desk is being raised or lowered. 

It is also adapted to marine purposes. 

























































































































































































woman’s pavilion. 


Oil 


the work, and can now command a man’s 
wages. “Of course,” she added, “1 do a 
man’s work, even to lifting a barrel of 
sugar, which is not so much a matter of 
strength as of knowing how;” and she 
keeps a boarding-house besides. The stand 
is supplied with every variety of her man¬ 
ufacture, lozenges of every kind, boiled 
work and pan work, fancy fruits, &c. The 
whole art of confectionery is here. 

Probably the most successful invention, 
in every point of view, in the Woman’s 
Building, is the Stiles combination desk. 
Mrs. S TILES has established and supplied 
reading-rooms in her native State (Ver¬ 
mont), and the territories of Minnesota 
and Dakota. The necessity of her inven¬ 
tion came in doing the same work for the 
reading-room of the Ladies’ Christian As¬ 
sociation of Philadelphia. In her unsuc¬ 
cessful search for furniture that would not 
destroy the capacity of the room, the idea 
of a combination of the different pieces in 
one occurred to her, and she called in a 
workman and put her idea into tangible 
form. It was not until one of the commit¬ 
tee to whom she submitted this model said, 
“You have an invention,’ did she look 
upon it as a thing to be patented. The 
desk when unfolded is seven feet, when 
folded only eighteen inches in depth, six 
feet in width, and about seven feet from 
the floor to the top of the ornamental carv¬ 
ing. The tables are adjustable to any in¬ 
clination, and are provided with inkstands 
hung in a double circle on pivots perpen¬ 
dicular to each other, so that the ink wells 
are' always right side up. At the right is a 
large secretary, and small closets at the 
end. One door is provided with a paper 
and letter-box, as well as space for 26 
pigeon-holes. The closet at the other end 
has shelves. The base is for waste; the 
upper portion is for library ornaments. 
This invention, the first woman’s patent 
ever admitted at the American Institute, 
received its highest award for furniture, a 
silver medal, in 1875, and also the highest 
award of the International Exhibition in 
Philadelphia of 1876. 

Though, unfortunately, not in a very 
conspicuous place, the model of the Re¬ 
liance Cook Stove, invented and patented 
by Mrs. EVARD, received much attention, 
not only as an invention, but as a beauti¬ 
ful piece of work in itself, it being made 
of sheet-iron by a jeweler, under Mrs. 


Evard’s personal direction. The necessity 
which was the mother of this invention is 
of interest. After an absence of five 
years, the inventor returned to her old 
home in Leesburg, V a., to find it nearly 
demolished. Bread must be had, but there 
was no baker in the place, and no stove to 
be had for love nor money. The only re¬ 
source was an old Dutch oven, but it was 
“cook or die,” so, though sick, Mrs. Evard 
sat down on the end of a log near the 
oven, in which she had placed the unbaked 
loaf, to feed the fire, and, as it turned out, 
to conjure up an ideal stove. Mr. Evard 
lost his dinner, for his wife was finally 
roused from her trance by the question, 
“ Are you going to give us some dinner ? ” 
“ Yes,” was the answer, “when it is noon.” 
“Noon ! why, it is three o’clock,” was the 
startling reply. She sat down at eight 
o’clock; at three p. m. the ideal stove was 
planned; in two weeks the plan was as 
perfect as the model represents, which 
model, though its dimensions are only 18 
inches by 18, actually cooked at one time, 
for the judges of the fair held at St. 
Joseph, Mo., three pounds of lamb, a 
spring chicken, soup, coffee, several varie¬ 
ties of vegetables, and a small pound cake. 
The Reliance Stove is in effect two stoves, 
separated by a movable partition; wood 
may be burned in one side and coal in the 
other, simultaneously, if desired. Yalves 
are arranged to throw the heat entirely 
under or over ,the oven, or around it. The 
front rack of the grate is open from the 
top to the bottom, and the old-fashioned 
“ tin kitchen ” set before it utilizes the heat 
in roasting meats, leaving a large oven en¬ 
tirely free for baking, and this is again 
divided for the separation of dry and moist 
baking. Levers in the tin kitchen dis¬ 
pense with all lifting in managing the roast. 
A fifth lid is fitted with an hour-glass¬ 
shaped cap, with a valve in the center, 
which regulates the amount of heat pass¬ 
ing to the vessel on it. As the model had 
been used for cooking, many thought the 
stove was manufactured, and a hundred 
could have been sold. They will be in the 
market by the beginning of 1877. 

A new building material, called Nolan- 
um, from its inventor and exhibitor, Miss 
MARY NOLAN, of St. Louis, Mo., was 
shown in form of a model of an American 
dwelling-house. This compound of clays 
was claimed to be harder than marble, 










C12 


woman’s pavilion. 


non-absorbent and non-combustible. A 
full-sized block of Nolanum accompa¬ 
nied the house. It was 18 inches long, 
9 wide, and 13 deep. The blocks have 
an interlocking key, and when finished, 
the inventor asserted that the hollow wall 
needed neither painting, plastering, nor pa¬ 
pering, and was, therefore, more healthful, 
as simply washing the walls removed all 
the malaria of a sick-room. 

The self-healing gas-iron, in several im¬ 
provements, was the joint invention of 
Mrs. S. P. BALL and Mrs. M. P. JACK- 
SON, of Phila. It consists of an upper 
and lower plate, inclosed laterally by wire 
gauze, the space between the plates being 
one and one-half inches. A small gas-pipe, 
finely punctured along the under side, is 
arranged to be lighted and regulated as to 
the amount of gas on the upper plate, 
which, with the handle, is made a non¬ 
conductor. The degree of heat is regu¬ 
lated by the amount of gas turned on 
through a flexible tube, which connects the 
iron with the burner. The amount of gas 
used is small. 

Another invention, by Mrs. POTTS, of 
Phila., is the attachment of a cold handle 
to a smoothing-iron, heated in the ordi¬ 
nary way, dispensing with “holders” and 
burns. 

A very convenient, pretty, and salable 
article was the “Complete Darner,” patent¬ 
ed by Mrs. HARLEY', of Phila. It was 
shaped like a small gourd, was hollow, and 
the top, slightly concave, to allow the play 
of the needle, was movable. The handle 
served as a finger for glove mending and 
a receptacle for needles. 

Mrs. S. SHORT exhibited her patented 
mangle and ironer, a blanket washer, and 
a frame for stretching and drying lace cur¬ 
tains ; and no visitor will forget Mrs. GLO- 
RIANA WELLS, nor her patented dish¬ 
washer. 

Among inventions Mrs. B. A. STEARNS, 
of Woburn, exhibited a diagram for cut¬ 
ting ladies’ and childrens’ garments, for 
which she had received a diploma and sil¬ 
ver medal by the Massachusetts Charita¬ 
ble Mechanics’ Association. Mrs. Stearns 
has also received a Centennial medal. Mrs. 
L. DRURY also presented her method, 
claiming to be the first who patented a 
system of dress-cutting. A set of perspec¬ 
tive outline models (of colored wire) is the 
patented invention of ADELIA C. COV- 


ELL. Lines that are parallel are of 
like colored wire; fore-shortening is ascer¬ 
tained by horizontal and vertical rods di¬ 
vided with inch measurements and inserted 
into loops on the frames. A transparency 
set forth that CATHERINE L. DROWN, 
of New York, furnished illuminated signs 
for every business, and J. I. A. TRES1ZE 
exhibited a patented bureau trunk. From 
what might have been mistaken for a sur¬ 
veyor’s tripod, swung a baby chair sus¬ 
pended by a gay cord and strong elastic 
bands. A Chicago mother is the inventor; 
a card stated that this chair was wholly the 
work of a woman, and most of the work 
of the factory was done by women. Mrs. 
B. MOUNTAIN, of New York, exhibited 
small models of the Life Preserving Mat¬ 
tress, that might be used for an ordinary 
berth mattress. It was so constructed that 
it made no difference which side was up 
when in the water. Previous to its exhi¬ 
bition here, it was officially approved by 
the Board of United States Supervising 
Inspectors of steamboats and adopted as 
an auxiliary life saving appliance, instead 
of boats or rafts. One mattress was al¬ 
lowed for two persons. It is sad to be 
obliged to record the death of Mrs. Moun¬ 
tain from the effects of a sunstroke. She 
lingered for some weeks after the first 
prostration, but finally died on the morn¬ 
ing of Tuesday, August 29th. Mrs. TEM¬ 
PERANCE P. EDSON, also exhibited 
an adjustable rubber life preserver. Mrs. 
FLINT, of Boston, for a long time showed 
her idea of dress reform. Mrs. FER¬ 
GUS and Mrs. FRENCH, both Phil- 
adelphia physicians, represented the cura¬ 
tive agencies of electricity. Dr. ANNIE 
D. RAMBORGER, the only woman den¬ 
tist of Philadelphia, a regular graduate of 
the Dental College contributed work of 
her profession. Miss F. W. WEBBER, 
made an exhibit interesting to those who 
like herself gave attention to fish culture. 
A Danish lady, a teacher of the art in New 
York, sent samples of spatter-work. Of 
wax flowers there was a great quantity and 
of a quality that suggested its usefulness 
as an accessory to the study of botany. 
In Section A, Mrs. LYDIA H. SHEP¬ 
PARD had a patented and very elegant 
Parlor Picture-exhibitor. 

Mrs. CARRIE MITCHELL, of Illinois, 
had a full sized model of her Excelsior 
Table, and three Leaf Hinge; by means of 






WOMAN'S PAVILION. 


613 


which a washstand may he changed to a 
table. Dr. HANNAH M. F. CUTLER 
and Dr. HELEN E. UNDERWOOD, both 
of Chicago, sent specimens of surgical skill. 

An important invention was a hand at¬ 
tachment for sewing machines, by Mrs. 
10A NfeEND, of Philadelphia, a member 
of one of the Centennial Committees. It 
is made by simply reversing the pit¬ 
man, passing the lower end through an 
aperture in the table. It was exhibited 
on the American Sewing Machine. Near 
it is Mrs. SUPLEE’S Open-eyed Machine 
Needles; a bias slot running downward to 
the eye conducts the thread, held in both 
hands, and passed down the side of the 
needle., 

Mrs. O. SMITH, of Chicago, had a cook¬ 
ing range for which she had obtained a 
patent, and Mrs. MARY A. BROWNE 
a parlor cook stove. 

Among the exhibits of inventions none 
were more novel as the work of a woman 
than the Coston Signals. In the year 1840 
Benjamin Franklin Coston “hadconceived 
the idea of combining certain different 
colored pyrotechnical fires in a case, to 
represent certain numbers or figures ac¬ 
cording to a pre-arranged chart.” In 1841 
by order of the Secretary of the Navy he 
made one trial of it at Hampton Roads. 
Before he had made it practical he died, 
leaving only a rough chart, and no good 
directions for the combination of necessa¬ 
ry chemicals. To re-create his invention 
Mrs. Coston employed chemicals for several 
years and made all the pyrotechnical ex¬ 
periments the intellect could suggest, pre¬ 
senting the 'results of each experiment to 
the proper boards of the United States 
Navy. She finally succeeded in produc¬ 
ing a set of signals which so commended 
themselves to the proper officers, that three 
hundred sets were distributed to vessels 
of the United States Navy. After a pe¬ 
riod of two years so many favorable re¬ 
ports were received, that Congress pur¬ 
chased the right to use the patent for the 
Navy of the United States. 

The pictures which were hung in the 
alcoves assigned to them suffered from bad 
position and cross-lights. Miss HOS- 
MER’S“Gates ” never came, the risks of a 
voyage were too great, and the place fitted 
up for them was occupied by some statu¬ 
ary. The piece most, appreciated was a 
bust of Miss Cushman; after this the head 


■ of a fawn, and the Magdalen. One of the 
best pictures was a church interior where 
a group of women and children are attend¬ 
ing Vespers. The Charity Scholar, sent 
from the Dusseldorf studio, by CORNELIA 
W. CONANT. The story of the picture 
is an old lady sitting placid and satisfied 
before a table on which stands a cup of 
tea; a charity scholar in the regulation 
school dress, is reading to her. Most of 
those who had read of Madame Jenchau, 
the Polish painter of crowned heads, were 

disappointed in her work as a whole_as 

represented in the Women’s Pavilion. 
Her idea of “ America ” the large picture 
in the most prominent place in the alcove 
was very Polish. Her Sahara, an Egyp¬ 
tian mother with her babe, was unpleasing, 
but every one stopped to look again at the 
baby-boy, with the shadow in his eyes of 
the coming storm. He is looking out 
froin between his father’s knees crouched 
low in the fishing boat. The large pict¬ 
ure of Truth Unveiling Falsehood was the 
subject of much inquiry, a constant de¬ 
mand being made for an explanation of it. 
It was a piece of good work, but the double 
face and the general horror inspired by the 
sight of a child devoured from its vitals, 
could hardly be excused by the moral of 
the whole. Hagar and Ishmael, by MA¬ 
RY ACKERMAN,of Brooklyn, had some 
faults in drawing, but the sentiment and 
story were trne and strong, and for once 
poor Hagar was simply and only a heart¬ 
broken mother. 

Antwerp from the River, by Mrs. F. 
Stockbridge; The Temple of Esuch on the 
Nile, from Rome, by Miss Clark; Somerin 
Dyke House, where Louis Philippe taught 
school; a young Italian and a Benedictine 
Monk, studies by Miss M. Y. WOOD, just 
returned to Vermont from Munich; After¬ 
noon on the Adirondacks, by EMILY Y. 
LAKEY; A Woman Washing, by Miss 
A. E. WADSWORTH; Panel Pictures, 
by Miss H. DeKAY, Miss MARY E. 
MONKS, Miss KATHLEEN GREA- 
TOREX and Miss F. A. PERKINS, are 
all of special merit, as are those of Miss 
GILBERT, Miss DAVY and Miss VAN 
TROMP, the latter of the Phila. School of 
Design. 

Among the water colors, a panel of 
Morning Glories, hung so high that the 
name was indiscernible, invited especial 
praise. 













614 


woman’s pavilion. 


“ A Rhode Island Lady.” was a work 
by M. M. LUTHER, whose merit needed 
only the name of some European standard 
to have made it priceless. The “ Amateur 
Rehearsal,’ was also superior of its kind. 
The Portrait of Mrs. Scott Siddons, by 
Mrs. G. BENEDICT, of Newark, was 
praised by good judges of the art, and the 
miniature paintings of Mrs. A. C. IVES, 
of Brooklyn, F. A. FRANCIS & LUCIA 
PAYNE, of New York, and of Mrs. BEN¬ 
EDICT, of Newark, N. J., were the most 
perfect works of the kind in all the exhi¬ 
bition. 

In the same alcove hung two pictures of 
Autumn Leaves, of which foreigners— 
who unfortunately did not see in this 
autumn of 1876 our usual forest splendor 
—said “ Such foliage is impossible of 
which many Americans said, “They are 
well preserved leaves under glass.” They 
are pictures of oak and maple leaves, ob¬ 
tained from new shoots. Into such the 
full strength of the sap is poured and the 
leaves attain a remarkable size, and in 
autumn are more brilliant in color than 
those of full grown trees. Miss JUD¬ 
KINS, (of Cambridge, once a friend of 
"Washington Allston, who commended her 
earlier paintings,) has faithfully represent¬ 
ed these in form, texture and tint, as they 
appear in their first flush in early October. 
The subtle overlapping and intermingling 
of color, the golden sap shining through 
its crimson chalice, clouded by microscopic 
dots almost unattainable in copying Nature, 
even the leaf pores are faithfully given. 
The white oak leaf of one picture is a 
compliment to the U. S. Navy. The some¬ 
what paradoxical inscription, “We all do 
fade as a leaf,” is given on the margin in 
more than twenty different languages. 
For four years the artist studied this work 
with the aid of a magnifying glass, until 
she had attained, to use her own words, 
“ sufficient knowledge to walk successfully 
in Nature’s steps.” Because paper ab¬ 
sorbed color too much, she substituted for 
it plates of mica, and its own iridescence 
enhanced the gorgeous colors of the palette. 
Miss Judkins claims the application of 
mica to the purposes of Art as her in¬ 
vention. 

On the wall between the gallery and the 
loom sections, hang several water color 
paintings by the Princess LOUISE. Sim¬ 
ple studies, showing great natural ability, 


and one of them—Children before a Door¬ 
way—of positive high merit. Two im¬ 
mense cabbages, red and green, always 
awakened a smile, as if a Princess should 
only paint the adjuncts of a palace. With 
these hung some good work of the same 
kind, from Canada. 

Opposite to the oil paintings is a large 
showing from the COOPER UNION ART 
SCHOOL, which entitles both the school 
and its pupils to great honor. 

Mrs. H. J. LEAVITT, of Lowell, Mass., 
sent here a good crayon portrait of Mrs. 
STEPHEN BANCROFT. “The Young 
Duchess,” “Christmas Greens,” and “The 
Promenade,” were charcoal studies of high 
merit. Noticeable among the drawings 
on wood, is JENNIE A. BROWN- 
SCOMBE’S delicate sketch of “ Elsie Ven- 
nie,” the girl lying in the moonlight, with 
a charmed necklace around her throat, the 
old nurse watching her from the shade of 
the window. Mrs. R. H. LEES’ pictures 
of river and lake scenery were fine studies. 
The work of M. A. JACOT and C. A. 
POWELL, of Cooper Union, had especial 
merit. Miss S ART AIN’S steel engrav¬ 
ings, and the pen and ink drawings of 
OBER AMMERGAN and of “Old New 
York,” by Mrs. GREATOREX, received 
their accustomed tribute. Miss ADDIE 
LEDYARD, Miss MARY HALLOCK, 
and Miss JESSIE CURTIS sent work that 
gave character to the collection. Miss 
GEORGIAN A DAVIS was represented 
by her “Bridge of Sighs; Miss L. B. 
HUMPHREYS by her illustrations of 
children’s stories. “Hunting Eggs,” was 
a pleasant picture by Miss G. A. NORTH. 
AM; “Children Feeding Chickens,” by 
Miss M. E. SEANNETT; “An Italian 
Girl,” by Miss Mary L. STONE; sweet 
childish figures, by Mary A. WALLACE, 
and a charming drawing of flowers, a face 
characteristic of the flower peering from 
the center of each, by Miss MARY A. 
LATHBURY, (sent by Scribner & Co., by 
whom it was published,) charm all lovers 
of children. 

Mrs. WILLETTS HARRISON sent, 
among other drawings, her illustration of 
one of Harper’s stories, and Miss ALICE 
DONLEVY a number of designs for title- 
pages, newspaper headings, and pictorial 
labels, good specimens of “ Art applied.” 

Among the many good things in the 
Cooper Union Gallery were, a portrait of 






S 6 *"?'- Deems > pastor of the Church 

Naravan & NSW York ’. a >‘ d that of 
3 Sheshadra, so familiar to those 

Z? a T* the ' lleetin g s of the Evangeli. 

H. O’EARLS The ktter by EEBE( ^ CA 

stood Al ?T e T* the water colors 
C r TTTT n tCh - ln , P aster ’ hy Mrs - EMMA 
“ Fr„ " j’ m 16 a< ^j°ining alcove an 
‘Eye and a “Cinderella,” models in 

of a pw’h by o IiS3 BLA NCHE NEVIN, 
In la., and in the next alcove a table 

wMS? ™ b kT L¥ 

JNear the oil paintings stood a plaster 

bv S i°R A th W e M ViS i 0nof St - Christopher ” 

Yort' 1 B . M ', PEEEB ORNE, of New 
ork and at a late day, a piece of gilded 

work from Miss HOSMER was placedln 

the ai sle, “The Triton.” Still later, a me 

da ion. profile portrait, in marble, Mrs. 

from Hal a AA ° f Ver y S reat mer it, 

alcOTef y ’ f ° Und a PlaCe “ 0ne of the 

About the close of the exhibition several 
meetings were held, with a view to a per. 
manent organization, and at last, after 
some rather acrimonious debates, the fol 
lowing was adopted: 


woman’s pavilion. 


____ 615 

three times as much as was expected Tliev 
corresponded with all civilized nation* 7 

tl e d fn br ° UgQt t0gether high and low from 
e four quarters of the globe. They made 

their building remarkably attractive and 

the 7 downhearted 0 ^ 11 ? ^ eilcoura .g e 
fresh courage the tired ancTthe ■'weaiy."' 11 ' 1 


the butter lady. 


“Woman's vJl?* Assoc . iation b e called the 
vv oman s National Centennial League.” 

After this a committee was appointed to 
draft a constitution and by-laws. 

Some feeling was exhibited* by several 
active cooperators, and some asperity 
mingled with the generally approbatory 
discourses ■ Perhaps a little austerity was 
manifested where gentle suavity and more 
extended urbanity might have led to 
greater unanimity. Be this as it may we 
rejoice that the women have held as it 
were, a separate exhibition. Their labors 
have been extremely arduous. They com¬ 
menced with a will, and accomplished 


MRS. CAROLINE S. BROOKS dur- 

SLT 7 A ° f the Cen tennial/made 

during thi l l notonet y> tha ‘ continued 

modef n? h ° 6 S ‘ X months , by her 
model of a very superb bust in butter 

Having provided a metallic background 

so constructed that a goodly cmantirv of 

me could be kept behinlandY tlmsfdes 

fines?Reth?h 11 u nt P ° Unds 

finest Bethlehem butter, and with her ff rav- 

ers which were spatulas, she commenced 

pu ting the table comfort into shape. The 

ice kept it sufficiently hard, even in the 

hottest months. She worked rapidly yet 

carefuHy; and almost directly, instead 7 0 f 

Bethlehem lumps, a sweet, angelic face 

peeped out, complete in. all its details 

Wheie Mrs. Brooks studied we know not- 

we only know that it was really made of 

butter, for we afterwards saw her making 

flYT. terpart “ Judges ’ Hal1 - Crowds 
nocked to examine and criticise. Thou- 

sands wondered “how she did it.”’ The 

“ ovehes ” and “oh, mys ! ” were scattered 

promiscuously about the building*. “Bid 

she churn it? » “ Was it butter? 

So great was the crowd in Woman’s 

Building, that the Butter Lady was re- 

S°u ed nV he ^ pper floor of MemoriaL 
Hall, and here the ingress and egress-of 

the multitudes had to be regulated by the 

Centennial guards. It was undoubtedly 

the cream of both buildings. J 


CHARITIES CONDUCTED BY WOMEN. 

At the southern entrance of the Woman’s Pavilion was n silont h,,* 

T“ ch tlie heart with tenderness. The wall was lined with v?ewi lt r,f i P h 6SS1V - e exh ! blt ; Ttp character was such 

ded States, Great Britain, Germany, Russia, Denmark and Italv that hflvoV an< r U8 c ! ia , nfa C e associations in the 
All Duhlished doenmpnts ruisifinrf A ...._ ...A, , } .that have been founded and manacwl hv 


l,i 8 toiJc<:!lc.rtton dOCUmen ' 8 »«">"• — 

It was a pleasing feature in woman’s work to see the results n r 
ehannes.recGrded’ an exhibition of hearf-work rankingfarSC intenech^lT"^ k m *J ,d kindnese of heart-829 
I he idea of bringing- together this phase of wnmnn'l iLTI!'intellectual or skilKul labor. 

President of one of the largest benevolent organizations represented**^ Wlf 1 Bis h°P Simpson, the founder and 
It is worthy of record that the women of this centurv occimvwA« i • i * 
effectually to alleviate the sufferings of humanity 0ccup ^ ul o th e highest positions in society,, are working so 

30 




















THE 


INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. 


HORTICULTURAL HALL. 


HORTICULTURAL HALL.—Scale, 80 ft. to 1 in. 
Size, 883 by 133 feet. 



A Floral Hall. B Greenhouse. C Exhibits. F Offices. 

G Porch. 

Total Length, 350 ft. Width, 160 ft. Height, 65 ft. 

Appropriations of the city of Philadelphia have pro¬ 
vided the Horticultural Building, which is to remain in 
permanence as an ornament of Eairmount Park. It is 
on the Lansdovvne Terrace, a short distance north of the 
Main Building and Art Gallery, and has a commanding 
view of the Schuylkill river and the northwestern portion 
of the city. The design is in the Moorish style of archi¬ 
tecture of the twelfth century, the principal materials ex¬ 
ternally being iron and glass. The main floor is occupied 
by the central conservatory, 230 by 80 feet, and 55 feet 


high, surmounted by a lantern 170 feet long, 20 feet wide, 
and 14 feet high. Running entirely around this conserva¬ 
tory, at a height of 20 feet from the floor, is a gallery 5 
feet wide. On the north and south sides of this principal 
room are four forcing houses for the propagation of young 
plants, each of them 100 by 30 feet, covered with curved 
roofs of iron and glass. Dividing the two forcing houses 
in each of these sides is a vestibule 30 feet square. At 
the center of the east and west ends are similar vesti¬ 
bules, on either side of which are the restaurants, recep¬ 
tion room, offices, 6tc. From the vestibules ornamental 
stairways lead to the internal galleries of the conserva¬ 
tory, as well as to the four external galleries, each 100 
feet long and 10 feet wide, which surmount the roofs of 
the forcing houses. These external galleries are con¬ 
nected with a grand promenade, formed by the roofs of 
the rooms on the ground floor, which has a superficial 
area of 1800 square yards. 

The east and west entrances are approached by flights 
of blue marble steps from terraces 80 by 20 feet, in the 
center of each of which stands an open kiosque 20 feet 
in diameter. The angles of the main conservatory are 
adorned with eight ornamental fountains. In the base¬ 
ment, which is of fire-proof construction, are the kitchen, 
store-rooms, coal-houses, ash-pits, heating arrangements, 
etc. 

It covers an area for exhibition purposes of 122,500 
square feet, and cost about $300,000. This building will 
be permanent. 


HORTICULTURAL HALL. 

Few people know much about horticul¬ 
ture as an Art. They know when they see 
flowers, shrubs, trees, winding walks or 
mathematical gardening where everything 
grows by line, in squares, circles, and tri¬ 
angles. But the real science is to imitate 
Nature—to help her on her winding way 
to turn everything to beauty, and chiefly 
never to arrange a thing twice alike—end¬ 
less variety and endless beauty should be 
the aim of all horticulture. One of the 
few buildings that are to remain as perma¬ 
nent ornaments of Fairmount Park, is Hor¬ 
ticultural Hall. It is on the Lansdowne 
Terrace, north of the Main Building and 
Art Gallery, and from its balconies one 
can look far along the Schuylkill river, 
and beyond it to the city. The building 
is constructed of iron and glass, in the 
Moorish style of architecture, of the twelfth 
century. 

No building materials can be put to¬ 
gether to produce so fanciful an effect 
as iron and glass. It seems fit only for 

















































































HORTICULTURAL HALL. 












































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































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HORTICULTURAL HALL. 


C19 


sunshine and balmy breezes, but has 
strength to defy the blasts of a century. 
It is painted in rich browns, yellow, and 
maroon, with some trimming in green; the 
colors so harmonized as to make a perfect 
w'hole; not too gaudy to compete with the 
flowers and put them in the shade, but 
toned down to please the eye and complete 
the picture. 

Up the broad steps and over a piazza, 
the visitor enters through the wide door 
into a vestibule, opening at once upon the 
mam floor occupied by the principal con¬ 
servatory. This hall is 230x80 feet and 
55 high, surmounted by a lantern 170 feet 
long 20 feet wide and 14 feet high. A 
gallery five feet wide surrounds the con¬ 
servatory at a height of twenty feet from 
the floor. As in ah the other buildings, 
there is an endless procession of human 
beings, tramp, tramp, tramp, around the 
galleries; up and down the stairways, in 
the hot-houses, and through the main aisles. 
Some stop to ask questions of the English 
gardeners; a few use their note books, but 
most pass along quickly as if crossing a 
ferry in haste to get over. The central 
conservatory is arranged in four handsome 
beds in shape triangular, with a large cir¬ 
cular fountain in the center and aisles 
crossing each way. 

There are six statues in the Main Hall 
from 

J. L. MOTT’S IRON WORKS, New 
York. Also specimens of garden statuary 
exhibited by 

ROBERT WOOD, GALLOWAY & 
GRAFF, of Philadelphia, and 

THE MOORHEAD CLAY WORKS, 
Philadelphia. At the four corners are 
statues in marble representing Europe, 
Asia, Africa, and America, exhibited by 

JOHN BAIRD, of Philadelphia. 

The rare plants in the main hall are 
from 

THE UNITED STATES BOTANIC 
GARDEN and the 

UNITED STATES AGRICULTURAL 
DEPARTMENT, Washington; also from 
Philadelphians and others. There is a 
Ficus lucicla from 

Mrs. CARPENTER, of Germantown; 

Ficus elastica from 

J. L. LOVERING, Oak Hill, Philadel¬ 
phia—many specimens of Australian tree 
ferns which look so peculiar with their 
tall black trunks bare to the top, where a 


j small bunch of green ferns branch out like 
flowers in a tall black vase. There are 
mahogany trees, cocoa, guava, papaw, and 
rose-apple trees, cactuses, sage palm, man- 
goe, Monsterci deliciosa, beautiful specimens 
of four palms, banana, date palm, incense 
tree, Eucalyptus , or gum tree of Australia, 
wild tree palm, camphor, fig, lemon, and 
orange trees with the fruit upon them, and 
New Zealand pine. Many fine plants of 
sago palm, sugar cane, mandarin orange, 
and coffee, bear the name of 

Mr. JUAN POEY, of Havana, as 
the exhibitor. 

Mr. JACOB HOFFNER, of Cincinnati, 
Ohio, sent to the Department a very fine 
palm. It is said to be one hundred and 
fifty years old, and to have been owned by 
Robert Morris, of Revolutionary fame. 

To pass from the dainty, delicate flow¬ 
ers and shrubs to iron works, stoves, and 
steam boilers, seems a decided transition, 
but quite a necessity of conservatories is 
the hot air supplied by the steam boiler, 
and 

Messrs. SMITH & LYNCH have sam¬ 
ples of their Improved Portable Cellular 
Fire-box, Return Flue Boilers. Their man¬ 
ufactory is in Boston, Mass. Another late 
patent of hot-water boilers is from 

JAMES WARNER, Bridesburg Sta¬ 
tion, Phila. 

CHARLES R. ELLIS, of New York, 
has five greenhouse boilers of various 
sizes ranged along the hall, at the entrance 
of the main room. There are also Wil¬ 
son’s hot air boilers. 

On one side the entrance is the office of 
the 

BUREAU OF HORTICULTURE. 

The Committee of the Centennial Com¬ 
mission in Horticulture are 

THOMAS H. CALDWELL, JOHN C. 
CHEW, JOSEPH W. HAINES, J. T. 
BERNARD, G. W. GRANT, F. C. JOHN¬ 
SON, C. F. CLARKSON, A. F. LAW- 
RENCE. 

The Resident Advisory Committee are 

JOHN J. SMITH, W. L. SCHOFFER, 
ROBERT BIN ST, J. E. MITCHEL, 
THOMAS MEEHAN,JOSIAH HOOPER, 
C. W. TROTTER, S. B. PARSONS, 
JAMES RITCHIE, and A. T. GOSHORN, 
Director General, CHARLES H. MIL¬ 
LER, Chief of the Bureau of Horticulture, 
W. H. SUYDAM, Assistant, HENRY 
KERN, Superintendent of the grounds. 










G20 


HORTICULTURAL HALL. 


On the other side of the Hall is a large 
square room, containing various small ex¬ 
hibits. Here are volumes of the Garden¬ 
er’s Monthly since the date of 1860, hand¬ 
somely bound in Russia, from the publisher, 
CHARLES H. MAROT, of Philadel¬ 
phia. 

The next cabinets are filled with artifi¬ 
cial fruit, preserved and waxed flowers, 
from H. ACOSTA KRESKEN, of Cincin¬ 
nati, 0., who has been honored with twen¬ 
ty-eight prize medals for his superior work. 
ROBERT KIPP, of Phila., has fine artifi¬ 
cial flowers in handsome baskets. Messrs. 
PENNOCK BROTHERS, of Phila., have 
handsome rustic tables; a large fernery, 
with fine bouquets. 

PHILIP KLAGG, of New York, has 
good specimens of ornamental wire work 
in flower stands, with various devices of 
dragons, vases, pelicans, and lilies; and 
another stand supporting the fac simile of a 
large river steamboat. 

HUGH GRAHAM, of Phila., exhibits 
some fine conservatory plants. 

Messrs. LE MOULT, of New York, and 
S. W. SMITH, of Phila., have cases of 
preserved flowers. 

CHARLES MEYER, of Baltimore, has 
sent ornamental flower stands. 

PETER HENDERSON & CO., of New 
York, have an exhibit of all the mechani¬ 
cal appliances for gardening, such as jack- 
knives, shears, syringes, thermometers, fan¬ 
cy flower baskets, artificial flowers, and 
handsome silk and lace bouquet holders. 

THE PARISIAN FLOWER CO., A. 
& H. A. Williamson, of Phila., have wax 
fruit and flowers, and the usual style of 
artificial flowers. 

Across the west end of the main hall the 
RACINE (WIS.) HARDWARE MFG. 
CO. have ornamental house-furnishing and 
florist’s goods. 

They have pretty lawn settees with fold¬ 
ing canopy. The back of the settee re¬ 
verses like a car seat, and the canopy can 
be thrown back or forward like a carriage- 
top. They have aquaria, flower stands, 
and ferneries, of very handsome styles, 
with revolving flower stands and brackets; 
in fact they represent one of the largest 
floral manufactories in the country. 

In a small glass case is shown a wreath 
made of the same materials as the coffin of 
Abraham Lincoln, in 1865; there is the 
wood, the cloth, the fringe, the nails—“In 


| memory of.” A strange wreath indeed, 
which in itself preaches a funeral sermon, 
and as well recalls the memory of a martyr 
patriot. 

McCLUNIE’S Drainer and Evaporator 
for pots, vases, and hanging baskets, is a 
useful apparatus. 

From Mrs. RUES’ SCHOOL there are 
specimens of wax work, as oysters, cigars, 
ale foaming in the goblet, doughnuts, pears, 
and all manner of fruits, as natural as the 
real growth. 

Here are window gardens, flower boxes, 
fountain stands, and chandeliers, from 
THACKARA, BUCK & CO. 

GUSTAV EICHLER, Professor of 
Landscape Gardening, has pictures of his 
manner of laying out grounds after Nature’s 
own beautiful curves. 

In the north wing is one of the hot¬ 
houses, where are palm trees, ferns, and 
similar plants. Some of the finest are ex¬ 
hibited by S. B. PARSONS & SONS, of 
Flatbush. From E. D. STURTEVANT, 
of Bordentown, N. J., B. S. WILLIAMS, 
of London, and from Cuba, there have 
been sent very beautiful plants. 

There are ferns from Hawaii and some 
from the Philippine Islands. 

Another hot-house is occupied by palms, 
ferns, etc., exhibited by GEORGE SUCH, 
of South Amboy, New Jersey. 

Across the eastern end there are three 
large rooms filled with exhibits. 

Messrs. BARNARD, BISHOP, & BAR¬ 
NARD, of the Norfolk Iron Works, 
Norwich, England, have a large assort¬ 
ment of garden machines of wrought iron, 
as water barrows to hold forty gallons; a 
tete-a-tete or double garden chair, price 
$13.37 in gold; a settee with table; a small 
table and three chairs around it, costing 
$19.45 in gold; also straight arm chairs. 
The iron wire work of the chair is strong 
yet delicate in appearance, and so does not 
infringe on Nature’s beauty. There are 
settees with canopies; also cottage lawn 
mowers to cut six inches only, as in Eng¬ 
land they shave their lawns much closer 
than we do. There are also garden rollers, 
a hose reel for garden hose, galvanized iron 
wire seed protectors to cover over the 
ground after planting to prevent mice or 
rabbits from digging up the seed. 

In the northeastern room are the ex¬ 
hibits of M. PERINE & SONS, of Balti¬ 
more, Md., in vases and flower stands. 






II ETCHINGS & CO., of New York 
have water heaters and boilers. 

J. M JONES, of Palmyra, N. Y horti- 

GEORPw r U S Ural im P leraen ‘s. 
GEORGE BALDERSTON, of Colora 

Maryland, h as paten t flower stands. 

In another room, MAD. BROSSE’S 

from' Cal't r " In ‘j rals and moss-specimens 
o n California beaches, is quite curious; 

and here is a pair of glasses found by her 

J CHASE ° f f L R ke , Tah ° e> Califorida - 
J. CHASE, of Rochester, N. Y., has an 

aquarium, plant stand, bird cage, and fern¬ 
ery, to represent his work 

EDWARD JANSEN, of New York 
exhibits a waned collection of ornamental 
,'® r k ask ets in wire and straw. 

THE AMERICAN FOUNTAIN CO 

° f tVV V?’ exhibits P al>l0r fountains’ 
and A H. HEWS & CO. have flower pots’ 
vases, fern cases, etc 1 ’ 

HENRY A. DREER, of Phila., has a 
large case of seeds, garden tools, vases 
flower pots, preserved flowers, etc. 

AUGUST RALKER & SONS, New 
i orli, exhibit colored grasses. 

Li the adjoining room, J. F. HUSS, of 
-PiusHing, L. I., sends an interesting collec- 
10 ^ t S ^ e ^ e f° n ferns, extremely handsome 
GEORGE A. SHORE, ofDighton, Mass.,' 
has here plans of a garden under glass for 
invalids. & 

There are self-watering flower baskets 
and ferneries from HESS & SON of 
Praia. ’ 

THOMAS McCLUNIE, of Hartford, 
?°“ n - M™R & HAYES, Phila., and 
T- B. WEIDENMANN, of New York 
show landscape gardening. 

G. B. P. RING WALT has an exhibit of 
preserved autumn leaves. 

H DOULTON & SON, of Lambeth, 
England, exhibit two fine pieces of statu¬ 
ary, one a copy of Diana, and the other a 
large vase, called the Amazon vase. It has 
upon it a representation of the Battle of the 
Amazons, and from the edge hang clusters 
of grapes. 

The two forcing houses at the south have 
been filled with tropical plants from Ha¬ 
vana, Cuba, with geraniums and other 
plants used to decorate the grounds. 

Of the curious plants, we notice in main 
hall the shoe-black plant; the Indian ladies 
use it to color their eye-brows black. 

The traveler’s tree holds water pure in a 
sheath of leaf, where it clasps the stem. 


horticultural hall. 


621 


Travelers, when thirsty, draw it off and 
Indiamfbn“? enSe tree ’ that th ° West 

ber tree i° r , Incense - The India rub- 
leaf and A wllIch we break the stalk or 
leal and out oozes the white milk which 

roo T m e h andS ° me “ a,ble fountain the 
Rome execut ed by Miss FOLEY, in 

0flhlf rd ? ner l h0 T SUS the wine P aIm , 
Ot which, when the leaf is tapped a san 

toddv r °H the ‘ h nt i and ° f ^Ibey make 

A notfi Herethe datG palm of scri Pture. 
Another exhibit of vases from Balder- 

hundre a d ld t0 bC e f durin g enol 'gb to last a 
hundred years; that they can neither rot 

nor wear out; light, cheap, and ornamental 

,■ y™ f e . a!so water-pots and Wheeler’s 
liquid distributor and insect annihilator 
As the visitor walks along, intent' on 
plants and garden utensils, suddenly, sweet 
and peculiar music bursts upon his ear; it 

TEMAcri “ ew elec t™al organ, of 
SCHMOCK & BRO., of Phila. The organ 

reads its own music, simply requiring a 
blower to keep it filled with wind. All one 
sees is the dull lead pipes, a big drum in 
. ic center. The roll of music played as it 
were by telegraph, and then the electrical 
apparatus. The hall looks finely from the 
galleries, and there is always a procession 
oi people passing around them. 

In the southeast corner room is a hand¬ 
some stand of vases in terra cotta; the 
highest price is fifteen dollars. There are 
the same style, in iron, which cost fifty dol- 
ars. I he terra cotta work is from the 
ware-rooms of HARVEY & ADAMSON 
oi Phila. ’ 

Ph ? re are fine wire works from F. 

LEb, of Phila. The self-draining flower- 
stand, invented by Mrs. R. M. FIERCE of 
New York, is a light revolving frame’on 
casters. The top of the reservoir beneath 
the jars can be used as a moss bed. Un¬ 
derneath it is a tub for drainage, and 
around it is a tube, to which hose can be 
attached from the hydrant. There is a 
place for an aquarium in the center, and a 
bird-cage above, with a rustic frame for 
vines. The cost of such a stand is $55. 

I here are also revolving flower-stands 
from 0. A. BINGHAM, of Keene, 

G. HILLS, of Plainville, Conn., has 
sent flower-stands that are revolving, have 






















622 


HORTICULTURAL HALL. 


a fountain in the center, and will hold 
thirty flower-pots. 

We see plant-stakes from BENJAMIN 
CHASE, of Derry, N. H., and all manner 
of wire frames for wreaths, harps, stars, 
circles, anchors, crosses, and the many de¬ 
vices into which flowers are trained for 
decoration. 

LONG- BROS., florists and seedsmen, 
Buffalo, N. Y., have their specimens on 
display. There are decorations of dried 
natural flowers and grasses from A. PE- 
PLE, of Brooklyn, N. Y. There are glass 
cases filled with Dutch flower-bulbs from 
M. VAN WAMEN & SONS, Hillegorn, 
Haarlem, Holland. 

There are also specimens of Phenix 
stone, pronouned to be the only perfect 
paving-stone in the world—produced by 
the powerful stroke of heavy steam ham¬ 
mers. The works are at East Consho- 
hocken, Penn. 


SURROUNDINGS. 

Surrounding the Horticultural Building 
are the grounds, covering forty acres, laid 
out with great artistic skill. The superin¬ 
tendent of the outdoor department is a 
German, Mr. HENRY KERN, who super¬ 
intended two similar horticultural grounds 
at the Paris and Vienna Expositions. 

In the flower months the scene looked 
like fairy land. Directly in front of the 
building extends a Dutch parterre, or 
sunken garden, being lower than the other 
grounds, the better to show the designs of 
the beds, which are made up carpet pat 
tern—a red geranium and white border, 
pink geranium and red border. The four 
beds correspond, being the same above and 
below, while in the center is a ribbon bed, 
the stripes running brown, red, brown, yel¬ 
low, white—“ a symmetry garden,” as the 
superintendent calls it. The sunken gar¬ 
den is divided into three sections, each 
patch a different design, like the figures in 
a kaleidoscope. On each side of this are 
plots belonging to different exhibitors; 
and first we come"to the exhibit of ROB¬ 
ERT BUI ST, in trees, shrubs, and herba¬ 
ceous plants. Then in the plot of MIL¬ 
LER & HAYES, of Phila., is a Centennial 
geranium, a new color, six hundred varie¬ 
ties of roses, evergreens, spruces, and beds 
of agave, ornamental grasses, palms, fine 
evergreens, a golden Irish yew, grafted 


upon the top of a green yew. There are 
several Chilian pines, or Monkey puzzles , 
called so because the tree has so many 
spikes that monkeys cannot sit upon the 
branches 

HOOPERS BRO. & THOMAS, of 
West Chester, Pa., have twelve hundred 
evergreens, being one of the largest collec¬ 
tions in the country, and there are forty 
varieties of ivies in pots. 

R. B. PARSONS & CO., of Flushing, 
N. Y., have fine beds of rhododendrons 
and beds of evergreens, azalias, roses, silver 
fir and other plants. 

Next we come upon an English exhibit 
from ANTHONY WATERER, Knap 
Hill Nursery, Woking, Surrey, Eng. He 
has a fine collection of azalias and rhodo¬ 
dendrons, which bloomed out richly in 
June and attracted many visitors. 

On Agricultural avenue is the handsome 
display of S. B. PARSONS & SONS, from 
Flushing, N. Y. They have remarkable 
Japanese plants, maples, evergreens, azalias, 
new shrubs and half hardy plants. 

THOMAS MEEHAN, of Philadelphia, 
has plants that are adapted to our climate 
and can remain out of doors during the 
winter. In his arboretum there are 750 
kinds of trees worth two thousand dollars. 
After the close of the exhibition Fairmount 
Park is to buy them. 

A. HANCE & EON, of Red Bank, N. 
J., have new hardy ornamental plants and 
trees 

PETER HENDERSON, New York, 
has two hundred and fifty varieties of new 
and rare geraniums, comprising double 
zonale, silver tri color and golden tri-color; 
also a circular bed of 500 plants in the 
ribbon style, massing the different colors. 

CHARLES TELLER 2d, of Flatbush, L. 
I., has monthly carnations in six new vari¬ 
eties and very curiously trained fruit trees 
—one is trained in the shape of a goblet— 
another is trained like a fan; a pear tree 
trunk grows perhaps a foot from the 
ground, then the first branch on one side 
grows in a straight line to the right and a 
branch in the same way to the left, and 
upon the branches grow the leaves and 
fruit—the latter being more abundant than 
when the tree is left to its natural shape. 
This kind of training for fruit trees is com¬ 
mon in France and Germany. They serve 
the better for borders and ornamental 
work, according to the fashion in Horti- 









culture, which appears to be as changeable 
as ladies costumes. Here is a tree trained 
into a candelabras, another into a pyramid 
four stories high, with five branches to 
each story. The fruit is made to grow as 
near as possible to the main stem, lest 
growing at the end of a branch, it should 
fall off by its own weight. 

AUGUST BOILEAN, the gardener of 
trinity church grounds, New York, has 
an exhibit of trained fruit trees. 

GALNEL MARE, of Woodside, L. I. 
has a fine assortment of monthly tea-roses. 

W. C. WILSON, from Astoria, has 
many foliage and bedding plants. The 
rock work that has become so common 
and so fine an ornamentation to landscape 
gardens, is exhibited by 

H. A. SEILRECHT & CO., New York. 
The rocks are piled up in pyramidal shape, 
a few vines and plants growing in the 
clefts, but it needs water to come trickling 
down from the top like the fine natural 
hillside where Mrs. Maxwell shows off her 
stuffed animals in the Kansas and Colo- 
orado building. 

GEORGE SUCH, of South Amboy, N. 
J., has an exhibit of large New Zealand 
flowers variegated, agaves, banana trees and 
ferns. 

And now we come to the handsome rus¬ 
tic house of the PACIFIC GUANO CO. 
The house is filled with curiosities, petri¬ 
factions of whales’ backs, a mastodon’s 
mouth, the head of a dolphin, the teeth of 
a sea monster, and various bones. Then 
outside the pavilion are specimens of plants 
and fruits such as sugar cane, tobacco, 
cotton plant, and various flowers to show 
the effect of guano in their growth. This 
guano has been used in all the Southern 
and Middle states in the past ten years 
more than any other fertilizer. The little 
rustic summer house is a fine location for 
this fertilizer. 

A. L. FELTON, Philadelphia, has beds 
of herbaceous perennial plants, bulbous and 
tuberous rooted annuals and soft wooded 
plants. 

MAHLON MOORE & SON, Morris- 
ville, Pa., have a very large collection of 
evergreens, dahlias, gladioli, roses and 


geraniums and the slim juniper to mix 
with round trees. 

1 A 2 DREEE , Philadelphia, has 

plots filled with hyacinths, crown imperial 
and tuhps with foliage and budding plants, 
rhododendrons and gladioli. 

u P° n ^e'exhibit of E. 

• ^ S0N S, from Haarlem, 

m the Netherlands. They have bulbs and 
bulbous roots, anemones, and trained 
iruit trees. 

P. VAN NES AZN, of Boskoop, Hol¬ 
land, has some very fine fruit trees, ever¬ 
greens and roses. 

LUPPERT & NOTTING, of Luxem¬ 
burg 11 - have sent 1,200 varieties of 
roses. 

East of Horticultural Hall is a hand¬ 
some fountain with four statues and around 
that thirteen star beds in geraniums and 
colias. 

EUGENIE VORDIER SEN, of Paris 
has 260 varieties of gladioli 
CHARLES VORDIER, of Paris, has 
200 gladioli, including fifty new varieties, 
and a large assortment of standard roses. 

Beyond these beds we come to the Ha¬ 
vana rustic house. The stone ornaments 
upon the outside are very artistic, imitating 
the stalactites of caves, with water trick¬ 
ling down over the flowers, and plants 
that are trained in the niches of the stone 
work. Inside are seeds and tropical woods. 
The walls are made of the bark of the ba¬ 
nana tree, with fancy colored stones 
stuck into the mortar. The rustic house 
and its contents were put up by JULES 
L ACH AUME. The interior is hung with 
banana leaves, tentile plants, branches of 
the fan palm, a morning glory stem soap 
palm, and many other specimens. 

W. WALCHER, of Paris, France, has 
garden and lawn tents. 

Centennial visitors have enjoyed the 
beauty of the grounds for six months, and 
the successful achievement of perfect har¬ 
mony out of so many quite diverse exhibi¬ 
tions is certainly remarkable. Everything 
is subject to criticism, but critics should 
consider carefully the possibility of mak¬ 
ing a good exhibit better. We call the 
Horticultural a success. 








THE 


INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. 


UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 



UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 


THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 
Scale, 150 feet to 1 inch. 



1. Offices. 

2. Water-closets. 

3. War Department. 

4. Navy Department. 

5. Post Office. 


6. Treasury Department. 

7. Agricultural Department. 

8. Interior Department. 

9. Smithsonian Institute and 

Food Fishes. 


Total Length, 504 ft. Width, 360 ft. Height, 50 ft. 

Size, Floor Area, 102,840 sq. ft. 

This structure is situated at the intersection of Belmont 
and Fountain avenues, is built in the form of a Latin 
cross, and is of framed white pine, unplaned, with two 
tiers of windows. It contains for exhibition, contribu¬ 
tions from the different executive departments of the 
United States Government. 


The United States Government Building 
is situated in the western part of the Gen- 
tennial grounds, and is conspicuous by its 
warlike appearance of monster cannon and 
Quaker turret on the right and left side of 
the eastern entrance. Entering at this 
east, or main doorway, we are struck with 
the general beauty of the interior arrange- 
ment and the attention given to every 
detail. But, unlike the larger buildings, 
there are no numbered and lettered posts 
that act as guides, and we are compelled 
to take the quarter sections formed by the 
central aisles running north and south and 
east and west. 















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































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UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 


62 1 


tiie army. 

Thus, as we enter, we see to our right 

in r, d0Sed Space> in which are exhibited 

active operation the machinery for the 
manufacture of United States rifle car- 
fridges of the caliber “.45.” They are 

attendant id L eSbUrg ArSenal > and thek are 
attendants who operate the machines, go- 

mg through the entire operation, from the 

first stamping out of the copper blank 

tinough five “draws,” case-trimmer head’ 

- and Tw C ^ pmg > tril »ming, and venting; 
and that brings out the perfect “shell” 

ready to fill. _ To the west of this inclosure 

is another, in which the interesting pro- 

cesses of making caps are shown; and 

also the manner of rifling guns and 

making and filling cartridges:^ tlm very 

when1 e heyTe r 1lTed! 0r gaUging Same 

Just beyond these are some specimens 

tbn guns 01 ™P 1C 1 H r mg, and some of 
murderous looking instruments. 
One of them looks like a heavy brass can¬ 
non, m which 85 small holes have been 
bored instead of one large one It is 
about two and one-half feet long, and is 
called the Vandenberg breech-loading vol- 
ley gun. Guthrie & Lee’s repeater, with 
wo rifle barrels, and a magazine in the 
rear, is the next; and then we see the 
Kequa repeater for simultaneous discharge 
consisting of a horizontal row of barrels' 
slightly diverging, 25 in number. It was 
used at I ort Wagner, South Carolina, dur¬ 
ing the late war, with good effect. The 
coffee-mill gun, with single barrel, and an 
arrangement over the breech like a coffee- 
mill, menaces just beyond. 

The Hotchkiss revolving cannon has five 
barrels of one and ono-half-inch bore, and 
fires 80 times per minute, with a force that 
will send a conical steel shot clear through 
one and one-half inches of solid iron as if 
it. were only pasteboard, and that, too. 
without damaging the shot. A German 
officer who was looking at it, told Admiral 
Jenkins that he had seen it in operation 
and .“didn’t like it much.” Just beyond 
this, is a Gatling gun, with its ten barrels 
set.in a circle, with a magazine in the rear. 
This one is mounted, and is borne by a 
very natural looking horse, fully harnessed 
for action. 

Alongside these is a long table, on which 
are small complete models of all sorts of 


guns and mortars used in the service with 

oThe C T r tf “ s * Immediately 

fine collet f heSe kiIHng machines i3 a 
ho wa 11 , ° f amf t In a rack a11 al °ng 
an d wT? ai J angCd aU kinds of 
vo vo T US nfleS - Carbines > “>d re- 

selves of g tb Ulg a PraCticaI histor y in fo¬ 
ment TT hS Pr0gre f of "rotary improve- 

fully' accouTereT 

looking infantry! 6 ^ “ d mild 


ancient pieces. 

an? 1 ^ 1S SP f C f tllGre are Iikewise some old 
and new style cannon, including some 

bronze guns, trophies from Mexico One 

of these is an old and battered bronzed 

bieechdoader that was made in 1570 Also 

some huge blunderbusses, used as wall 

p.eces, and looking as if they could kick 

el , e P h n nt in the recoil, and throw a 
handful of balls. There are here six beau- 
ul guns and six mortars of bronze, which 
were presented to our army during the 
Revolutionary war, by Lafayette. They are 
ornamented, and have the carved dolphins 

11 T l GS - e gUns are used as P osts > con¬ 

nected by chains, and inside the inclosure 

t ms formed are models drawn to scale, 

of the “plants” or casting pits for the 

manufacture of the Hitchcock, the Rod- 

man, and Woodbridge guns. A number 

of curious swords are shown in a case 

against the wall. One of these, an East 

India sword, has gauntlet and wristlet at- 

tached; and another sword is two-handed 

and the. long blade folds into the handle 
me a jack-knife; long Spanish knives, 
Malay kns, and others. 

The iron used in making the Hitchcock 
gun is here represented in a pile of huge 
masses of spongy iron, half-worked. 

A fine model of a casemate, with gun 
and carnage complete, a heavy swivel rifle 
and a heavy musket, used as a parapet 
gun, are also shown in this place; while 
arranged around two columns are two sets 
of shelves with different kinds of shot 
shell, shrapnel, etc., for different calibers. ’ 


SIGNAL SERVICE. 

Arranged on tables are astronomical in- 
struments, transits, and philosophical in¬ 
struments for field and observatory maps 
of military surveys, and books of photo- 

























628 


UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 


graphs of remarkable scenery. There are 
here some fine models of signal stations, 
of light timber frame-work, and of a sharp 
# pyramidal form; a sea-coast barbette bat¬ 
tery; a fine one of the iron steamboat 
landing at the Delaware breakwater, de¬ 
signed and built by Col. Kurtz, United 
States engineer. 

The model of the improvements at Cape 
Fear river, North Carolina, shows in detail 
the construction of the jetties which im¬ 
prove the channel by narrowing, by means 
of increasing the current. The foundation 
is made of heavy round timbers, upon 
which is laid a bed of branches. Upon 
these are placed, to sink them, masses of 
broken stone. They are, in fact, almost 
similar to the works now in progress at the 
mouth of the Mississippi, under the direc¬ 
tion of Captain Eads, and are quite suc¬ 
cessful. 

North of this point are some very inter¬ 
esting models. Some of these are curious 
torpedoes, with the electrical apparatus for 
setting off the same. Military bridges 
thrown over a chasm in a bridge destroyed 
by blowing up the central span; and pon¬ 
toon bridges with every detail complete. 
One of the most interesting is a whole 
group of miniature field telegraph wagons, 
with poles, wire, and everything complete. 
A sounding machine is also represented, 
which takes, and at the same time records, 
twelve soundings. After using this ma¬ 
chine the drilling machine follows, and a 
fine model is here given, with colored 
drawings, illustrating the manner of its 
use. It looks like a huge scow, under 
which is an inverted basin used to steady 
the drills while working in rough water. 


HALLETT’S-POINT REEF. 

A most interesting model, however, is 
that of the works of General Newton at 
the Hallett’s-Point Reef, showing the roof 
and the pillars that were left' as supports, 
with the village just beyond. On the roof 
is seen the coffer-dam used to prevent the 
wash of water into the works. The re¬ 
markable success of these works has be¬ 
come a part of history. 


WEATHER SIGNS. 

¥e have now approached the exhibit of 
Old Probabilities, the old man whose 
prophecies are so relied upon by the aver¬ 


age American, and who is so often right 
and so seldom wrong. We see here how 
he does it. Here are wind gauges for 
force, velocity, and direction, rain gauges, 
hydrometers, and all the many ingenious 
recording machines that never go asleep 
and forget to keep their log. And here, 
likewise, are the maps showing how the 
storm flies. At one side of “ Old Prob.” 
we see a line of fully accoutred effigies of 
soldiers, and frameworks upon which are 
displayed saddles and harness, while to the 
north is the fine collection of lights exhib¬ 
ited by the light-house boards. 


FRESNEL LIGHTS. 

There are some Fresnel stationary and 
revolving lights, and a number of models 
of some of the most celebrated light-houses 
on our coast; and also one or two observa¬ 
tories, including that of West Point. Here 
are also the beautifully adjusted rods used 
in measuring the base lines on the United 
States coast survey, with micrometer and 
microscope for reading the same. 

At the north end and to the east of the 
center aisle, we find the specimens of 
painting of the Washington Bureau. There 
are many framed collections of stamps of 
all descriptions, with specimens of articles 
showing their use; gauges of all kinds 
used in measuring contents and determin¬ 
ing quantities, hydrometers and many other 
curious and valuable instruments. 

In a small room at the end of the wing 
are arranged a case of medals and coins of 
gold, silver, and copper. Some of the 
medals are of the hugest description, made 
of bronze, and would require a wheelbar¬ 
row for transportation. 

On a pedestal there is also a very elab¬ 
orate model made to scale of the United 
States custom-house and post-office at 
Nashville, Tennessee. This model stands 
ten feet in height exclusive of pedestal. 
Around the wall of this room are large 
numbers of architectural drawings of vari¬ 
ous public buildings of the United States. 

Just south of “ Old Prob.” is the remark¬ 
ably fine display of the Bureau of Surgery, 
showing the construction of the bones and 
hoof of the horse. The preparations show¬ 
ing the hoof and the manner it is injured 
by bad shoeing, accidents and disease are 
very numerous, and perhaps the most thor¬ 
ough of any similar collection ever exhib- 














































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































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UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 


633 


ited. Near this is an oak stump of a tree 
which was cut down by the terrible fire of 
musketry at Spottsylvania Court-House 
during the battle fought there on the 12th 
of April, 1864. 

We will now start at the center of the 
building, and following Greeley’s advice, 
“ go West.” We find ourselves amongst the 
beasts, birds, and fishes, the specimens of 
■which are handsomely arranged in cases. 
We see a trophy of a gigantic whale’s 
jaw bones, with the horn or tusk of the nar¬ 
whal, elegantly fluted and straight. This 
tusk is seven feet in length. Just beyond 
this is a huge whale’s head with the “ whale¬ 
bone,” with its peculiar hairy-like fringe at 
the edges. 

Along the north side of the central aisle 

at the center—is the fine collection of 
seals, walruses, and other sea animals, 
an 1 ako huge grizzlies and other bears, 
deer, and other game of the United States! 
Going to the north of these, we find fes¬ 
tooned from the columns, nets of all kinds 
and fishing utensils, while in the enclosures 
are specimens of different styles of boats 
used in fishing. In cases are models of 
Pound nets, the Grassy Island fishery of 
George Clark, in Detroit river, Mich., with 
its buildings. 

Beyond these are the refrigerators-each 
as big as a small bed-room—of the Alle- 
gretti Iceberg Refrigerator Company, 
containing fish several years old but as 
fresh looking as if caught a few days ago, 
and also of Eugene C. Blackwood, of the 
Philadelphia and Fulton fish market, New 
York, containing all kinds of frozen fish. 
Amongst the many different kinds of 
fishing-boats, the most curious is that from 
the Gres Ventre Indians, which looks like 
the bowl the three wise men went to sea 
in. It is circular in form, made of skins 
stretched over a light wooden frame, and 
as hard to manage as an old tub. A two- 
handed paddle is used by the adventurous 
navigator of this unique affair. 


SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTE. 

As we advance west from the trophy of 
whale’s bone3, near the center of the build¬ 
ing, we see a number of cases which are 
shown by the SMITHSONIAN INSTI¬ 
TUTE, containing furs and tanned leather 
from various animals, feather robes and 
blankets of ingenious construction; some 


of them quite handsome. A case of can¬ 
ned meats and jars of prepared food used 
on long journeys. 

I he models, or rather representations, of 
the whale and various fish are very life¬ 
like, and there are numbers of cases of 
plaster casts colored like the originals, and 
exhibiting many very curious and rare 
fish. 

Cases of shells and different articles 
manufactured by the same, and carvings 
from bone and ivory. Here are some fine 
tusks of the narwhal and swordfish, great 
elephants teeth and huge fossil tusks 
of the same, bones and scales of fishes. 
Some of the latter are made up into beau¬ 
tiful jewelry, such as breast pins, wreaths, 
bracelets, and the like. Feather fans and 
other work in feathers, and goods made 
from bristles fill another case, while 
just beyond are some fine models of ships 
and boats, and a number of stuffed croco¬ 
diles, alligators, and two huge turtles that 
must have weighed several hundred 
pounds. One case is full of dried speci¬ 
mens of sea weeds of many forms and 
colors, mounted on white paper and nicely 
framed. They retain their natural colors, 
and some of them are wonderfully pretty 
and delicate. 


MINERALS. 

The mineral collection embraces a great 
many specimens found in the United 
States. These are mounted upon short 
stands for the greater convenience of visi¬ 
tors. There are many varieties of iron 
ores from the rich black band ores that are 
found in the northwest, to the common red 
oxide so plentiful throughout nearly all the 
States. There are some beautiful masses 
of galena, some of them very rich in silver, 
and some fine pieces of gold-bearing quartz. 
At the side of the avenue there is a safe 
with the inside arranged with shelves, and 
a strong plate of glass in front. On these 
shelves are specimens of gold in boxes, 
from fine dust to good solid nuggets, pieces 
of auriferous quartz and native silver. A 
soldier stands by jealously guarding this, 
as the people eagerly look upon these pre¬ 
cious metals, some of them wishing the 
glass wasn’t so thick. There is a huge 
mass of native copper from Lake Superior, 
weighing 3,000 pounds. It appears as if 
some of the demons of the interior of the 


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G34 


UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 


mountains had poured it molten into a 
hollowed rock. Pieces have been cut from 
it with chisels, showing the purity of the 
metal. These immense masses of native 
copper are often found in the Lake Superior 
mines, and are evidently the result of vol¬ 
canic action. In one case on the south 
shore there was found a continuous mass 
of ore 800 tons. It was a sort of white 
elephant, for it was too large to take out 
entire and cost too much to cut in pieces, 
not being nearly as profitable as procuring 
the finer particles. 

In the center of the avenue near the 
west end, the “ Black Diamond ” steel 
works of PARK, BROTHER & CO., of 
Pittsburgh, Pa., make a beautiful exhibit of 
bars and sheet steel. The central part in 
the* space is occupied by a cubical assort¬ 
ment of steel bars that are neatly and artisti¬ 
cally arranged to form panels, while from 
the center rises an ornamental column 
formed of pieces of steel bound together. 
This company have an immense establish¬ 
ment at Pittsburgh. 

Just east of the above exhibit of steel 
there is a curious display, that was found 
in Tennessee a few years ago. It is a me- 
teorolite, and was seen to fall from the sky 
by some persons, who went immediately 
to the place, and found it imbedded in the 
soil. It looks like a double axe, very 
much elongated, and might well pass for 
one of Jove’s thunderbolts. Its weight is 
300 pounds, and it looks weather-beaten 
and rusty. 

Alongside of this is the exhibit of the 
ALBANY & RENSSELAER IRON 
AND STEEL CO., of Albany, N. Y. 
The plan of the inclosure is a star. Pieces 
of burnished steel, twisted whilst cold, 
are used as posts, and there are many 
beautiful specimens of polished steel in 
bars. To the east of the iron exhibit is 
another singular-looking meteorolite. This 
one is from Arizona, and challenges atten¬ 
tion not only from its great weight, which 
is over 1400 pounds, but from its appear¬ 
ance. It is composed of metallic iron, 
with an admixture of nickel, and looks as 
if it might be the result of an explosion 
of some huge shell that had been fired at 
us from the moon. In shape it was almost 
a circular ring, with one half much heavier 
than the other, and looks as if old Poly¬ 
phemus might have worn it as a finger¬ 
ring. It has, too, a rusty look, as if it 


might have wandered a good deal before 
it finally came down to us. 

Close by this gigantic ring is a wonder¬ 
ful piece of work, consisting of a war 
canoe, 60 feet in length, 8 feet beam, and 
6 feet in depth, and dug out of one log of 
wood. Both bow and stern are sharp, and 
are turned upward like a whale boat. It 
represents the toil and patient skill of a 
whole tribe for months. It is painted of 
a white groundwork, and ornamented with 
grotesque faces in a perfect labyrinth of 
scrolls. It has been used by visitors as 
an album, being scribbled all over with 
names. 

Next to the north side of the west wing 
we see a number of cases containing arti¬ 
cles that would delight a sportsman. There 
are a couple of cases which contain various 
instruments used in whaling. There are 
all kinds of harpoons, and guns, the latter 
used to shoot the harpoons into the whale. 
These would have excited the ire of “long 
Tom Coffin,” and all other whalers of the 
old school. 

Cases of fishing tackle of all kinds, and 
flies that look as natural as the genuine in¬ 
sects, and in some cases quite gorgeous. 
The equipments for fishermen are particu¬ 
larly fine and varied. In another case are 
great numbers of decoy ducks. There are 
a number of very large blocks and tackle, 
showing the largest sizes in general use. 

In another case there is a fine model of 
the fish-culturing establishment of. Mr. C. 
G-. AKINS, on the Grand Lake stream. 
It shows the several tanks in which the 
eggs of the fish are placed, where the 
water may flow over them. The entire 
process is shown. 

A case is here placed that is full of traps 
of all kinds used in catching fur animals, 
from the smallest ermine to the largest 
beaver; and also the larger beasts, such as 
bears and panthers. Many of them are of 
very ingenious construction, and massive. 

There is a special case containing the ex¬ 
hibit of Messrs. BRADFORD & ANTHO¬ 
NY, of Boston, Mass., in which there is a 
rich and varied assortment of all kinds of 
rods, reels, kreel-baskets, lines, and all the 
outfit that would rejoice the heart of any 
disciple of Isaac Walton. 

J. G. SWAN, of Sitka, Alaska Terri- 
‘tory, sends a case of waterproofs that are 
of exceedingly unique make. They are 
made of the intestines of the seal, are as 





UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 


nn and a great deal lighter than oiled 
silK, and are said to be very effective for 
the purpose for which they are intended. 
Another case contains a number of hunt¬ 
ing suits, made of dressed and tanned skins 
oi deer and other animals. 

HUSSEY, WELLS & CO., of Pitts- 
burgh, p a ., have a very fine exhibit from 
their extensive steel works. They have a 
number of crucibles showing the gradual 
process of making steel, some of them 
broken so as to show the pieces cemented 
together by the intense heat. It makes a 
very interesting study. 

TATI!AM BROS., of Philadelphia, have 
a very handsome exhibit of their tin-lined 
lead pipe. On a square pedestal is an obe¬ 
lisk around which is closely wound the 
bright pipe. On the sides of the pedestal 
aie shown sections of the pipe, with its tin 
lining. The Tatham Bros, have a very ex¬ 
tensive establishment on Windmill Island 
where the lead is smelted, and one of the 
finest fireproof buildings in the city on 
nth stieet, near Locust, where the pipes 
are made. 

tiie chemical copper co of 

Phoenixville, Chester county, have a case 
of their copper, the kinds of ore used, and 
showing the several processes. 

G. AV. GORDON & Co., of Berkshire, 
Mass., have a great many specimens of 
their colored and clear glass, which are of 
a beautifully uniform transparency. Be¬ 
sides these, there are specimens of the sand 
used to make the glass. 

Near the west end are arranged blocks 
of granite and marble, in the form of cubes 
a foot square. Some very fine ones are 
from the quarries of THE RUTLAND 
MARBLE CO., THE MILLSTONE PT. 
GRANITE CO., THE WATERFORD 
CO., of Conn., and others. Some of these 
marbles and granites are of a very fine 
grain; whilst leaning against the west wall 
is a thin slab of light gray granite from 
the Hartford, Conn., quarries, that shows 
a remarkably regular grain. 

Near these are a number of specimens 
of fossiliferous slate, containing impress¬ 
ions of the delicate ferns and barks of 
conifers. There are many scores of these, 
in some of which the impressions are as 
sharp and clear as if cut with a graver. 
There are also many specimens of septnvict , 
some of them showing beautifully regular 
divisions through the entire mass. 


. 0ne °f the greatest curiosities, however 
is in the exhibit of R. D. A. PARROTT 
of Greenwood, Orange Co., N. Y. It is 
w rnt is known as “ slagwool,” and as it is 
placed m glass jars, looks like loose cotton 
and one can hardly believe that it is noth- 
ng but infinitesimal threads of slag, made 
y injecting a molten mass of slag with a 
je of steam. To the eye it looks like cot- 
ton; to the touch it feels like greasy wool, 
f it is taken into the mouth it is found to 
be full of small pieces of the glassy slag. 
It can not be used for anything, being 

merely a curiosity, and exhibited as 
such. 


THE NAVY—THE SOUTHEAST QUARTER. 

Returning to the eastern end of the 
building, to recommence our tour in a new 
direction, the first thing that strikes our 
attention on entering is the elegant model 
of the United States steam sloop-of-war 
Antietam, which rests on the counterfeit 
water a miniature ship, about 30 feet 
in length, and complete in every particular 
from water-line to main-truck. All the 
spars, standing and running-rigging, sails 
springs, and stays, are in place, while the 
decks, with their batteries, the hammock- 
nettings, with the neatly rolled hammocks 
are perfect reproductions in miniature’ 
such as a captain of Liliput would be proud 
to have under his command. Nothin^ is 
wanting save men, of whom there is not 
one. There are two frightful objects (one 
representing himself as a sailor, and the 
other a marine), both of whom look like 
Chinese war gods dressed in sailor clothes. 
They cost the Navy Department $70 each, 
and thousands of visitors a hearty laugh’ 
By the side of this beautiful model is a 
smallei one of the same vessel, showing 
the timbers and the manner of bracing the 
hull. This is also very complete. There 
is another model of an iron-clad ram, with 
the bottom grooved, and having two pro¬ 
pellers. Here also is a model of an old 
French line-of-battle ship, “Dante.” The 
bottom of this shows the manner in which 
the raised panel-work was studded with 
great knobs all over the entire surface. 
These must have detracted greatly from 
the ship s sailing qualities. The vessel was 
built in 1600, and was a famous war ship 
in her time. The model is built to scale, 
and is fully rigged. There is also in the 























C3G 


UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 


same inclosure a collection of boat tackles, 
with different styles of blocks. 


ORDNANCE. 

To the south of this enclosure there is a 
long and wide table, covered with shot 
and shell of all sizes, shapes, and descrip¬ 
tions—round, cylindrical, conical, and some 
with side pieces to insure steadiness of 
flight. Here, also, were hand-grenades, 
canister, and grape, and sections of shells 
and shrapnel and solid shot that have been 
fired at iron armor, and become flattened 
out like pieces of putty. 

All around here on the supporting pil¬ 
lars are hung portraits of distinguished 
naval officers — Commodores Lawrence, 
Stevens, Dupont, etc., etc., etc. Around 
the walls in the southeast corner are racks 
of muskets and rifles of all the different 
makes; sabres and bayonets, pistols of the 
old style, and the modern revolver, cut- 
lases, and sabres, and the formidable 
boarding-pikes of several different pat¬ 
terns. There is also a very complete ex¬ 
hibit of the outfit of a magazine of one of 
our war ships, including a stand of brass 
powder-scoops of all the different sizes, 
and leather ammunition buckets. 

Here are some small, boat swivel-guns, 
that were so effective in picket service, and 
a number of iron-clad batteries, with the 
mounted guns and carriages, complete in 
every detail, showing the several styles. 
Here is a case containing a great many 
specimens of cannon-sights, trunnion levels, 
and other smaller parts of guns. A couple 
of small brass mortars, cast solid with the 
bed, at an angle of 45°, of 3" caliber, are 
here shown. They are intended for the 
signal service, and are very useful. 

One case is devoted to the exhibit of 
fixed cartridges and shells, with sections 
of the several kinds and calibers used; and 
right alongside is a brass twelve pound 
howitzer, of the Dahlgren pattern. Near 
these is a stand containing sponge-heads 
for all calibers of guns, from a six-pounder 
up to the huge fifteen-inch gun. 

As an illustration of the improvements 
in fire-arms, there is here exhibited a re¬ 
peating swivel-gun, with flint-lock. This 
gun was made over a hundred years ago, 
and looks as if it could still do service. 

The beautifully finished rings, rods, and 
other instruments used in testing guns, are 


here shown in a couple of large cases. In 
another case are a large number of lead 
impressions made of the vents of guns of 
different calibers, after being fixed a certain 
number of times. By this they can tell 
the condition of the gun, as this is the 
weakest point. A large number of shell- 
fuses, some of them in section, and also 
specimens of different styles of friction 
and percussion primers for cannon, rifle 
bullets of different kinds, and moulds for 
the same. 

A little west of this is a large hexagonal 
case, with an open space in the center, in 
which stand two life-size figures. One 
represents a sailor of 177 6, dressed in loose 
pants, green baize shirt, and a liberty-cap, 
and armed with a pike; the other is 
dressed in the modern costume of the 
United States navy, and armed with Win¬ 
chester rifle, with sword bayonet, and also 
with cutlass and revolver. In the case are 
wooden patterns of shot and shell, models 
of guns and carriages, cartridges of all 
kinds, fuses, some of them in sections, trun¬ 
nion gauge, and signals of colored fires, 
and bottles of the chemical agents used 
in producing them. Also some old speci¬ 
mens of guns, swords, tomahawks, etc., 
etc., some of them decidedly rude. 

West from the model of the Antietam 
is a machine for making the navy time 
fuses, a Harvey torpedo towing-reel, with 
wire rope, and an electric key-board for a 
ship’s deck. 


TORPEDOES. 

Close to these are exhibited a number of 
torpedoes, some of them of great size. A 
large iron bay torpedo, about twenty-four 
feet in length, has a propeller at one end, 
while at the other are arranged projecting 
points, which extend for eight inches, in 
such a manner as when struck by any sub¬ 
stance they will explode a percussion cap, 
and set off the entire torpedo, and if this 
fails there are wires by means of which a 
person ashore can fire at any time. 

Here also, is a curious looking box called 
an Ericcson torpedo. It is made of boiler 
iron, and the sides are perpendicular while 
the top and bottom are horizontal and par¬ 
allel. The two sides are both sharpened. 
At one is a propeller while the other is 
sharp, or rather slightly rounded. 

Near here are three breech-loading guns 









NEW MODEL FIVE BARRELED GATLING- GUN. WEIGHT. 97 POUNDS. 


Exhibted by Gatling Gun Company, Hartford, Conn., as a practical military machine gun, the 
Gatling has no equal. It fires from 800 to 1,000 shots per minute with great accuracy. Various calibres 
are made, mostly having ten barrels, the larger having an effective range of over two miles. It has been 
adopted by nearly all the principal governments of the world. It received the only prize medal and 
award given for machine guns at the Centennial Exhibition. 







































































































































































































































































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UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 


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RD'l a small brass howitzer for use in ship 
tops.. A curiosity is here shown. It is a 
Spanish gun made of bronze, cast in 1490. 
It was brought to America by Cortez, and 
used in his conquest of Mexico. It /is a 
bieech-loader, there being a large oblong 
space cast open in the top and when the 
load of powder and ball was placed in the 
chamber, a square piece of bronze was let 
down upon it; then the piece was ready to 
fire. 

Here are two ship’s galleys or cook 
stoves, with all their pans, pots, and kettles 
complete. They are all cleaned and bur¬ 
nished in a style to do a housekeeper’s eyes 
good to look at them. Here are also sev¬ 
eral guns. The Gatling; battery gun made 
by COLT’S PATENT FIRE ARMS CO., 
of Hartford, Conn., has ten barrels of about 
the bore of an Enfield rifle, set around in a 
circle, with a magazine on top, made of 
tin, holding four hundred cartridges. The 
short Gatling gun is just beside it, the bar¬ 
rels being of only two-thirds the length of 
the other, and the magazine a great deal 
smaller. Near these are a number of 
draughts of engines and machinery with 
other draughts of various kinds of engines 
and marine boilers in them, and near by 
some upright engines and boilers, such as 
are used in steam cutters. Here is a steam 
steering machine consisting of two ordi¬ 
nary steam cylinders operating a chain 
leading directly to the tiller. Valve mo¬ 
tion is operated by hand-wheel or cord, to 
control the movement of the rudder. 
The cord or hand-wheel may be placed 
in any part of the vessel to suit conven¬ 
ience. 

In a case is a model of method of fitting 
boat spars, and in one end of same case 
bottles of Nitro Glycerine, Dynamite, Gun 
Cotton, Calcium Picrates and other terri¬ 
bly explosive agent. Near the last are 
specimens of torpedoes for harbor service 
with buoys. A cigar shaped torpedo of iron 
with propeller and wires for setting off, 
and a very curious torpedo, shaped like a 
huge sun-fish, with tubes, four in number, 
projecting from nose and head. Here is 
a section of thirty-inch cable; reels of wire 
rope from \" to 6" circumference, used for 
braces, etc.; and a great pile of coils of 
hemp, and cotton, and tarred ropes of all 
sizes from a yarn to a cable. In the south 
wing we find models of “ Merrimac ” frig¬ 
ate; a 3,500 ton sloop; a sea going moni¬ 


tor, and other war vessels of the United 
States Navy. 


SIAMESE COLLECTION. 

In this southeast corner there are four 
cases from the kingdom of Siam, contain- 
sng work in ebony inlaid with mother of 
pearl; copper vessels enameled, painted 
and gilded; baskets of split bamboo, a sad¬ 
dle gorgeously ornamented with gold and 
spangles; specimens of Siamese cloth and 
gold embroidery. In other cases are cush¬ 
ions and pillows of silk embroidered and 
large fan with ivory handle; and on tables 
a number of grotesque heads with curious 
head dresses, gilt and spangled. They are 
tli® heads of Siamese gods. There are 
some musical instruments, all made of 
wood in circular form with bronze cups, 
the performer standing in the middle and 
using a hammer; another something like a 
guitar. There is a good bust of the King 
of Siam’s father, carved of wood and gilt, 
a case of helmets and gilt salver and cups; 
while above the cases hang screens curi¬ 
ously carved in open work of tortoise 
shell. There is also a Siamese loom for 
weaving cloth. 


NAVAL MACHINERY AND THE POST- 

OFFICE. 

West of the Siamese collection are two 
compound marine boilers and a number of 
boat hooks, etc.; and to west of the latter 
two complete back-action marine engines. 
One is of 800 horse-power and the other 
of 500 horse-power, and both condensing. 
Here is also a fine model of the Hospital 
ship “ Idaho,” so arranged as to show the 
arrangement of the several wards and 
beds. Near the entrance of south wing 
are cases containing ship lanterns of all 
kinds, binnacles, and books on steam and 
navigation, sextants with artificial horizons, 
chronometers, and records of meterologi- 
cal observations. Here is a model of the 
United States dock at Norfolk, Virginia, 
with a vessel on the ways. 

Here also is a case containing samples 
of small stores and another with ships’ ra¬ 
tions, while a third has ships’ clothing. 
There are three large cases of sur¬ 
geons’ stores, surgical apparatus, drugs, 
stretchers for the wounded, and hospital 
beds. 

We now approach the Post-Office; just 












G40 


UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 


north of it are frames of stamped envel¬ 
opes and machines in operation making 
them for sale, with the Centennial stamp 
stamp on.* From this point to the south 
entrance is occupied by the Centennial 
branch of the United States Post-Office. 
The space used is handsomely enclosed 
with black walnut counters with screens 
above, the inside being partitioned into of¬ 
fices. The postmaster has his full corps 
of assistants and mail wagons for carrying 
the mail to and fro. There are on aver¬ 
age about 70,000 letters carried from the 
grounds every week. Besides this it is a 
money order office and does a large amount 
of business in that line. With this post- 
office, we ha,ve had constant intercourse 
during the six months of the exhibition; 
and cannot pass it by without a word of 
commendation. We have always found 
the postmaster and his assistants ready, at¬ 
tentive and extremely courteous. 


UNITED STATES AGRICULTURAL DE¬ 
PARTMENT. 

The southwest quarter of the building 
is devoted to exhibits of the Agricultural 
bureau, Census, Educational and Indian 
bureaus of the Department of the Interior. 

At the east are cases containing dried 
seeds, herbs; also cases with lower spaces 
filled with wax fruit, melons, grapes, etc., 
showing the several varieties grown 
throughout the country. In the upright 
cases above these are colored drawings of 
the various insects which infest the or¬ 
chards, vines and vegetables, and also 
cases in which the insects themselves are 
shown stuck in cards. The native birds 
are also shown that are useful or injurious 
to the farmer. Those -that are injurious 
have a black mark on the perch and there 
are fortunately very, very few such. There 
are numberless cases containing pictures 
of fungi and microscopical views of the 
same, of silk culture, ramie , and other fibers. 


UNITED STATES FOREST TREES. 

There are four large cases with natural 
woods shown underneath of forest trees 
and the leaves and flowers on paper. These 
comprise hundreds of different varieties of 
the forest trees of the United States. In 

* An envelope machine, though not of the same 
j)atent, is described in the article on Machinery 


'the southeast corner is an immense cactus 
called the “ Cere us Gig ante us from Ari¬ 
zona. It is nine feet in height, straight 
and fluted, with ridges full of prickles an 
inch long. It is one foot in diameter. 
Along the wall are frames with dried co¬ 
ni fens leave sand cones. Here also are 
some curious blocks of wood from the Pal¬ 
metto, and a recently discovered palm from 
Southern California like a fan palm. 

Going west from the center of building 
on south side we see the exhibits of Chemi¬ 
cal Department of United States Agricul¬ 
tural Department. These contain specimens 
of the various fertilizing agents, and also 
jars of flower seeds, etc. A ease contains 
also specimens of cheese, curds, butter and 
wine. One large case containing jars of 
fertilizers has also some large fossil teeth 
of sharks, some of them five inches in 
length. At the side of this case is a huge 
spongiform mass of phosphate rock from 
South Carolina, weighings 1,150 pounds. 

Looking to our left we see a large case 
of leaf and manufactured tobacco from 
different sections of the country, and of all 
shades from light to dark. 

There are also in this department two 
large cases of cereals well arranged, and a 
case of cotton, hemp and flax, showing the 
articles from the gathering to their manu¬ 
facture into cloth and into thread, cord 
and rope. 


PATENT OFFICE DISPLAY. 

We now come to a grand display of the 
selections of the more important models 
from the immense museum in the Patent 
Office at Washington. In these cases may 
be seen the models of all the great inven¬ 
tions that have made their mark on the 
age. Commencing at the east end, the 
first case on the south side running west, is 
devoted to the models of Civil Engineer¬ 
ing, Electricity, Navigation, Architecture, 
and machines for making gas. The west 
contains machines for making textile 
fabric, agricultural machinery, and ice ma¬ 
chines, and wood working machinery of all 
descriptions. The west is devoted to 
harvesters and agricultural machinery, and 
a few used in gunnery. North from these 
long cases, are six shorter ones, the first 
containing railroad improvements, the 
second heaters of all kinds; the third, mill¬ 
ing machinery and presses; the fourth, ma- 










WASHINGTON RELICS, UNITED STATES BUILDING. 































































































































































































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UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 


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chines for working clay, glass, and the fine 
arts, engravings, etc.; the fifth, metallurgy, 
paper machinery, and safes, and the sixth 
metal working machines. 


INTERESTING RELICS, ETC. 

Immediately west of these are two up. 
right cases containing Revolutionary relics, 
mostly of clothes and utensils belonging to 
AVashington. These old weather-beaten 
relics are eagerly looked at by all. 
Amongst the rest is a dinner and tea set of 
plain white and blue ware, and the com¬ 
plete camp outfit of Washington, which 
show that, although he was enormously 
wealthy for those days, he was unostenta¬ 
tious. Besides the Washington relics there 
are a military dress-coat with tarnished 
epaulets, worn by General Jackson at the 
battle of New Orleans; a Turkish saddle 
and sword belonging to Baron De Kalb, 
and an ancient military map used in the 
Revolutionary war. There is also a pair 
of gloves given to Abraham Lincoln the 
day before he was assassinated, and vari- 
ous other relics. 

Near these are a number of selected 
models on tables and shelves around an en¬ 
closure, in which are a number of clerks 
belonging to the United States Patent- 
office. They have a complete library of 
the reports handsomely bound for refer¬ 
ence. 

A little to the west of this is a beautiful 
hat-rack and stand, the lower part of 
cypress stump and roots, and the upper 
made of wood from the “ Old Hermitage;” 
the pegs are the tines of a magnificent pair 
of elk antlers. A circular glass is above 
and between these, on each side of which 
are powder horns. Above the glass is an¬ 
other small pair of antlers, enclosing a 
carved representation of Jackson’s war 
horse. The whole is the work of Daniel 
Adams, of Nashville, Tenn. 

The remainder of the Patent Office ex¬ 
hibit is to the west of this point, and is 
contained mostly in six large flat cases. 
The first of these, on the south, contains 
models of mechanical movements. The 
second, hoisting apparatus and fowling 
pieces; the third, hoisting apparatus, wind¬ 
lasses, etc.; the fourth, journals, bearings, 
and vehicles; the fifth, steam generators, 
steam vehicles and others, and the sixth, 
next to the central avenue, steam machinery 
and leather working machinery of all kinds. 

31 


BUREAU OF EDUCATION. 

Immediately west of the Patent Office 
models, is the interesting exhibit of the 
Education Bureau, the combined exhibit 
of schools of various sections. In cases 
aie preparations of anatomical specimens 
and specialties, such as dentistry, etc., in¬ 
struments and apparatus of the laboratorv. 
Here are cases with the Kindergarten work 
of little children, and standard exhibits of 
drawings from the antique by the pupils of 
the Cooper Institute in their night school, 
and a case of birds with their eggs and 
nests. 

A case of books with raised type for 
use of the blind, with slate for the same, is 
here shown. Several cases of papers and 
maps of the schools of Washington and 
other places. In one of the cases is the 
pen used by General Grant in signing the 
Centennial bill. It was plucked from the 
wing of an American eagle shot by Mr. 
Hood in Oregon, and deposited by J. M. 
Wilson, of Washington, D. C. 


U. S. CENSUS. 

Along the south wall are arranged two 
large cases of books containing the census 
returns of the United States for 1830 and 
1870 by states, cities, and districts. There 
are several thousands of these huge vol¬ 
umes. The census also exhibit maps 
showing the relative density of population 
of the several states in 1790, 1810, and 
every decade to 1870. Also maps showing 
the deaths from homicides and suicides, 
number of universities, colleges, and 
schools; a fiscal chart showing the increase 
and decrease in the public debt from 1789 
to 1870, the distribution of wealth, im¬ 
proved and unimproved land, increase of 
church accommodation, school attendance, 
and the increase in area and population by 
decades, and other interesting data. 


THE INDIAN BUREAU. 

West of the Educational exhibit is the 
rich and varied collection of the Indian 
department. To the antiquarian and his¬ 
torian this is an almost unlimited field. 
There are also some cases showing the pro¬ 
gress of the Indian schools. 

The cases of relics are the most interest¬ 
ing, and consist of earthen and terra cotta 
vessels from the mounds, carved wooden 
bowls, and figures from Alaska, and bones 















644 


UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT Bl'lLDING. 


and pieces of ivory etched in colors with 
figure writing, ollas and lamps from the 
Esquimaux, and are particularly rich in 
the collection of pipes. Some of these 
latter are elaborately carved in barbaric 
figures and of considerable size, and with 
them are very elegantly embroidered to¬ 
bacco pouches. There are also cases of 
rudely carved household utensils and 
articles used in the chase. The arrows, 
and spear heads, and tomahawks, are very 
numerous. From the ancient mounds and 
caves are stone hammers and hatchets, and 
utensils made of copper. In one of these 
cases are some relics found in a salt cave 
in Kentucky, by F. W. Putnam, in 1874. 
There are some fagots with marks of fire, 
and stone hatchets, and a dessicated body 
of a human being, which was wrapped in 
coarse hemp cloth. The knees were drawn 
up to the chin, and hands crossed on the 
breast. 

There is a case of bones found in an¬ 
cient caves, which show that they were 
split to extract marrow, and also some in¬ 
struments made of copper. The stone 
mortars and pestles used in making meal, 
and for other purposes, are shown in great 
variety of form and size. The collection 
of stone hammers from ancient caves and 
mounds is very large. 


ANCIENT CAVE CASTLES. 

In the western end of this department 
are some elaborate topographical plans of 
the animal mounds in Wisconsin, made by 
J. U. Lapham and S. S. Lapham, and two 
others, from the Indian Department. 
There are also several models of the re¬ 
mains of ancient cave ruins. There is one 
very complete one found at Rio De Chelley, 
in Arizona Ter. It represents an extensive 
castle, with square towers and windows. 
Another is a model of a cliff ruin at Rio 
Mancos, Colorado. This latter consists of 
two square towers connected by a wall, 
and with a curved wall at each end, join¬ 
ing it with the cliff. 

There is a model representing a restored 
ruin of an ancient cave castle in Rio de 
Chelley, in Arizona. The walls and towers 
are pierced, and the savage inhabitants are 
represented engaged in their household 
duties. 

Here also is a topographical plan of a 
geological survey and model of remains of 


an ancient round tower. Between the in¬ 
ner and outer walls of this tower the space 
was partitioned into rooms, but there were 
no windows. The outside diameter -was 
forty feet, and the walls two feet thick. 

On the windows at the west end are a 
great number of photographs upon glass 
of picturesque scenery, taken during Hay¬ 
den’s survey. There are some magnificent 
mountain scenery that is almost unequalled 
by any thing ever showm from any 
country. 


INDIAN MANUFACTURES. 

In the row of cases at the south side of 
this wing, are many specimens of Indian 
manufactures of domestic articles. The 
first case shows the method of carrying the 
little pappooses by the Indian mothers, 
and the next one west has numerous 
baskets, unique hats and leggings and 
stockings. The third is devoted to the in¬ 
struments of the chase, bow’s, arrows, etc. 
Here are also rude looms used in making 
their coarse cloth and agricultural and 
household goods. 

A very curious case shows the several 
kinds of beads, bracelets, necklaces and 
other goods.' Some of the necklaces are 
made of grizzly bears’ claws. 

Another case would go to show that the 
Indians are fond of masquerading. There 
are masks, of wood principally, which are 
carved into the most hideous shapes and 
grotesque caricatures. In this case also 
are saddles, drums and musical instruments, 
mostly confined to drums. The oddest 
specimens here shown are some head 
scratchers made of bone and metal. From 
the known character of the gentle savage, 
it does not surprise the visitor the least to 
see that the most of these instruments are 
worn by constant use. 

In another case there are a number of 
garments made of skins, and others of 
cloth made of feathers. The full dress 
of tanned skins for chiefs and for ordi¬ 
nary braves are also shown. The former 
of soft deer skin are elaborately and, in 
some cases, grotesquely embroidered. 

The dresses of the women are also 
shown. They are made of fine material, 
and show the marks of a great deal of care 
and rude taste. 

Over this last case is a large oil painting, 
showing a peculiar ceremony amongst the 








Indians. It is a magical performance b r 
tiie ‘Big Injun ” medicine man, for the 
purpose of bringing down the rain in 
time of drought. There are seven life 
size figures represented, some of whom are 
kneeling around a box, around which 
Wheat and corn are arranged in a manner 
supposed to make a charm. 

Above these cases are hung great num¬ 
bers of specimens of skins and snow- 
shoes and implements of the chase. There 
are also some of the most grotesquely 
carved and painted posts which are used 
to charm off evil influences and the devil 
whenever he should happen to come their 
^ay. . hese are sometimes over thirty 
feet high and four and five feet in breadth 
I he carvings represent human beings and 
animals, one above another, and so carved 
that it is hard to tell where one begins and 
the other leaves off. There is on the out¬ 
side of the building, leaning against the 
west wall, a gable-end of a council house 
which is carved and painted into a perfect 
abynnth of figures and faces, supposed to 
give the chiefs wisdom in their councils 


UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 


645 


pounds, and. the weight of shot, which is 
cy mdncal with conical end, is 600 pounds. 
11 s gun was made at the great foundry 

Mass° TW° n Ir T C ° mpany ’ of Boston 
• •. ™ ler p are also here a number of 

held-pieces, rifles, and howitzers. 

o the south of the east entrance there 

wifh ^° de of 1 one of the monitor turrets, 
U?. the f muzz ! es of two 15-inch guns pro- 
tracJmg from the portholes. This monitor 
tuiret is the object of a great deal of at¬ 
tention, and as far as outward appearance 
goes is a very correct representation. 

I here are besides these a number of 
other guns for garrison and field service. 

Ihe entire collection embraced in the 
exhibit of the United States Government 
is very complete and extremely well ar¬ 
ranged. In comprehensiveness and in ac¬ 
curacy of detail no other World’s Exposi¬ 
tion has approached the grand display of 
our own country. 


HEAVY GUNS. 

At the eastern end of the building, on 
the level outside, are arranged the several 
gigantic guns, which give such a warlike 
appearance to the building. To the north 
of the east main entrance may be seen the 
great monster 20-inch Rodman gun, which 
is mounted upon its iron carriage. This 
immense piece was cast in the Fort Pitt 
foundry, at Pittsburgh, Pa. Its weight is 
115,000 pounds, weight of shot, 1,080 
pounds, and the charge of powder 200 
pounds, or a barrel at every discharge. A 
constant stream of cold water circulated 
around the core whilst the gun was being 
cast, thus hardening and making the gun 
strongest where strength is mostly required. 
Near this is the 9-inch bore Sutcliffe 
breech-loading rifle, and the huge 13-inch 
mortar, mounted on its bed, with the shell 
alongside. 

There is near this a section of a casemate, 
showing the solid granite outer wall with 
the concrete fillings-in, and the manner in 
which the guns are trained. 

Near this is the enormous 12-inch rifle, 
which is slung on two strong tripods’. 
This gun is called the Thompson rifle, and 
is a breech-loader. Its weight is 84,280 


MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. A. 

. Lp ca ted north of the Government Build¬ 
ing is an edifice in which the Medical De¬ 
partment of the army makes an exhibit. 
Entering the southern door, we are in 
a room forty-five feet long by twenty-five 
wide, ranged along each wall of which is 
a row of iron bedsteads, with all the neces¬ 
sary clothing. A room of the same size in 
the other end of the building contains very 
perfect models of hospitals, built upon va¬ 
rious plans; several ambulance cars. 

In neat cases are the different parts of 
the human skeleton, and a great many 
bones, that have been struck by rifle-balls. 
These specimens were collected during the 
Rebellion and the late Indian wars. In a 
few instances the ball still remains, where 
it was wedged between two bones, or par- 
tially imbedded in a large one. Here is also 
a large collection of photographs; and in 
the halls and other rooms are still more, 
all of which represent aggravated cases of 
diseases. There are also exhibits of sur¬ 
gical instruments of superb workmanship 
and well adapted for all operations. 

In other rooms are samples of medicines, 
litters, stretchers, artificial arms and legs* 
in fact every description of sanitary appar¬ 
atus. Outside of the building are exhibits 
cf hospital tents of full size, and a great 
number of ambulances and wagons. 

The exhibit, as a whole, comprises every 





















64 6 


UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 


appliance for the relief of the sick and 
wounded, both of the hospital and moving 
army. It is arranged with great care, and 
in a most systematic manner, and has the 
characteristic of all the government dis¬ 
plays— scrupulous neatness and perfect 
order. 

Situated northeast of the above build¬ 
ing is a lighthouse, that is complete in all 
its details, and plainly illustrates the mode 
of operations. Next to this is an im¬ 
mense fog horn, used for signaling in 
heavy weather; said to be heard thirty 
miles. 


UNITED STATES LIFE SAYING STATION. 

The building in which this branch of 
service is exhibited is located upon the 
north side of the lake. On the side facing 
the pond are two large double doors, to 
permit the egress of the mammoth sized 
life-boats. A platform extends from the 
floor to the edge of the water. Within the 
edifice, and placed upon strong trucks, are 
the life or surf boats. When needed, the 
carriage is run down the slope and into the 
water, to a depth sufficient to float the 
craft. The boats are admirably made, and 
of a material well suited to rough usage. 


In different parts of the lower room are 
ropes of every description, and coiled so 
nicely that every fiber knows and keeps its 
own position. Here are also shown mor¬ 
tars for throwing a shot over a danger¬ 
ously placed vessel. Where needed, a coil 
of strong but light rope, to one end of 
which is attached the ball, is placed beside 
the muzzle, and the mortar fired. The 
projectile passes over the ship, upon which 
the rope falls. To the other end of this is 
now fastened a cable, that soon forms a con¬ 
nection between the vessel and the shore. 
There is also shown all manner of life sav¬ 
ing apparatus, and machinery for affording 
relief to vessels upon a dangerous coast. 
In the northern portion of the building is 
a second floor that answers for an office 
and waiting room. Upon the lake is prac¬ 
tically exhibited a life raft of huge propor¬ 
tions. In pattern it is similar to the one 
described in Machinery Hall, being two 
cylinders, made of strong canvas, lashed 
to a substantial frame work. Near the 
forward end is a mast—the craft is steered 
by means of a long oar. 

The whole exhibit is kept scrupulously 
clean, and is as perfectly displayed in its 
minor details as in its most prominent 
features. 





SHOE AND LEATHER BUILDING. 


As we admire the dainty gaiter or tug 
at our too closely fitting boots—as we look 
upon the polished slipper, or gaze in aston¬ 
ishment upon the unpolished brogans— 
few stop to consider the labor expended 
on each production. The smooth morocco 
and the pliable calf-skin require time and 
care for their elaboration from the cloggy 
and offensive pelts. The richly embossed 
bookbinding is the result of months of 
patient and watchful industry. To pro¬ 
duce the beautiful we subdue the repulsive. 
Leather does not grow for the shoe and 
harness-maker and the trunk-maker. The 
rough skin has to undergo a score of man¬ 
ipulations before it is fitted to protect 
hands and feet, or enclose large stocks of 
intellectual lore. Tanning is a very an¬ 
cient process, and appears to have been 
brought early to prominent excellence. 
Badger skins, and rams skins, dyed red are 
frequently mentioned in scripture. In the 
very early ages garments were made of 
skins, prepared simply by drying and 
smoking. Large tribes living in moun¬ 
tainous countries scarcely knew any other 
clothing. 

The Egyptians were well skilled in the 
preparation of leather, and in the paint¬ 
ings and sculptures of Thebes, we find rep¬ 
resentations of the several tanning processes. 
In some men are currying, and for that 
purpose using instruments almost exactly 
like those at present employed. Others 
are stretching the skins, and still others 
tentering the outspread leather. We see 
the awl and the polishing stone, as used at 
the present day. We next notice the shops 
in which the finished hide is hung up as a 
business sign. This sign is still used among 
leather dealers. 

Though the ancients used leather as we 
do, they had also other needs to which it 
was applied. The armies of empires were 
provided with shields, helmets, and breast¬ 
plates of “stout bull-hide,”—made of many 
thicknesses; so solid as to resist swords, 
spears, and even battle-axes. All these 


articles were further strengthened by being 
embossed with additional rods of closely 
twisted thongs. Ropes and cordage were 
of leather; and so were bottles.* 

For tanning purposes the Egyptians, Per¬ 
sians, etc., used the pods of the sont , or 
acacia—the acanthus of Strabo and other 
old writers. They also employed the bark 
and wood of the Rhus oxyacanthoid.es and 
of the seal —both growing in the deserts 
on the borders of oases. Sour milk was 
largely used in some countries*! From the 
sea carp garments were made that were 
nearly water proof by the application of 
sour milk, mingled with some powerful as¬ 
tringent. The process was used upon skins 
well dried and cleaned. Three times a day 
they were dressed in this preparation, after 
which they were exposed for several days 
to a dense smoke. This prevented any 
bad effect that might be occasioned by the 
use of the mixture. J 

The Persians were early celebrated for 
their red leathers. They tanned both with 
and without removing the hair or wool. 
They possessed a chemical knowledge, now 
lost, by which they rendered red and blue 
permanent, both in the skin and upon the* 
hair or wool. The Phoenicians adorned 
elaborately their leathers that were sold in 
Tyre and Sidon. They delighted in supe¬ 
rior purple that remained unchanged for 
years. They were the first to pass the Pil¬ 
lars of Hercules, and visit Britain, carry¬ 
ing among other merchandise, large ship¬ 
ments. of leather which they exchanged, 
for tin. The ancient Britons exported their' 
pelts for hundreds of years, but after be¬ 
coming acquainted with tanning processes, 


* Ancient wine bottles are described in our article 
on Ancient Machinery. 

t In some processes our tanners now use sweet 
milk. 

I It is supposed that the Egyptians also employed 
powdered animal brain and tepid water with which 
a lather was formed that tended still further to 
cleanse the hides. Similar processes are still used 
among the aboriginals of both North and South 
America. 





648 


SHOE AND LEATHER BUILDING. 


made fine progress in preparing coarser 
hides. Many rude nations tan by pro¬ 
cesses peculiarly their own. On the Pa¬ 
cific coast of North America, leather is 
skillfully tanned by natives who use indi¬ 
genous vegetable productions. The He¬ 
brews and Egyptians used very elegantly 
embossed and highly colored leathers for 
ornamental coverings for their harps. Skins 
were found in the palaces of their princes 
in the shape of tasteful hangings. 

The production of choice moroccos was, 
and still is one of the great industries of 
the empire of Morocco, or Marocco. Tan- 
giers and Fez for many centuries have held 
the trade. But, as with all other of their 
employments, they appear to have been con¬ 
fined to manual labor. In India and Japan, 
dressing and working leathers are degrading 
occupations. The tanners and cordwainers 
of those countries are socially tabooed. 

Sole leather is made from the pelts of 
the ox and cow. Upper leather from those 
of young cattle. The best upper leathers 
are made from calf-skins. Horse hides are 
only used to a limited extent in the United 
States, but are largely employed in Europe. 
The French calf-skins have commanded the 
trade for many years. 

Half a million of buffalo hides are used. 
They make a very strong and durable sole 
leather. This trade is fast running out. 
Most of the hides being now roughly pre¬ 
pared with the furs on, and used for robes. 

A very hard and durable leather is made 
from hog-skins, and is used for covering sad¬ 
dles, and some portions of heavy harness. 

From sheep-skins several kinds of leather 
are made, but they have little strength, 
.and are deficient in solidity. They are 
quickly tanned however with alum and 
sumach, and worked up either whole or 
split. Still they are largely used for pock¬ 
et-books, book-binding, hat-linings, and a 
thousand cheap purposes. They are also 
made into imitations of all sorts of leather. 
Since the introduction of aniline colors, 
they are rendered extremely deceptive, and 
frequently very beautiful. Goat-skins are 
stronger and of much closer texture. They 
form the finest morocco, and are principally 
used for ladies’ gaiters and gloves. Deer¬ 
skins are used for gloves and mittens. They 
are soft, pliable, and yet very strong. The 
lighter skins are frequently palmed off for 
chamois or white leather. 

The main sources for hides are, our own 


country, Argentine Republic, Brazil, India, 
and Africa. Our hides are all tanned at 
home. Mexico, Central America, and the 
countries of the Rio de la Plata, send their 
pelts principally to New York, Boston, and 
the European ports. The number of hides 
used in the United States, is estimated at 
nine millions, annually. The imports of 
heavy skins at New York for 1873, were 
1,316,704. During the same time there 
were imported at New York, Boston, Phila¬ 
delphia, and Baltimore, goat-skins, 4,915,- 
000. The annual manufactures of the Uni¬ 
ted States are valued at $222,600,000. 

The Shoe and Leather Building is a 
wooden structure, 160x300 feet square; 
and consequently covers rather more than 
one acre of ground. Upon the outside it 
is not ornamental. Within it is divided 
by large aisles, along which are placed 
every description of leather, leather goods, 
and leather machinery. It stands between 
Machinery Hall and the southern barrier— 
the front being on the line of Machinery 
Hall. Should the ancient Persian or ner¬ 
vous Assyrian step within the broad en¬ 
trance, though he might not be astonished 
at the manufactures, he would be struck 
dumb in gazing upon the machines that do 
more work in a day than his untutored 
people could accomplish in a year. 

Of the displays, there are of harness, 
kip and calf skins, 41; of morocco and 
sheep, 19; of vegetable and animal pro¬ 
ducts, 95; of boots and shoes, 95; of shoe 
machinery, 24; of leather do. 17; of car¬ 
riage accessories, 23; of hardware and sad¬ 
dlery, 12; of trunks, etc., 14; miscellane¬ 
ous, 19. Total, 359. 

The modern process of making morocco 
has greatly reduced the time necessary for 
perfect tanning, and yet does not materially 
differ from the ancient method. The goat 
pelts, as received from foreign ports, are 
hard and closely wrapped. They are 
spread out, and placed in vats for five or 
six days, in order that the pores may open 
for the absorption of tannic acid.* They 


* Tannin is easily and largely obtained from oak, 
hemlock, birch, and in less proportion from almost 
every vegetable, merely by steeping and digesting. 
Combined with animal jellies, tannin forms an in¬ 
soluble compound. Hides are laid in vats with 
ground bark between, and covered with water. 
The tannin of the bark is first dissolved by the 
water, and afterwards combines with the leather, 
by which it is rendered hard, and nearly impervious 
to water. 






SHOE AND LEATHER BUILDING. 


649 


are next rubbed with a dull, circular knife, 
to so (ten them for the lime. This process 
is called 11 breaking.” 

They are now placed in lime-vats, where 
(in the winter season,) they remain for 
four weeks. When taken from these, the 
hair is removed by a dull knife, and the 
remaining animal matter by a sharp one. 
After this they are placed in a tub of 
animal phosphate for three or four hours, 
when they are found to be cleaned and 
purified. 

After being next run over with a slate- 
knife, they are placed on the “bran- 
drench” for forty-eight hours, when they 
are found much expanded, and with the 
pores quite open. After being again 
worked over, they are made into bags, 
with one end left open to receive the tan¬ 
nin. Each skin bag being filled with finely 
ground sumach, and the necks tightly 
closed, they are placed in the tanning 
vats, which are twelve feet square and 
about three feet deep. The vats are filled 
with liquor in which the bags are piled up. 
Six times their position is changed, §o that 
each bag may be fully subjected to the ac¬ 
tion of the sumach. They are also repeat¬ 
edly thrown out upon the press, which is 
merely a platform of heavy plank. The 
pressing is by the weight of one bag above 
another, by which means the liquor is 
made to exude mechanically. A portion 
of tannin is left in the pores at each op¬ 
eration, and the process is repeated until 
the skins are found to be thoroughly 
tanned. 

The sumach is now removed, and the 
skins thoroughly washed in clear, pure, 
soft water. They are next spread upon 
the breaking-table, and “ slicked with a 
slicker .” This is simply a dull knife that 
presses out all the water. Again the skins 
are slicked , and then hung upon tenter¬ 
hooks to dry, which they generally do in 
about ten hours. 

Placed upon a glass-faced beam, with a 
long knife they are now shaved to the de¬ 
sired thinness. The knives are all curious 
machines — mostly straight; but their 
handles are almost invariably cow’s horns, 
emblematic of the trade. They are subse¬ 
quently returned to the tan vat — then 
“finished,” (but not done ,)—again washed 
in water — again shaped out — partially 
dried—then slicked again, and at last fully 
dried. 


When thoroughly dried, they are spread 
out and washed over upon the hair side 
with vinegar-iron, that leaves an imperfect 
black. When this coat is quite dry, a 
second is applied, when they are subjected 
to a wash composed of iron-liquor, log¬ 
wood, blood, and. sweet milk. hen again 
dried, they are found to have a fine black 
color; but they still require to be grained.* 

Graining is that peculiar finish that we 
find upon the best morocco, and which 
somewhat resembles milling. The grainer 
is a circular block of hard wood, delicately 
grooved upon the convex surface, while 
the concave is provided with a strap into 
which. the hand is thrust to steady its 
operation. Spreading the skin upon the 
graining table—doubling, rolling, and un¬ 
rolling it, while pressing closely the tool, 
the skin soon receives a full impression, 
and is thus grained. 

After this it is brushed over with liquor 
of flax-seed, that imparts a luster to the 
surface. Again it is slicked to smooth¬ 
ness, and again stretched; after which it is 
rubbed over thoroughly with sperm oil, 
that darkens the color, and greatly adds to 
the complete finish. The process is now 
perfected. It has gone through various 
operations, and has occupied nine or ten 
weeks of careful watching and judicious 
labor. 

The tanning of heavier hides requires a 
longer subjection to the action of tannin— 
some heavy pelts have remained immersed 
for seven years. Many short processes 
have been tried, and the period sensibly 
decreased; but the best leathers require 
time. The process and materials also vary, 
but the essential point in tanning is, to first 
cleanse thoroughly the pelts; next, to ex¬ 
pand the pores, and lastly to introduce as 
much pure tannin as possible. 

The principal displays of sole-leather are 
from Pennsylvania and New York, though 
every state and territory is represented. 
The “HEMLOCK TANNERS,” of Buf¬ 
falo, and the NATIONAL LEATHER 
CO., of Detroit, exhibit very excellent col¬ 
lections. W. SCHOLLENBERGER & 
CO., of Philadelphia, show the tanned hide 
of the celebrated elephant “ Empress,” who 
died when she was one hundred years old. 
The EDINBURGH (Scot.) TANNING 


* The ancients do not appear to have understood 
graining—their skins being smoothly linished. 










650 


SHOE AND LEATHER BUILDING. 


CO., have a boar’s hide two inches thick, 
having required fully seven years in tan 
ning. The English sole-leathers are supe 
rior in finish—the time of vatting in Eng¬ 
land is never injuriously shortened. The 
Russian display has the peculiar finish of all 
the Russian leather, and is always firm, 
solid, and thoroughly impregnated with 
tannin. The boot and shoe leathers are 
finished in the closest style, and show to 
great advantage in the general display. 

Shoes were gradually introduced among 
the ancients. Nearly all the sculptures 
represent every male and female bare¬ 
footed. The prince and the husbandman 
are alike unshod. But as the knowledge 
of leather increased, and the necessity 
arose of moving large bodies of men, they 
were provided with protection for the foot- 
sole. The Egyptians first used only wood¬ 
en soles, merely lashed to the ankle. 
Afterwards, these were made of leather, 
and also lashed, the main band passing in¬ 
side of the great toe. The Egyptians and 
Assyrians were thus provided. The Per¬ 
sian soldiers had boots with heavy soles, 
strong uppers, but made open at the toes. 
The Corybantium and the Pyrrhic dancers, 
as well as the gladiators and acrobats, are 
all represented as barefooted. In many 
cases even the Roman centurions were 
shoeless. Some wealthy men wore leg- 
gins, cross-platted and highly ornamented 
—some with and some without shoes. The 
introduction of heavy, army boots is a 
modern innovation; while the fancy gaiters 
in which the French and Italians excel, 
have also only found prominence within 
the past two or three centuries. 

The displays of morocco, both of kid and 
sheep skins, are large, the grain being well 
preserved. All colors are met with, as 
well as all degrees of fineness. Though 
they are mostly of hard and fixed finish, 
there are some that are purposely left 
rough, in order to display the quality of 
the leather. 

The trade of shoemaking has greatly 
advanced. In the early times in this 
country the shoemaker was a tramp, though 
always a respectable character. W ith his 
kit upon his back he traveled from house 
to house, so as to shoe the whole family at 
once. During the summer few shoes were 
required as all hands went barefoot, except 
the parents; and in many instances even 
they wore shoes only on Sundays. The 


traveling cordwainer would sometimes 
spend a month at one house, making and 
mending all the time, living with the family 
as their companion, and often enlivening 
them with his songs and stories. 

Our revolutionary heroes wore mostly 
wide shoes, with heavy square toes; while 
the gentry of the day adorned themselves 
with short boots of black leather with red, 
yellow, or golden bands, also of leather, 
that encased the tops. The shoes were fur¬ 
ther ornamented with heavy silver buckles, 
while the yellow topped boots were decked 
with tasteful cords and tassels. These last 
were generally made of very fine leather, 
though the upper-ten would indulge in tas¬ 
sels of stout silk braid. 

While all the states furnish more or less 
leather, the State of Massachusetts takes 
foremost rank in the manufacture of boots, 
shoes, ladies’ slippers, gaiters, etc. The 
town of Lynn, and the city of Boston are 
most prominent in the trade. 

The wares are made of the very best 
material, while the workmanship is unques¬ 
tioned. Several displays of ladies’ wear 
are of the most elegant patterns, and the 
embellishments denote an artistic skill sel¬ 
dom encountered in the pelty material. 

The ancients had chests for valuables, 
but these appear to have been mostly made 
of wood strongly secured with brass or 
bronze. These were subsequently orna¬ 
mented with leathern trimmings. They 
had also trunks for clothing, but do not 
appear to have indulged in anything like 
our modern Saratogas. Their wardrobes 
were not over-extensive, and could gener¬ 
ally be put into a small compass. The 
Thespians seem to have had a few boxes for 
their theatrical vestments, but even these 
were not so necessary for clothes as they 
were for the theatrical paraphernalia. 

Our modern trunks are of quite a differ¬ 
ent character, and as diversified as any 
other domestic appliance. “ Hair trunks,” 
or trunks covered with skins tanned with¬ 
out removing the hairs were fashionable un¬ 
til very recently. They were small, and 
sometimes round as well as square. Then 
came up the sea trunk, being made of a 
stout iron frame covered with heavy black 
leather. Close upon this followed the light 
wooden trunks that annually increased in 
size to the horror of baggage-masters, whose 
stiffened muscles ached at their undue pro¬ 
portions. Of late years the trunk-makers 






SHOE AND LEATHER BUILDING. 


651 


have tried zinc as a protection against the 
legalized railroad trunk smashers. 

The exhibits of trunks, valises, satchels, 
gun cases, etc., present an array not easily 
surpassed. Many of the trunks are divi¬ 
ded into suitable compartments for various 
articles of dress—are elegantly ornamented 
and strongly built. A very ingenious con¬ 
trivance is to be seen for closing over¬ 
packed trunks. It is a lever lock—by 
bearing upon the lever a heavy purchase 
will bring down the lid to the lock, and 
hold it while being secured. It is the 
invention of F. SIMPSON, of Philadel¬ 
phia. 

We now approach a most important di¬ 
vision of this exceedingly interesting dis¬ 
play. We allude to the many and various 
machines for expediting the manufactures, 
and the many preparations introduced by 
the most ingenious to shorten the time, and 
yet not injure the texture of either the 
leathers or the articles made therefrom. 
First then of the machines—we find peg¬ 
ging machines, by which 250 to 500 pairs 
of shoes can be pegged in one day. Also 
machines for wax-ending, sewing, welting, 
crimping, quilting, and heeling. In fact, 
nearly every part of the boot and shoe can 
now be made by machinery. 

In the processes of tanning there are 
now tan-vats and presses; scouring and 
raising machines; new leaches; improved 
forms of tubs, etc., etc. 

The new tan vats are so arranged as to 
insure a more perfect absorption of tannin; 
and at the same time diminish the labor of 
transfer to and from the press. A leather 
scouring machine is offered by F. A. 
LOCKWOOD, of Fall River, that is said 
to do the work of eight men. Several 
splitting machines for soles and uppers are 
exhibited; as well as machines for creasing, 
rolling and even sand papering. A. F. 
STOWES, of Boston, besides splitters, has 
a very useful strap and welt machine. 

Of the manufactured articles, the dis¬ 
plays are worthy the closest examination. 
Among other useful devices shown, are 
ventilated boots and shoes, the invention of 


JOHN J. CHRISTIAN, of Yonkers. This 
is simple, useful, and calculated to promote 
health. 

Could some of the cordwainers of only 
one hundred years ago, come up and view 
a modern shoe factory, they would feel 
heartily ashamed of their former ignorance. 
In some large rooms in Lynn, it is said they 
have a central receptacle for the finished 
articles; look when you may at the grand 
basket, you will always see a shoe going in 

to it over the shoulder of some workman_ 

a steady stream flows all day basketward. 
It is called the “ Shoe Fountain.” 

In the harness line the displays are mag¬ 
nificent. One hundred years ago, rope 
harnesses were thought very complete, and 
were certainly serviceable. But times have 
changed: the ropes are wanted for other 
purposes. Nothing will answer the plain 
farmer but the best and heaviest leather— 
plain but strong and durable. Nothing 
will suit Mr. Tom Shoddy unless he have 
pure gold trappings—generally made of 
oroide, or covered with what the button- 
makers call gold pickle, a bath in which 
the precious metal is so thinned, that a yel¬ 
low dollar will cover an acre. Both kinds 
are here. The real, intrinsic, unquestioned, 
metallic trimmed—the strong, pliable farm 
gear, and the inferior, gemmed work. New 
trappings; new adornments. 

The glove makers spread out their dis¬ 
plays: and the pocket-book manufacturers 
present empty portemonnaies in rich pro¬ 
fusion. The gloves from the single button 
to the string of ten; and the wallets from 
the lady’s card case to the banker’s bond 
book. All sizes, all varieties are here; 
and all find crowds of admirers. 

But we have almost forgotten the black¬ 
ing and French polish, and the Turkish 
bronze, and the scores of accessories that 
always accompany the leather trade. MA¬ 
SON, on the one hand, and BIXBY, with 
the big X, on the other—with crowds of 
gamins ready to “shine you up,” for ten 
cents; shine out under the polishing brush 
with a luster unknown to the last genera¬ 
tion, and unappreciated by this. 












PHOTOGRAPHIC HALL. 


The building is situated directly east of 
Memorial Hall, and north of the eastern 
end of Main Building ; and in reality may 
be considered as another annex to the main 
Art Building. It is two hundred and 
fifty-eight feet long by one hundred and 
seven broad—covering over five-eighths of 
an acre. The exterior is plain but neat. 
The interior is divided by twenty-eight 
screens, four of which are nineteen feet 
long, and the remainder twenty-four feet. 
Spaces of sixteen feet intervene between 
the screens, and over nineteen thousand 
square feet are used for pictures. The 
end of each screen, next the central aisle, 
is T shaped, relieving the eye when gazing 
through the building. The main object of 
these Ts is to give additional strength to 
the screens themselves. The four walls 
and both sides of each screen are covered 
with pictures, from the plain photographic 
vignette to the landscape or heroic por¬ 
trait. Besides this, the floor spaces between 
the screens and in the main aisle are 
largely utilized by tables and cases con¬ 
taining displays of cameras, and other 
instruments used in photography. The 
lights are finely distributed, so that each 
division is well supplied. The same 
national divisions are observed here that 
characterize other exhibition buildings, so 
that each country has its separate allotted 
space. H: J. Schwarzmann and Hugh 
Kafka, architects. 

Of the exhibits there were in Photo¬ 
graphs, including Vignettes, Life Portraits, 
etc., one hundred and three; of Landscapes, 
twenty-seven; Stereoscopic and Crayon, 
sixteen; of Material and Instruments, 
thirty-eight; of Transparencies, Micro¬ 
scopes, etc., fourteen—total, one hundred 
and ninety-four. 

The photographic art takes its origin 
from M. DAGUERRE, of Paris, who, in 
1839, announced that by a process which 
lie had discovered, he could in a few 
minutes fix the image of a camera upon 
a metallic surface. Shortly after this, 


TALBOT succeeded in fixing the image 
on prepared paper, by means of solar 
light. 

Daguerre covered a highly-polished 
copper plate with a layer of nitrate of 
silver, sensitized with iodine. Iodine is 
solid at ordinary temperatures, but assumes 
a vaporous form by being subjected to a 
very slight degree of heat. When the 
silvered plate is held for two minutes over 
the vapor of iodine, the silver amalgamates 
with the iodine and forms a coating of 
iodide of silver, which is exceedingly sensi¬ 
tive to light. 

The prepared plate is placed in the 
camera, and there acted upon by the rays 
of outer light. Taken thence it is exposed 
for a few minutes to a vapor of mercury 
in a warm dark room or closet. The 
mercury unites with the silver where it has 
been acted upon by the light, and a white 
amalgam is formed, giving prominence to 
the lights of the picture. This process, 
though a wonderful discovery for which 
Daguerre should have all credit, was subject 
to many objections. It took too long to 
fix an impression, while the picture was to 
a certain extent not clearly defined. Others 
experimented, and by using bromine of 
iodine, rendered the plates much more 
sensitive; while the images were fixed by 
chloride of gold and hypersulphite of soda, 
applied under a gentle heat. This process 
and these materials were used for many 
years, and had the effect of shortening the 
time and adding largely to the brilliancy 
of the picture. 

The next advance was photography, 
which differed, and yet was founded upon 
the discovery of Daguerre. A plate of 
strong, smooth glass, made perfectly clean, 
was covered with a thin coating of collo¬ 
dion,* rendered sensitive to light by pro- 


* Formula for collodion: gun cotton, 4 to 8 
grains; sulphuric acid, sp. gr. .720, 5 fluid 
drachms; alcohol, sp. gr. .825, 3 fluid drachms; 
iodide of cadmium, 4 to 5 grains. 






PHOTOGRAPHIC HALL. 


cesses similar to those already cited. The 
picture is negative, having the lights and 
shades reversed. The image being fixed 
upon t ie glass plate, the next process is 
printing. Sensitized paper is placed in an 
open box, and the plate laid upon it with 
ie image down. Being properly covered 
and secured, the box is placed where the 
sunlight will rest directly upon it. In a 
lew. minutes the image is transferred in 
again reversed lights and shades, forming a 
positive picture corresponding to that origi¬ 
nally reflected in the camera. 

Although it is less than forty years since 
the discovery of the art, it has rapidly 
spiead, and now there is scarcely a village 
m the civilized world that has not its 
photographic gallery. Of life-size portraits 
I. W KURTZ, of New York, presents 
several that are superbly finished. One of 
Hon E. D. Morgan, late Governor of New 

* ? rk ’ ls a ver y accurate likeness, besides 
being an exquisite work of art. He shows 
also Cyrus W. Field, and a picture of a 
sweet child upon a bank of flowers. And 
then we have, by JAMES T. BRADY, of 
New York, life size portraits of Webster, 
Lincoln, and Grant. WENDEROTH & 
CO., of Philadelphia, show similar pictures 
full of life and character. In these enlarged 
representations the artists are now produc¬ 
ing most perfect ornamentations, to the 
delight of families desiring galleries of 
friends. 

Some very beautiful pictures are exhibi¬ 
ted by SARONY, of New York. The 
“ Lovers ” is a rich scene. The lady’s head 
rests upon her lover’s shoulder, while both 
faces are expressive of great warmth and 
tender regard. LANDY, of Cincinnati, 
gives us Barnum, and as Barnum is still a 
handsome man, we find an attractive pic¬ 
ture in his genial face. 

Of the multitudes of vignettes, and 
slightly larger photographs, we cannot be 
very definite. Among the thousands upon 
the screens and walls, it would be extremely 
difficult to discriminate, where all are 
choice and worthy of high praise. 

Of landscapes the array is not so exten¬ 
sive, but very attractive. Views on the 
Mississippi, by J. P. DOREMUS, of 
Paterson, are faithfully given; while Dr. 
JAMES STRONG and Rev. A. T. DOT- 
TERER display many interesting scenes 
in Palestine. We have here Mount Leb¬ 
anon, the Cedar Groves, the Jordan, the 


653 


East Gate of Damascus, and many other 
localities of great interest to the Bible 
student. The pictures were taken in 1874 
and from most favorable localities. A 
crowd, is always gathered about these 
charming pictures. 

It is in landscape, mechanical and archi- 
tectural pictures that photograph V is 
extremely valuable. In landscape the 
sun-pictures are absolutely true; while the 
iiand of the most accurate limner may 
slight some object or embellish some other 
so as to destroy the power of recognition! 
and yet produce a very pretty sketch. If 
confined to fancy, the pencil and brush may 
eliminate more poetry of soul, but when 
copying from nature, we love to have truth. 

I hough the picture may contain objects 
not positively attractive, they are there , and 
should be given. So in mechanical draw¬ 
ing, and m copying architectural subjects, 
accuracy and faithfulness are much more 
important than any idle fancy. Not that 
we deprecate the painter’s art, but because 
we seek the positive points—the absolute 
actual lights and shades. 

Among the displays of instruments and 
photographic appliances, we find much of 
interest. The SCOVILL MAN’F’G CO 
of Waterbury, Conn., exhibit several of 
their very excellent cameras, having glasses 
for perfecting negatives so as to render 
them sharp, clear, and distinct. LEVY & 
CO., of Paris, France, exhibit negative 
pictures, placed in the windows so that the 
light may shine through them. They are 
very clear, and give an excellent insight 
into the. delicate intricacies of the art. 

English notables are given in grouped 
classes by the STEREOGRAPHIC CO., 
of London. In one frame we find the 
dergy; in a second the members of the 
House of Lords; in the third the Commons, 
and in others, judges, actors, ambassadors, 
singers, etc. 

As the pi operties of the camera ohscura 
are necessarily involved in photograptiv 
we. may briefly state its construction. 
Originally it was merely a square box hav¬ 
ing a small hole at the back in which was 
placed a concave lens, through which a 
scene to be copied is thrown upon a mirror 
placed within, at a proper angle to reflect 
the diminished image, which last is thrown 
upon a ground glass forming half of the 
top of the box. The picture thus made 
gives all the colors of the landscape as well 



















654 


PHOTOGRAPHIC nALL. 


as every object in it. For photographic 
purposes, the form of the camera has been 
somewhat changed. It is now telescoped 
at the back, and has a brass adjustable 
tube running out from the hole in the 
opposite end. The object of the telescopic 
back as well as the front tube, is to increase 
or diminish the reflected image and to 
adjust the focal distance. No reflecting 
mirror is used, as the image passes directly 
through the box. To obtain a picture, the 
prepared glass already described is slipped 
in directly through the box; while this is 
being done, the outer end of the tube is 
kept covered. When the image to be 
copied is properly in focus—the coated 
glass in place—in complete quiet, the cover 
is removed for about thirty seconds; then 
replaced, and the glass (being now removed) 
is subjected to the chemical treatment 
until a perfect negative is firmly fixed. 

Just at this moment several of our scien¬ 
tific photographers are experimenting with 
a view of discovering some agency by I 


which they may be able to fix the various 
colors of a copied image. If this can be 
accomplished the art will be doubly valua¬ 
ble. We will not assert its positive impos¬ 
sibility, for science has made such 
enormous strides in recent times, that we 
might be proved foolish before our book 
comes from the press. We may however 
give a hint to the craft that may not be 
useless. The daguerreotype is fixed 
direct—after the sun’s impression. The 
photograph is in reality a reprint from an 
original copy. Therefore, the colors of 
the picture cannot be reproduced from the 
first picture until it have on it all the 
original colors; and even could they be 
produced in the daguerreotype, it is 
exceedingly problematical as to whether 
they could be reproduced therefrom. We 
may therefore hint that all experiments 
should be primarily given to the metal 
plate. Chemistry is wonderfully given to 
surprises, and we know not what a day 
may bring forth. 





STOCK-BREEDING. 


ANCIENT AND MODERN. 

At the very earliest dates in all countries, 
flocks and herds are mentioned. Abel 
was undoubtedly the first shepherd, and he 
offered unto the Lord “ of the firstlings of 
the flock.” Abram, who flourished 2,000 
years B. C.; Isaac, Jacob, and his sons, 
were all shepherds. The Israelites were 
placed in Goshen, far removed from the 
multitudes of Egypt to whom shepherds 
were “an abomination.” David was taken 
from the sheep-cote and made king; and 
the Lord is often spoken of as the shep¬ 
herd. “ The Lord is my shepherd, I shall 
not want.” It was to shepherds that the 
first announcement was made of the birth 
of the Messiah ; and He called himself the 
“ Shepherd of Israel.” Nearly all repre¬ 
sentations of ancient kings show the pedum , 
or shepherd’s crook, which may therefore 
be considered as the original emblem of 
sovereignty. It was a long staff with a 
crook at one end. 

Of all domestic animals the horse is most 
prized. Even in Oriental countries, where 
the camel and elephant are largely 
employed, the horse is still the main reli¬ 
ance. Arabia has long claimed superiority 
for her wild desert steeds. Maj. Smith 
thinks they were aboriginal in Great 
Tartary. Two breeds are preserved ; the 
principal being the kochlani , whose pedigree 
is declared to have originated in the stalls 
of Solomon. Among the Arabs the stal¬ 
lions command high prices, but the mares 
cannot be purchased at any price. They 
are small, remarkably handsome, and very 
quick. They will carry riders fifty-five to 
sixty miles a day, for weeks together. 

The Persian horse is inferior only to 
the Arabian. In the north of Persia, they 
have a stronger race, used altogether for 
the cavalry. The Egyptians procure their 
horses from Arabia. The German horse 
is inbred, being a cross of the Barbary or 
Spanish heavy races with the Arabian. 
They are generally large, and inclined to 
be short-winded. 


The Lapithes, a rude tribe of moun¬ 
taineers in Thessaly, were expert horsemen. 
At the wedding of the king, a body of 
horsemen rode before the groom, their 
horses prancing, and keeping time to the 
music. The points given by the ancients 
for the dam were large front, heavy neck 
and chest. Bays were preferred, their 
coats possessing a natural gloss, indepen¬ 
dent of rubbing. After the bay, the gray 
was before the dun, and white was con¬ 
sidered the poorest, though that color was 
selected for triumphal and religious pro¬ 
cessions. The dam was to be of good size, 
large and long, with well spread loins. 
She should not be easily startled by unusual 
noises, but should prick up her ears, show¬ 
ing no fright. The nostril should expand, 
and the mane be thick, and fall over the 
right shoulder. She should stamp—be 
nervous—paw the ground. They do not 
seem to have depended so much upon the 
sire as the dam, though he was never to be 
less than four nor more than twelve years. 

He was to be fully fed and comfortably 
bedded. The dam was never to be over¬ 
worked. Toward the end of gestation, 
she was to be entirely free from labor. 
As soon as the foal appeared all attention 
was paid to it. If he stepped loftily—bal¬ 
anced his limbs well—had a slender neck, 
and airish crest, and was not afraid of water, 
he was to be trained for war. The bright 
brass shield was to be flashed in his face, 
and heavy noises were to be made in the 
stable over his head. He was kept gentle 
by frequent petting. A good horse was to 
be patted and caressed. The next most 
perfect colts were for labor. When quite 
young he was trained to wear a halter, 
but was not to be fully broken until four 
years old. Then the easiest bits were used, 
with an osier collar around his neck, he 
was allowed to run wild in the field. Then 
gradually curbed, and placed before an 
empty wain, and allowed to drag it at will, 
feeding in the meantime. They paid 
much attention to the time of feeding—the 








656 


STOCK-BREEDING. 


morning meal was early, while the dew was 
still on the ground ; and the ' evening 
fodder was at, or soon after, sundown. 

Moderns desire sti ength, activity, beauty, 
and speed. The ancients do not appear 
to have cared except for weight and action 
for cavalry, and speed and endurance for 
the chariot. We require the racer, the 
carriage, and the draft horse. During the 
days of chivalry, horses gaited to amble 
or pace were held in high esteem as ladies’ 
palfreys; but of late years we have the 
trained trotters, and the trotting breeds 
are now most patronized; and we look 
more particularly to the qualities of the 
sire. We may be satisfied with inferior 
blood in the female, but we take more care 
of the male. He is petted and housed 
most thoughtfully, while the poor dams 
are neglected, badly stabled, and nearly 
always worked too hard during gestation. 

Of horses we have the thoroughbreds 
standing first. The stock is traced back to 
the Arabian. They are the finest running 
horses. The Percherons are from France, 
and esteemed for their great strength and 
bottom, being large and having powerful 
muscular frames. The Clydesdales are 
stout and heavy, sometimes weighing a 
full ton and used for heavy drawing. 

In selecting breeds of kine, the ancients 
made the same error with regard to proper 
dams, instead of looking to the bull; and 
gave directions quite at variance with our 
present notions. They wanted a large 
breed, with dewlaps reaching far down 
upon the shoulders ; long horns bending 
inward, with bristly hairs beneath the 
ears—broad breast and bull-like head—tall, 
and long—loins well spread and head 
erect. The strongest calves were preserved 
for labor, and the handsomest for the 
altars. 

The Wallachian breed appears to have 
been preferred. They were large, with 
ample horns. The Abyssinians had white 
cattle, with long and spreading horns— 
another breed of mottled colors. They had 
still another humped and marked in black 
and white clouds. They were low in the 
legs, and their horns hung loose, forming 
small horny hooks nearly of equal thickness 
out to the extreme points—turning freely 
and hanging against their cheeks. This 
breed being transferred to Caffraria, and 
crossed with the straight-backed, lost its 
hump, and gave rise to a breed that is now 


very highly esteemed. The cattle of Hin- 
dostan are very small and humped, while 
the Chinese have two kinds, both small and 
humped. We have a variety of breeds. 
The Short-horns, that come in generally 
when only three years old, and are fine 
milkers. The Herefords, preferred for 
beef, being large, and yet not extravagant 
feeders. There seems to be a peculiarity 
in the flesh, by which the fat is well dis¬ 
tributed through the fiber, rendering it 
sweet, juicy, and tender. The Devons are 
of average size, and esteemed valuable as 
oxen. 

The Jerseys are a favorite breed, raised 
largely on account of the milk, esteemed 
the richest in cream. The Ayrshires are 
fine milkers. The Galloways are small, 
compact, black cattle, kept mostly for 
crossing. 

If not treated kindly many cows refuse 
to give down their milk. It is important 
to milk clean, or they will soon go dry. 
Cows require a large supply of water, and 
when not pure in the field, it should be 
brought from elsewhere, and well supplied 
three times a day. 

Of sheep and goats the ancients were 
careful, and always had a shepherd that 
attended them night and day. Upon the 
least sign of disease among them, the ailing 
were separated, and if the infection was 
considered desperate, the sufferer was at 
once killed. The principal stock was from 
Wallachia, part of ancient Dacia. Hence 
came the curious horned and coarse-wooled 
sheep. The horns turned in a twist just 
at the roots, and then ran straight up in 
spirals. 

Different countries produce different 
breeds, and hence the continuous efforts to 
improve by crossing. The ancients paid 
great attention to the marks and physical 
development of sheep. They examined 
the tongue and palate of the ram, and if they 
found dark spots, they drove the poor 
fellow from the flock, or ate him up. 

Aristotle wrote on the subject, declar¬ 
ing : “ Lambs will be white, black, or red, 
according to the color of the veins under 
the tongue.” Palladius affirmed : “ If the 
tongue of the ram is spotted, the same 
defect will appear in the offspring.” It is 
now more than thirty-six hundred years 
since Jacob, by a skillful imposition, 
obtained lambs of a desired description. 
The patriarch was justified because Laban 







STOCK-BREEDING. 


had deceived him at the time of his 
marriage.* 

Die island of Candia has two breeds— 
the Cretan and Musmon. The former 
have long, twisted, coarse, undulating wool 
lhe latter run wild in Candia and the hio-h 
mountains of Sardinia and Corsica— they 
are similar to the present domesticated 
sheep of England. In Asiatic Turkey are 
Angora sheep with long tails, and the 
finest wool The sheep of Hindostan have 
broad tails but coarse wool. 

India and China have a breed with a 
long collar of hair reaching to the shoul¬ 
ders. The broad-tailed sheep of Egypt 
have been taken to Barbary and the Levant 
and thence have passed to India, China 
and Southern Russia. The breeds in 
feaxony and Bohemia are covered thickly 
with very superior wool. The breeds 
most in favor are the Merinos, on account 
oi their long silky wool; the Cotswold, for 
long, strong fiber, and the Southdowns, for 
richness of mutton. 

Of goats, the Angora is universally 
preferred. They are remarkably hand¬ 
some, and have heavy coats of white 
long hair, and soft—extensively used in the 
manufacture of shawls and most delicate 
ladies cloths. The Persian goats have 
coarse brown hair, tipped with rufous. 

TV here it is possible, sheep are kept in 
fields free from burrs and thorns. Some 
fleeces are sold at a discount of twenty-five 
to thirty per cent., on account of being 
filled with burrs, or not properly washed. 
Great care was taken in the early days 
with both sheep and goats to provide 
sheltered cotes in summer, and well-pro¬ 
tected houses in winter. The field stubble 
and large ferns were gathered, and plenti¬ 
fully strewed upon hard ground floors. 
Plenty of water was always provided, but 
the main point was to keep them warm. 
They were allowed to run wild in the day¬ 
time, but were fed early and late, so they 
always came home to shelter. Oaken 
troughs were provided, and these were 
frequently pitched ; sometimes, sulphur was 
thrown into the water. The Lybian 
shepherd wandered in the desert, and 
where his flock was, was his home. His 
dog by his side, his bow in his hand, and 
his penates (household gods) under his tunic , 
he was always with his flocks. 


G 57 


* In corroboration, see Gen. xxxi, 10, 11, 12. 


They scented the walls of the cotes 
and barns with galbanum and cedar, and 
always placed some under the cribs to 
drive away serpents and injurious insects 
Hie hog does not seem to have been a 
general favorite—nations besides the Jews 
abominated the animal. They feared dis¬ 
ease from the meat, as its frequent indul¬ 
gence tended to the creation of scrofulous 
ailments. One name for pig was scrofa, 

! root of scrofulous. But most moderns 
have refused to give up pork, and have 
unproved and purified the flesh. The 
un healthiness of swine is attributed to the 
tact that they are promiscuous feeders 
a ways ready for a meal, never known to 
be satisfied, and delighting in the most 
abominable slops, devouring with evident 
gusto the most offensive morsels. 

Of the principal breeds the Berkshires 
stand first. They are generally black, 
with white feet, and occasionally have 
splashes of wdiite on the legs The York 
shires are large. The Poland-China swine 
are dark gray, sometimes having white 
bodies spotted. The improved Suffolks 
have small limbs and are easily fattened. 

ie C eshire whites are much esteemed 
or their fine hams. They have sometimes 
reached a thousand pounds in weight. 

In dogs we acknowledge a great interest, 
and do not approve of their promiscuous 
slaughter. If a dog have a blind beggar 
for a master he is not driven away by his 
owner’s poverty. He will lead him care¬ 
fully over rough roads, guarding his scanty 
money-box; and, if necessary, fighting for 
him to the death. Hogs have a singular 
anatomical construction—they only Sveat 
at the root of the tongue, being without 
pores .elsewhere. They require water often, 
and if it be furnished clear, pure, and 
plenty, they will never go mad. 

Dogs constitute a large and varied 
family, of all sorts, shapes, sizes, and dispo¬ 
sitions—various colors, and of weights from 
two pounds to one hundred and seventy. 
The favorites of old appear to have been 
those from the mountain range of Tayge- 
tus—the vicinity of Epidaurus—and the 
Spar tan hounds. The Albanian dogs were 
large, and covered with a silky fur ; gener¬ 
ally different shades of brown. The large 
black spaniels of Mount Etna and Calabna 
are supposed to have originated from this 
classic race. The Egyptian and Nubian 
dogs ran wild in herds. 


















658 


STOCK-BREEDING. 


At the present day we have some noble 
animals—among them the grand St. Ber¬ 
nards, that appear to reason, and are 
devoted to acts of love and mercy. They 
are covered with rich, thick, silky coats, 
and are often full two feet in height. The 
Swiss Alpine spaniel is of the same race. 

The ancients did not give much if any 
meat to their dogs—the home food being 
whey. They were made companions every¬ 
where. Pet dogs do not appear to have 
been the inseparable spinster-attendant as 
at the present day. 

Next in value to the St. Bernard is the 
Shepherd dog. In appearance he is rather 
wolfish, with sharp, pointed nose, and 
bright, keen eye. He is smaller and not 
so shaggy as the mountain race. He is 
remarkably intelligent, and is invaluable 
to the shepherd and herdsman. The 
Newfoundland dog strongly resembles the 
St. Bernard, and is of amiable disposition— 
too much so, for though affectionate, he is 
easily enticed from one master to another. 

The English Mastiff and common Bull 
Dog are about as ugly in appearance as 
they are grand in courage. The short, 
homely noses, large eyes, and fearfully 
protruding under-jaws, make them hideous 
when enraged. The Siberian Bloodhound 
is the most dreaded of all the canine race. 
He is large—has a long, smooth body, and 
the keenest scent. He will follow a track 
for miles, and when he reaches the object 
of his pursuit, is not satisfied until he has 
torn it to pieces. His eager trail may be 
completely baffled by the scent of fresh 
blood. If a cloth moistened in blood be 
dropped upon the way, he will stop—smell 
about it for an hour, and then give up the 
chase. One of these dogs was imported 
only a few years ago, at an expense of one 
thousand dollars. The Greyhound has a 
remarkable physique—long nose, body, and 
legs—small hind-quarters and sharp eye. 
He runs like the wind, though it appears 
now to be pretty well settled that he 
depends altogether upon sight. 

The Pointer and Setter are valuable to 
the hunter—their obedience is remarkable. 
They never start for the prey until they 
hear the report of the gun, and bring home 
the game without marring it. 

But slight mention is made in old 
records of domestic birds. Eggs are 
spoken of, and chickens briefly. Geese 
were highly prized in Home, as their mid¬ 


night cackle once gave timely notice of an 
enemy’s approach. But in modern times 
more attention has been given to the va¬ 
rious breeds. In Hindostan they have the 
elegant peacocks, and a fine wild bird 
known as the Jungle Cock. The Chinese 
have the Golden Pheasant, a remarkably 
handsome bird, now fully domesticated. 

In Thibet they raise the Horned Phea¬ 
sant, that is handsome as well as curious. 
The Peacock of Japan, though about the 
same size, is distinct from that of India. 
Of Chickens the varieties are almost end¬ 
less. They are common throughout the 
world, and as an industry in this country 
they are a most prominent branch. Though 
but few have gone extensively into the 
chicken and egg trade, yet no farmer is with¬ 
out his regular brood, and the aggregate 
annual value of eggs and poultry exceeds 
that of beef and mutton combined. The 
breeds are, Cochins, Brahmas, Hamburgs, 
Leghorns, Games, Houdans, Polish, Ban¬ 
tams ; of Geese, the plump Bremen; of 
Ducks, the Rouen and Pekins; and of 
Turkeys, the proud Bronze; of Pigeons, 
a large variety; of Guinea Hens, to guard 
the poultry-yard, a few choice breeds. 

In feeding domestic animals there can¬ 
not be too much care. The horse should 
not be overfed, but still have plenty. The 
morning feed should be as soon as possible 
after daylight; and every mess should be 
well salted. The noon meal may be light— 
the evening always after sundown, and 
should be ample. Stables should be dry, 
clean, well ventilated, and, in winter, warm. 
Of water the supply should be fresh, and if 
from a running stream, so much the better. 
One thing must be remembered,—that of all 
animals it is only man that drinks during 
his meals. All the lower animals drink 
with their mouths almost closed—really 
sucking the water, in order that they may 
arrest any impurity. Where box-stalls 
can be made they should be for horses; 
and the cribs should be low down. The 
natural position of all granivorous and 
herbivorous animals while feeding is with 
the head close to the ground. 

Several experiments have been made 
lately of cooking foods for horses and cattle, 
and they have been very generally approved. 
Those who have practised this mode for 
milch cows, are warm in their approval, 
declaring that the yield is largely increased, 
and the quality of the milk improved. 





THE 


INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. 

STOCK SHOW. 


In addition to the exhibition of arts, 
sciences, manufactures, mining and agri¬ 
cultural products, the Commissioners plan¬ 
ned to show how the country stood in 
comparison with others, in regard to im¬ 
proved breeds of horses, cattle, and other 
stock. It was at first intended to hold 
these exhibitions within the limits of the 
main enclosure, but it was thought it would 
crowd the place too much, and they conse¬ 
quently leased some twenty acres of ground 
just south of the connecting railroads and 
fronting on Belmont avenue, which were 
fenced in, leveled, and suitable buildings 
of frame put up for the accommodation of 
the iive stock. 

These shows were intended to, and did 
prove to be among the most interesting fea¬ 
tures of the Centennial year. The first in or¬ 
der was the Horse Show, which commenced 
September 1st, and lasted until September 
14th. The second, which was the Dogs’, 
was held (during the period of the first) 
from September 4th to the 8th. The third 
was the display of Horned Cattle, from Sep¬ 
tember 21st, to October 4th. The fourth, 
the Sheep, Swine, and Goats, from October 
10th to October 18th. All the above were 
held at the stock yard. The exhibition of 
Poultry was held in the Pomological annex 
to the Agricultural Hall, from October 
27th to November 6th. 


THE EQUINE SHOW. 

In spite of the most energetic action on 
the part of Col. Geddes, the Superintend¬ 
ent, aided by his corps of assistants, the 
stock show was not quite ready on the 
first of September, although there were a 
considerable number to be seen even at 
that date. Canada was particularly prompt 
and generous in her response, and not only 
in the number, but also in the quality, she 
bade fair to rival the American display. 

32 


The American equines of all descriptions 
numbered 144, and the Canadian 77. The 
grounds were arranged with the long sheds 
on the north and south sides in parallel 
rows, the Canadian occupying their geo¬ 
graphical position, the north. The track 
for exercising the animals was in the cen¬ 
ter, and about a third of a mile in circum¬ 
ference. 

The sheds w T ere long narrow buildings 
running north and south, and each con¬ 
taining some twenty roomy box stalls, 
open to both sides. In viewing the ani¬ 
mals we had to go up one alley and down 
the other, so that a great many extra steps 
had to be taken to get a little way around. 
The stands for the judges and spectators 
were within the course, and very complete 
in their arrangement. 

In order to allow visitors to see the 
stock, and also to exercise the latter, there 
were two parades on the course for half 
an hour in the morning and afternoon at 
104 o’clock and 4 o’clock. Occasionally in 
the afternoon the First Brigade band would 
be in attendance during these parades, and 
the scene would be as interesting as a cir¬ 
cus to any, and much more so to good 
judges and those interested in stock, as it 
showed most of their action in a manner 
to facilitate comparison between them. 


THOROUGHBRED TURF STALLIONS. 

The thoroughbred turf stallions on the 
American list, on the south side, occupied 
the first long shed, and numbered four¬ 
teen. Amongst those the most noticeable 
were “ Bingaman,” exhibited by W. GUR¬ 
NEY, of Charleston, S. C. He is a dark 
bay, and shows his breeding in every 
limb. His pedigree is out of Bay Black, 
by Asteroid, grandsire Lexington, and 
granddam Marah Black. A. WELCH, 
of Philadelphia, exhibited “Leamington,” 









STOCK SHOW. 


X> 60 


J. S. STEWART, | ' MARK DEVINE, of Philadelphia, ex- 


twenty-three years old. 
of W. Chester, Pa., has a six year old 
named “ Reviller,” from “Jamie Rose/' by 
Censor of Lexington. The rest are from 
four to eight years, with the exception of 
the colt “Bruno,” fifteen months, of the 
Hambletonian, which is exhibited by L. 
R. HASSINGER, of Philadelphia. 

There are only six thoroughbred turf 
mares, two of them, “ Ruthless,” twelve 
years, and “Frivolity,” seven years, ex¬ 
hibited by F. MORRIS, of Oakland, 
Md. “'Maiden,” of fourteen years, and 
“Lida,” of “sweet” sixteen, by A. 
WELCH, of.Philadelphia. “Dolly,” four 
years, by BALDWIN HUFTY, of Prin¬ 
cess Anne county, Md., and “Lexington,” 
fifteen years, by L. A. HITCHCOCK, of 
Suffolk, Mass. 

There is only one Arabian stallion “Jen¬ 
ifer Arabian,” which was exhibited by 
Col. W. H. JENIFER, lately of the Khe¬ 
dive’s Staff in Egypt. The Jenifer is of 
the purest blood of the desert and was 
bred by the Bedouin Arabs. He is twelve 
years old, of light gray flecked with dark 
points; and mane and tail of silver gray, 
and has the Arabian dark streaks on the 
belly. It is small in size, beautiful in action. 


TROTTING STALLIONS. 

The trotting stallions number some thir¬ 
ty-nine, among which four, viz.: “ Tom 
Allen,” eighteen years, “ Montgomery,” 
twelve years, and two yearlings Hamble¬ 
tonian Membrino Allen, are exhibited by 
Gov. J. F. HARTRANFT, of Pa. Whilst 
the Governor was driving the two latter, 
accompanied by another gentleman, the 
colts got fractious just east of the judges’ 
stand; whirled around and then dashed 
away. One of them got his feet over the 
traces, careened the buggy and unceremo¬ 
niously spilled out his Excellency and his 
companion, who were more demoralized 
than hurt. Mr. F. G. WOLBERT, of 
Jersey City, N. J., exhibits “Bismarck,” 
eight years old; sixteen and one quarter 
hands,and is almost a blood bay in color. His 
legs are models of symmetry and strength, 
and the play of the muscles very fine. His 
action for a trotting horse is unusually high 
and his stride long and easy. 

C. MATHER, of Penllyn, Pa., has “Ar¬ 
istides,” eight years, and “Woodlawn.” 
seven years. 


hibits “ Glencoe Jr.,” six years, and “ Black 
Harry,” and “ Harry,” each two years old. 

THEO. COLEMAN, of Sheldrake, N. 
Y., exhibits “ Seneca Chief,” twelve years, 
and “Cayuga Star,” ten years, while 
CHARLES L. SHARPLESS, of Philadel¬ 
phia, has the two old fellows, “ Tippoo 
Bashaw,” twenty years, and “Draco,” 
twenty-three years old. 

“Jukerman,” six years, and “Dallas In- 
kerman,” three years, are shown by JAMES 
B. BAKER, Jr., of Thorndale, Pa. 

BENJAMIN W. WOODS, of Govans- 
town, Md., exhibits a couple of two and 
one half year olds, “ Charon,” and “ Ketch- 
urn.” 

A fine looking stallion named “ Johnnie 
Emison,” five years, and having Abdallah 
and Hambletonian blood, is exhibited by 
Gen. WM. GURNEY, of South Carolina. 


TROTTING BROOD MARES. 

D. B. HADLEY, of Village Green, Pa.; 
“ Lady Mag,” six years, and weighing 1,701 
lbs. with filly sired by “ Amos Cassius M. 
Clay.” 

MARK DEVINE, of Philadelphia, had 
a number of fine animals on exhibit: “ Lady 
Helmbold,” eleven years, and two colts 
one year and two months old, “ Lady 
Yerpes,” with colt sired by “ Glenco Jr.,” 
“ Lady Maiilard,” fourteen years, and colt 
sired by “Gen. Knox,” “Lizzie,” three 
years, “Dolly,” and “Lady Maiilard Jr.,” 
each three years, and “Katie,” two years. 

GEN. W. GURNEY, of South Carolina, 
has in this list, a fine mare, “ Sallie Emi¬ 
son,” eight years, of “ Bald Chief ” stock, 
and GOV. HARTRANFT, of Pa., has a 
mare with colt at foot. 


PERCI1ERON STALLIONS. 

This is a very fine breed of horses, re¬ 
markable for size and strength. The 
breed originated in France. 

J. J. PARKER, of West Chester, Pa. r 
exhibits “ Washington,” eight years old, 
and imported from France in 1872, and 
“ Louis Phillippe,” a three years. 

M. W. DUNHAM, of Wayne, Ill., and 
J. A. PERRY, of Wilmington, Ill., each 
have two that were imported from France. 
There are two others that were born and 
bred in this country. 













PERCHERON STALLION. 



PERCHERON MARE. 


























































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































* 1 • 




































































































































































































































































































STOCK SHOW. 


663 


PERCHEliON MARES. 

. Of the Percheron mares there are but 
six on exhibit, three of which, “Viola,” 
lour years, “Adelaide,” three years, and 
“ Ophelia,” six years, are shown by M. W. 
DUNHAM, of Wayne Ill., who has made 
a specialty of this valuable breed. There 
are also two shown by COLIN CAME¬ 
RON, of Marietta, Pa., and one by J. J. 
PARKER, of West Chester, Pa. 


CLYDESDALE STALLIONS. 

There are only five of the powerful breed 
of Clydesdale stallions on exhibit, two of 
which exhibited by WILLIAM ME1KLE, 
of Indiana, Pa., “Lord Neddy,” and 
“ Never Mind Him,” are each five years 
old, seventeen hands high and weigh re¬ 
spectively 2,100 and 2,000 lbs. 


CLYDESDALE MARE S. 

There are but two of these on exhibit. 
One, shown by CHARLES S. TAYLOR, 
of Burlington, N. J., is four years old, 
sixteen hands high, and weighs 1,450 
pounds; and the other, shown by W 7 M. 
CROZIER, of Northport, N. Y., named 
“ Falls of Clyde,” is five years old, sixteen 
and a quarter hands high, and weighs 
1,775 pounds, and has foal. The mare 
was sired by “ Plamilton Jack.” 


WALKING HORSES 

have four representatives, two of which, 
“Mollie Weaver’’and “ Belle,” are exhib¬ 
ited by C. WILLIAMS, of Summit, N. J. 
The latter is a very promising one year 
old, sired by “Denmark Chief,” out of 
“Mollie Weaver.” 

JOS. NICHOLS, of Honesdale, Pa., ex¬ 
hibits “ Jenny Lind,” eight years old, sired 
by “Peter Jones,” out of “Messenger” 
stock. 

P. C. SCHENCK, of Phila., has “Mid¬ 
dlesex Champion.” 


MATCHED TEAMS. 

In this particular part there are some 
beautiful animals shown. McKEEN & 
HUL1CK, of Easton, Pa., and M. W. 
DUNHAM, of W 7 ayne, 111., each exhibit 
four pairs. Amongst the former is a pair 
of half Clyde mares, seventeen hands high, 
and weighing 3,000 pounds. 

A. R. MURDOCK, of Auburn, N. Y., 


has a pair of matched geldings, “ Charles ” 
and “William,” nine and ten years old, 
seventeen hands highland weighing 3,500 
pounds. 

W. F. OSBORNE, of Ansonia, Conn., 
has a well-broken pair of one year olds, 
“Morgan Star” and “Star of Bethlehem,” 
weighing 400 pounds each. 

Besides the foregoing, there are three 
other pairs. 


PONIES. 

W. MEIKLE, of Indiana, Pa., has the 
only pony on exhibition. It is a little fel¬ 
low named “ Less,” and well he deserves 
his name, for although four years old he 
is only nine hands high, and weighs but a 
little over 200 pounds. 


MULES. 

In amusing contrast to the little pony is 
the great iron gray mule, “Queen of 
Egypt,” seven years old and twenty-one and 
a half hands high, and towering above 
everything. This great giant is exhibited 
by W. W. SUMMERS, of Wartrace, 
Tennessee. 


DRAFT HORSES. 

There are thirty-nine of these large, 
heavy-built horses on exhibit, all of which, 
except one, are from Pennsylvania. One 
of these, the “Arabian Eclipse,” sired by 
the “ Arabian Jenifer ” out of “ Percheron 
Eclipse,” is out of place in this class, being 
only 500 pounds in weight, although fifteen 
months old. “Young WYnder” and 
“Young England’s Glory,” the former 
four years and the latter eight, and both 
seventeen hands high and 2,000 pounds 
each. 


JACKS. 

There are but two specimens of these 
much-abused animals in the exhibition. 
One of these, “Thomas,” four and a half 
years old, nine and three-quarters hands 
high, and weighing 265 pounds, was im¬ 
ported on the brig Americus, by his owner, 
L. A. LIEN AN, of Jersey City, N. J. 
The other is exhibited by Mr. CARUANA, 
and was by him imported per steamer from 
the island of Malta, and is one of the 
purest of the native breeds, seldom being 
found in this country. 



















664 


STOCK SHOW. 


CANADA. 

THOROUGHBRED STALLIONS. 

In the Canadian department there are 
none hut the finest animals under each 
head exhibited. Each exhibitor had to 
pass his stock before a committee of ex¬ 
perts before it was sent on here. As a 
consequence, every horse is a model of its 
kind. There are five thoroughbred stal¬ 
lions, all from Ontario, from which province 
of the Doiginion nearly the entire Canadi¬ 
an exhibit has been taken. 

JOHN WHITE, of Milton, has “Ter¬ 
ror,” ten years, sired by “Rune,” out of 
“Maritana;” and W. CLARK, of Green¬ 
wood, exhibits “ Wamanbio,” fifteen years 
old, sired by “Mountain Deer,” out of 
“Mrs. Walker.” 

There is only one thoroughbred mare 
on exhibit. She is shown by JOB 
SCALES, of Toronto, who has “Passion,” 
a six year old, sired by “Red Eye,” out of 
“ Sympathy.” 


TROTTING STALLIONS. 

One, “British Splendor,” twelve years 
old, sired by “Venture,” is exhibited 
by A. SOMERVILLE, of Huntingdon, 
Quebec; and the other, “Royal Harry,” 
aged five years, sired by “ Prince Harry,” 
out of “ Lady Dexter,” by JOHN T. 
JENKINS, of Charlottetown, Prince Ed¬ 
ward Island. 


SADDLE HORSES. 

ANDREW SMITH, of Toronto, exhibits 
a pair, “Judge” and “Inspiration,” each 
five years old, and fifteen and three-quar¬ 
ters hands high. 


AGRICULTURAL HORSES. 

J. McSORLEY, of Jarvis, exhibits 
“Young Cumberland,” and C. C. PIERCE, 
of Owen Sound, “ Owen Sound Netherby,” 
(rather a queer name for a heavy farm 
horse), five years old, sixteen and three- 
quarter hands, and weighing 1,700 pounds. 


AGRICULTURAL MARES. 

There are nine of these fine mares on 
exhibit, three of which, “ Jessie,” “ Jen¬ 
nie,” and “Fannie,” are shown by JOHN 
GLENN, of Carbon, and two others, by 
GEO. DOIDGE, of Columbia; and JAMES 


McDONOUGH, of Carbon, has a large 
mare, “ Fannie,” a seven year old lass, 
eighteen hands high, and weighing 1,800 
pounds. 


HEAVY DRAFT STALLIONS. 

There are ten of these large and power¬ 
ful horses, each of which looks like a giant, 
and the whole average about 2,000 pounds 
in weight. 

“ Marquis,” which is exhibited by C. J. 
DOUGLASS, of Oak Ridge, is six years 
old, sixteen and three-quarters hands high, 
and weighs 2,150 pounds, while J. A. EL¬ 
LIOTT’S (of Epson) “ Dumfrieshire Jock,” 
is six years old, seventeen hands high, and 
weighs 2,240 pounds, or one gross ton 
nearly in weight. The largest in size, al¬ 
though not in weight, is “ Royal Tom,” 
shown by W\ LEVY, of Lansing, only 
four and a half years old, seventeen hands 
high, and weighing 2,133 pounds. 


HEAVY DRAFT MARES. 

There are some nine of these on exhibit, 
four of which are by the CANADA 
WEST STOCK ASSOCIATION, of Bow 
Park. 

J. J. DAVIDSON, of Balsam, has 
“ Darling II,” nine years old, and weigh¬ 
ing 1,800 pounds. 

JAMES and D. BOAG, of Ravenshoe, 
exhibit “Jean,” seven years old, sixteen 
hands high, and weighing 1,732 pounds. 


ROADSTERS—STALLIONS. 

There are six entries, all by different 
parties. These animals are of light build, 
and are only adapted for light driving, or 
the saddle. A. M. McKAY has “ Bay 
Beauty,” a bright, graceful-looking animal, 
four years old, fifteen and one-third hands 
high, and weighing 1,050 pounds. 

ELI GREGORY, of St. Catharines, ex¬ 
hibits “ Alexander,” six years old, fifteen 
and a quarter hands high, weighing 1,010 
pounds. 


MARES. 

Of the roadster mares there are five en¬ 
tries. S. HOLLINGSWORTH, of Pres¬ 
cott, exhibits “Lady Glenville,” a six year 
old, fifteen and a half hands high, and 1,000 
pounds weight. 















STOCK SHOW. 


665 


C. A. 0 MALLE Y, of Wardsville, a 
mare six years old, with a colt; the mare 
sired by “ Black Hawk.” 

A. McEWEN, of Ashton, a beautiful 
black mare. 


AGRICULTURAL STALLIONS 

Are represented by nine specimens, which 
range from G. CASTLEMAN’S, of East 
'Williamsburg, “Young America,” twelve 
years old, and weighing 1,250 pounds, to 
the colossal proportions of “Young Won¬ 
der,” exhibited by T. and J. LITTLE, of 
Sandhill, who is only five years old, yet 
rises sixteen and three-quarters hands, and 
weighs 1,900 pounds. 


CARRIAGE STALLIONS AND MARES. 

There are five stallions and four mares of 
the stylish and thoroughbred carriage 
horses. Of the former, W. McKENSIE, of 
Columbus, exhibits “ Lucksall,” a four year 
old, rising sixteen and a half hands high, 
and weighing 1,400 lbs.; and J. J. FISH¬ 
ER, of Benmiller, “Young Peacock,” six 
years old, sixteen and a half hands high, 
and same weight. Of the latter, the “ Queen 
of Huron,” exhibited by J. SWENESTON, 
of Exeter, is a solid, muscular animal, only 
two years old, fifteen hands high, and 
turning the scale at 1,200 pounds. 


MATCHED TEAMS. 

We conclude our hasty review of the 
horses with these beautiful pairs, six in 
number, remarkable not only for their 
beauty of action, but immense weight. 

W. GENIE, of Dundas, gives us “Polly ” 
and “Fan,” the former four and the latter 
six years, both sixteen and three-quarters 
hands, and each weighing 3,320 pounds. 

W. HARRIS, of Mount Elgin, exhibits 
“Pete” and “Charlie,” each eight years 
old, of the enormous height of twenty and 
a half hands, the former 3,000 pounds, and 
the latter 2,250 pounds. 

G. CURRIE, of Ingersoll, shows a mare 
and gelding, each five years old, and six¬ 
teen hands high, yet so solid and compactly 
built that the former weighs 3,000 pounds 
and the latter 2,800. 

This completes the list of valuable horses, 
only a few of which could be noticed in 
this article. 


THE DOG SHOW. 

The dog show commenced on the morn¬ 
ing of the 4th of September, and only 
lasted four days. During its continuance 
it was, perhaps, one of the most interesting 
features of the Centennial. It is certain 
that there never was so large, varied, and 
valuable a collection of dogs ever brought 
together in this country. While the show 
was going on there was not the least doubt 
of what was inside the enclosure, for the 
animals were not of the kind to be seen 
and not heard, and the voices, in discord¬ 
ant music, sounded all grades from the 
hoarse bow-wow of the great St. Bernard 
to the pitiful little yelps of the black-and- 
tan. 

The number of entries in the American 
Department is 581; Canadian, 115; Eng¬ 
lish and Irish, 26—or 722 in all. The 
large majority of these are imported or do¬ 
mestic English or Irish Setters, bred out 
of celebrated kennels, etc. 

The dog-kennels are situated on the 
eastern portion of the grounds beyond the 
Canadian sheds. The prizes given for the 
best dogs were, outside of the regular 
Centennial awards, in some cases very val¬ 
uable. One, by WM. M. SCOTT, of Lon¬ 
don, for the best American bred setter, is 
a $350 “Premier” gun; another, for the 
best Irish setter bitch, is a $150 silver tea 
service, by the Forest and Stream , and 
others in proportion. 

At a first view the sight of a great mass 
of noisy canines was bewildering, and as 
we could see them in detail, it was an ex¬ 
ceedingly interesting sight to behold so 
many fine specimens of widely different 
breeds. 


FOX HOUNDS. 

These dogs, which are so well known in 
England and comparatively so little in this 
country, except at the South, have an ex¬ 
pressive head, with ears pendent and a 
little wrinkled in chap; the face long, and 
powerful jaws. They have strong muscles 
and thick, smooth coat, of different colors 
—black, tan, wdiite, and grizzly, of all 
forms and shades. There are seven of 
these dogs on exhibit, five of which are 
owned by F. CLAYTON, of Marshalton, 
Pa., all but one of which are black and 
tans; a black and white, by J. J. HUGHES 
& SON, of Gulf Mills, Pa., and a black 




















So6 


STOCK SHOW. 


and tan, by RATHYEN & TRANTER, 
of Port Richmond, N. Y. 

Nine bitches are shown, five of which 
are by Mr. CLAYTON, two by J. J. 
HUGHES & SON, one by RATHYEN 
& TRANTER, and a black, white, and tan 
by F. D. BUTTOLPH, of Morristown, N. 
J. With the second are three pups, of 
black, white, and tan. 

There are three exhibitors of puppies. 
J. J. HUGHES has a beautiful black and 
white, with ring neck, six months old, and 
J. SHANER, of West Chester, Pa., ex¬ 
hibits six puppies, which are little beauties, 
white and black, six months old; and 
RATHYEN & TRANTER have a pretty 
little white and fawn puppy, two months 
old. 


THE HARRIER. 

There are but four of this breed on ex¬ 
hibit. The two dogs, “ Bilbrough,” a black 
and tan, aged three years, and “Rove,” a 
brown, aged six years, are both exhibited 
by R. HARTLEY, of Phila., while the two 
bitches, “Belle” and “Rose,” both white 
and spotted, are shown by W. AHRENS, 

• of Baltimore. The harrier, by the way, has 
a head something like a fox-hound, only 
lighter; and a foot something like a cat, 

: and the came color as the fox-hound. 


BEAGLES. 

This handsome animal, of which only 
seven are on exhibition, is better known in 
England and upon the Continent, than in 
this country. It is about the size of the 
harrier, with an intelligent head and fine 
eyes; sharp nose, and compact, muscular 
body, standing twelve to fifteen inches, in 
height. 

Mr. H. O’DONELL, of Philadelphia, has 
here “ Ranger,” a young black, white, and 
tan dog, and a bitch of same age and color, 
named “Fannie.” 

J. E. DIEHL, of Beverly, N. J., exhibits 
“Lucy,” four years old, of white, tan, and 
fawn. Mr. DIEHL also has two puppies, 
five months old, black and tan, with white 
tips. 


THE DACHSHUND. 

There are nine of these German hounds, 
seven of which are exhibited by Dr. L. H. 
TWADDELL,of Philadelphia. One of the 


bitches shown by him, “Waldina,” is a 
brilliant black and tan, about two years 
old, and was bred in the kennels of the 
Grand Duke of Baden, while “ Bugle,” 
eight months old, has for grandsire, “Feld¬ 
man,” the winner of thirty-five prizes, and 
bred by Prince Edward, of Saxe-Weimer, 
and granddam “Fulda,” bred by the King 
of Hanover. 


GREYHOUNDS. 

There are ten of these beautiful and 
graceful animals, with their slender yet 
muscular bodies; bright, clear eyes in the 
long, narrow head, long muscular neck, 
with a perceptible arch, giving them an 
indescribable and graceful appearance. 
One of these, of blue-gray and white, ex¬ 
hibited by J. H. ROBERTS, of Philadelphia, 
is two years and four months old; a perfect 
model of canine beauty; and another of 
blue-blooded pedigree. 

L. EMING, of Philadelphia, has a beau¬ 
tiful dark mouse-colored bitch, two years 
old, which he imported from Kildare, Ire¬ 
land, from the famous Corrigan kennels. 

C. W. JACKSON, of Philadelphia, ex¬ 
hibits two puppies, -seven months old, of 
gray color and white breast. 

There are but two bloodhounds exhibited, 
one, “Bear,” aged five years, pearl, spotted 
with brown, by T. D. LOWDEN, of Bur¬ 
lington, N. J., whose sire was imported at 
cost of $1,000; and “Henkar,” exhibited 
by OBERKIRSH & HARMER, of Phil., 
a dark gray, two and a half years old. 


ENGLISH SETTERS. 

These favorite dogs are largely in the 
majority in number in the exhibition. They 
are deep ribbed, with wide and muscular 
loins, a long, narrow head, with ears set 
on low and flat, and large eyes. The coat 
fine and silky, but not curly, and of all 
colors and mixtures. 

Of these fine dogs, W. AY. COLKET, of 
Philadelphia, exhibits an imported black, 
white, and tan, three years old; E. A. 
HERZBERG, of New York, an orange 
and white imported bitch, three and a half 
years old. 

There are in this show of setters, four 
imported dogs over two years, three im¬ 
ported bitches over two years, three dogs 
under two years, and four bitches of the 
same ages. 













ST. BERNARD DOCK 



SHEPHERD DOG. . 




























"W ATER SPANIEL. 



POMORANIAN DOG, 



















































































































































































































































































































































































I 



BULL TERRIER. 



POODLE DOG. 



POINTER DOG. 




















































SETTER DOG. 


BULL-DOG. 


GREYHOUND. 










































I 


672 


STOCK snow. 


Of native English dogs over two years 
old, there are fourty-four, from the old 
“Duke,” white, with orange marks, and 
grizzled with his twelve years, to the lively 
little black “Jim,” two years, shown by S. 
SCRANTON, of Providence, R. I. Of 
bitches over two years, there are seventeen. 
There are also some eighty dogs and bitches 
under that age, most of them frolicsome 
little puppies under one year. 


IRISH SETTERS. 

There are seventy-five of this valuable 
variety on exhibition. They differ in ap¬ 
pearance decidedly from the English; have 
narrow heads, with ears slightly folded, 
intelligent hazel or brownish eye, straight 
back, coat rather harsh, deep mahogany 
red color, without any black, but some¬ 
times white on neck, chest and legs. 

A. F. NUTTALL, of Ireland, exhibits 
a three-year old “Bunon,” valued at $500, 
and several others younger, at the same 
price. 

J. T. BAILY, of Philadelphia, exhibits, 
among others, “Czar,” five months old. 

One bitch puppy shown by Mr. NUT- 
TALL, eleven months old, is valued at 
$1,000, gold. 


GORDON SETTERS. 

The Gordon setter is larger and heavier 
than the English, but not as active. It has 
a coat glossy black, with clear tan of a 
warm red. There are forty-five of them 
on exhibition, one of which, “ Loo,” im¬ 
ported by W. M. TILESTON, of Forest 
and Stream , New York, was bred at the 
Duke of Devonshire’s kennels. Of the 
puppies, some are black, white, and tan. 


POINTERS. 

There are sixty-three pointers: large, 
handsome dogs, most of them. They have 
long heads, wide nostrils, and bold eyes; 
with short, glossy coat, and weighing, when 
full grown, fifty to seventy pounds. A 
four year old dog, liver and white, shown 
by Mr. NUTTALL, is valued at $750, 
gold. s 


RETRIEVERS, 

sometimes called Chesapeake Bay dogs, 
have long heads and powerful jaws, with 
ears set low, but not like spaniels, being 


shorter, and coat curly or wavy, and quite 
silky. There are only four, two of which 
are shown by O. D. FOULKS, of Chesa¬ 
peake City, Md., and two by M. VON 
CULIN, of Delaware City, Del., the two 
former red and the two latter red, and all 
of good pedigree. 


IRISH WATER SPANIELS 

have a rather long head like a poodle in 
shape, prominent forehead, with well-de¬ 
veloped topknot, coming to a point between 
the eyes; coat curly all over, liver colored, 
i and a general devil-may-care sort of an 
appearance altogether. ' There are only five 
of these, two of which are shown by J. H. 
AVHITMAN, of Chicago. 


COCKER SPANIELS. 

There are fifteen of these handsome ani¬ 
mals, with their intelligent brown eyes 
and silky, curly coats. H. SMITH, of 
Paterson, N. J., has a very handsome four 
year old, whose father “ Sam” was the 
winner of many prizes. • 


SPRINGERS. 

There are also two springer dogs, one 
of which, “Short,” exhibited by S. H. 
ANDREWS, of New York, is five years 
old, and took first prize at Mineola exhibi¬ 
tion. 


MASTIFFS. 

These powerful and savage, though tract¬ 
able, dogs are much admired. They are 
massive in frame, with immense power in 
jaws, and intelligent head. There are 
only five on exhibition—all fine specimens. 

J. CHRYSTAL, of Baltimore, has a two 
year old, with black face and ears, granite- 
colored body, valued at $280. 


ST. BERNARDS. 

The very name of this magnificent dog 
recalls our old childhood picture-books 
with the dog carrying a small keg around 
its neck, succoring a belated traveler. It 
is of large size and grand head and tre¬ 
mendous muscular development. There 
are four of these on exhibit, three of which 
are shown by B. LOOMIS, of Hartford, 
Conn. 




















STOCK SHOW. 


6 73 


NEWFOUNDLANDS. 

. Tllls noble animal has nine representa¬ 
tives at this show. His full, .^vide head 
and clear, though small, eyes, and large 
body set on powerful legs, webbed feet, and 
thick, black, wavy hair, are here seen to ad¬ 
vantage beside others. Two pure-blooded 
dogs, bred in Halifax, are shown by T. 
SIELLWAGER, of Philadelphia. 


SHEEP DOGS. 

These are among the most intelligent of 
the species. In appearance it has a wolfish 
look, especially the head, and sharp, flash¬ 
ing eyes, very muscular and round, cat¬ 
like feet. There are fifteen of them ex¬ 
hibited by W. CROZIER, of Long Island; 
T. S. COOPER, of Coopersburg, Pa.; E. 
SANDELL, of England, and others. 


TERRIERS. 

There are almost sixty terriers of all 
kinds on exhibit. The bull terrier, with 
its long head, powerful jaw, and muscular 
limbs; the fox terrier, with its smaller 
built frame, and sharp, foxy-looking head; 
the wiry black and tan, with short coat and 
sharp, black eyes; the slcye terriers, with 
little bodies, covered with long, silky hair 
and whiskers and beard like Lord Dun¬ 
dreary, with black eyes always snapping 
fire; the Scotch terrier, braver than any 
lion, with his blue and tan colored coat; 
broken-haired terriers ; Dandie Dinmont 
terriers, with bluish, gray coats, and 
finally, the wee little toy terriers, some of 
the latter being about the size of large rats, 
and legs about the thickness of pipe-stems. 

W. P. MANGE, of Philadelphia, has 
several valuable bulls; and F. W. ZU- 
HORST, of Ireland, a beautiful black and 
tan, valued at $100. 

F. SCHREIBER, of Philadelphia, has 
a handsome blue skye valued at $200. 

A toy terrier, sixteen months old, ex¬ 
hibited by B. MOSES, of New York, 
weighs two pounds. 


BULL DOGS. 


by S. HUNTER, T. BIDDLE, and M. II. 
ALBMGER, all of Philadelphia. 

MISCELLANEOUS BREEDS. 

Besides the different kinds of dogs 
above enumerated, there are many others, 
such as the large, handsome Him or Sibe¬ 
rian dogs, mouse-colored, black'and brown; 
the Dalmatian, or coach dogs, white body 
and spotted with black like a leopard; one 
of the most ornamental of these shown by 

T. J. WOODCOCK, of Chicago, is for sale 
at $100. 

The Pomeranian, or Spitz, dog is very 
popular in Philadelphia. The head is 
lather wide between the ears, and long, 
sharp muzzle, straight ears, and hair on 
head short, but on the body long and 
stands out, giving a bushy “appearance. 

There are seven exhibitions of this 
breed, all but one from Philadelphia, viz.: 
A. W. ARMSTRONG, H. S. WOODS 
F. McFADDEN, Mrs. T. GARRETT, e! 
D. WHITNEY, and Mrs. M. J. FRAN¬ 
CIS, and T. H. DUDLEY, of Camden, 
N. J. 

Mr. A. GLASS, and Miss JENNIE 
GALES, and J. W. ALDRIDGE, of 
Philadelphia, exhibit three poodles, which 
are the only representatives of their intell- 
gent and handsome breed. 

There are also about twenty-five other 
dogs, of greater or less beauty, one of 
which, a straw-colored Irish terrier, is 
shown by Mr. NUTTALL, of Ireland, and 
is valued at $1,000, gold. 

Very odd-looking beasts are the Mexi¬ 
can dogs, exhibited by F. S. MILLER, of 
Philadelphia. They are about the size of 
a setter, mouse-colored, wrinkled skin, and 
no hair; and also a Chinese hairless dog, 
brown, with white splotches, bred in China! 
and imported and exhibited by T. MANLY, 
of Philadelphia Zoological Garden. 

It is probable that there never was such 
a large and really valuable collection of 
dogs ever brought together at one place as 
at this show, and it is a sight that no one 
can ever regret having seen. 


There are only five of these fierce dogs 
shown. It is needless to describe their 
broad, square heads, with jaws like iron, 
and extremely powerful body and limbs. 

T. BIDDLE, of Philadelphia, has a four 
year old white, and also a bitch. The 
three others are all brindles, and are shown 


NEAT CATTLE—AMERICAN PART. 

There are exhibited in the cattle show 
about 584 specimens of choice cattle se¬ 
lected from the finest breeds. The show 
commenced on the 21st of September, and 
continues to the 4th of October, inclusive. 


\ 





















f 



SHORT-HORN BULL. 








































































































































DEVON COW. 



33 





























































































































DEVON BULL, 




























































































AYRSHIRE BULL. 


♦ 
































































678 


STOCK SHOW. 


This part of the great exhibition is pecu¬ 
liarly the farmers’, and they frequent it by 
hundreds, and if it were only within the 
main enclosure, would do so by thousands. 

Every day, in the forenoon and after¬ 
noon, the cattle are exercised; and it is an 
interesting sight to see so many handsome 
cattle—sober old bulls, demure looking 
cows, and frolicsome young heifers—in the 
solemn march around the course. 


SHORT HORNS. 

Of the Short Horns there are twenty 
bulls and sixty-two cows and heifers. 

T. L. Me KEEN, of Easton, Pa., exhibits 
seven bulls, of which five are calves of 
three, four, and six months; and also 
twenty-three cows and one heifer, all of 
fine pedigrees. CHARLES E. WADS¬ 
WORTH, three bulls and seven cows from 
his stock farm at Oeneseo, N. Y. Seven 
cows, by G. GRANT, of Victoria, Kansas, 
and several other parties, who have fine 
stock. 


HEREFORDS. 

There are nine bulls and twenty-seven 
cows and heifers of this breed, all, as in 
the Short Horns, by domestic breeders. T. 
L. MLLLER sends three fine bulls, red 
and white, and ten cows and heifers, with 
their blood marks. J. MERRYMAN, of 
Cockeysville, Md.; W. POWELL, of 
Beecher, III., and H. C. BURLEIGH, of 
Fairfield Center, Me., send the balance of 
the Hereford bulls and cows. 


DEVONS. 

The Devons are of average size, and 
mostly of a warm red color. 

J. HILTON, of New Scotland, N. Y., 
sends a fine bull, eleven years old, bred by 
her Majesty, the Queen of England, on her 
model stock farm. 

There are fifteen other bulls, four of 
them shown by J. B. LONGNECKER, of 
Union Deposit, Pa. 

There are forty-seven cows and heifers 
from the stock farms of R. G. HART, of 
Lapeer, Mich.; 0. B. KING, of Water- 
town, Conn.; B. F. PECK, of East Bethanv, 
N. Y.j J. HILTON, of New Scotland, N. 
Y.; WALTER COLE, of Batavia, N. Y.; 
W. H. ARNOLD, of Otego, N. Y.; eleven 
from J. B. LONGNECKER, of Union 


Deposit, Pa., and J. C. MORRIS, of West 
Chester, Pa. 


JERSEYS. 

This fine breed is better represented than 
any other on the grounds. It is medium 
sized, with rather small horns, smooth and 
crumpled, yellow at base and black tipped. 
There are fifty-three bulls, and 127 cows 
and heifers. Among the exhibitors sending 
fine stock are S. BETTS, of Camden, N. 
J.; W. T. TAYLOR, of Burlington, N. J.; 
S. J. SHARPLESS, of Philadelphia, and 
many others. H. McILVAlN sends a fine 
herd of eight cows, and T. FITCH, of 
New London, Conn., sends nine. W. 
MASSEY, of Philadelphia, sends a fine 
herd of fifteen cows. 


AYRSHIRES. 

Of this breed there are fifteen bulls and 
forty-seven cows and heifers. They are 
generally of two colors, either red and 
white, or brown and white. S. B. BRAD¬ 
LEY, of Adamsville, N. Y., sends two 
bulls and four cows. Amongst the 
other exhibitors are W. CROZIER, of 
Northport, N. Y.; S. M. & D. WELLS, 
of Connecticut; T. S.- COOPER, of Penn¬ 
sylvania; J. DIMON, of Putnam, Conn.; 
H. M ERR I AM, of Weston, Mass.; and 
T. TASKER, of Philadelphia, the latter 
sending two bulls and six cows. There 
are also a few Guernseys by C. H. MUIR- 
HEAD, of Titusville, N. J., and S. BETTS, 
of Camden, N. J., and C. H. MALLESON, 
of Hudson, N. Y. 


GALLOWAYS. 

These small, compact black cattle are 
very showy. There are one bull and four 
cows, all exhibited by R. I. HART, of 
Lapeer, Mich. Besides the above there 
are eleven head of Jerseys, three of Ayr- 
shires, and one of Galloways, taken col¬ 
lectively. 

Of Draft cattle there are some very 
fine yokes. O. B. KING, of Watertown, 
Conn., sends four, weighing 4,500, 3,700, 
2,600, and 1,800, and all of the Devon 
breed; and A. HAMILTON, from the 
same place, three yoke, one of which 
weighs 5,000 pounds. 














COTSWOLD SHEEP. 












































































































f 































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































STOCK SHOW. 


681 


FAT CATTLE. 

hen a steer gets up to a ton and a 
half it is generally considered a pretty 
heavy one, but here are some that rather 
take all heretofore shown pretty effectually 
down. 

W. W. SUMMERS, of Wartrace, Tenn., 
sends the champion eight years old, and 
weighing 6,000 pounds, while J. BROOKS, 
of Pi inceton, Mass., sends two (three- 
quarter Hereford) bulls, six and seven years 
old, and weighing 5,200 and 5,100 pounds. 

M. SEE, of New Florence, Mo., sends a 
Durham steer weighing 4,500 pounds. 
There aie several others nearly as heavy 
to be seen in this assortment. 


GREAT BRITAIN. 

^ The only exhibitor from England is B. 
fet. J. Ackers, of Gloucestershire, who sends 
a herd of six Short Horns of pure blood, 
three bulls and three cows. 


CANADA. 

The display from Canada is more re¬ 
markable for the fineness of quality and 
purity of the stock sent, than for the num¬ 
ber, care being taken in the selection. 
There are eleven Short Horn bulls from J 
& R. HUNTER, J. RUSSELL, W. B. 
TELFER, and others, all from Ontario 
province, and also nineteen cows and hei¬ 
fers from the same parties and others. 

G. HOOD, of Guelph, Ontario, sends a 
herd of Herefords, three bulls and one 
cow, and G. RUDD, from the same place, 
sends the only Devon, a bull aged four 
years and seven months. 

Of Ayrshires, \V. RODDEN, of Plan- 
tagenet, Ont., sends a herd of three bulls 
and five cows, and G. THOMSON, one 
bull and two cows. Mr. RODDEN also j 
sends a herd of Alderneys, one bull and I 
five cows. G. HOOD, of Guelph, Ont., a 
herd of Galloways, one bull and five cows. 

SHEEP AND GOATS. 

This part of the stock exhibition com¬ 
menced on the 10th of October, and will 
continue to the 18th, inclusive. There are 
some 400 entries, which comprise about 
1,200 sheep and goats, and 212 entries, ! 
comprising about 250 swine. In the I 
American part, seven-eighths of all these ! 
are shown. Every day there are some | 


piacticai trials of sheep shearers which 
attract a great Meal of attention. 

E. WALTER, of Kennett Square, Pa., 
eight of the nine Lincoln sheep, most of 
them imported stock. 

there are nineteen Leicestershire sheep 
eleven of which are shown by W L & 
W RUTHERFORD, of Waddington, * N 
Y\, the others by T. C. WADE, of Rox- 
borough, Pa., and I. L. NEWMAN of 
West Jersey, Ill. ’ 

Of the twenty-nine Cottswolds, celebrated 
for their long fine wool, G. C. HITCH¬ 
COCK, of New Preston, Conn., sends fif¬ 
teen, C. b. TAYLOR, of Burlington N 

J., four, and R. S. HILL, of Elmore, Yt' 
ten. 

There are twenty-nine Oxforddowns, 
rams and ewes, all of them exhibited bv 
l. S. COOPER, of Coopersburg, Pa., and 
all of them of the purest breed and im¬ 
ported from England. 

Shropshiredowns are shown by W. 
H. DeCOL RCY, of Queenstown, Md., 
with five specimens, and W. H. PARKER, 

of Otego, N. Y., who sends seventeen 
rams and ewes. 

There are sixty-four Southdowns, H. C. 
BURLEIGH, of Fairfield Center, Me 
sending five, S. J. SHARPLESS, of Phil¬ 
adelphia, five, E. REEDER, of New Hope, 
Pa., forty, and the remainder by J. C. 
TURIN ER, of Chaddsford, Pa. 


MERINOS. 

Of the Merinos with their long silky 
wool, there is quite a large exhibit—103 
rams and 303 ewes. Of these, eight rams 
and eleven ewes are. shown by H. C. BUR- 
WELL, of Rochford, Yt., J. C. GIST, of 
Independence, Pa., sends four rams and 
sixteen ewes, C. H. BEALL, of same place, 
four jams and nine ewes, HUMBERT 
BROS., Caldwells Prairie, Wis., three rams 
and twelve ewes, E. J. HIATT & BROS., 
Chester Hill, O., six rams and eight ewes 
A. E. FULLER, of Pomfret, Yt., four 
rams and six ewes. W. A. HERRIOTT, 
Oakdale Station, Pa., two rams and nine 
ewes, R. PERRINE, and F. CUNNING¬ 
HAM, eighteen rams and thirteen ewes, J. 
H. PAUL, of Wis., four rams and sixteen 
ewes, C. CLARK, of Whitewater, Wis., 
five rams and twelve ewes, 0. M. COOK’ 
of same place, four rams and twelve ewes, 
and others having flocks of about the 






















r,32 


STOCK SHOW. 


same number, many of them being named 
and having their pedigrees shown. 

Of fat sheep, McCLELLAND BROS., 
of Canonsburg, Pa., have thirty, weighing 
from 190 pounds upward, and all three 
years old. 


ANGORA GOATS. 

Of this beautiful long silky-haired goat 
there are only four bucks and six does, 
exhibited by R. PETERS, Jr., of Calhoun, 
Ga., R. PERRINE, Patterson Mills, Pa., 
R. HECKSCHER, of New Centerville, Pa., 
and W. CROZIER, Northport, N. Y. 


GREAT BRITAIN. 

RUSSELL SWANWICK, of Ciren¬ 
cester, Gloucestershire, Eng., has sent a 
flock of Cottswolds, five rams and sixteen 
ewes. 

A. J. DRUCE, of England, sends an Ox- 
forddown ram, and HENRY OVER¬ 
MAN, of Norfolk, Eng., four rams of the 
same species, all of them bred on his stock 
farm. 

The flock of South downs is one of the 
finest in the entire show, and is entirely 
from the estate of LORD WALSING- 
HAM, Merton Hall, Thetford, Eng., and 
each one is of the purest blood, There 
are fourteen rams and ten ewes and six 
shearling ewes. 

Five long-wooled rams are exhibited by 
H. AYLMER, of West Dereham Abbey, 
Norfolk, Eng. 


CANADA. 

In this department there are some fine 
selected flocks. 

J. PIEALY, of Adelaide, Ont., exhibits 
one ram and two ewes of the Lincolns, and 
S. LANGFORD, of Granton, Ont., one 
ram and seven ewes, three of them shear¬ 
lings of the same breed. 

Liecesters are represented by P. & J. 
BROOKS, of Whalen, Ont., who has five 
rams and eleven ewes. 

W. HODGSON & SON, of Myrtle, Ont., 
has some fine Cottswolds, three rams, seven 
ewes, and two ewe lambs. 

R. MARSH, of Richmond, Ont., exhib¬ 
its some fine Southdowns, five rams and 
sixteen ewes, three of them lambed in 1876. 


SWINE SHOW. 

The pigs are the objects of a great deal 
of attention, and some of them do manage 
to keep themselves as clean as an average 
human. The grunting and squealing give 
token of a near approach to the proverbi¬ 
ally not clean stys. 

The Berk shires are the best represented, 
and are generally black with white feet, 
and sometimes splashes on the fore-legs, 
the face short, fine, and well dished, short 
muscular legs, set wide apart, and fine soft 
hair without bristles. In fact, this is a 
patrician breed. 

Among the heaviest exhibitors of this 
breed are T. S. COOPER, of Coopersburg, 
Pa., twelve boars and seventeen sows, 
HEWER BROS., of Gray Willow, Ill., 
three pairs, and others. 

H. MERRIAM, of Weston, Mass., large 
Yorkshire boar and sow. 

Small Yorkshires are exhibited by W. 
H. COLE, of Clinton, N. J., two boars 
and eight sows; J. RUDOLPH, of Phila¬ 
delphia, four boars and four sows, and 
other exhibitors. 


CHESTER WHITES. 

Of this fine breed J. C. ROBERTS, of 
West Chester, Pa., has four boars and eigh¬ 
teen sows, most of them small; E. WAL¬ 
LER, of Kennett Square, Pa., three boars 
and six sows; E. B. A.SHBRIDGE, of Wil- 
listown, Pa., fourteen boars and fourteen 
sows; S. H. TODD, of Wakeman, 0., has 
four boars and seven sows. There are 
several other exhibitors. 

The Poland-China swine are dark gray 
and black and spotted, with white bodies. 

H. C. CASTLE, of Wilmington, Ill., 
exhibits one boar and six sows; E. & 
J. M. CLEVER, of Bloomington, 0., four 
boars and eight sows; and L. PARRETT, 
of Washington, four boars and ten sows, 
all of them of pure blood and good pedi¬ 
gree. 

J. G. LONGSHORE, of Wilmington, 
Ill., exhibits one boar and four sows of the 
choice black Neapolitan swine. 


GREAT BRITAIN. 

is represented by only one exhibitor, B. 
St. J. ACKERS, of Gloucestershire, who 
has one boar and three sows of the Berk¬ 
shire breed of swine. 




















• . / 



IMPROVED ESSEX. 


IMPROVED SUFFOLK. 








V 


BERKSHIRE HOG. 














































































































































The followinj illustrations were selected from the extensive collection of The Poultry 

World, by permission of the publisher. 




BLACK HAMBURGS, 



DARK BRAHMAS. 


PARTRIDGE COCHINS. 



BUFF COCHINS, 
















































STOCK SHOW. 


685 


CANADA. 

All the swine shown here are selected 
with the usual care exercised in this de¬ 
partment. 

G. NEWLOVE, of Macville, Ont., has 
two hoars and a sow of the Berkshire breed 
of the finest blood. 

The Suffolk pigs are exhibited by two 
breeders, A. FRANK & SONS, of Chel¬ 
tenham, Ont., who has one boar and two 
sows, and WRIGHT & BUTTERFIELD, 
of Sandwich, Ont., two boars and four 
sows, three of the latter one year old. 

Of the Cheshire whites, a favorite breed, 
there is only one exhibitor, H. MIT-TON, 
of Ridgetown, Ont., who has three boars 
and two sows. 

WRIGHT & BUTTERFIELD, of Sand¬ 
wich, Ont., show a number of the fine 
breed of Essex swine, which are very dark, 
almost black. He has five boars and as 
many sows in his exhibit, most of them 
one year olds. 

The swine, although not as numer¬ 
ous as might have been expected at 
this show, are in point of quality of a very 
high class. Some of them are of great 
size, a pair of “ Chester Whites,” exhibited 
by E. B. ASHBRIDGE, of Williston, Pa., 
the boar weighing 1,000 pounds and the 
sow 800 pounds. These huge beasts were 
great favorites of all who visited the 
show. 


THE POULTRY SHOW. 

This magnificent show commenced on the 
27 th of October and continued to the 6th 
of November. It was intended at first to 
hold it in the stock yard, but the Pomolog- 
ical Annex to Agricultural Hall was better 
adapted to the purpose, and here it is. 
There are some 2,000 entries, aggregating 
over 5,000 birds, some of them being four¬ 
legged birds, such as rabbits and Guinea 
pigs. However there are only a few of 
the latter. The Superintendent is J. E. 
DIEHL, Esq., Vice-President of the Penn¬ 
sylvania Poultry Association. Coming 
inside the grounds the fierce war-cries of 
the roosters shouting defiance at each 
other, the cackling of the geese, the quack¬ 
ing of the ducks and a few other resonant 
melodies all go to make a discord that 
would set Blind Tom crazy. No one needs 
to inquire his or her way when within one- 
quarter of a mile of it. Once inside we 


see all around the sides cages of pigeons 
and canary birds, while on long tables 
running east and west, the entire length of 
the building, are the coops for the poultry. 


BRAHMAS. 

There are on the north tables sixty-three 
coops of the huge Light Brahmas, clay col¬ 
ored. They are classed under the head of 
Asiatics. A. P. GRAVES, of Philadel¬ 
phia, BENSON & BURPEE, of Phila¬ 
delphia P. WILLIAMS, of Taunton, Mass., 
and others, show these. 

There are also twenty-two coops of Dark 
Brahmas of the same size and clumsy ap¬ 
pearance, exhibited by D. C. WATER- 
HOUSE, BENSON & BURPEE, and 
others. 


COCHINS. 

Of the Partridge Cochins, a dark brown 
and buff, about the same size as the Brah¬ 
mas, there are forty-two coops exhibited 
by D. C. WATERHOUSE, of New Ha¬ 
ven, Conn., BENSON & BURPEE, P. 
WILLIAMS, McKEEN & TIULICK, of 
Easton, Pa., and others. There are only 
fourteen coops of Buff Cochins shown by 
BENSON & BURPEE, F. O. BAILY, 
of Portland, Me., and others. 

There are eighteen coops of pure White 
Cochins by McKEEN & HULICK, BEN¬ 
SON & BURPEE, J. J. BERRY, of 
Hackensack, N. J., and others; and some 
pure blacks (eight coops) exhibitited by J. 
F. STREET, of Beverly, N. J., P. W IL¬ 
LIAMS, of Taunton, Mass., and W. H. 
TODD, of Vermilion, O. 


GAMES. 

The Games are well represented, and 
nearly all attest their blood as it was neces¬ 
sary to put a board in front of the partitions 
of their coops to keep them from killing 
each other, and before that was done a great 
deal of blood was spilt. Here are Black¬ 
breasted Reds 21 coops, by BENSON 
& BURPEE, J. DONNELLY, of Doyles- 
town, Pa., A. McLAREN, of Meadvilie. 
Pa., Brown-breasted Reds 5 coops, by A. 
McLaren. BENSON & BURPEE and 
others, Yellow Duck wings 14 coops, by C. 
S. LINCOLN, of Warren, Mass., and 
others, Silver Duckwing by A. McLAREN, 
Red and White “Pyles.” Besides these 














STOCK SHOW. 


<386 


there are 25 coops of fancy breeds by J. S. 
ARRINGTON, of Hiliiardstown, N. C. 
and others. 


JIAMBURGS. 

Hamburg chickens are represented 
here by 9 coops of Silver Spangled, 19 of 
Gold Spangled, 15 of Silver Penciled, 8 of 
Gold Penciled, and 15 of Blacks. The ex¬ 
hibitors are G. F. SEAVEY, of Mass., J. 
SCHOFIELD, of Pa., BENSON & BUR¬ 
PEE, and a number of others. 


SPANISH. 

Under the head of Spanish chickens 
are the White-faced Black 15 coops, White 
Leghorns 31 coops, by H. H. LOWRIE, of 
Plainfield, N. J., and others; Black Leg¬ 
horns 3 coops, 2 by R. WATSON, Conn., 
and 1 by J. S. MOOREHOUSE, of Mass.; 
26 coops of Brown Leghorns by F. J. 
KINNEY, of Worcester, Mass., BENSON 
& BURPEE, and others, and 3 coops of 
Dominiques by F. M. MOELLER, of De¬ 
troit, Mich. Dorkings are represented by 
4 coops of whites, 10 of Silver-grays and 4 
of Colored, shown by G. H. WARNER, of 
N. Y., BENSON & BURPEE, H. HALES, 
of Ridgewood, N. J., and others. The 
French birds are all oddities. 16 coops of 
Houdans with black all over except an 
enormous tuft of black and white on the 
head, Crevecoeurs somewhat similar, and 
La Fleche with the feathers all the wrong 
way, shown by P. WILLIAMS, of Taun¬ 
ton, Mass., J. H. SYMONDS, of Boston, 
and others. The Polish or top-knots are 
always a favorite breed. There are here 3 
cages of White-crested Blacks, 7 of White- 
crested Whites and 5 of Crested Silver, 
shown by E. C. NICHOLS, of Reading, 
Mass., A. STONE, of Doylestown, Pa., and 
others. The Americans are 31 coops of 
Plymouth Rocks, shown by BENSON & 
BURPEE, W. BROWN of Kittanning, Pa., 
GATES, TWEEDY & CO., of Norwich, 
Conn., P. WILLIAMS, of Taunton, Mass., 
and others; 13 coops of Dominiques by G. 
LAMBSON, New Castle, Del., G. L. FOS- 
KETT, of Winsted, Conn., and others, 
and 1 coop Jersey Blues by J. RUSS, of 
Beverly, N. J. 

The Bantams are in great variety, Black 
and Brown-breasted Red Games require 23 
coops, Yellow Duckwing Games 9 coops, 
Silver Duckwing Games 12 coops, Red Pyle 


Games 4 coops, White Games and Black 
Games each one coop by SHELDON & 
YOLGER, of Buffalo, N. Y., Golden Se- 
brights 19 coops, Silver Sebrights 4 coops, 
Nankin Sebrights 1 coop by W. T. S. 
DIEHL, Beverly, N. J., Black African 8 
coops, by C. B. EBEN, of Pittsburgh, Pa., 
and C. E. LEV r Y, of Lancaster, Pa., Rose- 
comb Whites 4 coops, Silver Spangled 1 
coop by M. E. DIEHL, of Beverly, N. J., 
Red Mexican 4 coops by C. W. LUDLOW, 
of Clermont, O., and the White-booted 6 
coops, by MAGRANE & FAIRSERVICE, 
of Newark, N. J., and J. J. WILSON, of 
Phila., and 3 coops of Colored Booted by 
H. JOHNSON, of Paterson, N. J., and 
0. HOWLAND, of Auburn, N. Y. 


TURKEYS. 

The Turkeys are some of them of great 
size. The Light and Dark Bronze occupy 
8 coops, the White Holland 16, Wild tur¬ 
keys 3, and 1 coop of Slate-colored, by 
BENSON & BURPEE, McKEEN & HU- 
LICK, of Easton, Pa., and others. 


GEESE. 

There are several varieties of Geese. 
The Toulouse and White China are each in 
a single case by W. H. TODD, of Vermil¬ 
lion, 0. The latter are pure white with a 
large, yellow fleshy button on top at the 
base of the bill. 

The Bremen geese are shown by BEN¬ 
SON & BURPEE, and the Hong Kong by 
the same and E. HICKS, of Goslienville, 
Pa. The Wild geese are the common dark 
bodied and black billed, shown by J. A. 
STORM, of St. Joseph, Mo., and Egyp¬ 
tian geese of beautiful warm colors, by F. 
L. BOPPE, of Newark, N. J. 


DUCKS. 

There are ten coops of Aylesbury ducks, 
pure white and large size, by BENSON & 
BURPEE, W. H. TODD, of 0., and others, 
3 coops of Cayuga ducks pure black crests. 
The bills and feet by the same exhibitors, 15 
coops of the handsome Rouen ducks, beau¬ 
tifully marked and large, by S. J. SPIARP- 
LESS, of Phila., P. Q. HOLCOMB, of Rea- 
ville, N. J., and others, Pekin ducks with 
curious fleshy projections around the eyes, 
12 coops, and also white Muscovys and 
colored Muscovys, white crested, and also 
the beautiful Wood Duck, by BENSON & 













BROWN LEGHORNS. 


BLACK SPANISH. 




BLACK LEGHORNS. PLYMOUTH ROCKS. 





































GOLDEN or SILVER S. POLISH. 


* 



HOUDANS. 




























BREMEN GEESE. 



PEKIN DUCKS. 




GOLDEN or SILVER S. BANTAMS. 


BRONZE TURKEYS. 






































































WILD TURKEY, 


















































































































CARRIER PIGEON, 















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































GUINEA FOWL. 












































































































STOCK SHOW. 


693 


BURPEE, B. P. LEWIS, of Phila., and 


GUINEA FOWLS, ETC. 

Ileie aie some of those birds that always 
want buckwheat. ’ There are 2 coops of 
white, 3 of pearl, and 1 of colored pea¬ 
fowls. 

. Here are also 4 coops of beautifully pen¬ 
ciled Silver Pheasants, 3 of the gorgeously 
colored and crowned Golden Pheasants, by 
G. P. SEAYEY and others. 

Also English Ring-necked Pheasants, 
American Quail and Prairie Chickens. 

Canaries are 3 cages of Piebald, 1 of 
green Filmuth, 2 of French and 2 Belgian, 
the first by J. MERTON, of Phila., the 
second by Mrs. J. S. DIEHL, of Beverly, 
N. J., and the two last varieties by M. 
HOEPFUEN, of Phila. 


PIGEONS. 

There is a large collection of these birds 
of all kinds and varieties. The greatest 
number is in the Carriers, of which there 
are 44 cages. Of Pouters there are also 
44, Pigmy Pouters 1, and Fantails 45. 
Jacobins require 25 cages, Tumblers 67, 
Turbits winged 26, Turbits tailed 4, and 
Turbits solid 20. Antwerps require 32 
cages, Antwerps, Homing, 2, Trumpeters 
22, African Owls (so called from their cry) 
15, Chinese Owls 2, English Owls 27, 
Swallows 19, Magpies 17, Nuns 5, Runts 
5, Moorheads 1, Dutch 1, Archangels 4, 
Ice 1. Spots 1, Suabians 2, Blondinettes 1, 
Starlings 1, Barbs 55, Priests 10, Mahom- 
ets 1, Quakers 2, Fairies 1, Breasters 1, 
Romers 1, Balloon Blowers 2, Flickers 1, 
and Ring Doves 3. These are shown by 
H. COLELL, of Brooklyn, N. Y., D. E. 
NEWELL, of New York, J. PARKER, 
of Phila., and a great number of others. 

GREAT BRITAIN. 

The only birds from Great Britain are 
three Games from J. C. COOPER, Limer- 


one coop each of Silver 
Spangled, Golden Spangled, Silver Pen¬ 
ciled, Golden Penciled and Black Ham- 
burgs, by JAMES LONG, of Iiavenscroft, 
Barnet, England. 


CANADA. 

Canada has a small but fine selection of 
light Brahmas and dark Brahmas, Part¬ 
ridge Cochins and Buff Cochins and White 
Cochins and Black Cochins, by H. M. 
THOMAS, of Brooklyn, Ont., and W. H. 
DOEL, of Toronto, Ont. 

Games. DANIEL ALLEN, of Galt, 
Ont., sends Black-breasted Reds, Brown¬ 
breasted Reds, Yellow Duckwings and Red 
Pyles. Hamburgs are represented bv R. 
McMILLAN, of Galt, Ont., and DUN¬ 
CAN KAY, of same place, by the Silver 
and the Gold Spangled, the Silver and the 
Gold Penciled, and the Black. 

Spanish by the White-faced Black, White, 
Black and Brown Leghorns. Dorkings by 
the White, Silver-grey and Colored, by H. 
M. THOMAS, R. McMILLAN, J. BOYNE, 
of London, and J. WELD, of London’ 
Ont. French — the queer looking Hou- 
dans, 3 coops, Crevecceurs 3 coops, and 
LaFleche 4, by different parties. Polish 
and Bantams are both well represented. 
Geese. White China 2, Brown China and 
Bremen 1, W. H. DOEL, of Toronto, Ont., 
W. M. SMITH and A. TERRILL, of 
Wooler, Ont. There is quite a good selec¬ 
tion of the several varieties of ducks by 
W. M. SMITH and others, and 14 varie¬ 
ties of pigeons in 36 coops. 

We have not mentioned the incubators 
for hatching chickens by artificial heat. 
There are three of these, one each by S. 
A. DAY & CO., of Baltimore, A. M. 
HALSTEAD, of Rye, N. Y., and F. 
MYER, of Phila. These are in operation. 
Mr. HALSTEAD also exhibits an artifi¬ 
cial mother that looks like a gigantic pow¬ 
dering brush. 


\ 
















NAMES OF CONTRIBUTORS IN THE MAIN BUILDING, FROM THE 
UNITED STATES, COPIED FROM THE OFFICIAL CATALOGUE 
UNDER THEIR RESPECTIVE HEADS. 


We omitr names of articles for want of space, and not supposing them to he of 

interest to the general reader. 



CAMBRIA IRON & STEEL CO., Johnstown, 
Pa. 

WHARTON, JOSEPH. Camden, N. J. 

SHARSWOOD, W.M., Philadelphia, Pa. 

HATCH, JOHN, San Francisco, Cal. 

BARTON, CHAS., Philadelphia. Pa. 

ADAMS, J. HOWE. Philadelphia. Pa. 

BENTON, CAROLINE C.. Philadelphia, Pa. 

FOOTE, A. E.. M.D., 3725 Lancaster avenue, 
Philadelphia. Pa. 

CLEVELAND ROLLING MILL CO., Cleve¬ 
land, Ohio. 

WYOMING HISTORICAL & GEOLOGICAL 
SOCIETY, Wilkesbarre. Pa. 

COOK, ISAAC. St. Louis, Mo. 

PORT HENRY IRON ORE CO.. New York. 

WITHERBEES, SHERMAN & CO., Pt. Henry, 
Essex Countv. N. Y. 

BLACK BAND IRON CO.. Marietta, Ohio. 

BROWN k CO., WAYNE IRON & STEEL 
WORKS, Pittsburgh. Pa. 

LTJCY FURNACE CO., Pittsburgh. Pa. 

PROVIDENCE FRANKLIN SOCIETY, Provi¬ 
dence, R. I. 

LOMBARD, THOMAS C., New York. 

HUSSEY k HOWE MINING CO., Plattsburg, 
N. Y. 

ALEXANDER, JOHN S„ Philadelphia, Pa. 

PASSAIC ZINC CO., Passaic, X. J. 

MAGNETITE IRON CO.. Philadelphia, Pa. 

CRAB ORCHARD IRON CO., Philadelphia, 
Pa. 

HERR, JOSEPH C., Philadelphia, Pa. 

DAVIS, 0. W., Jr.. Bangor, Maine. 

FLEMING, F. N. it J. S., Goochland C. II., 
Va. 

THOMAS IRON CO., Holtendauqua, Pa. 

LEHIGH ZINC CO., Bethlehem. Pa. 

VIRGINIA .MINERAL BUREAU, Alexandria, 
Va. 

STOCKBRIDGE IRON CO., New Bedford, 
Mass. 

DEXTER & CO., New York. 

MIXONG MINING CO., Detroit, Mich. 

SHALTER, R. M., CARRICK FURNACE, 
Franklin countv. Pa. 

SHELBY IRON CO., Shelby Iron Works. Ala. 

ROCKHILL IRON it COAL CO., Philadel¬ 
phia, Pa. 

TECUMSEH IRON CO., Tecumseh, Ala. 

SMITH, J. C„ Chicago, Ill. 

NEW RIVER RAILROAD Mining and Manu¬ 
facturing Co. of Va., Philadelphia, Pa. 

COSGRIEF, A.. Tillv Foster Iron Mines, N. Y. 

SOUTH k NORTH* ALABAMA RAILROAD, 
Montgomerv, Ala. 

LACKAWANNA IRON & COAL CO., Scran¬ 
ton, Pa. 

CARPENTER, CHARLES, Keller's Island, O. 

LAKE SUPERIOR IRON CO., Marquette Co., 
Mich. 

KENTUCKY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, Col¬ 
lections. 

ALLEN, OLIVER, Mumford, X. Y. 

VESUVIUS FURNACE, Etna Iron Works, 
Ironton, Ohio. 

ETNA FURNACE, Etua Iron Co., Hanging 
Rock, Ohio. 

BLANCHE FURNACE, Etua Iron Works, Iron- 
ton, Ohio. 

HRCLA IRON k MINING CO., Tronton, O. 

MONITOR FURNACE CO.. Ironton, Ohio. 

GRANT FURNACE, W. D. Kelley & Sons, 
Ironton, Ohio. 

CENTER FURNACE, W. D. Kelley k Sons, 
Ironton, Ohio. 

PENNSYLVANIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, 
Collections. 

HOWARD FURNACE, Charcoal Iron Co., 
Ironton. Ohio. 

RENTON, LEWIS E„ Antwerp, X. Y. 

BUCKHORA FURNACE, Charcoal Iron Co., 
Ironton, Ohio. 


OLIVE FURNACE, Campbell, McGugin & Co., 
Ironton, Ohio. 

LAWRENCE FURNACE CO., Ironton, Ohio. 

WARD, L. B., Niles. Ohio. 

PINE GROVE FURNACE, Means, Kyle & Co., 
Hanging Rock, Ohio. 

OHIO FURNACE, Means, Kyle & Co , Hang¬ 
ing Rock. Ohio. 

WASHINGTON FURNACE, Union Iron Co., 
Portsmouth. Ohio. 

CHAFFIN, STAPLES & CO., Richmoud, Va. 

SCIOTO FURNACE, L. C. Robinson & Co., 
Portsmouth. Ohio. 

BLOOM FURNACE. John Paul & Co., Ports¬ 
mouth, Ohio. 

CLINTON FURNACE, W. I. Bell, Wheelers- 
burg, Ohio. 

SELMA & ALABAMA RAILROAD, Montgom¬ 
ery, Ala. 

BUCKEYE FURNACE CO.. Jackson, Ohio. 

CAMBRIA FURNACE, D. Lewis <fc Co., Sam¬ 
son ville, Ohio. 

JACKSON FURNACE, L. P. N. Smith's Heirs, 
Sciotoville, Ohio. 

WALLIS, JNO. G.. Fulton, Ark. 

JEFFERSON FURNACE CO., Oak Hill, O. 

ORANGE FURNACE, Orange Iron Co., Jack- 
son, Ohio. 

STAR FURNACE CO., Jackson, Ohio. 

HURON FURNACE, Huron Iron Co., Jackson, 
Ohio. 

TROPIC FURNACE CO., Jackson, Ohio. 

GLOBE FURNACE, Globe Iron Co., Jackson, 
Ohio. 

FULTON FURNACE, Globe Iron Co., Jackson, 
Ohio. 

LIKING IRON CO., Newark, Ohio. 

WELLSTON TWIN FURNACES, Wellston 
Coal & Iron Co., Wellston. Ohio. 

HANNIBAL k ST. JOSEPH RAILROAD, 
Hannibal, Mo. 

ST. LOUIS & IRON MOUNTAIN RAILROAD, 
St. Louis, Mo. 

LINCOLN FURNACE, I. M. McGhee's Estate, 
Rud's Mills, Ohio. 

RICHLAND FURNACE CO., Richland, P. O., 
Ohio. 

EAGLE FURNACE, L. C. Damarin & Co., 
Rud's Mills, Ohio. 

HOPE FURNACE, L. C. Damarin & Co., Ports¬ 
mouth, Ohio. 

HAMDEN FURNACE, L. C. Damarin & Co., 
Portsmouth, Ohio. 

MARIETTA, PITTSBURG & CLEVELAND 
RAILWAY, Marietta, Ohio. 

VINTON FURNACE. Bancroft, Rader & Co., 
Vinton Station. Ohio. 

KEYSTONE FURNACE CO., Portsmouth. O. 

MONROE FURNACE, Union Iron Co., Ports¬ 
mouth, Ohio. 

LATROBE FURNACE, Bundy & Cobb, Berlin 
Cross Roads, Ohio. * 

BARNES, LEWIS, Philadelphia, Pa. 

LOGAN FURNACE CO., Logan county, Ohio. 

UNION FURNACE, Brooks & Huestou, Hay- 
densville, Ohio. 

MOUNT SAVAGE FURNACE, Lexington k 
Carter county Mining & Manufacturing Co., 
Lexington, Ky. 

BUFFALO FURNACE, Culbertson, Earhart k 
Co., Greenupsburg, Ky. 

HUNNEWKLL FURNACE, Eastern Kentucky 
Railwav Co., Riverton, Ky, , 

PENNSYLVANIA FURNACE, Eastern Ken¬ 
tucky Railway Co., Riverton, Kv. 

CHARLOTTE FURNACE CO., Riverton. Ky. 

LAUREL FURNACE, Robt. Scott k Co., River¬ 
ton, Ky. 

GALLIA FURNACE, Norton, Campbell & Co., 
Portsmouth, Ohio. 

IOWA, State of. Minerals, ores, etc. 

RACCOON FURNACE, Raccoon Mining & Mfg 
Co., Riverton, Kv. 

TYGERT'S VALLEY MINING CO.. Riverton. 
Kv. 

CHESTER IRON CO.. Chester, N. J. 

BELLF.FONTE FURNACE, Means, Russell & 
Means, Ashland, Ky. 


BUENA VISTA FURNACE, Means k Co., Ash¬ 
land. Ky. 

TRIGG FURNACE, D. Hillman & Sons, Em¬ 
pire Iron Works, Ky. 

LOWE, S. B., Chattanooga, Teun. 

CENTER FURNACE. I). Hillman & Sons. Em¬ 
pire Iron Works. Kv. 

HANGING ROOK IRON REGION, Ironton, 
Ohio. 

TRABER k AUBF.RY, Cincinnati, Ohio. 

BORDEN, WM. W., New Providence, Ind. 

COOPER, HEWITT & CO.. New York. 

OHIO COAL CO., Marietta. Ohio. 

RHODES & CO., Cleveland, Ohio. 

POPLAR CREEK MINERAL RAILROAD 
CO.. Philadelphia. Pa. 

DURHAM IRON CO., Riegelsville, Pa. 

GLEXDOX IRON CO.. Eastou, Pa. 

MAHONING VALLEY CENTENNIAL ASSO¬ 
CIATION. Youngstown, Ohio. 

BYE, E. MORTIMER. Wilmington. Del. 

NORTHAMPTON FURNACE, Bethlehem, Pa. 

LEHIGH IRON CO., Allentown, Pa. 

KM A US IRON CO.. Allentown. Pa. 

ALLENTOWN ROLLING MILL CO., Allen¬ 
town, Pa. 

CARBON IRON CO., Parrvville, Pa. 

PHILADELPHIA k READING COAL AND 
IRON CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 

GRAND TOWER MINING. MANUFACTUR¬ 
ING, AND TRANSPORTATION CO., Grand 
Tower. Ill. 

IRONTON FURNACE IRON & STEEL CO., 
Ironton, Ohio. 

BELFONT FURNACE, Belfont Iron Works, 
Ironton, Ohio. 

0PH1R FURNACE CO., Jackson. Ohio. 

NORTON IRON WORKS, Ashland. Ky. 

ASHLAND FURNACE, Lexington k Big Sandy 
Railroad Co.. Ashland, Kv. 

POWEL, ROBERT HA RE k CO., 424 Walnut 
street, Philadelphia, Pa. 

UNION IRON CO., Buffalo, N. Y. 

WOODSTOCK IRON CO., Anniston, Ala. 

SAUCON IRON CO., Hellertowu, Pa. 

SELMA, ROME & DALTON RAILROAD, 
Cincinnati, Ohio. 

ANDREWS, HITCHCOCK & CO., Cleveland, 
Ohio. 

DUNCAN, JOHN W., Philadelphia, Pa. 

PERU STEEL k IRON CO., Clinton ville, N. Y. 

THOMAS, W. H. B., Mount Hollv, X. J. 

BROOKE, E. & G., Birdsboro'. Pa. 

MYERS, A. J., Shenandoah Alum Springs, Va. 

ANDOYER IRON CO., Phillipsburg, X. J. 

CRANE IRON CO., Catasauqua, Pa. 

CHATTANOOGA MINERAL DISTRICT, 
Chattanooga, Tenn. 

LEHIGH VALLEY IRON CO., Copley. Pa. 

OHLTOX COAL CO., Youngstown, Ohio. 

GLASGOW k PORT WASHINGTON IRON 
<fc COAL CO., Port Washington, Ohio. 

ALICE FURNACE, Etua Iron Works, Hang¬ 
ing Rock, Ohio. 

COLERAINE IRON CO., Northampton county, 
Pa. 

HANGING ROCK IRON REGION FUR¬ 
NACES. Ironton, Ohio. 

TUSCARAWAS COAL & IRON CO., Cleve¬ 
land. Ohio. 

MOUNT VERNON FURNACE, Hiram Camp- 
bell <fe Sons. Ironton, Ohio. 

MILTON FURNACE k COAL CO., Wellston, 
Ohio. 

HUNTINGDON k BROAD TOP RAILROAD 
CO.. Philadelphia, Pa. 

STATE OF WISCONSIN, Geological Exhibit. 

STATE OF OH IO. Geological Exhibit. 

STATE OF NEW JERSEY, Geological Ex¬ 
hibit. 

STATE OF INDIANA. Geological Exhibit. 

STATE OF MICHIGAN. Geological Exhibit. 

STATE OF DELAWARE, Geological Exhibit. 

STATE OF MISSOURI, Geological Exhibit. 

COCHRAN. JOHN M. k CO., Bradford. Pa. 

FOSTER COAL CO.. Youngstown, Ohio. 

KITTANNTXG COAL CO., 125 South Fourth 
street, Philadelphia, Pa. 









695 


EXHIBITORS IN THE UNITED STATES. 


WESTMORELAND COAL CO., 230 So. Third 
street. Philadelphia, Pa. 

V ICK, JOHN (»., Massillon. Ohio. 

GAS COAL CO., AVestmorelaud county 

SPARKS, WESTWATER Ac CO., Columbus, 
Ohio. 

VAN WICKLE, STOUT Ac CO.. New York. 

KYLE COAL CO., Youngstown, Ohio. 

LINDERMAN, G. B., Bethlehem, Pa. 

NEWTON, JOTHAM, New York. 

UNION MINING CO., Alleghany county, Md. 

STONER, HITCHMAN Ac CO., Mt. Pleasant, 
Pa. 

ANTHRACITE FUEL CO., Rondout, N. Y. 

HL rCHINSON, A. A. <fc BRO., Pittsburgh, Pa. 

HICKORY COAL CO., Pottsville. Pa. 

HARLKIGH COAL CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 

LAW TON, BURNETT Ac CO., East Palestine, 
Ohio. 

DRAPER. JOHN W„ Pottsville, Pa. 

EXCELSIOR COAL MINING CO., Philadel¬ 
phia, Pa. 



HURD COAL Ac IRON CO.. Columbus, Ohio. 
LEXINGTON Ac CARTER COUNTY MINING 
& MANUF'G CO., Lexington, Kv. 

CHURCH HILL COAL CO., Youngstown, O. 
BURTON, J. P., Massillon, Ohio. 

ANDREW'S Ac HITCHCOCK, Youngstown, O. 
HUDDELL Ac SEITZINGER, Philadelphia, Pa. 
KEYS, JOHN, Brockwayville, Pa. 

SUYDAM, M. A. Ac CO., Columbus, Ohio. 
EASTERN KENTUCKY RAILWAY, River¬ 
ton, Ky. 

HAYDEN, P., Columbus, Ohio. 
STEUBENVILLE COAL COMPANY, Steu¬ 
benville, Ohio, 

POMEROY COAL CO., Pomeroy, Ohio. 
BROOKS, W r . B. Ac SON, Hocking county, O. 
NEWARK COAL CO., Newark, Ohio. 
DYSART At CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
FRANKLIN COAL CO., Akron, Ohio. 

FITCH, E. A., Columbus, Ohio. 

HOWELLS, ANTHONY, Massillon, Ohio. 
KIMES, J. B. Ac CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
WILLIAMS' MARBLE At SLATE MANTEL 
CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 

WILSON & MILLER, Philadelphia. Pa. 
HAYES, COULTER & CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
DOUGHERTY, E. D., Philadelphia, Pa. 
PENINSULA STONE CO., Peninsula, Ohio. 
COLUMBIAN MARBLE CO., Rutland, Vt. 
VAN GUNDEN, YOUNG & DRUM.M, Phila¬ 
delphia, Pa. 

INNI8, G. S., Columbus. Ohio. 

FIELD, F. K., Philadelphia, Pa. 

GURNEY, H. D.. St. Paul, Minn. 

FOREST CITY STONE CO., Cleveland, O. 
CHASE, M. K., Bluehill, Maiue. 

MARTIN, H. F., Allentown, Pa. 

CHANDLER, C. H., Browuville, Maine. 
ALLEN, JAMES T. & CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
FAUCHERE, A. L. Ac CO., New York. 
WILLIAMS, CHARLES, St. Louis. Mo. 
BARKER, H. Ac BRO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
DENTON, DRAKE W r ., 17 North Front street, 
Philadelphia, Pa. 

TILLSON. DAVIS, Rockland, Maine. 
FINNIGAN, M., Cincinnati, Ohio. 

FISH, W. Ac CO., Columbus, Ohio. 

FINCH, PRUYN & CO.. Glens Falls, N. Y. 
MAINE SLATE CO., Skowhegan, Maine. 
CHAPMAN SLATE CO., Bethlehem, Pa. 
LEHIGH SLATE CO., Slatington, Pa. 
HINSDALE. DOYLE & CO., New York. 
FISHER At BIRD, New York. 

HOWELL, C. M., Lancaster, Pa. 
ALLENTOWN SLATE MANTEL CO.. Allen¬ 
town, Pa. 

HINTON, DAVID, Xenia, Ohio. 

CAGUIRES, FRANK, Chicago, Ill. 
CARPENTER Ac RAYMOND, Cambridge City, 
lad. 

McDonald, Alexander, Cambridge, Mass. 
BOSLER, MARCUS, Dayton, Ohio. 

BALLARD At GALLOWAY, Finley, Ohio. 

BO DWELL GRANITE CO., Rockland, Maine. 
BRINTON, JOS. H., Thornbury P. O., Pa. 
SCORGIE, WIGHT & CO., Cambridge, Mass. 
STRUTHERS, W. & SONS, Philadelphia, Pa. 
PENNSYLVANIA MARBLE CO., Philadel¬ 
phia, Pa. 

BROWN, E. F., Dayton, Ohio. 

BARKER. HENRY, Ac SONS, Quincv. Mass. 
RUTLAND MARBLE CO., West Rutland, Vt. 
MAINE RED GRANITE CO., Red Beach. Me. 
GRAVES BROTHERS, Birmingham. Ohio. 
COLUMBIA SLATE CO., Slatington, Pa. 
MARTIN, F. 0., St. George, Maine. 

WELLS, CHARLES B., Marietta, Ohio. 

ST. JOHNSBURY GRANITE CO., St. Johns- 
bury, Vt. 

MERRILLE, ADAMS H., Williamsburgh, Me. 
CLEMONS, C. H., Sandusky, Ohio. 
CONCORD GRANITE CO., Quincy, Mass. 
SHELDONS At SLASON, West Rutland, Vt. 
DAVIS, I. J.. Newark, Ohio. 

McNALLY, WILLIAM G.. Cleveland, Ohio. 
PORTLAND BROWN STONE QUARRIES, 
Portland, Conn. 


KING, T. H., Trumansburg, N. Y. 

STOTLER. D. C., Piqua, Ohio. 

STROM Ac DePLANQUE, New York. 

EASE, LEWIS, Covington, Ohio. 

NORTH PITTSFORD MARBLE CO., Pitts- 
ford, Vt. 

PAUL, JOHN, At CO., Massillon, Ohio. 
MYERS, UHL Ac CO., Cleveland, Ohio. 
THOMPSON, WM. S., Springfield, Ohio. 
TRABER, JACOB, Cincinnati, Ohio. 
MUELLER, JOHN M., Cincinnati, Ohio. 
RICHEY, MORRIS S.. Waverly, Ohio. 
SINGER Ac TALCOTT STONE COMPANY, 
Chicago, Ill. 

ST. JOHNSBURY GRANITE CO., St. Johns- 
burv, Vt. 

RICHMOND MARBLE CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
AMHERST STONE CO., Cleveland. Ohio. 
WARTHORST Ac CO., Massillon, Ohio, 
BEREA STONE CO., Berea, Ohio. 
PHILADELPHIA Ac READING RAILROAD 
CO , Philadelphia. Pa. 

W ORTHINGTON Ac SONS, North Amherst, O. 
BURLINGTON M1*’G CO., Burlington, Vt. 
WILLIAMS, R. L., Middle Granville, N. Y. 

COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT OF BUILDING STONES USED 
IN THE OHIO STATE BUILDING. 

HOFFMAN, A. O.. THOMPSON, WM., and 
others, Springfield, Ohio. 

BEREA STONE CO.. Berea, Ohio. 

HURST, I. R., Cleveland, Ohio. 

FORD, O. D., Cleveland, Ohio. 
HALDERMAN, L. At SON, Cleveland, Ohio. 
WAGNER, JOHN, Cleveland, Ohio. 
AMHERST STONE CO., Cleveland, Ohio. 
BLACK RIVER STONE CO., Cleveland, O. 
PAUL, JOHN, & CO., Massillon, Ohio. 
WILSON Ac HUGHES STONE CO., Cleve¬ 
land, Ohio. 

CLOUGH STONE CO., Amherst, Ohio. 
WORTHINGTON Ac SONS, Amherst, Ohio. 
OHIO STONE CO., Cleveland, Ohio. 
McDERMOTT, J. At CO., Cleveland, Ohio. 
COSHOCTON STONE CO., Coshocton, Ohio. 
STITT, PRICE Ac CO., Columbus, Ohio. 
FINNEGAN, M., Cincinnati, Ohio. 
FINNEGAN, J. H., Cincinnati. Ohio. 
MONTGOMERY, R. M., Youngstown. Ohio. 
CALDWELL Ac TOD, Youngstown, Ohio. 
BYERS Ac McILHAINY, Youngstown, Ohio. 
MAUSER Ac HAID, Youngstown, Ohio. 
HAMILTON, HOMER, Youngstown, Ohio. 
WARTHORST Ac CO., Massillon. Ohio. 
STOCKING, Z. S., Mansfield. Ohio. 

BOSLER, MARCUS. Dayton, Ohio. 
HUFFMAN, WILLIAM, Dayton, Ohio. 


TREMAIN, CHARLES. Manlius, N. Y. 
ERVIN, D. S., Cedarville, Ohio. 

HOWES CAVE ASSOCIATION, Howes Cave, 
N. Y. 

FIREPROOF BUILDING CO., New York. 
MICHAEL, F. M., and others, Eaton, Ohio. 
SINTZ, GEORGE, Springfield, Ohio. 
MITCHELL, 'WILSON, Philadelphia, Pa. 
RICHARDSON, GEORGE, Milwaukee, Wis. 
WAMPUM CEMENT Ac LIME CO., New Cas¬ 
tle Pa. 

COPLAY CEMENT CO., Allentown, Pa. 
ALLEN CEMENT CO., Siegfried's Bridge, Pa. 
CEDAR HOLLOW LIME CO., Philadelphia, 

ABBOTT PAVEMENT CO., Brooklyn, X. Y. 
UNION STONE CO., Boston. Mass. 

SHIELDS. KING Ac CO., Newark Star Glass 
Works, Newark, Ohio. 

HAMPTON, CUTTER Ac SONS, Woodbridge, 

SUCH, GEORGE, South Amboy, N. J 
SARCHET, J. W. Ac J. T., Glen Loch P. O., Pa. 
KIER BROTHERS, Pittsburgh. Pa. 
BRADFORD, H., Philadelphia, Pa. 

TUCKER, GEORGE, New York. 

SCHREIBER. W. A. H., Phoenixville, Pa. 
TOLL, CHARLES, Monroe, Mich. 

ZIHLMANN, JOSEPH, Bellaire, Ohio. 

DOVER FIRE BRICK CO., Canal Dover. O. 
KREISCHER, B. Ac SON, Philadelphia, Pa. 
AMERICAN KAOLIN COMPANY, New Gar¬ 
den, Chester countv. Pa. 

DIXON CRUCIBLE CO., Jersey City, N. J. 
STROAV, WILE Ac CO., Philadelphia. Pa. 
TAYLOR, ROBERT Ac CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
MORSE BROTHERS. Canton, Mass. 

JERSEY CITY CRUCIBLE MANUF’G CO., 
Jersey City, N. J. 

PHCENIX MANUF'G CO., Taunton, Mass. 
WEBB, ROBERT, Boston. Mass. 

NIBRINGER. EDWARD, Philadelphia. Pa. 
HAND. JAMES C. Ac CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
WASHINGTON MILLS EMERY MANUF'G 
CO., Ashland, Mass. 

BOYD & CHASE, New York. 

U. S. SOAPSTONE MANUF’G CO., Cincin¬ 
nati. Ohio. 

PATTEN. F. H., Bath, Maine. 

LEHIGH WHETSTONE CO.. Allentown. Pa. 
COFFIN, REDINGTON <sc CO., New York. 
LOUIS, JULIUS. Ac BRO., Jeffersonville. Ind. 
SIBLEY, FREEMAN K., Waltham, Mass. 
SCHULTZ, CARL H., New York. 


JARVES Ac HOOPER, Detroit, Mich. 

KNIGHT Ac WIDDEN, Portland Plaster Mills, 
Portland, Maine. 

CHAMPION SPOUTING SPRING, Saratoga 
Spriugs, N. Y. 

MARSH &; CO., Sandusky. Ohio. 

GETTYSBURG KATALYSINE CO., Gettys¬ 
burg, Pa. 

NAVASSA PHOSPHATE CO., Baltimore. Md. 

CHARLESTON. S. 0., MINING Ac MANUF'G 
CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 

BOLEN Ac BYRNE, New York. 

LIPPINCOTT, CHAS., A: CO., Philadelphia, 
Pa. 

LAM REXCE, A. R. p & CO., Excelsior Park, 
Saratoga Springs, X. Y. 

TUFTS, JAMES W., Boston, Mass. 


METALLURGICAL PRODUCTS. 

HASTINGS Ac CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
WALLIS. JNO. G., Fulton, Ark. 

CAMBRIA IRON Ac STEEL CO., Johnstown, 
Pa. 

HUNTINGDON Ac BROAD TOP RAILROAD 
CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 

M OOD, W. D., Ac CO., McKeesport Iron Works. 
Pittsburgh, Pa. 

PARK BRO. Ac CO., Black Diamond Steel 
Works, Pittsburgh, Pa. 

MAHONING VALLEY CENTENNIAL ASSO¬ 
CIATION, Youngstown, Ohio. 

ROWLAND, JAMES, Ac CO., Kensington Iron 
and Steel Works, Philadelphia, Pa. 

WOOD, ALAN Ac CO., 519 Arch street, Phila¬ 
delphia, Pa. 

ANDOVER IRON CO., Phillipsburg, N. J. 
STRAUS, J. E„ Ac CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
MILLER, METCALF Ac PARKINS, Crescent 
Steel Works, Pittsburgh, Pa. 

GLASGOW Ac PORT WASHINGTON IRON 
AND STEEL CO.. Port Washington, O. 
HUSSEY, WELLS Ac CO., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
PHILLIPS. NIM1CK Ac CO., Sligo Ivon Mills, 
Pittsburgh, Pa. 

UNION IRON CO., Buffalo, N. Y. 

STATE OF INDIANA, Metallurgical Exhibit. 
OTIS IRON Ac STEEL CO., Cleveland, Ohio. 
CLEVELAND ROLLING MILL CO.. Cleve¬ 
land, Ohio. 

SOUTH At NORTH ALABAMA RAILROAD, 
Montgomery, Ala. 

STATE OF NEW JERSEY, Metallurgical Ex¬ 
hibit. 

PERU STEEL Ac IRON CO., Clintonville, X.Y. 
SILICON STEEL CO., New York. 
WASHBURN Ac MOEN MANUF'G CO., Wor¬ 
cester, Mass. 

VALENTINES & CO., Bellefonte Iron Works, 
New York. 

YOUNGSTOWN ROLLING MILL CO., 
Youngstown. Ohio. 

WICK, RIDGWAY & CO., Youngstown. O. 
BROWN, BONNETT Ac CO., Youngstown, O. 
EYHON & LLOYD, Philadelphia, Pa. 
AMERICAN SHEET Ac BOILER-PLATE CO., 
Cleveland, Ohio. 

COOPER, HEWITT Ac CO., New York. 
HANGING ROCK IRON REGION FUR¬ 
NACES, Ironton, Ohio. 

BEALE, HORACE A., Parkesburg, Pa. 
CLARK, WM.. Ac CO., Pittsburgh, Pa. 

REESE, GRAFF Ac WOODS. Pittsburgh, Pa. 
ANDREWS BROTHERS, Youngstown, Ohio. 
McCullough IRON CO.. Philadelphia. Pa. 
MOORHEAD Ac CO., Soho Iron Mills, Pitts¬ 
burgh, Pa. 

HENDERSON. JAMES, Hamburg, Pa. 

BROWN Ac CO., Wayne Iron Ac Steel Works, 
Pittsburgh, Pa. 

EDGAR THOMSON STEEL CO., Pittsburgh, 

LUCY FURNACE CO., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
CARNEGIE BROS. Ac Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
WILSON, WALKER Ac CO., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
KEYSTONE BRIDGE CO., Pittsburgh, Pa. 

U. S. CORRUGATED ELBOW CO., Cincin¬ 
nati. Ohio. 

GREGORY Ac CO., Jersey City, N. J. 
DUNCAN, JOHN W., Philadelphia. Pa. 
TUSCARAWAS COAL Ac IRON CO., Cleve¬ 
land, Ohio. 

RHODES & CO., Cleveland, Ohio. 
WOODSTOCK IRON CO., Anniston, Ala. 
MIDDLETON, C. W. Ac H. W., Philadelphia, 
Pa. 

CRANE IRON CO., Catasauqua, Pa. 
ALEXANDER, JOHN S., Philadelphia, Pa. 
SINGER, NIMICK Ac CO., Pittsburgh. Pa. 
SELMA Ac ALABAMA RAILROAD, Montgom¬ 
ery, Ala. 

MAGNETITE IRON CO., Philadelphia. Pa. 
CRAB ORCHARD IRON CO., Philadelphia, 
Pa. 

CHESTER IRON CO., Chester, N. J. 
DANVILLE IRON CO., Danville, Pa. 

WINCH, CORYDON, Philadelphia, Pa. 
PHILADELPHIA IRON Ac STEEL CO., Phila¬ 
delphia, Pa. 

WARD. L. B., Niles, Ohio. 

CUMBERLAND NAIL Ac IRON CO., Bridge- 
ton. N. J. 

DAVIS, O. W., Jr., Bangor, Maine. 















693 


EXHIBITORS IN THE UNITED STATES 


DURHAM IRON CO., Riegelsville, Pa. 

GLEN DON IRON CO., Easton, Pa. 

SELMA, ROME A DALTON RAILROAD, 
Cincinnati, Ohio. 

NORTHAMPTON FURNACE, Bethlehem, Pa. 

LEHIGH IRON CO..Allentown, Pa. 

BETHLEHEM IRON CO., Bethlehem, Pa. 

E.MAUS IRON CO., Allentown, Pa. , 

COLERAINE IRON CO.. Northampton county. 
Pa. 

THOMAS IRON CO., Hokendauqua. Pa. 

ALLENTOWN ROLLING MILL CO., Allen¬ 
town. Pa. 

ALLENTOWN IRON CO., Allentown, Pa. 

LEHIGH VALLEY IRON CO., Copley, Pa. 

CARBON IRON CO., Parrvville, Pa. 

SAUCON IRON CO., Hellertown, Pa. 

CATASAUQUA IRON CO., Oatasauqua, Pa. 

LEHIGH ZINC CO., Bethlehem, Pa. 

STEWART A CO., South Easton, Pa. 

GOUGH, EDWARD, Allentown, Pa. 

BAY STATE IRON CO., Boston, Mass. 

CO-OPERATIVE IRON Ac STEEL WORKS, 
Danville, Pa. 

SHALTElt, R. M., Carrick Furnace, Franklin 
countv. Pa. 

PHILADELPHIA & READING RAILROAD 
CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 

MINTZER, S. J. W., Philadelphia, Pa. 

SHELBY IRON CO., Shelby Iron Works, Ala. 

CHROME STEEL CO., Brooklyn, N. Y. 

CARTWRIGHT, McCURDY Ac CO., Youngs¬ 
town, Ohio. 

BURTON, J. P.. Massillon, Ohio. 

ROCKH1LL IRON Ac COAL CO., Philadel¬ 
phia, Pa. 

TECUMSEH IRON CO., Tecumseh, Ala. 

ALBANY Ac RENSSELAER IRON Ac STEEL 
CO.. Troy, N. Y. 

NFS, CHARLES M„ York. Pa. 

GRAND TOWER MINING, MANUFACTUR¬ 
ING, Ac TRANSPORTATION CO., Grand 
Tower, III. 

GLOBE ROLLING MILL CO., Cincinnati, O. 

LACKAWANNA IRON Ac COAL CO., Scran¬ 
ton, Pa. 

PASSAIC ROLLING MILL CO., Paterson, 
N. J. 

COX, JUSTICE. Jr., A CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 

ROGERS, J. Ac J., IRON CO., A usable Forks, 
N. Y. 

VESUVIUS FURNACE, Etna Iron Works, 
Ironton, Ohio. 

ETNA FURNACE, Etna Iron Co., Hanging 
Rock, Ohio. 

ALICE FURNACE, Etna Iron Works, Hang¬ 
ing Rock, Ohio. 

BRIAR HILL IRON Ac COAL CO., Youngs¬ 
town. Ohio. 

BLANCHE FURNACE, Etna Iron Works, Iron- 
ton, Ohio. 

HKCLA IRON Ac MINING CO., Ironton, O. 

STRUTHERS IRON CO., Youngstown, Ohio. 

MONITOR FURNACE CO., Ironton, Ohio. 

MOUNT VERNON FURNACE, Hiram Camp¬ 
bell Ac Sons, Ironton, Ohio. 

BROOKE, E. Ac G., Birdsboro’, Pa. 

GRANT FURNACE, IV. D. Kelly Ac Sons, Iron- 
ton, Ohio. 

CENTER FURNACE, W. D. Kelly Ac Sons, 
Ironton, Ohio. 

HOWARD FURNACE CHARCOAL IRON 
CO., Ironton. Ohio. 

BUCKHORA FURNACE, Charcoal Iron Co., 
Ironton, Ohio. 

OLIVE FURNACE, Campbell, McGugin & Co., 
Ironton, Ohio. 

LAWRENCE FURNACE CO., Ironton, Ohio. 

PINE GROVE FURNACE, Means, Kyle A Co., 
Hanging Rock, Ohio. 

OHIO FURNACE, Means, Kyle Ac Co., Hang¬ 
ing Rock, Ohio. 

IRONTON FURNACE IRON Ac STEEL CO., 
Ironton, Ohio. 

BELFONT IRON WORKS, Ironton, Ohio. 

WASHINGTON FURNACE, Union Iron Co., 
Portsmouth, Ohio. 

SCIOTO FURNACE, L. C. Robinson A: Co., 
Portsmouth, Ohio. 

BLOOM FURNACE, John Paul A Co., Ports¬ 
mouth, Ohio. 

CLINTON FURNACE, W. I. Bell, Wheelcrs- 
burg. Ohio. 

BUCKEYE FURNACE CO.. Jackson. Ohio. 

Cambria FURNACE, D. Lewis Ac Co.. Sum- 
sonvilie, Ohio. 

JACKSON FURNACE, L. P. N. Smith s heirs, 
Sciotoville, Ohio. 

JEFFERSON FURNACE CO., Oak Hill, O. 

ORANGE IRON CO., Jackson. Ohio. 

STAR FURNACE CO.. Jackson. Ohio. 

HURON IRON CO., Jackson. Ohio. 

TROPIC FURNACE CO., Jackson. Ohio. 

GLOBE IRON CO.. Jackson. Ohio. 

FULTON FURNACE, Globe Iron Co., Jack- 
son, Ohio. 

OPHIR FURNACE CO., Jackson, Ohio. 

MILTON FURNACE As COAL CO., Wellston, 
Ohio. 

WELLSTON COAL Ac IRON CO., Wellston, 
Ohio. 

LINCOLN FURNACE, I. M. McGhee’s estate, 
Rud's Mills, Ohio. 


EAGLE FURNACE, L. C. Damarin Ac Co., 
Rud’s Mills, Ohio. 

RICHLAND FURNACE CO., Richland P. O., 
Ohio. 

HOPE FURNACE, L. C. Damarin Ac Co., Ports¬ 
mouth, Ohio. 

HAMDEN FURNACE, L. C. Damarin Ac Co., 
Portsmouth, Ohio. 

VINTON FURNACE, Bancroft, Rader A Co., 
Vinton Station, Ohio. 

KEYSTONE FURNACE CO., Portsmouth. O. 

MONROE FURNACE, Union Iron Co., Ports¬ 
mouth, Ohio. 

LATROBE FURNACE, Bundy Ac Cobb, Berlin 
Cross-roads, Ohio. 

LOGAN FURNACE CO., Logan county, Ohio. 

UNION FURNACE, Brooks Ac Hueston, Hay- 
densville, Ohio. 

PASCAL IRON WORKS, Philadelphia, Pa. 

LEWIS, OLIVER Ac PHILLIPS, Pittsburgh, 
Pa. 

ROBERTS, HENRY, Newark, N. J. 

ANDREWS, HITCHCOCK Ac CO., Cleveland, 
Ohio. 

MOUNT SAVAGE FURNACE. Lexington Ac 
Carter county Mining Ac Manufacturing Co., 
Lexington, Ky. 

HIMROD FURNACE CO.. Youngstown, Ohio. 

BUFFALO FURNACE. Culbertson, Earhart Ac 
Co., Greenupsburg, Ky. 

ANDREWS Ac HITCHCOCK, Youngstown, O. 

HUNNEWELL FURNACE, Eastern Kentucky 
Railway Co., Riverton, Ky. 

LIKING IRON CO., Newark, Ohio. 

PENNSYLVANIA FURNACE, Eastern Ken¬ 
tucky Railway Co., Riverton, Ky. 

CHARLOTTE FURNACE CO., Riverton, Ky. 

LAUREL FURNACE, Robert Scott Ac Co., 
Riverton, Ky. 

GALLIA FURNACE, Norton, Campbell A Co., 
Portsmouth, Ohio. 

RACCOON MINING AND MANUF'G CO., 
Riverton, Ky. 

ASHLAND FURNACE, Lexington As Big Sandy 
Railroad Co., Ashland, Ky. 

BELLEFONTE FURNACE, Means, Russell Ac 
Means, Ashland, Ky. 

NORTON IRON WORKS, Ashland, Ky. 

BUENA VISTA FURNACE, Means Ac Co., Ash¬ 
land, Kv. 

TRIGG FURNACE, D. Hillman Ac Sons, Em¬ 
pire Iron Works, K 3 ‘. 

CENTER FURNACE, D. Hillman Ac Sons, Em¬ 
pire Iron Works, Kv. 

EMPIRE IRON WORKS, Trigg countv, Kv. 

CLEVELAND MALLEABLE IRON CO., 
Cleveland, Ohio. 

TRABER Ac AUBERY, Cincinnati, Ohio. 

HANGING ROCK IRON REGION, Ironton, 
Ohio. 

SELLERS, WILLIAM Ac CO., Edgemoor Iron 
Co.. Wilmington, Del. 

ROBERTS, A. A P., Pencoyd Rolling Mills, 
Philadelphia, Pa. 

MORRIS, TASKER A CO.. Philadelphia, Pa. 

WATSON MANUF’G CO., Paterson, N. J. 

PUSEY, JONES & CO., Wilmington, Del. 

STATE OF MICHIGAN, Metallurgi’l Exhibit. 

MANHATTAN BRASS CO., New York. 

POPE, COLE A CO., Baltimore Copper Co., 
Baltimore, Md. 

REVERE COPPER CO., Boston, Mass. 

PENNSYLVANIA LEAD CO., Pittsburgh, Pa. 

BENEDICT & BURNHAM MANUF'G CO., 
Waterburv, Conn. 

PASSAIC ZINC CO., Passaic, X. J. 

CROCKER BROS. A CO., Taunton, Mass 

HOLMES, BOOTH A HAYDENS, Water bury, 
Conn. 

MATTHIESSEN A HEGELER ZINC CO., La 
Salle, 111. 

WHARTON, JOSEPH, Camden, N. J. 

TAYLOR, N. A G., CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 

SCOVILL MANUF'G CO., Waterburv, Conn. 

ANSONIA BRASS A COPPER CO., Ansonia, 
Conn. 

WATERBURV BRASS CO., Waterbury, Ct., 
and 52 Beckman street, New York. 

BANCROFT, C. E. A H. B., Fair Haven, Ct. 


MIXING ENGINEERING. 

HOLLEY, ALEXANDER I,., New York. 
STATE OF NEW JERSEY, Geological maps, 
etc. 

LOWE. S. B., Chattanooga. Tenn. 

PRINCE, FRANKLIN A BULLOCK, Auden- 
lied, Pa. 

HANFORD, THEODORE, Jersey City. N. J. 
CHARLESTON. S. C.. MINING A MANUF’G 
CO., Philadelphia. Pa. 


CHEMICAL MANUFACTURES. 

GANTZ, GEO. F.. A CO.. New York. 
FEUCHTWANGER. L.. A CO., New York. 
ROYAL BAKING POWDER CO., New York. 
OHIO RIVER SALT CO., Pomerov, Ohio. 
HANCE BROS. A WHITE, Philadelphia, Pa. 
PROCTER, W.M., Jr., A CO., Philadelphia, 
Pa. 

FRIES, ALEX., A BROS., Now York. 
GORDON, W. J. SI., Cincinnati, Ohio. 
ROSKNGARTEN A SONS, Philadelphia, Pa. 


WARNER, WM. R., A CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
HIRSH, JOSEPH M., Chicago, Ill. 
CAMPBELL, SAMUEL, Philadelphia, Pa. 
WILLIAMSON, D. I)., New York. 

KREITZER, M. C., Philadelphia, Pa. 
SCHEFFER, E., Louisville, Ky. 

KEASBEY A MATTISON, Philadelphia, Pa. 
HANCE, R. A., Philadelphia, Pa. 

TWINING A SCHIKDT. Philadelphia, Pa. 
SHOEMAKER, ROBT., A CO., Philadelphia, 
Pa. 

POWERS A WEIGHTMAN, Philadelphia. Pa. 
MORRISON, ARTHUR B., Portland, Maine. 
HARRISON BROS. A CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
CENTRAL OHIO SALT CO., Columbus, 0. 
DOERR A SLOAN, Philadelphia, Pa. 
MELLOR A KITTENHOUSE, Philadelphia, 
Pa. 

STEARNS, FREDERICK, Detroit, Mich. 
DUNTON, JACOB, A CO., Philadelphia. Pa. 
S1MES, WM. F., A SON, Philadelphia, Pa. 
TACONY CHEMICAL WORKS, Philadelphia, 
Pa. 

DREYFUS, J. G., A CO., New York. 
MOCKRIDGE. K.. A CO., Philadelphia. Pa. 
BULLOCK A CRENSHAW, Philadelphia, Pa. 
PENNSYLVANIA SALT MANUF’G CO., 
Philadelphia, Pa. 

SAVAGE, KKYSER A STOVELL, Philadel¬ 
phia, Pa. 

PHILADELPHIA QUARTZ CO., 9 No. Front 
street, Philadelphia, Pa. 

COYNE, GEORGE S., Philadelphia, Pa. 
CONDIT, HAUSON A CO., Newark, N. J. 
BAKER, H. J., A BRO., New York. 

LEWIS, J. T., A BROS., Philadelphia. Pa. 
SILLIMAN CHEMICAL WORKS, Philadel¬ 
phia, Pa. 

AVYETH, JOHN. A BRO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
WATERLOO YEAST CO., New York. 
MCKESSON a ROBBINS, 91 Fulton street, 
New York. 

BENJAMIN, E. B., New York. 

Kl’RLBAUM A CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 

LIBE, JOHN C., Philadelphia, Pa. 
MclLVAINE BROTHERS, Philadelphia, Pa. 
SMITH, HAN WAY A CO., Baltimore, Md. 
CHESSMAN. W. H.. Boston, Mass. 

BROWN, FREDERICK, Philadelphia. Pa. 
HAGNER DRUG MILLING CO., Philadel¬ 
phia, Pa. 

BOWER, HENRY, Philadelphia, Pa. 
BROWNING A BROS., Philadelphia, Pa. 
LK1DY, FRANCIS D., Philadelphia, Pa. 
BEAN, LEWIS U., Philadelphia, Pa. 

PFIZER, CHARLES, A CO., New York. 
PRESTON A MERRILL. Boston, Mass. 
MEYER. JAMES, Jn., A CO., New York. 
BILLINGS, CLAPP A CO., Bostou, Mass. 
MACKEOWN, BOWER, ELLIS A CO., Phila¬ 
delphia, Pa. 

PHILLIPS A JACOBS, Philadelphia, Pa. 
DOOLEY A BRO., New York. 

WHITE, CHARLES T., A CO., No. 54 Maiden 
Lane, New York. 

U. S. SALICYLIC ACID WORKS, New York. 
GRAY, DANIEL H„ New York. 

FOLLETT, O. S., New York. 

KING, WM., SON A CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
FRAZER LUBRICATOR CO., Jersey City, 

PEASE, F. S., Buffalo, N. Y. 

BAKER, JOHN C., A CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
LEONARD A ELLIS, New York. 

EAVENSON, JONES A SONS, Philadelphia, 
Pa. 

MORGAN’S, ENOCH, SONS, New York. 
CRAGIN, I. L., A CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
WRIGLKY, WM., A CO., Philadelphia. Pa. 
McKEONE, VAN HAAGEN A CO., Philadel¬ 
phia, Pa. 

CONWAY, WILLTAM, Philadelphia, Pa. 
MARX A RAWOLLE, New York. 

GEST A ATKINSON. Cincinnati, Ohio. 
LOPER A DOUGHTEN, Philadelphia, Pa. 
FALLER, GEORGE J., Philadelphia, Pa. 
DREYDOPPEL, WM., Philadelphia, Pa. 
ELKINS, WM. L., Philadelphia, Pa. 

PAGE, KIDDER A FLETCHER, New York. 
ALADDIN OIL Ct)., Pittsburgh, Pa.- 
ROBINSON BROS. A CO., Boston, Mass. 
WILLIAMS, J. B., A CO., Glastouburv. Conn. 
BROWN, BOBERT B., A CO.. St. Louis, Mo. 
MARVIN BROS. A BARTLETT, Portsmouth, 
N. H. 

KELLEY, EZRA, New Bedford. Mass. 
HARTMANN. LA1ST A CO., Cincinnati. O. 
CREW. MOORE A LEVICK, Philadelphia, Pa. 
PRATT. CHARLES, A CO., New York. 
SMITH, CHAS. K., A CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
NYE. WM. F.. New Bedford. Mass. 
HOUGHTON. K. F., A CO.. Philadelphia. Pa. 
BOYE. M. H., A LEWIS, GEO. T.. Philadel¬ 
phia, Pa. 

HARKNESS. N. W., Philadelphia. Pa. 
EASTMAN A BROOKE, Philadelphia, Pa. 
DEVOE MANUF’G CO.. New York. 

DAY A FRICK. Philadelphia, Pa. 

DODD, A. W. A CO., Gloucester, Mass. 
AVARDEN A OXNARD, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
OLEOPHINE OIL CO.. Greenpoint, L. I. 
MUNGER, JOHN AY., Portland, Maine. 
EAVENSON, J., A SONS, Philadelphia, Pa. 









EXHIBITORS IN THE UNITED STATES. 


697 


JRWKTT, JOHN, k SONS. New York 
KUSH k 00., Philadelphia, Pa. 

MUST, C., k SONS, Baltimore, Md. 
MILLER. WM. !>., k CO., New York. 
GALENA OIU WORKS, Franklin, Pa. 
BASSETT, GKO. A., Washington City, D. C. 
TODD, A. M., Nott.awa, Mich. 

COOK, CALEB, Provincctown, Mass. 

MIXON CROC IP. UK CO., Jersey City, N. J. 

'\ ll.I.ISTON, A. I.,, Northampton, Mass. 
HOVER, J. K„ k CO., Philadelphia. Pa. 
PRUNiKK, PIF.RRF,, Philadelphia, Pa. 
WKTHKR|LL k HRO„ Philadelphia, Pa. • 
LUCAS, JOHN, k CO., Philadelphia. Pa. 
RIHN k CO., liridesburg, Philadelphia, Pa. 
REISINGKR MANUF’G CO., Harrisburg, Pa. 
KOKOSING Oll> CO., Gambier, Ohio. 
FELTON, RAU k SIBLEY, Philadelphia, Pa. 
KUK. MRS. S., Philadelphia, Pa. 
REYNOLDS, C. T., k CO., New York. 
RRANDKIS, l/„ k CO., New York. 
KEYSTONE PAINT CO., Muncy, Pa. 
CARTER, DINSMORE k CO., Bostou, Mass, 
FROM H KRZ, JOS,, Cincinnati, Ohio. 
HELLER k MKRZ., New York. 
ROSENBERG, I)., k SONS, New York. 
WARE, M. J., Philadelphia, Pa. 
LOCKWOOD, BROOKS k CO., Boston, 
PECORA PAINT CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
DAVIDS, THAI)., & CO., New York. 
RAYNALI). JOHN, 214 George street, Phila¬ 
delphia, Pa. 

IRON CLAD PAINT CO., Cleveland, Ohio. 
PHILLIPS, C. C„ k CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
BROOKLYN WHITE LEAD CO., New York. 
MARTIN, L., <fc CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
BARKER, MOORE & MEIN, Philadelphia, Pa. 
PARSONS, .JOHN, New York. 

WAGGONER, GIFFORD k CO., Chicago, Ill. 
THOMPSON, ALBERT, Bridgewater, Conn. 
SHARPLESS, JOHN M., k CO., Philadelphia, 
Pa. 


, Mass. 


POLYCHROITK VENEER CO., Philadelphia, 

MATHERS', GEORGE, SONS, New York. 
MEYERS, SIMON S., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Valentine k go., New York. 

MILLIKEN, EUGENE, Boston, Mass. 
MASURY, ,J. W., k SON, New York. 

MOSS, GEORGE A., New York. 

ADAMS WHITE LEAD CO., Baltimore, Md. 
SMITH, EDWARD, k CO., New York. 
MOSER, CHARLES, k CO., Cincinnati, O. 
JARBOE, J. W„ New York. 

WRIGHT, J. K., k CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
CONTINENTAL MANUF’G CO., Philadel¬ 
phia, Pa. 

McCLOSKEY, BRO., k CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
ROBINSON k PRATT, Philadelphia, Pa. 
ERWIN, H., k CO., Bethlehem, Pa. 
PRINCE'S METALLIC PAINT CO., Parry- 
ville, Pa. 

JOHNSON, CHAS. ENEU & CO., Philadel¬ 
phia, Pa. 

STATE OF OREGON, Paints and oils. 
MAYNARD k NOYES, Boston, Mass. 

ESTES, E. B., k SON, New York. 
ROWLAND, JOSEPH S. C„ Philadelphia, Pa. 
AMERICAN BRONZE POWDER MANUFAC¬ 
TORY, Brooklyn, N. Y. 

FRANCIS k LOIJTREL, New York. 
FOERING, GEO. W., Loeust Valley, Lehigh 
county, Pa. 

PEIRCE, I. NEWTON, Philadelphia, Pa. 
SMITH, MARSHALL L., Kimborton, Pa. 
MARBLE, JEROME k CO., Worcester, Mass. 
ZINSSER, WM„ k CO., New York. 
THOMSON, J. S., New York, 

SHAW, THOMAS OGG, Providence, R. T. 
JOHNSON, HENRY M., New York. 

STIMSON k BABCOCK, Boston, Mass. 
TETLOW, HENRY, k BRO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
HOTCHKISS, LI. G., Lyons, N. Y. 

UPHAM, SAMUEL C., Philadelphia, Pa. 

WEN OK k CO., New York. 

WENGK k BRIESEN, New York. 
CHAWSHAW FRENCH TOILET POWDER 
CO. 

SULZBERGER, DAVID. Philadelphia, Pa. 
SAVOURNIN, W. H., Philadelphia, Pa. 
MAI/COM k STEVENSON, Philadelphia, Pa. 
WOODWORTH, C. B., k SON., Rochester, 
N. Y. 

YOUNG, LADD & COFFIN, New York. 
CHESEBROUGH MANUF’G CO., New York. 
LORENZ BROS., Toledo, Ohio. 

Da COSTA, D. R , Philadelphia, Pa. 
TALLMADGE <te CO., New York. 

FRITZSCH, SCHIMMEL k CO., New York. 
BELL, R. W., k CO., Buffalo, N. Y. 
HOTCHKISS, L. B., Phelps, N. Y. 

TAYLOR, C. R., k CO„ Philadelphia, Pa. 
BLAIR'S, H. C., SONS, Philadelphia, Pa. 
COLGATE k CO., New York. 

WATSON, RICHARD H., Philadelphia, Pa. 
HOYT, E. W., k CO., Lowell, Mass. 

READ, WM. H., Baltimore, Md. 

WORSLEY, THOS., k CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
WRIGHT, R. k G. A., Philadelphia, Pa. 
WOLF BROS, k KEECH, Centrevillc, Mich. 
ASCHENBACH k MILLER, Philadelphia, Pa. 
FRICKE, ARTHUR, Philadelphia, Pa. 
BURNETT, JOSEPH, k CO., Boston, Mass. 


COLTON, J. IV,, V estticld, Mass. 

HALE k PARSHALL, Lyons, N. Y 
ATWOOD, HERMON W., New York. 

MI TCHELL, GEO. E., Lowell, Muss. 
CALIFORNIA DISTILLING CO., New York. 
HAMBLETO.N, .J,, k SON, Philadelphia, Pa. 
WEAVER, JAMES B., Philadelphia, Pa. 
ORIENTAL POW DER MILLS, Bostou, Mass. 
BARBER MATCH CO,, Akron, Ohio. 

TOY, BICKFORD k CO„ Simsbury, Conn. 
Do PONT nts NEMOURS, E. I., Wilmington, 
Del.. 

LAFLIN & RAND'POWDER CO., New York. 
ZENNIG, R. H., k CO., New York. 

HAZARD POWDER CO., Hazardville, Conn. 
WILLIS, AUG. L., Philadelphia, Pa. 
HARRIS, H. G., New York. 


CKRAMICS-POTTKr.Y, PORCELAIN, GLASS, ETC. 

GALLOWAY k GRAFF, Philadelphia, Pa. 
NEUKUMET, PHILIP, Philadelphia, Pa. 
BURNS, RUSSELL k CO., Baltimore, Md. 
MOORHEAD CLAY WORKS, Philadelphia, 

HARVEY k ADAMSON, Philadelphia, Pa. 
DAVIS k CHADDOCK, Bostou, Mass. 
REMMEY, RICHARD C., Philadelphia, Pa. 
GOSSIN, F., Philadelphia, Pa. 

BOWMAN, O. O., k CO., Trenton, N. J. 
ALEXANDER, J. PARK, Akron, Ohio. 
FRITZ, JOHN, Philadelphia, Pa. 

OGDEN, ISAAC, Newark, N. J. 

SCIOTO FIRE BRICK. CO., Sciotoville, Ohio. 
DOVER FIRE BRICK CO., Canal Dover, O. 
BOYNTON, 0. W., k CO., Woodbridgc, N. J. 
AMBRUSTER, JOHN, Camden, N. J. 

UNION MINING CO., Allegheny county, Md. 
WOOD BROTHERS, Hartford, Conn. 

HINVEST, ROBERT, New York. 
SCATTERGOOD, W. W., Ilaueocas, N. J. 
BRICK ENAMELING CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
RICHARDSON, GEORGE, Milwaukee, Wis. 
HEWS, A. H., k CO., North Cambridge, Mass. 
HALL, A., k SON, Perth Amboy, N. J. 
MAURER, HENRY, Perth Ambov, N. J. 
AMERICAN KAOLIN CO. WORKS, New Gar¬ 
den, Chester county, Pa. 

WASSKL EIRE CLAY CO., Columbus, Ohio. 
KREISCHER, B., k SON., Philadelphia, Pa. 
NEWTON k CO., Albany, N. Y. 

FRIESE, 0., Philadelphia, Pa. 

HICKS, GEORGE C., k CO., Baltimore, Md. 
WALKER, N. U„ Wellsvillc, Ohio. 

STATE OF NEW JERSEY, Sewer and drain 
pipe, etc. 

HAMPTON, CUTTER & SON, Woodbridgc, 
N. J. 

DIXON CRUCIBLE CO., Jersey City, N. J. 
HAWS, A. .J., Johnstown, Pa. 

McILVAINE BROS., Philadelphia, Pa. 

KIER BROS., Pittsburgh, Pa. 

GOEBEL, J., k CO., New York. 
BURLINGTON MANUF'G CO., Burlington,Vt. 
PECK, KENNEDY k CO., New York. 

FIELD, F. K., Philadelphia, Pa. 

YOUNG'S, WM., SONS, Trenton, N. J. 
EMPIRE CHINA WORKS, Green Point, Brook¬ 
lyn, K. D., N. Y. 

MOORE, JOSEPH H., Trenton, N. J. 

CARR, JAMES, New York. 

LAUGHLIN BROS., East Liverpool, Ohio. 
DAVIS, ISAAC, Trenton, N. J. 

JEFEORDS, J. E., k CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
COXON k CO., Trenton, N. J. 

ASTBURY k MADDOCK, Trenton, N. J. 

OTT & BREWER, Trenton, N. J. 

THOMPSON, C. C., k CO., East Liverpool, O. 
YATES, BENNETT & ALLEN, Trenton, N. ,J. 
BRUNT, BLOOR, MARTIN k C0„ East Liver¬ 
pool, Ohio. 

SPEELER POTTERY CO., Trenton, N. J. 
11AGGOTT, S. k W., East Liverpool, Ohio. 
GLASGOW POTTERY CO., Trenton, N. J. 
AMERICAN CROCKERY CO., Trenton, N. J. 
GREENWOOD POTTERY 00., Trenton, N. J. 
MERCER POTTERY CO., Trenton, N. J. 
UNION PORCELAIN WORKS, Green Point, 
N. Y. 

ONONDAGA POTTERY CO., Oeddes. N. Y. 
HAMBLETON, J„ k SON., Philadelphia, Pa. 
BUI/LOCK. CHARLES, Trenton, N. J. 

I/UCAS, JOHN, k CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
SALLANDROUZE, S. P., Cincinnati, Ohio. 
COHANSKY GLASS MANUF'G C()„ Bridge- 
ton, N. J. 

GILBERT, F. A., New Haven. Conn. 

LAMBIE k SARGENT, New York. 
KLAUTSHECK, THOMAS, & STEWART, 
Philadelphia, Pa. 

DIAMOND GLASS CO., Ravenna, Ohio. 
WENCK & CO., New Vork. 

WHITALL, TATUM & CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
HOLZKR, WM., Philadelphia, Pa. 

YOUNG. LADD k COFFIN, New York. 

PILE, W. H., <fc SONS, Philadelphia, Pa. 
CATERSON, WM. M„ Philadelphia, Pa. 

FOX, H. C., k SONS, Philadelphia, Pa. 
WARNER. WM. R., k CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
WHITNEY BROS., Glassboro', N. J. 

SMITH BROS., New Bedford, Mass. 

BOSTON k SANDWICH GLASS CO., Bos¬ 
ton, Mass. 


SMITH, H. J., & CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
NEW ENGLAND GLASS CO., East Cam¬ 
bridge, Mass. 

JONES, THOMAS, New York. 

HOBBS, J. H„ BUOCKUNIER & CO., Wheel¬ 
ing, W. Va. 

DOBELMANN, J. B., Green Point, N. Y. 
BART ELL k LETCHWORTH, Pniladelphia, 

MOUNT WASHINGTON GLASS WORKS, 
New Bedford, Mass. 

La BELLE GLASS CO., Bridgeport. Ohio. 
KEYSTONE FLINT GLASS CO., Pittsburgh, 








1 HWUUJ .,11, 




RIPLEY k CO., Pittsburgh, Pa. 

RICHARDS k HARTLEY FLINT GLASS 
CO., Pittsburgh, Pa. 

ADAMS k CO., Pittsburgh, Pa. 

A1TERBUKY <fc CO., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
EXCELSIOR FLINT GLASS CO., Pitts¬ 
burgh, Pa. 

ROCHESTER TUMBLER CO., Pittsburgh,Pa. 
CRYSTAL GLASS CO., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
CENTRAL GLASS CO., Wheeling, W. Va. 
ALBERTSON, J. M., Norristown, Pa. 


FURNITURE AND OBJECTS OF GENERA I. USE IN 
CONSTRUCTION AND IN DWELLINGS. 

COLEENDER, H. W., New York. 

DOREMUS, P. C., New York. 

POTTIX REGISTER MANUF'G CO., Phila¬ 
delphia, Pa. 

MITCHELL & RAMMELSBURG FURNI¬ 
TURE CO., Cincinnati, Ohio. 

COLLIGNON BROS., New York. 

COLE, ALEXANDER, Maniimuskin, N. J. 
O'HARA, CHARI/ES M., Philadelphia, 1’a. 
MILLER. L. H., Baltimore, Md. 

GARDNER k CO., New York. 

NEW HAVEN FOLDING CHAIR CO., New 
Haven, Conn. 

McKINLEY, JOHN, Philadelphia, Pa. 

PABST, CHARI/ES, Philadelphia, Pa. 

ALLEN & BRO., Philadelphia, Pa. 

REEVES, S. H., & CO., New York. 
ADJUSTABLE FOLDING CHAIR CO., Pitts¬ 
burgh, Pa. 

BRADY, E. W., Davenport, Iowa. 

HONKJiLS, GEORGE J„ Philadelphia, Pa. 
MERIDEN CURTAIN FIXTURE CO., Meri¬ 
den, Conn. 

SMITH <fc CAMPION, Philadelphia, Pa. 
SAWYER & BUCKLEY, Meriden, Conn. 
HART, CLARENCE A., Philadelphia, Pa. 
KRAUSE. FREDERICK W„ Chicago, III. 
CAMPBELL, WM., New York. 

HARMON, J. C., Philadelphia, Pa. 
DELAWARE CHAIR CO., Delaware, Ohio. 
STEVENS, C. A., & ALRICH, W. H., Phila¬ 
delphia, Pa. 

PHELPS, DOREMUS & CORBETT. 264 and 
266 Canal street, near Broadway, New York. 
SMITH, WM. B., New York. 

MOORE, YORK k HOWELL, Philadelphia, 

SHROEDER, F. <fe H., Cincinnati, Ohio. 
LOTH, HENRY, Philadelphia, Pa. 
SPOFFORD, JENNIE H., Philadelphia, Pa. 
FERRARI, GUISEPPE, New York. 

BRIGG, M., k SON, Rochester, N. Y. 
EVERITT, ELISHA E., Philadelphia, Pa. 
CLAES k CO., St. Louis, Mo. 

SCHUBKUTER, J., St. Louis, Mo. 

SPIRAL ELLIPTIC SPRING WORKS, Cin¬ 
cinnati, Ohio. 

BRUNSWICK BROS., STEPHANI & HART 
CO., St. Louis, Mo. 

WOVEN WIRE WEB BED CO., New Britain, 
Conn. 

KNELL, GEORGE, Philadelphia, Pa. 

ADAMS, DANIEL, Nashville, Tenu. 
CARRINGTON, De ZOUCHE k CO., Phila¬ 
delphia, Pa. 

SHEPPARD, ARRISON & SHEPPARD, Phil¬ 
adelphia, Pa. 

MARCOTTE, I/., & CO., New York. 

LEVER SPRING BED CO., Springticld, 0. 
LAMB, J. & R., New York. 

HEILIGMANN k BRO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
WAKEFIELD RATTAN CO., Bostou, Mass. 
WHITE, OTIS C., Hopkintou, Mass. 

LAMBIE k SARGENT, New York. 

HERTS k CO., New York. 

CUTTER, EPHRAIM, Cambridge, Mass. 
RUSSELL, W. P„ k CO.. Charleston, S. C. 
KAISER & HERZOG, 1005 Walnut street, 
Philadelphia, Pa. 

STEELE, JOHN. Louisville, Kv. 

KIM BEL k CABUS, New York. 

VAILL, E. W„ Worcester, Mass. 

CUTLER, A., k SON, Buffalo, N. Y. 

TURNER, HENRY A., & CO., Boston, Mass. 
KOECHLING, B. H„ New York. 
COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT OF THE SCHOOL 
OF DESIGN, University of Cincinnati, O. 
SEYMOUR, H. J., CHAIR CO., Troy, N. Y. 
COOPER, JAS. W., & BRO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
STILES, MRS. F.. W„ Philadelphia, Pa. 
KARCHEIi'S, DANIEL M„ SONS, Philadel¬ 
phia, Pa. 

YANDKLL, CHAS. R., & CO., New York. 















G98 


EXHIBITORS IN THE UNITED STATES, 


SCHRENKF.ISF.N. M. k H., New York. 
KIMAN BROTHERS, New York. 

SCHASTEY, GEORGE A., New York. 
BROWN k BUSS, 169 Canal street, New York. 
PALMER, THEO. J., New York. 

KITTLE, S. P., 203 Canal street, New York. 
SCHENCrv, JAMES V., New York. 

PATON, ROBERT, k SON, New York. 
POSTAWKA, L., k CO., Oambridgeport, Mass. 
ROACH, J. CHANDLER, Philadelphia, Pa. 
DEF.TZ, EDWARD, Philadelphia. Pa. 
REEVES k EASTBURN, Philadelphia, Pa. 
AHRENS, GEORGE, Crete, Ill. 

BRIGGS, JOSHUA, Peterborough, N. H. 
TAYLOR, W. O.. k SON. Bedford, Ohio. 
NATIONAL WIRE MATTRESS CO., New 
Britain, Conn. 

U. S. SPRING BED CO., Springfield, Mass. 
CHORMANN, E. G., Philadelphia, Pa. 
GR1ENDLTNG, JOHN, 213 No. Second street, 
Philadelphia, Pa. 

MAIRES k REED, New York. 

MATLACK, HENRY S., Philadelphia, Pa. 
GALE, D. A. T„ Syracuse City, N. Y. 
BERKEY k GAY FURNITURE CO., Grand 
Rapids, Mich. 

EXCELSIOR SCHOOL FURNITURE MANU¬ 
FACTURING CO., Cincinnati, Ohio. 
PHCENIX FURNITURE CO., Grand Rapids, 
Mich. 

WOOTON DESK CO., Indianapolis, Ind. 
NELSON, MATTER k CO., Grand Rapids, 
Mich. 

PECK, HENRY, New York. 

JUNGE, ALBERT, Pittsburgh, Pa. 

PABST, DANIEL, Philadelphia, Pa. 
RICHMOND, BACKUS k CO., Detroit, Mich. 
FYLER, E. W., Philadelphia, Pa. 

HALM, BELLOWS & BUTLER. Columbus, O. 
BUSCHOR, CHARLES. Philadelphia, Pa. 
VOLLMER, G., Philadelphia, Pa. 

THOLE, B., St. Louis, Mo. 

SWASEY, I. N., Yonkers, N. Y. 

HOVER, H. F., Philadelphia, Pa. 

MOST, JOHN H., Old Saybrook, Conn. 
SNYDER, C. RIDGWA Y, Minneapolis, Minn. 
CAULIER, F., Philadelphia, Pa. 

POTTIER k STYMUS MANUF'G CO., New 
York. 

SCHAFFT, FRIDOLTN, Detroit, Mich. 
RANSOM, D. L., & CO., Buffalo, N. Y. 
WAGAN, R. M., Mount Lebanon, N. Y. 
KILLGORE, J. L., Wilmington, Del. 
HUTCHINGS, E. W., & SON, New York. 
DEMAREST, JOYCE k CO., New York. 
CENTENNIAL ROLLING CHAIR CO.,Phila¬ 
delphia, Pa. 

CUNNINGHAM, PETER B., Bethlehem, Pa. 
NICHOLS, W., Boston, Mass. 

FIFIELD, J. B. M., Philadelphia, Pa. 

BEARD k BRO., St. Louis, Mo. 
HASSENFORDER, C., Philadelphia, Pa. 
LORD, J. E., k CO., Quincy, Ill. 

GOODWIN, A. J., Brookline, Mass. 

HILL, EDWIN P., Haverhill, Mass. 

IVINS k BRO., Philadelphia, Pa. 

SEIDLER k MAY, Hartford, Conn. 

HOPPER, C. C., Philadelphia, Pa. 

ANDREWS, A. H., k CO.. Chicago, Til. 
COBURN MANUF'G CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
RHONER. FRANK, k CO., New York. 

CLOSE, THOMAS J., Philadelphia. Pa. 
ALLEN, JAMES T., k CO., New York. 

1)6 BOCK, MATTHEW, South Boston, Mass. 
PAINE'S FURNITURE MANUFACTORY, 
Boston. Mass. 

BRUNSWICK, J. M., & BALICE CO., Chicago, 
111 . 

COLLINS k STURGEON, New York. 

ELLIN, ROBERT, <& CO., New York. 

MORSE, L„ k SON, Athol, Mass. 
HARTSHORN, STEWART, New York. 
GLENN, FRANK, Philadelphia, Pa. 

WALTER HEYWOOD CHAIR CO., Fitch¬ 
burg, Mass. 

WHITNEY MANUF'G CO., So. Ashburnham, 
Mass. 

SAWIN, L. H., Gardner, Mass. 

FRENCH, JULIA B., Boston, Mass. 

DECKER, !,., k CO., New York. 

HEYWOOD BROS, k CO., Gardner, Mass. 
DERBY, PHILANDER, Gardner, Mass. 

RATH, PAUL, New York. 

WILSON, GEORGE, Chicago, Til. 

WATSON, J., k SON, Philadelphia, Pa. 
HALLS SAFE AND LOCK CO., Cincinnati, 
Ohio. 

HERRING k CO., New York. 

PARREL k CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
TKRWILLIGER & CO., New York. 

CORLISS SAFE GO., Providence, R. I. 
VALENTINE & BUTLER SAFE k LOCK 
CO., New York. 

MARVIN S SAFE COMPANY, New York. 
SCHERMERHORN, CHARLES, New York. 
THIERY, ADOLPH, Philadelphia, Pa. 
DUBERNET, L., New York. 

FKUST k RICE, New York. 

SPETH, K. I... New York. 

EARLE, JAMES S., k SONS, Philadelphia, 
Pa. 

LOWE, A. C., Philadelphia. Pa. 

HALE, K1LBURN k CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 


McCLF.ES, J. E., k SON, Philadelphia, Pa. 
SALTER, JNO. G., Philadelphia, Pa. 

SMITH, ELDRIDGE J., Philadelphia, Pa. 
REUKAUFF, GEORGE C., Philadelphia, Pa. 
TIFFANY k CO., New York. 

MITCHESON, MRS. M. .)., Philadelphia, Pa. 
BAILEY k CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
CALDWELL, J. E., & CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
MERIDEN BRITANNIA CO., West Meriden, 
Conn. 

DERBY SILVER CO., Derby, Conn. 

KRIDER, PETER L.. Philadelphia, Pa. 

REED k BARTON, Taunton, Mass. 

LED1G, A., & SON, Philadelphia, Pa. 
MIDDLETOWN PLATE CO., Middletown, Ct. 
GORHAM MANUK G CO., Providence, R. I. 
MANNING, BOWMAN k CO., West Meriden, 
Conn. 

KANN & SONS MANUF'G CO., Baltimore, 
Md. 

ROBBINS, CLARK & BIDDLE, Philadelphia, 
Pa. 

MERIDEN SILVER PLATE CO., West Meri¬ 
den, Conn. 

HOLMES, BOOTH & HAYDENS, Waterbury, 
Conn. 

MIX, G. L, k CO., Yalesville, Conn. 

HALL, ELTON k CO., Wallingford, Conn. 
SIGLER, C. * J., Paterson, N. J. 
SALLANDROUZE, S. P., Cincinnati, Ohio. 
WALKER GLASS IMPORTING, SILVER¬ 
ING MANUF’G CO., New York. 

SHARP, HENRY E., SON, k COLGATE, 
New York. 

FLORENCE MANUF'G CO.. Florence, Mass. 
NEWMAN, GEO. C., 806 Market street, Phila¬ 
delphia, Pa. 

SCHIER, H., New York. 

FASER, CHRISTIAN, Philadelphia, Pa. 
SHAAV, J. H., k CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
BOLAND, FRED., Philadelphia, Pa. 

DURAND, DOMINIQUE, New York. 

CLARK, C. W., Philadelphia, Pa. 
JOHNSTON, EDWARD S., Philadelphia, Pa. 
GLEASON, W. B., k CO., West Camden 
street, Boston, Mass. 

REIFSCHNEIDF.R, FELIX, New York. 

PAPE BROS, k KUGEMANN, Cincinnati, O. 
CARTER, A. A., Philadelphia, Pa. 
WHITTIER, REUBEN S., Hvdc Park, Mass. 
SHOREY, JOHN, k CO., Lowell, Mass. 
KILGORE, DAMON Y., Philadelphia, Pa. 
McKAY, FF.RD. C. D„ Paterson, N. J. 
NONNENBACHER, JOHN, k CO., New York. 
SALEM SHADE ROLLER MANUF’G CO., 
Salem, Mass. 

COLWELL, F. F.., k CO.. Chicago, Til. 
LOUDERBACK, EDWIN, Philadelphia, Pa. 
DICKINSON, ALFRED S., New York. 

LLOYD BROS., Philadelphia, Pa. 

AMERICAN SHADE ROLLER CO., Boston, 
Mass. 

HEWETT, WILLIAM, Philadelphia, Pa. 
FISHER, H., St. Louis, Mo. 

BEAUDET, HOMER J., Green Point, Long 
Island, N. Y. 

BATLEY, JOHN, Philadelphia, Pa. 

RUSK, THOMAS J., Philadelphia, Pa. 
PROVIDENCE GAS BURNER CO., Provi¬ 
dence, R. I. 

F.LDRIDGE, G. MORGAN, Philadelphia, Pa. 
THACKARA, BUCK k CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
MILLER k EASTMEAD, New York. 
CORNELIUS & SONS. Philadelphia, Pa. 

NEW YORK LAMP CO., New York. 
BARTLETT, JOSEPH W., New York. 
PENNSYLVANIA GLOBE GASLIGHT CO., 
Philadelphia, Pa. 

ARCHER k PANCOAST MANUF'G CO., 
New York. 

KELLY, S. S., Philadelphia, Pa. 

AMERICAN REFLECTOR CO., Philadelphia, 

ROLLTNS, GEORGE D., Philadelphia, Pa. 
TUCKER, HIRAM, & CO., Boston, Mass. 
HEYWOOD, C. L., k BRUCE, J. M., Boston, 
M ass. 


WILLHEIM & NEWMANN, Philadelphia, Pa. 
HENRICHS, C. F. A., New York. 

QUARRE, V., CO., General Lithographers, 832 
and 831 Arch street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
BEIDLER, GEORGE A., Philadelphia, Pa. 
BAKER, ARNOLD & CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
MINER, JACOB G., New York. 

WILHELM, AUGUST, Philadelphia, Pa. 
BRADLEY k HUBBARD MANUF G CO., 
West Meriden, Conn. 

KRAMER, J. H., New York. 

WALTON BROS.. New York. 


etui i, in. i>., mnaaeipma, Pa. 

MILLER, EDWARD, k CO., Meriden, Conn 
HITCHCOCK LAMP CO., Watertown, N. Y. 
DRF.ER, SMITH & DRF.ER, Philadelphia, P 
AMERICAN GAS SCREEN MANUFG CO 
Haverhill, Mass. 

ATTERBURY k CO., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
PARKHURST, V. P., East Templeton, Mass, 
M 1LLTAMS, PAGE k CO., Boston, Mass. 
MITCHELL, VANCE k CO., New York. 
IVES PATENT LAMP CO., New York. 
STOCK WELL SELF-LIGHTING GA 
BURNER CO., New York. 


WILER, WILLIAM, Philadelphia, Pa. 


CLEVELAND NON-EXPLOSIVE LAMP CO., 
Cleveland, Ohio, and 42 Barclay street, New 
York. 

AMERICAN CALCIUM LIGHT CO., Phila¬ 
delphia, Pa. 

THE MAINS MANUF'G CO., New York. 

DOTY, H. H., Washington, I). C. 

LOVELL, F. H., <fc Co., New York. 

U. S. SOAPSTONE MANUF'G CO., Cincin¬ 
nati, Ohio. 

COHANSKY GLASS MANUF'G CO., Bridge- 
ton, N. J. 

LOWENTRANT, P., Newark, N. J. 

JONES, J. ALONZO, New York. 

LOWERRE k TUCKER, Newark. N. .T. 

LLOYD, SUPPLEE & WALTON, Philadel¬ 
phia, Pa. 

BLACKIE & CHARLES, St. Louis, Mo. 

WHEELER, WILLIAM F., Boston. Mass. 

BOUGHTON, JNO. W., Philadelphia, Pa. 

NATIONAL WOOD MANUF'G CO.,950 Broad¬ 
way, New York. 

CANOPY FRAME CO., Willimantic, Conn. 

JOHNS, H. W., New York. 

EHRET, M., Jr., 404 Walnut street, Philadel¬ 
phia, Pa. 

MILLER, J. WESLEY, Philadelphia, Pa. 

MARION BLIND CO., Brady, Pa. 

REISINGER MANUF'G CO., Harrisburg, Pa. 

WALKER, M., k SONS, Philadelphia, Pa. 

PECK, KENNEDY k CO., New York. 

FISHER k BIRD, New York. 

GEDDES, J. W., Baltimore, Md. 

EVANS, C. B„ MANTEL k GRATE CO., 
Cincinnati, Ohio. 

GARRY IRON ROOFING CO., Cleveland, O. 

AMERICAN SHEET k BOILER-PLATE CO., 
Cleveland, Ohio. 

HOUSE k DAVIDSON, Cleveland, Ohio. 

DOBBINS, R. J., Philadelphia, Pa. 

QUIGLE\ T , PHILIP, Wilmington, Del. 


YARNS AND WOVEN GOODS OP VEGETABLE OR 
MINERAL MATERIALS. 

De WITT WIRE CLOTH CO., New York. 
CLINTON AVIRE CLOTH CO., Clinton, Mass. 
WOVEN WIRE MATTRESS CO., Hartford, 
Conn. 

AVILD, JOSEPH, & CO., New York. 
AVAKEFIELD RATTAN CO., Boston, Mass. 
IRVING BROS., El wood, N. Y. 

GARSED BROS., Frankford, Pa. 

FARNUM, JOHN, & CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
SLATER, W1LLTAM S., Providence, R. I. 
BAILEY, JOHN T., k CO., Philadelphia. Pa. 
AA'ESTPORT MANUF'G CO.. Fall River, Mass. 
THORNTON, SAMUEL, k SONS, Philadel¬ 
phia, Pa. 

ALABAMA & GEORGIA MANUF G CO., 
AVest Point, Ga. 

BERKELEY CO., Providence, R. T. 

SLATER COTTON CO., Providence, R. I. 
CLARK THREAD CO., Newark, N. J. 

SYKES, HENRY, Chicago, Ill. 

JOHNSON, EMORY, Neptune Twine Mills, 
Moodus, Conn. 

AA'H IT FIELD, F. E., Sen., Corinth, Miss. 
SEMPLE, SAMUEL k SONS, Mt. Holly, N. J. 
LAAVRENCE, WATERBURY k CO.. N. York. 
AVALCOTT & CAMPBELL, New York. 
LEWISTON MILLS, Lewiston, Maine. 
AVESTBROOK MANUF'G CO., Portland, Me. 
LAAVRENCE MANUF G CO., Lowell, Mass. 
POWHATAN MILLS, Providence, R. I. 
MERRICK THREAD ( ()., Holvoke, Mass. 
SARATOGA VICTORY MANUF'G CO., Bos¬ 
ton, Mass. 

CUTLER MANUF'G CO., Warren, R. I. 
CHICOPEE MANUF'G CO., Chicopee Falls, 
Mass. 

FOUSTDALF. MANUF'G CO., Providence. R.I. 
GREAT FALLS MANUF'G CO., Rockingham. 
N. C. 

PECK HAM MANUF'G CO., Providence, R. I. 
ANDROSCOGGIN MILLS, Lewiston, Maine. 
HILL MANUF G CO., Lewiston, Maine. 
CONTINENTAL MILLS, Lewiston, Me. 
BARKER MILLS, Auburn, Maine. 

SMITH, JAMES Y., MANUF G CO., Prmi- 
dence, R. I. 

EVANSVILLE COTTON MANUF G CO., 
Evansville, Md. 

KING PHILIP MILLS, Fall River, Mass. 
HOPE COMPANY. Providence, R. I. 
LONSDALE COMPANY, Providence, R. I. 
BLACKSTONE MANUF'G CO., Providence. 
R. I. 

GAMBRILL, SONS k CO., Baltimore, Md. 
WAMSUTTA MILLS. New Bedford, Mass. 
SHAW, JAMES G., New Castle, Del. 
RIDDLE, JAMES, SON <fc CO., Wilmington, 
Del. 

WAUREGAN MILLS, Wnuregan, Conn. 
PONF.MAII MILLS, Taftville, Conn. 
GABRIEL, HENRY, <fc SONS. Allentown, Pa. 
STAFFORD k CO., Providence, R. I. 

MINOT, HOOPER k CO., Boston, Mass. 
FARWEI.L MILLS, Lisbon, Maine. 

MORSE, KALRY k CO., Milford, N. H. 
PUTNAM MANUF G CO., Providence, R. I. 
WHITE. R. T., k SON, Philadelphia, Pa. 
CLINTON MANUF'G CO., Provideuee, R. I. 











EXHIBITORS IN THE UNITED STATES, 


699 


BRIDGE MI TjLi COTTON CO., Providence, 
K. I. 

MANVILLE CO., Providence, R. I. 

ROSS, JOHN 1,., Providence, R. I. 

SOCIAL MANUF'O CO., Providence, R. I. 
WARREN MANUE G CO., Warren, R. I. 
PEABODY MILLS, Providence, R. I. 
DYERVILLE MANUF'G CO., Providence, R.I. 
BALLOU, GEO. C., k SON, Providence, R. I. 
SILVER SPRING BLEACHING k DYEING 
CO., Providence, R. I. 

HOOPER, WM. E„ k SONS, Baltimore, Md. 
BOSTON MANUE'G CO., Boston. 

CABOT MANUE'G CO., Boston. 

GALE k CO., Boston. 

GREENE k DANIELS, Pawtucket, R. I. 
FALL RIVER BLEACHERY, Fall River Co. 
LOWELL BLEACHERY, Lowell, Mass. 
AMOSKEAG MANUE'G CO., Manchester, N.iT. 
NAUMKEAG STEAM COTTON CO., Salem, 
Mass. 

MASSACHUSETTS COTTON CO, Lowell, 
Mass. 

TREMONT & SUFFOLK CO., Lowell, Mass. 
APPLETON CO., Lowell, Mass. 

BOOTT COTTON MILLS, Lowell, Mass. 
SHRODER, F. k CO., New York. 

NASHUA MANUE'G CO., Nashua, N. H. 
JACKSON CO., Nashua, N. H. 

OCEAN MILLS, Nashua, N. H. 

SHETUCKET CO., Norwich, Conn. 

FALLS CO., Norwich, Conn. 

THE UTICA STEAM COTTON MILLS, Utica, 
N. Y. 

MOUNT VERNON CO., Baltimore, Md. 
HADLEY CO., Boston. 

UNION WADDING CO., Providence, R. I. 
SMITH, H. E., & CO., Providence, R. I. 
RICHARDSON, C. D., k CO., Phila., Pa. 
HALE, B. S., & CO., Lawrence, Mass. 
LACONIA CO., Biddeford, Me. 

PEPPERILL MANUE'G CO., Biddeford, Me. 
OTIS CO., Palmer, Mass. 

PALMER MILLS, Palmer, Mass. 

TRAINER, D., k SONS. Linwood Station. Pa. 
BRINCKERHOFF, TURNER & CO., New 
York. 

WASHINGTON CO., Gloucester, N. J. 
MONADNOCK MILLS. Claremont. N. H. 
AMERICAN LINEN CO., Fall River, Mass. 
ANNAWAN MANUFACTORY, Fall River, 
Mass. 

BARNARD MANUE’G CO., Fall River, Mass. 
BORDER CITY MILLS, Fall River, Mass. 
GRACE MILLS, Fall River, Mass. 

FLINT MILLS, Fall River, Mass. 

GRANITE MILLS, Fall River, Mass. 
MECHANICS MILLS, Fall River, Mass. 
MERCHANTS CO., Fall River, Mass. 
METACOMET MILLS, Fall River, Mass. 
NARRAGANSETT MILLS, Fall River, Mass. 
OSBORN MILLS. Fall River, Mass. 

RICHARD BORDEN CO., Fall River, Mass. 
SAGAMORE MILLS, Fall River, Mass. 

SHOVE MILLS, Fall River, Mass. 

SLADE MILLS, Fall River, Mass. 

STAFFORD MILLS, Fall River, Mass. 
TECUMSEH MILLS, Fall River, Mass. 

TROY COTTON AND WOOLEN CO., Fall 
River, Mass. 

WA.M PA NO AG MILLS, Fall River, Mass. 
WEETAMOF. MILLS, Fall River, Mass. 
DWIGHT MANUE'G CO., Chicopee, Mass. 
LYMAN MILLS, Holyoke, Mass. 

GREAT FALLS CO., Great Falls, N. H. 
SCHUM, PHILIP. Lancaster, Pa. 

WOOD, WM., k CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
METHUEN MILL, New York. 

WEBSTER MILLS, New York. 

NEVINS MILL, New York. 

MISSISSIPPI MILLS, Wesson, Miss. 
BULLOCK. GEORGE k JAMES M., Consho- 
hockeu. Pa. 

WORTENDYKE CO., Wortendvke, N. J. 

MOSS MANUE'G CO., Wes ter iy, R. 1. 

HARRIS CO., Providence, R. 1. 

KNIGHT, B. B. & R., Providence, R. T. 
GLASGOW CO., South Hadley Falls, Mass. 
ALLENDALE CO., Providence, R. I. 

GROTON MANUE'G CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
FRANKLIN MANUE'G CO., Providence, R. I. 
TUCKER, CARTER, k CO., New York. 
RENFREW CO., South Adams, Mass. 
GLOUCESTER GINGHAM MILLS, Gloucester 
Citv, N. J. 

LANGDON MANUF'G CO., Manchester, N. II. 
WHITTENTON CO., Taunton, Mass. 

YORK CO., Saco. Me. 

EVERETT MILLS, Lawrence, Mass. 

DAVOLL MILLS, Fall River. Mass. 
HAMILTON CO., Lowell, Mass. 

HOLT, R., Paterson, N. J. 

STARK MILLS, Manchester, N. H. 

MILLVILLE CO., R. D. Wood k Sons, Phila. 
and New York. 

BATES MANUF'G CO., Lewiston, Me. 

RIPKA <fc ELTON CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
LANCASTER MILLS, Clinton, Mass. 

BELFAST MILLS, Philadelphia, Pa. 

ALBION PRINT WORKS, Conshohocken, Pa. 
PACIFIC MILLS. Lawrence, Mass. 

HARTEL, ANDREAS k CO. Philadelphia, Pa. 
BROWN, DAVID S., & CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 


SIMPSON, WM., & SONS, Philadelphia, Pa. 
PRETTY, GRIME <fc CO„ Philadelphia, Pa. 
GREEN, S. H., k SONS, River Point, R. I. 
RICHMOND MANUF’G CO., Providence, R.I. 
MANCHESTER MILLS, Manchester, N. H. 
AMERICAN PRINT WORKS, Fall River, Mass. 
HAMILTON WOOLEN CO., Southbridge, 
Mass. 

MERRIMAC MILLS, Lowell, Mass. 

STEVENS LINEN WORKS, New York. 
BARBOUR FLAX SPINNING CO., Paterson, 
N. J. 

AMERICAN LINEN THREAD CO., Mechan- 
icsville, N. Y. 

McCROSSAN & FARR, New York. 
AMERICAN LINOLEUM CO., New York. 
BLABON, GEO. W., & CO., Philadelphia. Pa. 
VIROLET & DURLACH, Elizabeth, N. J. 
POTTER, THOS., SONS & CO., Phila., Pa.' 
BRASHER, WM. M., k CO., Brooklyn, N. Y. 
REEVE, R. H. k B. C., Camden, N. J. 
POWERS, D. & SONS, New York. 


WOVEN AND FELTED GOODS OF WOOL AND 
MIXTURE OF WOOL. 

SHAFFNER & STRINGFELLOW, Philadel¬ 
phia, Pa. 

KNOX WOOLEN CO., Camden, Me. 

BACON, CHAS. N., Winchester, Mass. 

NEW ENGLAND CO., Rockville, Conn. 
NOSKE, HENRY, Philadelphia. Pa. 
PHILADA. WORSTED SPINNERS' ASSOCIA¬ 
TION, Philadelphia, Pa. 

MIDNIGHT YARN CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
THORNTON, SAMUEL, k SONS, Phila., Pa. 
PHILIPS, JAMES ,JR., Fitchburg, Mass. 
KIRKMAN, JAMES, Chester, Pa. 

LEDWARD, J., k SON, Chester, Pa. 
HORSTMANN. AVM. H., & SONS, Phila., Pa, 
GLOBE AVOOLEN CO., New York. 
DRYFOOS, L„ k CO., New York. 

KENT WOOLEN CO., Centreville, R. I. 
STILLWATER WOOLEN CO., Stillwater, R.I. 
WOR.UMBO MANUF'G CO., Lisbon Falls, Me. 
BEL AIR MANUF'G CO., Pittsfield, Mass. 
BURLINGTON AVOOLEN CO., AVinooski Falls, 
A't. 

BROAD BROOK CO., Rroad Brook, Conn. 
AVEYBOSSET MILLS, Providence, R. I. 
HOAVARI), R., k SON, Apponaug, R. I. 

STATE OF OREGON (by A. J. Dufur). 
WANSKUCK CO., Providence, R. I. 

RODMAN, ROBT., La Fayette, R. I. 

SAAVYER AVOOLEN CO.. Dover, N. H. 
CLINTON MILLS CO., Norwich, Conn. 
HINSDALE BROS., Hinsdale, Mass. 
ROCKVILLE MANUF'G CO., Rockville, Conn. 
HOCKANUM CO., Rockville, Conn. 

EDDY'S, JESSE, SONS, Fall River, Mass. 

U. S. JAUNTING CO., Lowell, Mass. 
MIDDLESEX CO.. Lowell. Mass. 

SHULER & BF.NNINGHOFEN, Hamilton, O. 
UXBRIDGE AVOOLEN CO., Uxbridge, Mass. 
GERMANIA MILLS, Holyoke. Mass. 

NORWAY PLAINS CO., Rochester, N. H. 
NORWICH AVOOLEN CO., Norwich, Conn. 
UNION MANUF'G CO.. AVolcottville, Conn. 
MERIDEN AVOOLEN CO., West Meriden, Ct. 
BALTIC WOOLEN CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
NIANTIC AA r OOLEN CO., Norwich, Conn. 
MASON, C. F., k CO., Providence, R. I. 
AVOOD, MORRELL & CO., Johnstown, Pa. 
KIRKMAN, JAMES, Chester, Pa. 

PEIRCE, C. AY. <fc J., Bristol, Pa. 

MISSISSIPPI MILLS, AA'esson, Miss. 
BULLOCK, GEO. k JAMES M., Conshohocken, 
Pa. 

FOX’, HENRY, k CO., Urbana, O. 

BELFAST MILLS, Philadelphia, Pa. 

ROY, JAS. k CO., AA r est Troy, N. Y. 

FAY, C. J., Camden, N. J. 

McKEE, JOS. D., Philadelphia, Pa. 

BATES CO., Lewiston, Me. 

LIPPITT AVOOLEN CO., Providence. R. T. 
PEACE DALE MANUF'G CO , Peace Dale, R.I. 
SCHOFIELD. SEVILLE, Philadelphia, Pa. 
CAMDEN AVOOLEN CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
PIQUA AVOOLEN CO., Piqua, O. 
WASHINGTON MILLS, Lawrence, Mass. 
LANDENBERGER'S, MARTIN, SONS, Phil¬ 
adelphia, Pa., 

DOBSON, JNO. & JAS., Philadelphia, Pa. 
STEFFAN, F. & CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
PONTOOSUC WOOLEN CO., Pittsfield, Mass. 
BELVIDERE AVOOLEN CO. 

BALLARD VALE MILLS, New York. 
AVAUMBEEK CO., New York. 

NORAVAY PLAINS CO., New York. 

LUCAS, B., k CO., New York. 

GROVELAND MILLS, New York. 

COLUMBIA SPRING CO., New York. 

STOTT, C. H. k F. H., New York. 

TITUS, E., & SONS, New York. 

GILBERT, GEO. H.. CO., AVare, Mass. 
BACHMAN, S.. New York. 

SANDFORD MILLS, Sandford, Me. 

GIBSON & TYLER, New York. 

BLOODGOOD, MRS. I. S., New York. 
WATERLOO AVOOLEN CO., Waterloo. N. Y. 
BISHOP k NORTHRUP, AVyandotte, Mich. 
MISSION WOOLEN MILLS, San Francisco, 
Cal. 

ARLINGTON MILLS, Lawrence, Mass. 


PACIFIC MILLS, Lawrence, Mass. 
PECKHAM MANUF'G CO.. Providence, R. I. 
MANCHESTER MILLS, Manchester, N. H. 
TURNER, JOHN, Norwich, Conn. 

TUNXIS MILLS, Poquonock, Conn. 

FARR ALPACA CO., New York. 

HAMILTON AVOOLEN CO., Southbridge, 
Mass. 

WOOD, WM., k CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
CHAPMAN & BROS., Belfast, Me. 
AVALSHAAV, WM., Sa.xonville, Mass. 

WHITE, PAYSON k CO., Boston. 

LOWELL MANUF'G CO., Boston. 

BLAKE, C. II., & F. D., New York. 

AVOOD & HASLAM, Camden, N. J. 

SMITH, ALEX., k SONS CARPET CO., 
Yonkers, N. Y. 

AIcCALLUM, CREASE, & SLOAN, Philadel¬ 
phia, Pa. 

WENTWORTH, C. B„ & CO., Boston. 
HUTCHINSON, J. & H., Brooklyn, N. Y. 
GIBB & CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 

SEFFARLEN k FRITZ, Philadelphia, Pa. 
DORNAM, BROS. & CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
MAYALL, MILES, Boston. 

BROMLEY, JNO., k SONS, Philadelphia, Pa. 
BAILEY, EDAV. H., New York. 

LEEDOM, SHAAV, k STEAVART, Philadel¬ 
phia, Pa. 

LEAVIS, WILLARD, Walpole, Mass. 
CHIPMAN, GEO. AV. k CO.. Boston. 
TAYLOR, JAS., k MULLER, S. N„ Newark, 
Del. 

HARTFORD CARPET CO„ Hartford, Conn. 
WAGAN, R. M., Mount Lebanon, N. Y. 

IVINS, DIETZ, k MAGEE, Philadelphia, Pa. 
BIGELOAV CARPET CO.. Clinton, .Mass. 
LOWELL CARPET CO., Boston. 

ROXBURY CARPET CO., Boston. 

READ CARPET CO., Bridgeport, Conn. 
FARRINGTON k KINSEY, Rahwav, N. J. 
PAAVTUCKET HAIR CLOTH CO., Pawtucket, 
R. I. 


SILK AND SILK FABRICS, AND MIXTURES IN -WHICH 
SII.K IS THE PREDOMINATING MATERIAL. 

BELDING BROS. & CO., Rockville, Conn. 
AUB, HACKENBURG & CO., Philadelphia, 

FRANKE, LOUIS, New A r ork. 

BOISSIERE, E. V. DE, AVilliamsburg, Kans. 
HAMIL & BOOTH, Paterson, N. J. 

SEAVEY, FOSTER & BOAA'MAN, Boston. 
NEWMANN, JOSEPH, San Francisco, Cal. 
WERNER, ITSCHNER, k CO., Phila., Pa. 
BRAINERD, ARMSTRONG & CO., New York. 
HOA'EY, F. S., Philadelphia, Pa. 

MOREL, CHAS., & SONS, Philadelphia, Pa. 
CHENEY BROS., Hartford and South Man¬ 
chester, Conn. 

ATAVOOD k RICHMOND, Brooklyn, Conn. 
NONOTUCK SILK CO., Florence, Mass. 
HAYDEN, J. H., & SON, AVindsor Locks, Ct. 
HEMINWAY, M., & SONS SILK CO., New 
York. 

HOLLAND MANUF’G CO., Willimantic, Coon. 
BAARE, FRED., Paterson, N. J. 

STRANGE, AVM., k CO., Paterson, N. J. 
DEXTER, LAMBERT & CO., New York. 
AVRIGHT, WM. P., Philadelphia, Pa. 

WEIDMANN k GRF.PPO, Paterson, N. J. 
AMERICAN SILK LABEL CO., New York. 
MEYENBERG. S. M„ Paterson, N. J. 
STEARNS, JNO. N. k CO., New York. 

NEW YORK WOVEN LABEL CO.. New York. 
HORSTMANN, AV. H., & SONS, Philadelphia, 
Pa. 

KOHN, TOBTAS, Hartford, Conn. 

DALE MANUF'G CO., Paterson, N. J. 
FLEISHER, S. B. k M., Philadelphia, Pa. 
SUTRO BROS., New York. 

NOTTINGHAM LACE AVORKS, Brooklvn, 
N. Y. 

TURNER, JOHN, Norwich, Conn. 

GOFF, D., k SON, Pawtucket, It. I. 

SILVER LAKE CO., Boston. 

KELTY, G. L., & CO., New York. 


CLOTHING, .TKWKLRY, AND ORNAMENTS, 
TRAVELING EQUIPMENTS. 

HAPKE, A. B., Harrisburg, Pa. 

LOAVERY k AVILLIAMS, Utica. N. Y. 
MOORE, LEOPOLD, Philadelphia, Pa. 
MUNSON MANUF'G CO., Cohoes, N. Y. 
SACHSE, F., k SON, Philadelphia, Pa. 
MEYER, JONASSEN, k CO., New York. 
BUTTERICK, E. <fe CO., New York. 

MAIZE k SCHWARTZ, Philadelphia, Pa. 
CHAPMAN, MRS. I)It. H. M., Phila., Pa. 
WYOMING VALLEY KNITTING CO., Pitts- 
ton, Pa. 

COOPER, HENRY PROUSE, New York. 
SCHUYLER, HARTLEY k GRAHAM, New 
York. 

MOELLER, C. H., St. Louis, Mo. 

GLAZIER, J. J., BRO. k CO., Phila., Pa. 
FALL RIVER MERINO CO., Fall River, Mass. 
JUDSON BROS., New York. 

AVF.LDON, DANA & CO., San Francisco, Cal. 
THALHEIMER & HIRSCH, Philadelphia, Pa. 
DUDLEY HOSIERY CO., Newton Lower Falls, 
Mass. 

MICHAELIS & KASKEL, New York. 















700 


EXHIBITORS IN THE UNITED STATES, 


LEIGHTON, CHAS.. New Orleans, La. 
HARVEY A BAIRD, Philadelphia, Pa. 
EAGER, P. B.. TOWER A CO., Boston, Mass. 
GRISWOLD, CATHARINE A., New York. 
DEVLIN A CO., New York. 

HEMPLE, J. C., Baltimore, Md. 

PRINDLE, G. H., Philadelphia, Pa. 
THUDIUM, C. A. A SON, Philadelphia, Pa. 
MOORE. GEORGE, New York. 

BISHOP A NORTHRUP, Wyandotte, Mich. 
THOMAS, A. W., Philadelphia, Pa. 

JACOBS, STROUSE & CO., New York. 
ROSENBACH A CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
SCHOKNHOF, J., A CO., New York. 

CONRAD BROS., Philadelphia, Pa. 
NATIONAL SUSPENDER CO., New York. 
OLIVER, THOMAS, New York. 

COHN, M., A CO., New York. 

PIQUA WOOLEN MILLS, Piqua, O. 

TAYLOR. S. T., New York. 

HOPKINS, W. T., Philadelphia, Pa. 
HORSTMANN, WM. H. A SONS, Phila., Pa. 
DEMOREST. MME., New York. 
NASHAWANNUCK MANUF'G CO., East- 
hampton, Mass. 

THOMPSON, E. O., Philadelphia. Pa. 
STERNBERGER, L. & S.. Philadelphia. Pa. 
NORFOLK A NEW BRUSWICK HOSIERY 
CO., New Brunswick, N. J. 

WARNER BROS., New York. 

BOWERS. JAS. A CO., Newark, N. J. 
ALKINSON, HENRY, Philadelphia, Pa. 
ZAUENER, HENRY, Philadelphia, Pa. 

BOR.M, L., Philadelphia, Pa. 

WILSON, J. H., Philadelphia. Pa. 

FOY A HARMON, New Haveu, Conn. 
AMERICAN HOSIERY CO., New Britain, Ct. 
WORCESTER CORSET CO., Worcester. Mass. 
BOSTON COMFORT CORSET CO., Boston. 
PALMER A WILLIAMS, Boston. 

DENHAM. T. M., A BRO.. New Bedford, Mass. 
ROCKHILL A WILSON, Philadelphia, Pa. 
LOWELL HOSIERY CO., Lowell, Mass. 
WANAMAKER & BROWN, Philadelphia, Pa. 
W A N A MAKER, JOHN, A CO.. Phila., Pa. 
CUMMINGS, J. S., A CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
HUGHES, THOS., & CO.. Bristol, Pa. 
STRAHAN, HODGSON & CO., New York. 
AMERICAN SUSPENDER CO., Waterbary, Ot. 
BREWSTER BROS. A CO.. Birmingham, Ct. 
GABRIEL, HENRY A SONS. Allentown, Pa. 
AMERICAN MOLDED COLLAR CO., Boston. 
FROST, GEO., A CO., Boston. 

SWEET, ORR A CO., New York. 

BICKFORD, DANA. New York. 

BEATTY HOSIERY MILLS. Phila.. Pa. 
LANDENBERGER'S, MARTIN, SONS, Phila¬ 
delphia, Pa. 

UNITED STATES CORSET CO., New York. 
SHARPLESS A SONS, Philadelphia, Pa. 
ROTHSCHILD BROS. A GUTMAN, New York. 
CAMERON, WM. A SON, Philadelphia, Pa. 
DRESS REFORM CO., Boston. 

OTIS CO., Ware, Mass. 

HAYDEN, JAMES. Philadelphia, Pa. 

PECK A GREENE, Brooklyn, N. Y. 

STAR KNITTING CO., Cohoes, N. Y. 
PARSONS, J. H., A CO., Cohoes, N. Y. 
BROOKSIDE HOSIERY MILLS, Troy, N. Y. 
McDONNELL, KLINE & CO., Amsterdam, 

N. Y. 

BENNETT, E., Brooklyn, N. Y. 

COON A VAN VOLKENBURGH, Troy, N. Y r . 
ELLIS MANUF'G CO., Waltham. Mass. 
HOMER, COLLADAY A CO., Phila., Pa. 
PETTINGELL A SAWYER, East Cambridge, 

BRADY, EDWARD, Philadelphia, Pa. 

CARNEY, BERNARD L., Philadelphia, Pa. 
JACOBY, THEO., Philadelphia, Pa. 

HEGLE. FORTUNE, New York. 

STETSON. JOHN B„ A CO.. Philadelphia, Pa. 
WALTON, MAISON, New York. 

LITTLETON SARANAC BUCK GLOVE CO., 
Boston. 

NEW YORK CATHOLIC PROTECTORY, 
New York. 

BROWN, EMMA, New York. 

NONNENBERGF.R, CHRISTIAN, Phila.. Pa. 
FENTON. J. H. A BRO.. Philadelphia, Pa. 
PIERSON A HERMAN, Newark, N. J. 

YATES, AVHARTON A CO., Newark. N. J. 
FIELD, J. C. A J. F., Philadelphia, Pa. 

HAYS. DANIEL. Gloversville, N. Y. 
BLAYLOCK A CO., Philadelphia. Pa. 
JEANNISSON, LEWIS A SON, Johnstown, 
N. Y. 

HAVERHILL HAT CO., Haverhill, Mass. 
SOLMANS. ALDEN, South Norwalk. Conn. 
MORRIS, E., A CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
AMIDON’S SON, T. H., New York. 

DUNLAP A CO., New York. 

KENNEDY, THOS., & BRO.. Philadelphia, Pa. 
SCHILLER, JOS., & CO., St. Louis. Mo. 
HUTCHINSON. JOHN C., Johnstown, N. Y. 
NORTHRUP, AY. S., & M. S., A CO., Johns¬ 
town, N. Y. 

COLAVELL, F. E. A CO., Chicago, Ill. 
MILLER, GEO. F., Jacksonville. Fla. 
BANCROFT, J. S, A CO., New Y'ork. 
KURSHEEDT A CO.. New York. 

BEATTY & THORNE, New York. 

BENTLEY. JEFF. 0.., Philadelphia, Pa. 


ROBERTS & HF.VELL, Newark. N. J. 
BARRETT, JOS. AY., Philadelphia, Pa. 
THOMAS, JOEL. Philadelphia, Pa. 
CI.ICKKRMAN, L. M., Philadelphia, Pa. 
PALMER & KENDALL, Middletown, Conn. 
BED1CHIMKR, ISAAC, Philadelphia, Pa. 
BARROAVS, H. F., & CO., New York. 
MUHR'S, II., SONS, Philadelphia, Pa. 
CELLULOID NOVELTY CO., New York. 
BAILEY & CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 

SIMONS, OPDYKE A CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
CALDWELL, J. E., & CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
VULCANITE JEAA'IiLRY CO., New York. 
GOGGIN, JAS., New York. 

NEHER, CHAS., Philadelphia, Pa. 

STARR & MARCUS, New York. 

MORGAN A HEADLEY. Philadelphia, Pa. 
COTTIER, C., A SON, New York. 
TILLINGHAST, MASON A CO., Providence, 
R. I. 

RICHARDS, J. J„ A J. M„ New York. 

HAAS, JAS. A„ A CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
HAMILTON P. HUNT. Providence, R. I. 
KIPLING'S, R., SONS. New York. 

TIFFANY A CO.. New York. 

ROBBINS, CLARK A BIDDLE, Phila., Pa. 
SAND. M.. New York. 

MILLER, THOS.. New York. 

POPE MANUF'G CO., Boston. 

OAKVILLE CO.. Waterburv, Conn, 

GALENA OIL WORKS. Franklin. Pa. 
WALLACE A KELLER, Philadelphia. Pa. 
PRATT, D. G., Cambridgeport, Mass. ! 
BIRGE A BERG. Philadelphia. Pa. 
GLENDENNING A TRUITT. Philadelphia, Pa. 
NEW YORK BUTTON CO.. New York. 
LAOMANN, ,T„ A SONS, Philadelphia, Pa. 
WEINTROUB, PAUL, Philadelphia. Pa. 
PILLING. GEORGE P.. Philadelphia. Pa. 
BAEDER, ADAMSON A CO.. Phila., Pa. 
BENE, CREIGHTON A CO., New York. 
WILSON, JOHN, Philadelphia, Pa. 

HIRSH A BROTHER, Philadelphia, Pa. 
BACON, GEORGE W., Philadelphia, Pa. 
GALBRAITH, ALEX.. Philadelphia, Pa. 
DUDLEY, DANA, Philadelphia. Pa. 
WATSON, BROCK, Philadelphia. Pa. 
POTTER, AV. K., Providence, R. I. 
SHOENHOF, J.. A CO., New York. 

NICKLE, ROBT.. Rochester, N. Y r . 

GOODWIN, W. C., New Haven, Conn. 
BLOODGOOD, Miss A. DF, ETTA, New York. 
NOYES, AV. F., Newburvport. Mass. 

CH AMBERS A CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
LEIGHTON, CHARLES, New Orleans, La. 
JOHNSON, E. S„ New York. 

JACKSON, SAMUEL C., New York. 

WAHL, EMIL, Philadelphia, Pa. 

INDIA RUBBER COMB CO., New York. 
LEINER, MORITZ, New York. - 

AIKEN, LAAIBERT A CO., New York. 

KOCH, SONS, A CO., New York. 

BIRCH, JOHN S., New York. 

ELLIS, KNAPP A CO.. New York. 

FEUST A RICE, New York. 

DROAVN, W. A., A CO.. Philadelphia. Pa. 
BUFFALO DECORATING CO., Buffalo. N.Y. 
HOPKINS A ROBINSON MANUF'G CO., 
Akron, O. 

SMITHERS, Mrs. G. H.. New York. 

ORANGE JUDD CO., New York. 

DICKINSON, Mrs. C. J., Chicago, Ill. 

TOBIN, JOSEPH F., New York. 

MABIE, TODD A BARD, New York. 

RILEY A LYNCH, Newark, N. J. 

CELLULOID MANUF'G CO. Newark, N. ,T. 
AMERICAN MECHANICAL TOY CO., New 
York. 

LEONHARD, THEO.. Paterson. N. J. 
BRADLEY A HUBBARD MANUF'G CO., 
West Meriden, Conn. 

CARLISLE, HENRY, A SON, Phila.. Pa. 
ALTHOF, BERGMANN A CO., New York. 
BICKEL, AUGUST, A SON, Phila., Pa. 
IIEISTER A GANS, New York. 
KALDKNBERG. FRED. JULIUS. New York. 
HOLLAND, JOHN, Cincinnati, O. 

ADAMS, J. S., A CO., Providence, R.I. 
DEMUTH, WM. A CO., New York. 

WAGAN, R. M., Mount Lebanon, N. Y. 

STEHR, CARL, New York. 

HARYEY A FORD, Philadelphia, Pa. 
AVATERBURY BUTTON CO., Waterbury, Ct. 
ARMSTRONG, F., Bridgeport, Conn. 

FIELD, A., A SONS, Taunton, Mass. 

LKAVY, F„ New York. 

MATTHIAS, Mrs. C. E., Philadelphia, Pa. 
MITCHELL, VANCE A CO., New York. 
GRIFFIN, A. B., Ravenna, O. 

INDEPENDENT COMB CO., Wappinger's 
Falls, N. Y. 

BARNHURST A ROBINSON, Phila., Pa. 
GROTTENTHALER. A r ., Philadelphia, Pa. 
IA T ES, BLAKF.SLFE A CO., Bridgeport, Conn. 
MAINS MANUF'G CO., New York. 

NAX. KUHN A SILBERMANN, Phila., Pa. 
NATIONAL BUTTON CO., Easthampton, 
Mass. 

SPAULDING, D. S., Mansfield. Mass. 

SEVEY, J. A.. Boston. 

EUREKA MANUF'G CO., Boston. 

JOSLIN. PALMER A WILLIAM, New York. 
HILDRETH, MILO, A CO., Northboro', Mass. 


MAHN, L. IT., Jamaica Plains, Mass. 
PORTER BROTHERS A CO., New York. 
HOLLAND. J. C., New York. 

HARRIS, S. A SONS MANUF’G CO., Clin¬ 
ton, Mass. 

WILD, G. L., A BRO., Washington, D. C. 
MOUTOUX, EMIL W., New York. 

GROTE, F., A CO., New York. 

CONRAD, WM. C., Middletown, Pa. 

ANSLEY, FRED. W., St. Augustine, Fla. 
FOWLER FEY FAN CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
PLATT BROS. A CO., Waterburv, Conn. 
CHESHIRE MANUF'G CO., West Cheshire, 
Conn. 

GODFREY, G. J , A SON, Naugatuck, Conn. 
COMSTOCK DICKINSON IVORY CO., Center 
Brook, Conn. 

BLAKE A JOHNSON, Waterbary, Conn. 
IVES, BLAKESLF.E A CO., Bridgeport, Conn. 
LADD, S. J., Providence, R. I. 

PEACOCK, II. H., Philadelphia. Pa. 

TURNER, ANDREWS A CO., Phila., Pa. 
RUMPP, CHAS., Philadelphia, Pa. 
EANGFELI), J. A SONS. Philadelphia. Pa. 
KOLB, G. F. A SON, Philadelphia. Pa. 

ARMS MANUF'G CO., Northampton, Mass. 
RUMPP, C. F., Philadelphia, Pa. 

SPITZF.R, GEORGE AV., New York. 
PARKHURST A GRIDLEY, Newark. N. J. 

LI KEY, MCDONALD A ROCKETT, Cleve¬ 
land, Ohio. 

STAMBACH, JOHN A., A CO., Phila.. Pa. 
MAAVSON, EI). S., A SONS, Philadelphia, Pa. 
EISHBLATT, LEWIS, Philadelphia, Pa. 
MAHEER, M., New York. 

REISKY, N. C., Philadelphia, Pa. 

BOOSS, F. A BRO., New York. 

KAEHLER, OTTO. Philadelphia. 

DURYEE A HAELF.TT. Rahway. N. J. 
BURNETT, AV. H. A R.. Newark, N. J. 


PAPER, BLANK BOOKS, AND STATIONERY. 

DIXON CRUCIBLE CO., Jersey City, N. J. 
AMBERG, AVILLIAM A., New York. 

McGILL, GEO. AV.. New York. 

SMITH, EEDRIDGE J.. Philadelphia, Pa. 
HOSKINS, AV. H., Philadelphia, Pa. 
CHAMBERLIN, AVHITMORE A CO., New 
York. 

WOODRUFF, E. W., Washington, D. C. 
TIFFANY A CO., New York. 

POTTIN REGISTER MANUF'G CO., Phila¬ 
delphia, Pa. 

GOEDSBOROUGH, JOHN, Philadelphia. Pa. 
AMERICAN LEAD PENCIL CO., New York. 
FAIRCHILD. LEROY AV., A CO., New York. 
FABER, EBERHARD, New York. 

COOKE, G. K., A CO., New York. 

JOHNSON, E. S., New York. 

MULLER'S, NICHOLAS. SONS, New York. 
JANENTZKY A CO.. Philadelphia. 
BERGNER, THEO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
HAAVKES, GEO. F., New York. 

LIPMAN, HYMEN L., Philadelphia, Pa. 
BROAVER BROS., New York. 

AIKEN, LAAIBERT A CO., New York. 

BUCK, T. S., A CO., Davenport, Iowa. 
STILES, Mrs. E. AV., Philadelphia, Pa. 
YOUNGS, AVAI. J.. A SONS, Philadelphia, Pa. 
STODDARD, RICHARD T., Boston. 

YOUNG, AV. A.. Jacksonville, Fla. 

BENDER A PHILLIPS, Hohokus, N. J. 
MABIE, TODD A BARD, New York. 

HALL, P. AV., Austin, Texas. 

DREKA, LOUIS, Philadelphia, Pa. 
PARKHURST A GRIDLEY, Newark, N. J. 
FOLEY, JOHN, New York. 

CHASE, JOHN S.. New York. 

AIASON A CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 

SOAIERS, D. AL, Brooklyn, N. Y. 

HOLLAND. JOHN, Cincinnati. O. 

UNITED STATES SOAPSTONE MANUF'G 
CO.. Cincinnati, O. 

HART, BLIVEN A AIEAD MANUF'G CO,. 
New York. 

.TAA1ES, SAA1ITEL, Philadelphia, Pa. 
CHAMBERLIN, WHITMORE A CO., New 
York. 

WALKER. TUCKER A CO., Philadelphia, PA. 
ESTERBROOK STEEL PEN CO., Camdeu, 
N. J. 

EAGLE PENCIL CO., New York. 

ROAVLAN1). JOSEPH S. C., Philadelphia. Pa. 
EDSALL. D. A.. New Y r ork. 

MORTON, JAAIES, New York. 

DONOVAN, J. AV., Detroit, Mich. 

KOCH, SONS, A CO., New York. 

AIOSS A CO.. Philadelphia. Pa. 

ROOT. R. C., ANTHONY A CO., New York. 
COHEN, CHAS. J.. Philadelphia, Pa. 

BYRON, AVKSTON, Dalton, Alass. 
STRATFORD, HOE A CO., Jersey City, N.J. 
OWEN PAPER CO., Housatonic, Mass.* 
BROAVN, L. L., PAPER COT, South Adams, 
Mass. 

SOUTHWORTH CO.. Mittaneague. Mass. 
MOUNT HOLLY PAPER CO., Mount Holly 
Springs, Pa. 

WHITING PAPER CO., Holyoke. Mass. 
CRESCENT MILLS, Springfield. Mass. 
HOLYOKE PAPER CO.. Holyoke, Mass. 
CARSON A BROAA'N CO.. Da'ltou. Mass. 
PARSONS PAPER CO., Holyoke, Mass. 

















EXHIBITORS IN THE UNITED STATES 


701 


CRVXE k ro., Dalton, Mass. 

PARKER, JOS., SON, & CO., New Haven, Ct. 
CAMPBELL, HALL & CO., New York. 

TILLS TON k HOLLINGSWORTH, Boston. 
CRANK BROS., Westfield, Mass. 

HURL BUT PAPER CO., South Loo, Mass. 
SEYMOUR PAPER CO., Windsor Locks, Conn, 
MEGARGEE BROS., Philadelphia, Pa. 
FRANCIS k LOUTREL, New York. 

CRANE, L., Jr., Dayton, O. 

HALDKMAN PAPER CO., Dockland, O. 
JESSUP & MOORE. Philadelphia, Pa. 
IVANKOE MANUF'G CO., Paterson, N. J. 
HOWLETT, ONDERDONK & CO., Phila., Pa. 
TANGEMAN, GEO. P„ Hamilton. O. 

McNEIL, IRVING & RICH, Elwood, X. J. 
MANN, \ni„ Philadelphia, Pa. 

METS k WILLSE, Dubuque, Iowa. 
ALTF.MUS k CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
MURPHYS, W. F., SONS, Philadelphia. Pa. 
LIPP1NCOTT, J. B., k CO.. Philadelphia, Pa. 
THOMAS. CHAS. F., Wilmington. Del. 
KOHLER. IGNATIUS, Philadelphia, Pa. 
HOLMAN, A. J., k CO., Philadelphia. Pa. 
BURLOCK, SAM I, D., & CO., Phila., Pa. 
WALKER, EVANS & COGSWELL, Charles¬ 
ton. S. C. 

ROBINSON, SAVAGE & CO., Cleveland, O. 
APPLETON, D., k CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
HINSDILL. HENRY M., Grand Rapids, Mich. 
SANDFORD & CO.. Cleveland, O. 

BECKETT & CERVI, Cambridge, Mass. 
S1DDALL BROS., Philadelphia, Pa. 

LANGE. LITTLE k CO., New York. 
AMERICAN TRACT SOCIETY, New York. 
OLDACH & MERGENTHALER, Phila., Pa. 
HOUGHTON, H. O., k CO., Cambridge, Mass. 
REED. A., & CO., Philadelphia. Pa. 

NEW YORK CATHOLIC PROTECTORY, New 
York. 

LINDSAY & RLAKISTON, Philadelphia, Pa. 
BOORUM & PEASE, New York. 

BRADLEY k GILBERT, Louisville, Ky. 
KERR. N. M., & CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
RICHARDSON, J. N., Boston. 

DIXON, CHARLES A., k CO., Phila., Pa. 
AMERICAN PAPER BOX CO., Phila., Pa. 
PORTER & BAINBRIDGE, New York. 
DENNISON & CO.. Boston. 

OSBORN, BRNNET, Newark, N. J. 
DENNISON & BROWN, Portland, Me. 
CORNELL k SHELTON. Birmingham, Conn. 
CROMPTON. JOHN, & CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
R. I. CARDBOARD CO., Pawtucket, R. I. 

Me CLEM ENT BROS., Philadelphia. Pa. 
NASHUA CARD & GLAZED PAPER CO., 
Nashua, N. H. 

ZENNIG, R. H. & CO., New York. 
DOUGHERTY, A., New York. 

BECK, CHARLES, Philadelphia, Pa. 

SCOTT. T. SEYMOUR, <& BRO., Phila., Pa. 
DAVEY, W. O., & SONS, Jersey City, N. J. 
STELWAGON, JOS., k SONS. Phila., Pa. 
GRICE, JAS., & SONS. Downingtown, Pa. 
GORDON, A. DUNLOP, Philadelphia, Pa. 
CASE BROTHERS. South Manchester, Conn. 
BARRETT, ARNOLD & KIMBALL, Chicago, 
Ill. 

VAN SKELLTNE, THEO., Brooklyn, N. Y. 
GOTH, HERMAN J., Bethlehem, Pa. 
DEJONGE, LOUIS, & CO., New York. 

BECK. F.. & CO., New York. 

HOWELL k BROS., Philadelphia, Pa. 
SPURR. CHAS. M'„ Boston. 

HOWELL <te BOURKE, Philadelphia, Pa. 
WKSTERBERG, JEFFERSON k CO., New 
York. 

NAGLE, COOK & EWING, Philadelphia, Pa. 


MILITARY AND NAVAL ARMAMENTS, ORDNANCE, 
FIREARM*. AND HUNTING APPARATUS. 

UNION METALLIC CARTRIDGE CO., Bridge¬ 
port, Conn. 

SPARKS. THOS. W., Philadelphia, Pa. 
KILLINGS k SPENCER CO.. Hartford, Ct. 
REMINGTON, E.. & SONS, Jlion, N. Y. 
SMITH k WESSON, Springfield, Mass. 
COLT'S PATENT FIREARMSMANUF'G CO., 
Hartford. Conn. 

GARDNER. W.M., Hartford, Conn. 
FOREHAND & WADSWORTH, Worcester, 
Mass. 

RAWBONE, THOS., Newark, N. J. 
WHITNEY ARMS CO., Whitneyvillo, Conn. 
SHARPS RIFLE CO., Bridgeport, Conn. 
MERCHANTS' SHOT TOWER CO., Baltimore, 


Md. „ „ 

BURGESS. ANDREW, Owego. N. A. 
GOLDMARK, JOSEPH, New York. 

LOVELL, JOHN P., & SONS, Boston. 

DANA, EDW. A., Boston. 

SCHOVERLING & DALY, New York. 
WINCHESTER REPEATING ARMS CO., New 
Haven, Conn. 

WESSON, FRANK, Worcester, Mass. 
RUPKRTUS, JACOB, Philadelphia. Pa. 

U. S. CARTRIDGE CO., Lowell, Mass. 
AMERICAN ARMS CO.. Boston. 

MERWIN, HULBERT k CO., New York. 
EVANS' RIFLE MANUF'G CO., Mechanic 
Falls, Me. 

CLARK k SNEIDER Baltimore, Md. 
WILLIS, AUG. L., Philadelphia, Pa. 


MILLER, WM. DEEDS, New York. 
SCHNEKLOCK, OTTO, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
STEVENS, J. k CO., Chicopee Falls, Mass. 
STODDARD, CHARLES, Washington, D. C. 
GATLING, RICHARD J., Hartford, Conti. 
WITTY, CALVIN, New York. 

NEKERVIS, WM., Philadelphia, Pa. 

SOUTH BOSTON MANUF’G CO., Boston. 
BOON, B., West Medford, Mass. 

RIDGWAY, JOHN, Heirs of, Boston. 
STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, 
Hoboken, N. J. 

PAULDING, KEMBLE & CO., Cold Spring, 
N. Y. 

AMES MANUF'G CO., Chicopee, Mass. 
COLLINS & CO., New York. 

GAYLORD MANUF'G CO., Chicopee, Mass. 
WURFFLKIN, WM., Philadelphia, Pa. 
KRIDER, JOHN. Philadelphia, Pa. 
PROVIDENCE TOOL CO., Providence, R. I. 
TRYON, E. Jr., & CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
HARDER, J., & SON, Lock Haven, Pa. 
PARKER, CHAS., Meriden, Conn. 
HARRINGTON k RICHARDSON, Worcester, 
Mass. 

BURTON, BETHEL, Brooklyn, N. Y. 


MEDICINK, SURGERY, PROTHESIS. 

BOERICKE k TAFEL, Philadelphia, Pa. 
PLANTEN, H., & SON, New York. 
WALLACE BROS., Statesville, N. C. 

DICK, DUNDAS, New York. 

SEABURY & JOHNSON, New York. 
MITCHELL, GEO. K„ Lowell, Mass. 

FEHR, JULIUS, Hoboken, N. J. 

RANDLE, WM. H., Baltimore, Md. 

TIMS, WM., Paterson, N. J. 

WILSON, B. O. k G. C„ Boston. 

SMITH'S HOMEOPATHIC PHARMACY, New 
York. 

AYER, J. C„ & CO.. Lowell, Mass. 

BLAIR'S, H. C., SONS, Philadelphia, Pa, 
HANCE BROS, k WHITE, Philadelphia, Pa. 
ROHRBECK & GOEBELER, New York. 
BISHOP, JOAQUIN, Sugartown, Pa. 

GI EBERT, ALFRED A., Philadelphia. Ta. 
HECHELMAN, H. W„ Allegheny City, Pa. 
SEAMAN, LOUIS LIVINGSTON, New York. 
LONGAKER, H. D., Allentown, Pa. 

BOWEN, TRUMAN, Boston. 

McILROY, T., New York. 

WHITTEMORE, JOSHUA, Wakefield, Mass. 
CONDELL, J., & SON, New York. 
VAUGHAN, W. It.. Council Bluffs, Iowa. 
EVERETT, B. C., Philadelphia, Pa. 
SHEPARD & DUDLEY, New York. 

TAYLOR, CHARLES F., New York. 

DAY, G. HAYDEN, Bennington, Vt. 
TIEMANN, GEO., & CO., New York. 
NEWI5AUER, WM. G., Long Island City, N.Y. 
MARKS, A. A., New Y r ork. 

LEE, BENJAMIN, Philadelphia, Pa. 

WOODS, J. T., Toledo, O. 

AHL, DAVID, Newville, Pa. 

PILLING, GEO. P., Philadelphia. Pa. 
MERVINE, S. P. Jr-. Philadelphia, Pa. 
GEMRIG, J. H., Philadelphia, Pa. 

PERRY, VINCENT, Germantown, Pa. 
NATIONAL SURGICAL INSTITUTE, Indian¬ 
apolis, Ind. 

PENFIELD, E. C., k CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
ELASTIC TRUSS CO., New York. 

BLANCK, WM., & SON, Philadelphia, Pa. 
LEINER, M., New York. 

RHODES, ISAAC M., Hancock, Mich. 
CLEMENT, RICHARD, Philadelphia, Pa. 
HORN, W. H., & BRO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
DARRACH. S. A., Newark, N. J. 

GOODIER, JOHN, Philadelphia, Pa. 
CRANDALL, CHAS. J.. New York. 

WICKETT k BRADLEY, New York. 
BECKEL, AUGUST, & SON, Philadelphia, Pa. 
HINKLE k MAYON, San Francisco, Cal. 
HANDY k BOLAND, Atlanta, Ga. 

KOLBE, D. W„ Philadelphia, Pa. 

TRIUMPH TRUSS CO.. New York. 

KERN, HORATIO G., Philadelphia, Pa. 
FOSTER, JAMES A., Philadelphia, Pa. 
PINGREE, LUTHER F., Portland, Me. 

OTTO, F. G., & SONS, New York. 
BARTLETT, BUTMAN & PACKER, Boston. 
FREES, C. A., New York. 

PALMER, B. FRANK. LL.D., Phila., Pa. 
SEELEY, I. B., Philadelphia, Pa. 

McELROY, P. J., East Cambridge. Mass. 
MILLER, JAS. S., Philadelphia, Pa. 
ROWAND, JOHN R., Philadelphia, Pa. 
tLLEN & JOHNSON, Philadelphia, Pa. 
BETHF.LL, JOHN P., Philadelphia, Pa. 
PHILADELPHIA TRUSS CO., Phila., Pa. 
GUNNING, THOMAS BRIAN, New York. 
SPILLMAN. HENRY, New Orleans, La. 
DAVIS, JAMES T., New York. 

1E7FEL, J. J., Philadelphia, Pa. 

CO DM AN & SHURTLEFF, Boston. 

JUSTI, H. D., Philadelphia, Pa. 

JOHNSON k LUND, Philadelphia, Pa. 

NEVE, EDWARD, Omaha, Neb. 

WARDLE, THOMAS, Philadelphia, Pa. 
CHAPMAN,.JOHN WINSLOW, Hyannis, Mass. 
BROWN, E. PAItMLY, Flushing, N. Y. 
WHITE, SAMUEL S.. Philadelphia, Pa. 
WHITE, CHAS. A., Philadelphia, Pa. 


METCALF, DAVID H„ Battle Creek, Mich. 
ALLEN, J., & SON, New York. 

ABBEY, CHAS., & SONS, Philadelphia, Pa. 
BONWILL, W. G. A., Philadelphia, Pa. 
TAYLOR, J. HARE, Philadelphia, Pa. 
WARDLE, S., Cincinnati, O. 

NEALL, DANIEL W„ Camden, N. J. 
CROWTHER, D. W„ Hagerstown, Md, 
SCOTT, QUINCY A., Pittsburg, Pa. 
LUDWIG. SCHMIDT & MOHL, Houston, Tex. 
TABLEAU, WILLIAM Jr.. New York. 
CUTTER, EPHRAIM, Cambridge, Mass. 


HARDWARE, EDGE TOOLS, CUTLERY, METALLIC 
PRODUCTS. 

COLLINS & CO., New York. 

ELGIN NATIONAL WATCH CO., Elgin. Ill. 
SHEPARDSON, H. S. & CO., Shelburne Falls, 
Mass. 

DOUGLAS AXE MANUF'G CO., Boston. 
PUGH, JOB T., Philadelphia, Pa. 

ERNST & ELTERICH, Jersev City, N. J. 
CONARD, A. & I., Whitemarsh. Pa. 

EAGLE SQUARE MANUF’G CO., So. Shafts- 
bury, Vt. 

ELMIRA NOBLES’ MANUF'G CO., Elmira, 
N. Y. 

BUCK, CHARLES, Milbury, Mass. 

QUINT, S. H., k SON, Philadelphia. Pa. 
GENKINGER, ADOLPH, Newark, N. J. 
CARTER, EDWARD, Troy, N. Y. 

HOWELL, S. J., Orange, Mass. 

STANLEY RULE & LEVEL CO., New Britain, 
Conn. 

HOLLAND, JAMES C., New York. 
BILLINGS & SPENCER CO., Hartford, Conn. 
BOSSARD, H., Philadelphia, Pa. 

EDDY, GEO. M., & CO., Brooklyn, N. Y. 
FRY’S BOOKBINDERS STAMP k TOOL 
MANUFACTORY, Philadelphia. 

ROSE, WM., k BROS., Philadelphia. Pa. 
DOUGLASS MANUF’G CO., New York. 
COLTON, ALFRED J , Philadelphia, Pa. 
PRATT, JAS. T. & CO., New York. 

MALTBY, CURTISS K CO., New York. 
KOHLER, MARTIN, Philadelphia, Pa. 
CARTER. HENRY, New York. 

SIXSZ, PHILIP, Baltimore, Md. 

KING, JOSIAH, & SON, New York. 

BOOTH, JOHN, & SON, Philadelphia, Pa. 
BARTON, I). R., TOOL CO., Rochester, N.Y. 
AMERICAN SHOVEL CO., Birmingham, Ct, 
JOHNSON, WM., Newark, N. J. 

HAMPTON, CHAS. F., Ardmore, Pa. 

TEN EYCK AXE MANUF'G CO., Cohoes, N.Y. 
WHITE, WM., Newark, N. J. 

SF.LSOR, GEO., & CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
STAR TOOL CO., Middletown, Conn. 
GARDAM, WILLIAM, & SON, New York. 
SNELL MANUF'G CO., Fiskdale, Mass. 
BUCK BROS., Milbury, Mass. 

MAYDOLE, D., & CO.. Norwich, N. Y. 
FOERSTER & IvRAENTER, Newark, N. J. 
DAVIS LEVEL & TOOL CO., Springfield, 

AftlSS. 

DeWITT. MORRISON & KELLEY, Phila., Pa. 
SHEPHERD & LLOYD, Philadelphia, Pa. 
ROWLAND, B., k CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
YERKES & PLUMB, Philadelphia, Pa. 
BAILEY, LEONARD & CO., Hartford, Conn. 
MAYO, M. C., Boston. 

MILLER, EDWARD, & CO., Meriden, Conn. 
BEMIS & CALL HARDWARE k TOOL CO., 
Springfield, Mass. 

NEWTON, C. C., Dunkirk, N. Y. 

IVES, W. A. & CO., New Haven. Conn. 
MILLS, E., & CO., Philadelphia. Pa. 
DONALDSON, J. W., Massillon. Ohio. 
BATLEY WRINGING MACHINE CO., New 
York. 

KLEIN, LOGAN, & CO., Birmingham. Pa. 
CROSSMAN, A. W„ k SON, West Warren, 

Mass. 

NIXON, G. W. C., New York. 

OHIO TOOL CO., Columbus, Ohio. 

PALMER, WM. F., San Francisco, Cal. 

RUE, THEODORE, Philadelphia, Pa. 
TAYLOR. THOMAS, Providence, R. I. 
SMYTH k PENNINGTON, Paterson, N. J. 
WHITNEY MANUF'G CO., South Ashburu- 
ham, Mass. 

FRANKLIN, Mrs. ESTHER P., Phila., Pa. 
SANDUSKY TOOL CO., Sandusky, Ohio. 
HOPKINS, C.. Waltham, Mass. 

TOWER. JOHN J., New York. 

HARRISON k KELLOGG, Troy, N. Y. 
WILLS. EDWIN S., Philadelphia, Pa. 
MILLER'S FALLS CO., Miller's Falls, Mass. 
LLOYD, SUPPLER k WALTON. Phila., Pa. 
VATTF.RLE1N, JOHN, Philadelphia, Pa. 
LOWENTRANT, P., Newark, N. J. 

HART, BLIVEN & MEAD MANUF'G CO., 
Kensington, Conn. 

HOTCHKISS'S SONS, Bridgeport, Conn. 
BEAVER FALLS CUTLERY CO., Beaver 
Falls, Mass. 

BARNEY, E. H., Springfield. Mass. 

WILL k FINCK, San Francisco, Cal. 

UNION HARDWARE CO., Wolcottville, Conu. 
BADGER, BENJ. F., Charlestown, Mass. 
GOLDSCHMIDT. HERMANN, New York. 
FLORENCE SEWING MACHINE CO., Floe 
ence, Mass. 









EXHIBITORS IN THE UNITED STATES 


702 


HERDER, L. k SOX, Philadelphia, Pa. 
RUSSELL, .JOHN, New York. 

SHIPLEY, HOWARD W., Philadelphia, Pa. 
SEYMOUR, HENRY, & CO., New York. 
EVANS, W. I)., k CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
MERIDEN CUTLERY CO., West Meriden. Ct. 
HOLLEY MANUF'G CO., Lakeville, Conn. 
LAMSOX & OOODXOW MANUF'G CO., Shel¬ 
burne Falls, Mass. _ 

IT S STEEL SHEAR CO., West Meriden, Ct. 
MILLER BUO. CUTLERY CO., West Meriden, 


UUUU. . __ _ 

HEIXISCH'S, R.. SONS, Newark, X. J. 

WIS3. J., Newark, N. J. 

PLIMPTON, J. L., New York. 

FRIEDMAN & LAUTERJING, New York. 
EUNICE, LEOPOLD, St. .Louis, Mo. 

ROBBINS, CLARK k BIDDLE, Phila., Pa. 
GESSWEIN & REICHHELM, New York. 
NORTHFIELD KNIFE CO., Northfield, Conn. 
BREEDEN & NELKE, New York. 

GOODELL CO., Antrim, N. H. 

MARX BROS., New York. 

WINSLOW, SAMUEL, Worcester, Mass. 
BRADY, EDWARD, Philadelphia, Pa. 
WILLIS, AUG. L., Philadelphia, Pa. 

PECK & SNYDER. New York. 

NEW A T ORK KNIFE CO., Walden, N. Y. 
LOUIS, JULIUS, & CO., Jeffersonville, Ind. 
MITCHELL, J. E., Philadelphia, Pa. 

BOYD & CHASE, New York. 

ZUCKER & LEVETT, New York. 

BAEDER, ADAMSON & CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
NITTINGER, EDWARD, Philadelphia, Pa. 
TUCKER, GEO., New York. 

WHITE. T. R.. Philadelphia. Pa. 

HARRISON, W. H., & BROS., Phila., Pa. 
GARLAND, BENJ., Philadelphia, Pa. 

DIXON, THOS. S., & SONS, Philadelphia, Pa. 
MANLY, M. M., & SON. Philadelphia, Pa. 
JACKSON, W. H., & CO., New York. 
BALANCE k GROSJEAN MANUF'G CO., 


New York. 

REYBURN, HUNTER & CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
TIN PLATE DECORATING CO., New York. 
MILLER & KRIPS, Philadelphia. Pa. 
DEMUTtL WM., & CO., New York. 

MOTT, XL., New York. 

PAXON, COMFORT & CO., New York. 
WOODS, SHERWOOD & CO., Lowell, Mass. 
ANSONIA BRASS k COPPER CO., Ansouia, 


Conn. 

ROHRMAN, J. HALL, & SON, Phila., Pa. 
HUSSEY, C. G., & CO., Pittsburg, Pa. 
CHAMPION FENCE CO., Kenton, Ohio. 
BEVIN BROS. MANUF’G CO., East Hamp¬ 
ton, Conn. 

ARMBRUSTER, JACOB H., Phila., Pa. 

YALE LOCK MANUF'G CO., Stamford, Conn. 
BRAY, EDW. L., Boston. 

STEWART k MATTSON, Philadelphia, Pa. 
DEXTER SPRING CO., Hulton, Pa. 

NOCK, GEO. W., Philadelphia, Pa. 
CLEVELAND STEEL HORSESHOE CO., 
Cleveland, Ohio. 

TRENTON LOCK & HARDWARE CO., Phil¬ 
adelphia, Pa. 

ADAMS, WM. R. M., New York. 

SHANNON, J. B., Philadelphia, Pa. 

SMITH & EGGE, Bridgeport, Conn. 

IVELLS & HOPE CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
STAFFORD MANUF'G CO., New York. 
CORBIN, P. & F., New Britain, Conn. 
BROOKE, Ii. k G., Birdsboro’, Pa. 
AMERICAN STAIR ROD CO., New York. 
STANLEY WORKS, New Britain, Conn. 
ORBETON, W. IV. S., Boston. 

GLOBE NAIL CO., Boston. 

TUCHFARBER, F., & CO., Cincinnati, 0. 
WILER, WM., Philadelphia, Pa. 

WALTON, E. S., k CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
DUNBAR, HOBART & WHIDDEN, South 
Abingdbn, Mass. 

HILDEBRAND & WOLF, Philadelphia, Pa. 
CARR, CRAWLEY & DEVLIN, Phila., Pa. 
HALL'S SAFE k LOCK CO., Cincinnati, O. 
WHITAKER & SKIRM, Trenton, N. J. 
GOULD'S, M., SONS, New York. 

MORTON, THOS., New York. 

MALLORY, WHEELER & CO., New Haven, 
Conn. 

GAYLORD MANUF’G CO., Chicopee, Mass. 
UNION MANUF’G CO., New Britain, Conn. 
MERSEREAU, W. T. & J., Newark, N. J. 
MARVIN'S SAFE CO., New York. 
BOHANNAN, WILSON, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
UNION STEEL SCREW CO., Cleveland, O. 
CLARK & CO., Buffalo, N. Y. 

VAN WAGONER k WILLIAMS, New York. 
GONG BELL MANUF'G CO., Easthampton, 
Conn. 

ROMER & CO., Newark, N. J. 

COWELL, J. J., k CO., Newark, N. J. 
MIDDLETOWN TOOL CO., Middletown, Conn. 
WHIPPLE, H. P. J., West Meriden, Conn. 
McEAOHERN, DANIEL, Wilmington, Del. 
TIEBOUT, W. & J.. New York. 

PARKER & WHIPPLE CO., West Meriden, Ct. 
THORN, STEPHEN S.. Newark, N. J. 
WORRELL BANK LOCK MANUF'G CO., 
Philadelphia, Pa. 

HERRING k CO., New York. 

NEUMAN, E., 6 CO., Newark, N. J. 


VAN ALF.N & CO., Northumberland, Pa. 
BLAKE BROS. HARDWARE CO., New Haven, 


Conn. . , . , _ 

MILLER, D. K., LOCK CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
EAGLE LOCK CO., Terryville, Conn. 

JUDD, HUBERT L., New York. 

COLEMAN EAGLE BOLT WORKS, Philadel¬ 
phia, Pa. , „ _ 

MEEKER, D. M., & SON, Newark, N. J. 
HALL, P. W., Austin, Texas. 

NORWALK LOCK CO., South Norwalk, Conn. 
TERWILLIGER & CO., New York. 

ARMS, BELL & CO., Youngstown, Ohio. 
WHEELING HINGE CO., Wheeling, M . \ a. 
VANDUZEN k TIFT, Cincinnati, Ohio. 
AMERICAN SCREW CO., Providence, R. I. 
BRANFORD LOCK WORKS, New York. 
EASTON LOCK WORKS, Easton, Pa. 
WILSON. JOHN, Chicago, Ill. 

KEYSTONE HARDWARE MANUF'G CO., 
Reading, Pa. 

QUIGLEY, W. E., Waterbury, Pa. 

EVANS, F. H., Brooklyn, N. Y. 

FIELD, A., & SONS, Taunton, Mass. 

V r uyti v it’ Jir UTTTT.ttK SAVU Xr LOCK CO.. 


New York. 

LEWIS, OLIVER & PHILLIPS, Pittsburg. Pa. 
NEW BRITAIN LOCK CO., New Britain, Ct. 
AMERICAN WIRE k SCREW NAIL CO., 


Covington, Ky. 

BUCKMAN, IRA, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
RIVERSIDE IRON WORKS, Wheeling. W.V.u. 
TURNER & SEYMOUR MANUF'G CO., Wol- 
cottville, Conn. 

SARGENT & GREENLF,AF, Rochester, N. Y. 
WILCOX, WM., MANUF’G CO., Middletown, 
Conn. 

KING, J. M., & CO., Waterford, N. Y. 
KEYLESS PADLOCK CO.. New York. 

LYON, SYLVANUS, New York. 

JOHNS, H. W., New York. 

BARTON, W. F... East Hampton, Conn. 
CLARKE COMBINATION LOCK CO., Balti¬ 
more, Md. 

ORBETON, WM. W., Boston. 


FABRICS OF VEGETABLE, ANIMAL, OR MINERAL 
MATTERS. 

GLENDALE ELASTIC FABRICS CO., East- 
hampton, Mass. 

EASTHAMPTON RUBBER THREAD CO., 
Easthampton, Mass. 

WILLIS, AUG. L., Philadelphia, Pa. 
SELLERS, CHAS. P., Philadelphia. Pa. 
REYNOLDS, C. T., & CO., New York. 
ISAACS, M. C., & CO., Chicago, Ill. 

LEINER, M., New York. 

KERR, HUGH S., Philadelphia, Pa. 

LOVELL, G. H. k M. F., Philadelphia, Pa. 
POLLOCK & SON, Newark, N. J. 

MILES, BROS., k CO., New York. 

GRAND RAPIDS BRUSH CO., Grand Rapids, 
Mich. 

CLINTON, E., & CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
BOWMAN, C. A., & BRO., Madison, Ind. 
JOHNS, H. W., New York. 

FLORENCE MANUF'G CO., Florence, Mass. 
BAILEY, JOHN T., & CO., Philadelphia. Pa. 
BAUMGARDNER, WOODWARD k CO., Phil¬ 
adelphia. Pa. 

LAWRENCE, WATERBURY & CO., New York. 
VYSE, ROBT. H. t Brooklyn, N. Y. 

HOOPER, WM. E., k SONS, Baltimore, Md. 
HART, A. H., & CO., New York. 

WALL'S. WM., SONS, New York. 

HART, CLARENCE A., Philadelphia, Pa. 
TUCKER, CARTER & CO., New York. 
REYNOLDS, J. P., & CO., New York. 

LILLEY, M. C., & CO., Columbus, Ohio. 
WILSON, J. H., Philadelphia, Pa. 

NEW ENGLAND BUNTING CO., Lowell, Mass. 
SALISBURY & CO., New York. 

1’ITON, CAMILLE, Philadelphia, Pa. 

TREM UN, CHAS., Manlius, N. Y. 

TRASEL, EDWARD G., New York. 
WAKEFIELD RATTAN CO., Boston. 
liEAUDETT, HOMER J., Greenpoint, N. Y. 
WATERS, E„ & SONS, Troy, N. Y. 
JENNINGS BROS., New York. 

PRESTON k MERRILL, Boston. 

DORMAN MANUF'G CO., New York. 

PAXON, COMFORT & CO., Phila., Pa. 
SMITH, WM. M., West Meriden, Conn. 
ROGERS, C., & BROS., West Meriden, Conn. 
CHASE, F. & P. F., Philadelphia, Pa. 
DANBY, GEO., & CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
STRAUS, J. E., & CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
PHILADELPHIA GALVANIZING CO., Phil¬ 
adelphia, Pa. 

KITTREDGE CORNICE & ORNAMENT CO., 
Salem, Ohio. 

FALSTROM & TOMQVIST. Passaic Citv, N.J. 
PHILADELPHIA ARCHITECTURAL 'IRON 
CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 

McCULLOUGH IRON CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
BROWN & OWEN, Philadelphia, Pa. 
CORNELL, J. B. & J. M., New York. 
MARSHALL BROS. k CO, Philadelphia, Pa. 
ZINC ROOFING & ORNAMENTING WORKS, 
Chicago, Ill. 

BURINGER BROS., Dayton, Ohio. 

SMITH, S. A., New York. 


CARRIAGES, VKHICI.KS, AND ACCESSORIES. 

BLAKE BROS. HARDWARE CO.. New Haven, 
NEWIGHAWANICK CO.. South Berwick, Me. 
HOPKINS & ROBINSON MANUF'G CO., 
Akron, Ohio. 

PETTINGELL & SAWYER, East Cambridge, 
Mass. 

EAGER, P. B., TOWER & CO., Boston. 
FAXON, E., k CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 


SCHOOL TEXT BOOKS, FURNITURE, APPARATUS, 

BARNF.S, A. S.. k CO., New York. 

N. Y. INSTITUTION FOR THE BLIND, New 
York. 

N. Y. SILICATE BOOK SLATE CO., New 
York. 

NATIONAL SCHOOL FURNITURE CO., New 
York. 

SMITH, J. L.. Philadelphia, Pa. 

SHEPHERD. HENRY R.. Baltimore, Md. 
MOELLER, PETER W., New York. 

LLOYD, F,., Philadelphia, Pa. 

NIMS, H. B., & CO., Troy, N. Y. 

DOYLE BROS., Bangor, Me. 

McDERMOTT, FRANCIS. New- York. 
MITCHELL, S. A., Philadelphia, Pa. 
BOOTHBY. CHAS. W., k CO.. New Orleans. 
SCHERMERHORN. J. W„ & CO., New York. 
AMERICAN MISSIONARY ASSOCIATION, 
New York. 

PEIRCE, I. NEWTON, Philadelphia, Pa. 
ROOS, PETER, Boston. 

STEIGER, E., New York. 

SCHEDLER, JOSEPH, Jersey City Heights, 
N. J. 

ANDREWS, A. H., & CO., Chicago. Ill. 
EXCELSIOR SCHOOL FURNITURE MAN¬ 
UF’G CO., Cincinnati, Ohio. 

INGHAM UNIVERSITY, LeRoy, N. Y. 
COWPERTHWA IT & CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
ADAMS, S. C., Cincinnati, Ohio. 

WHITALL, HENRY, Philadelphia, Pa. 
SOWER, POTTS, & CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
DITSON, J. F... & CO.. Philadelphia, Pa. 
MASS. INST. OF TECHNOLOGY, Boston. 
STEVENS INST. OF TECHNOLOGY, Hobo¬ 
ken, N. J. 

COOPER UNTON, New York. 

HAMPTON NORMAL AND AGRICULTURAL 
INSTITUTE, Hampton, Va. 

MEYER, LOUIS, Philadelphia, Pa. 
AMERICAN PRINTING HOUSE FOR THE 
BLIND, Louisville, Ky. 

STATE OF INDIANA ED. DEPT, (by S. H. 
Smart), Indianapolis. 

STATE OF MICHIGAN (F. W. Noble, Sec'y), 
Detroit. 

STATE OF WISCONSIN ED. DEPT, (by 
Edw. Scaring). 

ED. EXHIBIT OF OHIO (by Clias. S. Smart). 
UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA. 

STATE OF R. I. BOARD OF ED. (by T. B. 
Stockwell), Providence. 

STATE OF N. H., DEPT. OF PUB. INSTRUC¬ 
TION (by John W. Simonds), Franklin. 
STATE OF CONNECTICUT ED. DEI T. (by 
B. G. Northrop), Hartford. 

STATE OF ILLINOIS, DEPT. OF PUB. IN¬ 
STRUCTION (by S. M. Etter). 

STATE OF MAINE, ED. DEPT, (by Warren' 
Johnson), Augusta. 

STATE OF IOWA, ED. DEPT, (by Alonzo 
Abernethy), Des Moines. 

STATE OF MISSOURI, F.D. DEPT, (by Wm. 

T. Harris). St. Louis. 

STATE OF MARYLAND F.D. EXHIBIT. 
STATE OF TENNESSEE ED. DEPT. 
COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS, 
DEPT. OF SCIENCE AND EI). 

STATE OF MINNESOTA, ED. DEPT. 

STATE OF N. J., DEPT. OF PUB. INSTRUC¬ 
TION (by Ellis A. Apgar), Trenton. 

STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 

PEIRCE'S UNION BUSINESS COLLEGE. 
BARTLETT, JOHN R., Providence, R. I. 
LIPPINCOTT, J. B., & CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
LOCKWOOD, GEO. R., New York. 

PORTER k COATES, Philadelphia, Pa. 
MERRIAM, G. k C., Springfield, Mass. 

DAVIS, CHAS. H., & CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
METHODIST BOOK CONCERN, New York. 
BURLEY, S. W., Philadelphia, Pa. 
MARSHALL, B. F. Jr.. Mobile, Ala. 

HOLMAN, A. J., & CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
CLARK & MAYNARD. New York. 
PRESBYTERIAN BOARD OF PUBLICA¬ 
TION, Philadelphia, Pa. 

MILLER, JAMES. New York. 

KOHLER, IGNATIUS, Philadelphia, Pa. 
GEVIN BROS., Boston. 

ALLEN, HENRY S., New York. 

PETERS, J. L., New York. 

WILSON, HINKLE & CO., Cincinnati, Ohio. 
HOYT, HENRY, Boston. 

CALMANN, CHAS., Philadelphia, Pa. 
McLOUGHLIN BROS., New York. 

IVISON, BLAKEMAN, TAYLOR & CO., Phil¬ 
adelphia, Pa. 

ESTES k LAURTAT, Boston. 

GRAHAM, ANDREW J., New York. 
BLODGET, LORIN, Philadelphia, Pa. 
PUTNAM, G. P., k SONS, New York. 















EXHIBITORS IN THE UNITED STATES 


703 


BUTLER. J. H . k CO.. Philadelphia, Pa. 
COOK. E. A., k CO., Chicago, III. 

WOOD. WM., k CO., New York. 

HARPER k BROS., New York. 

NATIONAL TEMPERANCE SOCIETY, New 
York. 

HARDING, W. W.. Philadelphia, Pa. 
BIOKNELL, A. J., k CO., New York. 
SHERWOOD, GEORGE, & CO., Chicago, Ill. 
ANOLTM, JAMES, Washington, D. C. 

STILL. WILLIAM. Philadelphia, Pa. 
CLANTON, REMSEN k HAFFELFINGER, 
Philadelphia, Pa. 

SWASEY. J. N., Yonkers, N. Y. 

KELLY. THOMAS, New York. 

ATWOOD, JOHN M.. Philadelphia, Pa. 
SHELDON & CO., New York. 

DEWEY, D. M„ Roc lies te i, N. Y. 

BURLOCK, SAM L D.. k CO.. Phila., Pa. 
TOWNSEND, G. W., Philadelphia, Pa. 
POTTER, JOHN E„ k CO., Phila., Pa. 
VIRTUE * YORSTON, New York. 

RYIRD. HENRY CAREY, <fc CO.. Phila., Pa. 
U. S. PUBLISHING CO., New York. 

ORANGE JUDD CO., New York. 

AMERICAN SUNDAY-SCHOOL UNION, Phil¬ 
adelphia, Pa. 

GOODRICH, D. W., New York. 

APPLETON. I).,* CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
GEBBIE k BARRIE, Philadelphia, Pa. 
ROBERTS, Rkv. H. FLOY, Williamsburgh, 
N. Y. 

ASHER k ADAMS, New York. 

AMERICAN BIBLE SOCIETY, New York. 
POTTER, AINSWORTH k <10., New York. 
GRIFFITHS, JOHN W„ New York. 

MrCHELS, IVAN C., New York. 

JOHNSON, T. k J. W , k CO., Phila., Pa. 
PETERSON, T. B., & BROS., Phila., Pa. 
STODDART, J. M„ k CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
RICE. D., k CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 

RREWER k TILESTON. Boston. 
UNIVERSITY PUBLISHING CO., New York. 
HOUGHTON, H. <)., k CO.. Cambridge, Mass. 
MASONIC PUBLISHING CO., New York. 
WELLS. S. R., k CO , New York. 

SCRIBNER, ARMSTRONG k CO., New York. 
AMERICAN TRACT SOCIETY, New York. 

S \BIN. J., k SONS, New York. 

LEYPOLDT, F., New York. 

KEHOE, LAWRENCE, New York. 

LINDSAY & BLAKLSTON, Philadelphia, Pa. 
KAY k BRO., Philadelphia, Pa. 

LEE k SHEPARD, Boston. 

OSGOOD, JAS. R., k CO.. Boston. 

SEVENTH DAY ADVENTIST PUBLISHING 
ASSOCIATION. Battle Creek, Mich. 

KNAPP, ALBERT E., Poultnev, Vt. 
AMERICAN NEWS CO.. New York. 

MILLER S BIBLE & PUBLISHING HOUSE, 
Philadelphia, Pa. 

DICK k FITZGERALD, New York. 

THE CENTENNIAL GUIDE BOOK CO., Phil¬ 
adelphia, Pa. 

AMERICAN BAPTIST PUBLICATION SO¬ 
CIETY, Philadelphia. Pa. 

ALLEN, LANE k SCOTT k JAS. W. LAU- 
DERBACH. Philadelphia, Pa. 

GILL, WM. F., k CO., Boston. 


INSTITUTIONS ANO OltOANIZATIONS. 

RURLF.1GH. J. B., Philadelphia, Pa. 

ALLEN, GEO. W., St. Louis, Mo. 

SLOAN, W B., Port Clinton, O. 

READ, A. N„ Norwalk, O. 

CUTLER, C., Hudson, O. 

KELLEY, GUSTAVUS, Kelley's Island, O. 
PAUL, DANIEL, Marlinsburg. O. 

FIRELANI) HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Nor¬ 
walk, O. 

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OF OHIO, Co¬ 
lumbus, O. 

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO, 
Columbus, O. 

WESTERN RESERVE COLLEGE, Hudson, O. 
FORCE, W. F., Cincinnati, O. 

NEFF, PETER, Gambier, O. 

BUOHTKL COLLEGE, Akron, O. 

MT. UNION COLLEGE, Alliance, O. 
MATSON, JOHN S. B., Shelby, O. 
WHITTLESEY, CHARLES, O. 

GABRIEL, PETER J., Perry, Me. 

KENNEY, T. Me., Portsmouth, O. 
HENDERSON, J. P., Newville, O. 

JUDGE, J. F., Cinciun iti, O. 

MORGAN. M. 0„ Urbana, O. 

BARTLETT, C. L., Ravenna, O. 

MUNDAY, GILBERT, Montezuma, O. 
ASHTABULA COUNTY HISTORICAL SO¬ 
CIETY, Ashtabula, O. 

PEET, S. D., Ashtabula, O. 

BEARD, JOHN, Attica, O. 

BENNETT, H., Putnam, O. 

HAWKINS, A. W., Twinsburg, O. 

SCHROYER, J. C., Cincinnati, O. 

BYRNES, L. M., Cincinnati. O. 

CLKNF.AY, THOMAS, Cincinnati, O. 
GIAQUK, FLORIF.N, Cincinnati, 0. 

MERCER, R. W„ Cincinnati, O. 

HILL, H. H., Cincinnati, O. 

HOSEA, L. M„ Cincinnati. O. 

8IMERELL, C. B., Cincinnati, O. 

HAWLEY, R. E-i Cleveland, O. 


FREEMAN, L. R., Cincinnati, O. 

JOHNSON, J. M„ Mt. Uniou, O. 

LARKINS, JOHN F., West Mansfield, O. 
SMUCKER, ISAAC, Newark, O. 

READ, M. C., Hudson, O. 

CHASE, G. W., Newark, O. 

ZANK, CARBON, Mifflin, O. 

STATE ARCHEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION 
OF OHIO. 

DICKESON, M. W., Pliiladelpbia, Pa. 
WESTERN RESERVE HISTORICAL SOCIE¬ 
TY, Cleveland, O. 

ANDERSON, MARSHALL, Circleville, O. 


SCIENTIFIC AND PHILOSOPHICAL INSTRUMENTS 
AND METHODS. 

KUEBLER, WM., Philadelphia, Pa. 

WILDER, CHARLES, Peterborough, N. H. 
KUHN EL, PAUL, New York. 

RITCHIE, E. S., k SONS, Boston. 

BLANCK. G., New York. 

KEUFFEL k ESSER, New York. 

ROGERS, WM. A., Cambridge, Mass. 

ALLEN, HORATIO, South Orange, N. J. 
CLUM, H. A., Elmira, N. Y. 

LEETE, ISAAC P., Branford, Conn. 

MULLER S SONS, NICHOLAS, New York. 
BENJAMIN, E. B., New York. 

GURLEY, W. k L. E„ Troy, N. Y. 

LOWE, N. M„ Boston. 

PRENTICE, JAMES, New York. 

HELLER k BUIGHTLEY, Philadelphia, Pa. 
ALTENEDER, THEODORE, Philadelphia, Pa. 
FAUTH, C., k CO., Washington, D. C. 

TARR, HENRY S., & SON, Philadelphia, Pa. 
BAHMANN BROS., New York. 
SOHLOTTERBECK, A. S., Portland, Me. 
TAGLIABUK, GIUSEPPE, New York. 
KRODEL, FRANZ, New York. 

KNOX k SHAIN, Philadelphia, Pa. 

YOUNG'S, WM. J., SONS, Philadelphia, Pa. 
RIGGS & BRO., Philadelphia, Pa. 

QUEEN, JAS. W., k CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
BLISS, JOHN, k CO.. New York. 

DEAKIN, KOBT. T., Philadelphia, Pa. 
WATTS & CO., Baltimore, Md. 

STEWART, A., Philadelphia, Pa. 

POTTIN REGISTER MF'G CO„ Phila., Pa. 
DARLING, BROWN & SHARPE, Providence, 
R. I. 

EDDY. GEO. M., & CO„ Brooklyn, N. Y. 
MAINS MANUF'G CO., New York. 

WEAVER, HENRY M„ Mansfield, O. 

JUVET, L. P„ Glen's Falls, N. Y. 

TIFFANY & CO., New York. 

HIETEL BROS., Philadelphia, Pa. 

ELGIN NATIONAL WATCH CO., Elgin, Ill. 
GALENA OIL WORKS, Franklin, Pa. 

SETH THOMAS CLOCK CO., Thomaston, Ct. 
HAGSTOZ & THORPE, Philadelphia, Pa. 
AMERICAN WATCH CO., Waltham, Mass. 
MEHR, GEO., Philadelphia, Pa. 

ITHACA CALENDAR CLOCK CO., Ithaca, 
N. Y. 

TESKE, CHARLES, Saratoga Springs, N. Y. 
ANSONIA BRASS & COPPER CO., Ansonia, 
Conn. 

SPELLIER, LOUIS H., Doylestown. Pa. 
EMPIRE CITY WATCH CO., Jersey City, N.J. 
FASOLDT, CHARLES, Albany, N'. Y. 

ELSON, JULIUS, Boston. 

LAPP, FERD., Detroit. Mich. 

FORTENBACH & SONS, Caristadt, N. J. 
PAULUS, E„ Philadelphia, Pa. 

HUMMEL, ALOIS. Baltimore, Md. 

ROBBINS, CLARK & BIDDLE, Phila., Pa. 
GROPPENGIESSF.R, JNO. L., Phila., Pa. 

E. N. WELCH MANUF'G CO., Forestville, Ct. 
NEW HAVEN CLOCK CO.. New Haven, Ct. 
IMHAUSER & CO., New York. 

BACON, B. H., Philadelphia, Pa. 

MITCHELL, VANCE & CO., New York. 
PEQUIGNOT, C. & A., Philadelphia, Pa. 
HAHL. A., & CO., Baltimore, Md. 

WHEELER, MARSHALL, Big Rapids, Mich. 
SCHENCK, JOHN H„ New York. 

HILL. J. W., Waterville, Kansas. 

WILSON, T. A. k CO., Reading, Pa. 

BLACK, L., & CO.. Detroit, Mich. 

ZF.NTMAYER. JOSEPH, Philadelphia, Pa. 
BEATTY, GEORGE D., Baltimore, Md. 
BAUSCH & LOMB OPTICAL CO., Rochester, 
N. Y. 

WALES, W., Fort Lee, N. J. 

WIESKOPF, F„, New York. 

SPENCER OPTICAL MANUF'G CO., New 
York. 

EDGERTON, N. H.,Philadelphia, Pa. 
DIAMOND, J., Pittsburg, Pa. 

MILLER BROS., New York. 

WALMSLEY, W. H., Philadelphia, Pa. 
AMERICAN OPTICAL CO., Southbridge.Mass. 
YALE LOCK MANUF'G CO., Stamford. Conn. 
PULVERMACHER GALVANIC CO., Cincin¬ 
nati, O. 

BRYAN. JAS. C., Philadelphia, Pa. 
GARDINER, SAMUEL, Washington, D. C. 
RF.YBURN, HUNTER & CO., Phila., Pa. 
GARRATT, ALFRED, Boston. 

KIDDER, JEROME, New York. 

PATRICK & CARTER. Philadelphia, Pa. 
FLEMING k TALBOT, Philadelphia. Pa. 
CORNISH, THOS. E., Philadelphia, Pa. 


MUNSON, DAVID, Indianapolis, Ind. 
WESTERN ELECTRIC MANUF'G CO., Chi¬ 
cago, Ill. 

LaFLIN k RAND POWDER CO., New York. 
BRITTAIN, R. J., Newark, N. J. 

PAOLI BELT CO., New York. 

BUCKMAN, IRA, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
GALVANO-FARADIC MANUF'G CO., New 
York. 

LAUNERT & DECKER, Cleveland, O. 
FINGER, HARE k CO., Boston. 
McCORMICK, JAMES, Philadelphia, Pa. 
NATIONAL FIRE ALARM TELEGRAPH CO„ 
Richmond, Ind. 

HOLMES BURGLAR ALARM TELEGRAPH 
CO., New York. 

BROOKS, DAVID, Philadelphia, Pa. 

EDISON. THOS. A., Newark, N. J. 
CLEVELAND LIGHTNING ROD CO., Gar- 
rettsville, O. 

DOWDEN, GEO. A., Newark. N. J. 
AMERICAN DISTRICT TELEGRAPH CO., 
Philadelphia, Pa. 

HENRY, £>. F., Detroit, Mich. 

GAMEWELL, JOHN N., New York, 

RICE, JAS. D., Philadelphia, Pa. 

GRAY & BARTON WESTERN ELECTRIC 
TELEGRAPH CO., Chicago, 111. 

ATLANTIC & PACIFIC TELEGRAPH CO„ 
Philadelphia, Pa. 

PHILLIPS, EUGENE F.. Providence, R. I. 
PHILIPS, W. J., Philadelphia, l’a. 
VIGNERON, CHARLES, Providence, R. I. 
LOCKWOOD, BROOKS k CO., Boston. 
WELCH & ANDRES, Boston. 

GRAY, ELISHA, Chicago, Ill. 

WATKINS, WM. B., New York. 

BELL, A. GRAHAM, Boston. 

WESTERN UNION TELEGRAPH CO., New 
York. 

FROST & HANLINE, Philadelphia, Pa. 

DAY, AUSTIN G„ New York. 

WHITE, SAMUEL S., Philadelphia, Pa. 
COSTON, WM. F„ Philadelphia, Pa. 

COLTON, MARTHA J., Philadelphia, Pa. 
HALE, B. S.. & CO., Lawrence, Mass. 

OTTO, JOHN WILLIAM, St. Louis, Mo. 
SIEBENHUNER, ANTON, New York. 
l’FAFF, JOHN, Philadelphia, Pa. 

GREINER, GEO., Philadelphia, Pa. 

MARTIN, C. F., & CO., Nazareth, Pa. 

PRATT, READ k CO., Deep River, Conn. 
MONROE ORGAN REED CO., Worcester, 
Mass. 

BURDETT ORGAN CO., Erie, Pa. 
BOULANGER, LOUIS, St. Louis, Mo. 

MEYER, CONRAD, k SONS, Phila., Pa. 
SCHOMACKER PIANO CO., Phila., Pa. 
HALLET, D AVIS k CO., Boston. 

MILLER. HENRY F., Boston. 

ZIMMERMANN, C. F., Philadelphia, Pa. 
ALBERT, CHAS. F., Philadelphia, Pa. 

MASON & HAMLIN ORGAN CO., Boston. 
ALBERT. JOHN, Philadelphia, Pa. 
SEEFELDT, WM. F., Philadelphia, Pa. 
INGALLS, W. G., & CO., Worcester, Mass. 
ESTEY, J„ & CO., Brattleboro , Vt. 

DOLGE, ALFRED, New York. 

FAAS, ANTHONY, Philadelphia, Pa. 
WATERS, HORACE, & SONS, New York. 
ROOSEVELT, H. F., New York. 

CALENDER, VAUPEL & CO., New York. 
HAZLETON BROS., New York. 

EISEL, M„ St. Louis, Mo. 

ALBRECHT & CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
HAMLIN, EMMONS, Boston. 

WOODS, GEO., & CO., Cambridgeport, Mass. 
GEMUNDER, GF.O., Astoria, N. Y. 

DURNER, CHAS. F., Quakertown, Pa. 
SHONINGER, B., ORGAN CO., New Haven, 
Conn. 

STEINWAY & SONS. New York. 

DECKER BROS., New York. 

LEHNERT, HENRY G., Philadelphia, Pa. 
GOLDSMITH, JONAS G., New York. 

BACON k KARR, New York. 

NEFF, JAMES, Philadelphia, Pa. 

UNITED PIANO MAKERS, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
HOEPPE, C. J., Philadelphia, Pa. 
MANHATTAN PIANO FORTE CO., New 
York. 

EMERSON PIANO CO., Boston, Mass. 
OLDENDORF, HENRY. New York. 

QUAKER CITY ORGAN CO., Phila., Pa. 
NEWMAN, EDWARD G., New York. 
PELOUBET, PELTON & CO., New York. 
IVERS, W. H., Dedham, Mass. 

JENNISON, WM. A.. Camden, Miss. 
NICHOLLS, REUBEN, Philadelphia, Pa. 
LENHERT, CARL, Boston. 

OHIO VALLEY PIANO CO., Ripley, O. 
CUMMINS, HENRY, New York. 

ROBBINS k APPLETON, New York. 

HINDS & SONS, Newark, N. J. 

WING, F. L., & HILL, F. M., New York. 
McFADDEN, GEORGE, Syracuse, N. Y. 
MOELLER, A., Hartford. Conn. 

SIMPSON & CO.. New York. 

GEMUNDER, AUGUST, New York. 

SOHMER & CO., New York. 

McDONALD, JAS., Williamsport, Pa. 

DOBSON, Mrs. LOUISA, New York. 

HAINES BROS., New York. 
















704 


EXHIBITORS IN THE UNITED STATES 


STECK, GEORGE & CO., New York. 
HARDMAN, HUGH, New York. 

WEBER, ALBERT, New York. 

WILDMAN, L. P., Danbury. Conn. 

U. S. PIANO CO., New York. 

KNABE, W.M., & CO., Baltimore, Md. 
BERRY, JAMES B., Boston. 

STIEFF, CHAS. M., Baltimore, Md. 

NEW HAVEN ORGAN CO., New Haven, Ct. 
HOOK, E. <fc G. G., & HASTINGS, Boston. 
KNAUFF, THEODORE O., Philadelphia, Pa. 
HINZEN & ROSEN, Louisville, Ky. 
WESSELL. NICKEL k GROSS, New York. 
PERRY, J. R., Wilkesbarre, Pa. 

ROGERS UPRIGHT PIANO CO., Boston. 
PERROT, AUGUSTE, Philadelphia, Pa. 
WATSON, J. JAY, New York. 

OH1CKERING & SONS, Boston. 

WELLENBERGER, JOS., k GANTER, New 
York. 

MORTIMER, JOHN R., New York. 

BEHNING k DIEHL, New York. 

BENHAM ORGAN CO., Indianapolis, Tnd. 
MATHUSHEK PIANO MANUF'G CO., New 
Haven, Conn. 

SMITH, B. N., & CO., New York. 

SECOR, JEROME P> , Bridgeport, Conn. 
KRANICH & BACH, New York. 

CLOUGH & WARREN ORGAN CO., Detroit, 
Mich. 

MISSENHARTER, CHAS., New York. 
KOMPFF, PH., New York. 

I.TGHTE k ERNST, New York. 

WILLIS, AUG. L., Philadelphia, Pa. 

BROWNE & P.USKEWELL, New York. 

CONN k DUPONT, Elkhart, Ind. 

BOSTON MUSICAL INSTRUMENT MANU¬ 
FACTORY, Boston. 

SCHINDLER, C. A., New York. 

TAYLOR k FARLEY ORGAN CO., Worcester, 
Mass. 


ENGINEERING, ARCHITECT ERE, CHARTS, MAPS, 
AND GRAPHIC REPRESENTATIONS. 

LOWTHORP. FRANCIS C., Trenton, X. J. 
BARNUM, RICHARDSON k CO., Lime Rock, 
Conn. 

AMERICAN BRIDGE CO.. Chicago, Til. 
CARROLL. FRANCIS. New Orleans. La. 
CLARKE. REEVES k CO.. Philadelphia. Pa. 
PHILADELPHIA k READING R. R. CO.. 
Philadelphia. Pa. 

PETTIT. HENRY, & WILSON, JOS. M., Phil 
adelphia. Pa. 

THOMAS IRON CO.. Hokendaqua. Pa. 

KING IRON BRIDGE k MANUF'G CO.. 
Cleveland, O. 

NORTH CHICAGO ROLLING MILL CO., 
Chicago, Ill. 

PEARSONS. G. W.. Ogdensburg, N. Y. 
PETTIT, HENRY, Philadelphia. Pa. 

WILSON, JOS. M., Philadelphia, Pa. 
CENTENNIAL COMMISSION OF THE 
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGI¬ 
NEERS OF THE U. S. 


CHANUTE, OCTAVE, New York. 
MORRISON, E. H., Boonton, N. J. 

CROES, J., JAMES R., Yonkers, N. Y. 
MORRIS, R. C., Nashville, Tenn. 

HERRING, RUDOLPH, Philadelphia, Pa. 
MCDONALD, CHARLES, New York. 
CHESTER, STEPHEN, New Y r ork. 

PEARSE, J. B., Philadelphia, Pa. 
LINVILLE, J. H., Philadelphia, Pa. 
PHOENIX IRON CO., Philadelphia, Pa, 
CLARK, REEVES & CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
JOHNSON, J., LaSalle, 111. 

ROCKWOOD, GEO. F., New York. 
FOWLER, CHARLES E., New Haven, Conn. 
CRF.ZIER, D. W. C., Chicago, III. 
BETHLEHEM IRON CO., Bethlehem, Pa. 
JERVIS, JOHN B., Rome, N. Y. 

SEVERT, WM. A., Syracuse, N. Y. 

COX, E. T., Indianapolis, Ind. 

DUDLEY, P. H., Cleveland, O. 

DRINKER, HENRY S., Philadelphia, Pa. 
FOSTER. WILBUR F., Nashville, Tenn. 
ARMINGTON, JAMES H., Brooklyn, N. Y. 
SMEDLEY, SAMUEL L., Philadelphia, Pa. 
DAVIS, E. T. C., Pottsvillc, Pa. 

DARRACH, S. A., East Orange, N. J. 
CANFIELD, FREDERIC A., Dover, N. J. 
GRANT, WM. A., New York. 

THURSTON, ROBERT M., Hoboken, N. J. 
TARR, H. G. H., Orbesouia, Pa. 

STANLEY. I. N., Brooklyn, N. Y. 

ELLIS, THEO. G., Hartford, Conn. 
McALPINE, WM. J., Albanv, N. Y. 
BOWDEN, J. H„ Wilkesbarre, Pa. 

SMITH, WM. SOOY, Mavwood, Ill. - 
SHEDD, J. HERBERT. Providence. R. I. 
BRIGGS, ROBERT, Philadelphia, Pa. 
THOMPSON. D. M„ Providence, R. I. 

UNION IRON CO., Buffalo, N. Y. 

WREN, W. C., Brooklyn, N. Y. 

W1THF.RBEE, J. F., Port Henrv, N. Y. 
OXFORD IRON CO., Oxford, N. Y. 

SMITH k SAYRE. New York. 

PAULDING, KEMBLE k CO., Cold Spring. 
N. Y. 

PRINDLE, F. C., Philadelphia, Pa. 

PATTON. J. D., Norristown, Pa. 

RISDON IRON k LOCOMOTIVE WORKS. 
SCHOOL OF MINES OF COLUMBIA COL¬ 
LEGE. New York. 

GLENDON IRON CO.. Easton. Pa. 

CAMBRIA IRON CO., Johnstown. Pa. 
BIRKENBINE. H. P. M., Philadelphia, Pa. 
HORNIG, JULIUS. Chicago. Ill. 

SHINN. WM. P.. Pittsburg. Pa. 

NICHOLS. H. K.. Pottsvillc, Pa. 

BISHOP. D. E., New York. 

SANDBERG, C. P., London. England. 

EMERY. CHAS. F... New York. 

GAUJOT. F... Philadelphia, Pa. 

HANGING ROCK IRON REGION. Ironton, O. 
EARNSHAW. HENRY. Cincinnati. O. 
CLEVELAND, H. W. S.. Chicago, Ill. 
BOWDITCH. ERNEST W., Boston. 

KRAUSE, H., New York. 

SIBETH, OTTO, New York. 


WALLING, H. T., Boston. 
BOGART, JOHN, New York. 


PHYSICAL, SOCIAL, AND MORAL CONDITION OF MAN. 

HEALTH LIFT CO., New York. 

LAWRENCE, JOHN N„ New York. 

SHIBE, J. I)., Philadelphia, Pa. 

AUTOMATIC SB ING CO., St. Louis, Mo. 
REACH k JOHNSTON. Philadelphia, Pa. 
WOOD, WILLIAM, New York. 

MARSH, JAS. P., k CO., Chicago, III. 

CARR, W. B., k CO., Brooklvn, N. Y. 

RICK, S. IV., A CO., New York. 

KNIGHT, W. A., Worcester, Mass. 

HI ESTER, CHAS. EDWARD, Harrisburg, Pa. 
LEEDS, LOUIS M., New York. 

DERROM, ANDREW, Passaic, N. J. 

KASSON, W. M., Dept, of Pub. Comfort. 
DEPT. OF PUBLIC COMFORT. Stationery. 
RUDOLPH k WALTER, Camden, N. J. 

DEPT. OF PUBLIC COMFORT. Cafe. 
HINVEST, ROBERT, New York. 
CENTENNIAL SAFE DEPOSIT CO., Phila¬ 
delphia, Pa. 

SCOTT, J. W.. & CO., New York. 

MAYER, MOSES, New York. 

N. Y. CATHOLIC PROTECTORY, New York. 
INVENTORS' PROTECTIVE k BENEVO¬ 
LENT ASS. OF THE U. S., Pittsburg. Pa. 
AMER. SOC. FOR THE PREVENTION OF 
CRUELTY TO ANIMALS, New York. 
AMERICAN MISSIONARY ASSOCIATION, 
New York. 


YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION 
OF NORTH AMERICA. New York. 

DOD, S. B.. Hoboken, N. J. 

SHIPPEN, W. W., Hoboken. N. J. 

MILLER. W J.. Philadelphia, Pa. 

CAMP, J. H., Philadelphia, Pa. 

SWEENEY, THOMAS S., Cleveland, O. 
HEARD k SONS. Cleveland, O. 

PFEIFFER. CARL, New York. 

SCHWARZMANN, H. J., Philadelphia, Pa. 
BUZ BY, ALBERT G., Philadelphia, Pa. 
STOKES & PARRISH. Philadelphia. Pa. 
BOSTON HYDRAULIC MOTOR CO., Boston. 
BYRNS k BRYAN, New York. 

PULI.MANN S PALACE CARGO.. Chicago, Ili. 
WOODRUFF. JONAH. Philadelphia. Pa. 
SNOW. J. H., Bucksport. Me. 

NEILSON, GEORGE, Philadelphia. Pa. 


STATE OF NEW JERSEY (by Geo. H. Cook,, 
New Brunswick. 

PHILA. k READING R. R. CO.. Phila., Pa. 
JUDY, W. W.. St. Louis. Mo. 

BENE. CREIGHTON k CO., New York. 
CAMPBELL, S. S., Cadiz, O. 

BAYLIS, H., Cadiz. O. 

BIRNEY. M. L., Bnwerstown, O. 

QUIGLEY, ALBERT. Cadiz, O. 

JAMISON, W. W., Cadiz. O. 

FAXON k WRIGHT, Philadelphia, Pa. 














COMPARATIVE REVIEW. 


The International Exhibition at Philadelphia drew together the representa¬ 
tives of more countries than ever before contributed to a similar display. There 
were found the mineral wealth, held for ages in the bowels of the earth—the 
agricultural products of all lands—the tools and engines of industry—the fabrics 
of comfort and luxury—the art accumulations running through centuries—gath¬ 
ered in the several buildings, delighting millions, whatever were their tastes. 
With few exceptions, all these were in the interest of peace, and even the mighty 
weapons may be classed in the same grand harmony. When wars become 
positively annihilating to nations, may not better, holier, and more considerate 
sympathies prevail—may not good triumph over evil—may not the period be has-* 
tened when the lion and the lamb shall lie down together in peace, and the 
nations learn war no more ? Are we not then justified in examining the world’s 
wonders, collected upon these spacious grounds, not as belonging to several 
peoples, but as the work of one grand terrestrial family ? Though tongues utter 
various sounds, we find these mute arrays emitting but one language—that of 
love, of sympathy, of encouragement, of magnanimous appreciation. 

Nearly all the exhibits were competitive, and the judges, selected from all 
contributing countries, have made their awards. These have been by individuals 
and objects, and have given general satisfaction to the public, leaving little room 
for idle caviling. Their labors were extremely arduous, and we can bear cheer¬ 
ful testimony to their unremitted perseverance during the entire six months of 
unappreciated work. 

We now propose to briefly examine the classes by nationalities, and point 
out the leading characteristics of each. We shall not be over-confident in our 
remarks, and perhaps not strictly accurate in our judgment; but our efforts will 
be to record what appeared to be the general opinion among experts, as well as 
our own conclusions. We shall endeavor to ignore as far as possible the fact 
that the Exhibition was American, and that, as a matter of course, our own peo¬ 
ple had most to do and more to show than any other. In short, our endeavor 
shall be to know no preference from mere feeling—to do justice to all. 

In order to simplify our remarks as far as possible, we have adopted the 
classification used by the officers of the Exhibition. 

I.—department of mining and metallurgy. 

In extent, value, and variety of displays of ores, minerals, etc., the United 
States far excelled other countries. Beside the arrays scattered throughout the 



706 


COMPARATIVE REVIEW. 


various buildings, the Mineral Annexes were filled with specimens of nearly all 
the ores, marbles, porphyries, granites, sandstones, clays, coals, etc., found in 
the country. In Government Building the minerals were scientifically classified 
and comprehensively arranged. The gold and silver of California, the copper 
of the region of Lake Superior, the iron of more than one hundred prolific dis¬ 
tricts, were largely shown. In arrangement and extent our Canadian friends 
came second, showing a carefully arranged geological collection. Then Germany 
produced, in Machinery Hall, a column of her valuable Spiegelheisen, thirty feet 
high. Russia showed her brilliant malachite, and Mexico her delicately-veined 
and translucent onyx. 

Of metallurgic products the United States again ranked first in extent. 
The iron ranged from the coarse pig to the grand beams, columns, and shafts. 
The iron and steel rails, the rolled and sheet iron, and the wire and chains were 
of the highest grade. The useful and ornamental products of the metals were 
finest from our own manufacturers. Norway and Sweden, in heavy iron forgings, 
and steel work, deserve particular mention. Russia came next. Her sheet iron 
• was of splendid workmanship, much of it being as thin as the leaves of this book, 
and without a flaw. Her display of manufactured malachite was most magni¬ 
ficent. 

Of Mining Engineering the United States presented an endless variety of 
tunneling apparatus, also steam engines scarcely two feet high, but of great 
power. Belgium exhibited cumbrous but very effective machinery for sinking- 
shafts, and for removing the debris during the operation. 

II.—MANUFACTURES. 

The largest displays of Chemicals were from the United States. Even in 
delicate pharmaceutical preparations our people had the most varied and finest 
arrays. France had a goodly assortment, very neatly arranged and carefully 
labeled. The same may be said of England and Germany. The English dyes 
were worthy of all commendation, while the German ultramarines were the best 
shown. 

The Porcelains were extremely attractive. The ceramic art originated in 
works of coarse material and articles of primitive necessity. It has grown 
through the ages; the wares have been improved and beautified until they now 
form a prominent branch of industry in every quarter of the globe. There is 
not a nation, not a people, where these articles are not made ; and different 
countries excel in various branches. We award to Germany the most elegant 
and artistic painting on porcelain ; to England the finest specimens of medalion 
work. To the latter country also belongs the credit of having presented the 
largest and finest samples of faience and terra-cotta statuary, and figured panels. 
The Boulton ware was unsurpassed ; its very massiveness gave it a boldness of 
development that carried conviction of its utility. France ranked high in her 
immense tile decorations. Italy exhibited some terra-cotta work of the finest 




COMPARATIVE REVIEW. 


707 


artistic accuracy, as did Denmark. Other countries, together with our own, con¬ 
tributed, but were far excelled by those named. 

In Glass, France had the finest collection of plate, and Austria, from her 
piovince of Bohemia, the most elegant table and colored ware, and spun glass. 
I he United States may claim the highest rank for Venetian, concave, and con¬ 
vex mirrors, and in the general line of ornamental glass furniture. 

In Furniture, the display of the United States was the largest, and, taken 
as a whole, the most tasteful, as well in plain as in ornamental articles. Next 
came Austria, with her remarkable bent-wood fabrics. These articles were not 
only charming in appearance, but they were much stronger, as well as lighter, 
than the old-fashioned pieced work. The bent-wood can be adapted to any style, 
even where massiveness becomes a leading feature. England showed furniture 
ol the heavy order—very richly and sharply carved. The Chinese excelled all 
others in the elaboration of their designs, and in delicacy of execution. The 
Chinese displayed great skill and perseverance in their carvings of ivory, some 
of the specimens exhibited being really wonderful. In artistic carving of the 
same substance, Germany took high rank. The Japanese were unrivaled in the 
production of lacquered wares of every description. In the Netherlands depart¬ 
ment were found the most rare and elegant.specimens of figured, painted, and 
inlaid japanned screens. These were truly wonderful specimens of art. 

There were large and varied collections of textiles, comprising articles from 
every branch. Our owm country presented case after case of every class of 
woolen goods, though principally of the finer qualities, showing unexpected 
excellence in cassimeres. The English broadcloths were of unmistakable excel¬ 
lence, both in texture and permanency of colors, while due praise was everywhere 
given to the French and German cassimeres. In woolen and cotton yarns, and 
in silk threads, the displays from the United States were most worthy of com¬ 
mendation. In black and colored silks, and in damask cloths, the French 
exhibits were universally awarded unbounded praise. In gold cloths Russia and 
France were preeminent, while India showed golden laces of regal magnificence. 
The poplins of Ireland were unrivaled. The laces showing the most elaborate 
designs, and the greatest delicacy in execution, were sent from Belgium. 

In Carpets the American display was large, and fully equal to any other in. 
Brussels and velvet. England excelled in her Axminster and Kidderminster, 
and France in her woven and wrought rugs. England and France showed to 
great and about equal advantage in heavy figured tapestries and general hand¬ 
work embroideries and gobelins. In cotton cloths and the general run of domes¬ 
tic goods, the United States presented enough to stock a mill. France drew 
constant admiration to her delicate and tasteful prints. And India showed the 
very finest quality of gauzy muslins—her famous mulmuls, etc. 

Of general manufactured Clothing, the United States stocked one corner of 
the main building with elegant walnut cases filled with an endless variety of 
vestments—the best in quality shown. In heavy outer clothing England pre¬ 
sented a superior array, both in material and workmanship. The United States 
35 






708 


COMPARATIVE REVIEW. 


exhibited the finest work, and the most extensive collection of general under¬ 
garments. Spain had the largest exhibit of ready-made shirts. 

Of Boots and Shoes the United States excelled in extent of display, and 
general excellence of material and manufacture. Yet to France was awarded 
the prize for superior elegance in ladies’ gaiters, made of both leather and silk, 
and embroidered in charming taste. In heavy boots, Russia excelled. 

The displays of Rubber goods were large and excellent, though confined to 
few persons. It is not too much to claim for the United States superior excel¬ 
lence in all branches of this industry. Next came Russia, with a much admired 
stock in the same line. 

In Furs, Russia took preeminence, her stock being large and of the most 
costly kind. Her robes of valuable skins were of imposing beauty, and were 
most scientifically cured. Sweden had the largest collection of cured furs, and 
the United States the most complete and varied assortment of fur clothing. 

The displays of Jewelry were generally of the richest classes, though we 
found also plenty of light and poor articles. France had the fewest, and yet the 
richest and finest designs. In general execution and excellent workmanship the 
palm is awarded to the United States, which country had also the finest exhibit 
of precious stones. The largest diamond was an uncut gem from the Orange 
Free State; the largest opal was from Austria; the largest topaz from Brazil. 
Our own country had the finest collection of cut cameos. In the commoner style 
of jewelry Italy had a large and varied display. Italy had also the finest array 
of emeralds. It was a strange fact that the gems shown by foreign exhibitors 
could be purchased at from two-thirds to three-quarters less than the same weight 
and quality of stones from our own jewelers. 

In Gold and Silver ware the classes varied. In repousse, England was con¬ 
sidered as excelling, though the United States and Russia presented fine speci¬ 
mens in the same line. Indeed, the exquisite gold and silver and bronze work 
of Russia was a surprise. Norway showed the finest execution in silver filigree 
work. The United States had the greatest variety of designs, and in general 
execution was unsurpassed. 

Of Paper, England and the United States presented the finest specimens of 
laid note and letter paper, while the United States had the finest qualities of 
wall and printing papers. 

Of Books, the United States had an admirable display, both in material and 
excellence of workmanship. To France and Germany belong the next place in 
this line. 

Of Weapons, Germany produced the heaviest steel guns. France sent her 
mitrailleuse; the United States, the Gatling and Gardner guns, and various 
repeaters. All these are excellent in their way, and have many national advo¬ 
cates. The United States rifles and revolvers were very generally pronounced 
superior. 

In Sanitary Apparatus the United States was acknowledged to be far in 
advance. Everything needed was arranged so as to be instantly attainable. 



COMPARATIVE REVIEW. 


709 


The Gei man army appliances were praiseworthy. These countries, while pro¬ 
viding foi the most effective warfare, have at the same time made arrangements 
foL the proper and immediate care of the sick and wounded. In this same line 
follow surgical instruments, and of these the contest for superiority appeared to 
be nearly equally divided between the United States, France, and Russia. Each 

ol these countries exhibited superior, ingenious, and extremely useful instru¬ 
ments. 

Of Hardware the varieties were so extensive that it is difficult to separate 
merits. The United States had the largest display; every branch of the trade 
was represented, and the material and workmanship of every article was good. 
For general elegance and utility we were unsurpassed. While we exhibited fine 
specimens of cutlery, England came forward with a long-established name and 
spread before us articles of steel of the finest quality. Yet it is acknowledged 
that Sheffield is falling behind in competition with America. There are Amer¬ 
ican firms that sell edge tools in British colonies. In grates, fenders, and mantel¬ 
pieces of metal and stone, the United States was superior, in design, finish, and 
material. 

Of carriages, buggies, wagons, and carts, sleighs and sledges, together with 
their several appliances, the United States had by far the largest display, and, in 
general, the most superior. France and England excelled in heavy coaches, 
diligences, etc., and Russia in the substantial make and commodious arrange¬ 
ment of her sleighs. 

Ill — IN EDUCATION AND SCIENCE 

the displays were not so numerous as might have been expected, and yet they 
were very complete. Of systems of education we may undoubtedly place our 
own country in the first rank ; while other lands may, with equal propriety, lay 
claim to preeminence. After the United States we place Canada, where our 
institutions are extensively copied, and we are not so biased but that we may 
confess that the Dominion has improved some of our methods. And next we 
place Sweden, Austria, and Russia. In technical school work, and public school 
arrangement, discipline, and thoroughness, the United States excelled, with 
Sweden second. In philosophical and educational apparatus our own exhibits 
were much superior. Sweden exhibited the finest school-house, botli in design 
and construction. For cheap, accurate, and abundant models for object-teaching, 
and for simple appliances to illustrate the laws of nature, Russia stood first. 
Though Germany and France, especially the former, have excellent systems, 
they were not fully shown. In methods and apparatus for teaching deaf mutes 
and the blind, the United States is far in advance of other countries. While 
other lands have, in too many instances, sought merely to provide these unfor¬ 
tunates with means of procuring a livelihood, we have looked to their mental 
education, and have succeeded remarkably well. In ceramic decorations used in 
teaching, Sweden provided a new and useful material. In architectural draw¬ 
ings and castings, our own land excelled. In physical, social, and moral teach- 




710 


COMPARATIVE REVIEW. 


ing there was diversity. In the first, Sweden and the United States were about 
on a par. Canada and Russia were prominent. 

iv.—ART. 

In Sculpture, all agreed in awarding the palm to Italy. The exhibits of 
this land of the chisel were very poorly represented in Main Building, but 
when we gazed upon her wonders in Memorial Hall, all doubts vanished—we 
stood delighted, entranced, convinced. Next to Italy our own country took rank 
in sculpture. Our artists succeeded admirably in conception and execution. 
Sweden showed some quite attractive, and two or three very exquisite pieces, 
worthy the best masters anywhere. 

In Painting the United States had the largest collection ; many of the pieces 
taking the first rank. There were a few historical pieces that w r ere quite attract¬ 
ive, and in landscape and imaginative sketches, the display was excellent. 
England furnished many very superb paintings, and indulged largely in the his¬ 
torical. Of imaginative drawings there were many highly interesting and very 
splendid compositions. Netherlands presented some copies from old masters 
that were of the highest order. Sweden showed much original genius, and 
Spain, in Scriptural pieces, took high rank. Of Italy we cannot say so much ; 
after her graceful sculpture, her paintings seemed mediocre. 

In Engraving and Lithography, England and the United States were nearly 
on a par, though the latter had the larger array. France showed very elegant 
specimens of the most delicate execution; her collection, as a whole, took the 
first rank. In Photography the United States had the largest array, and some 
of the most exquisite finish. Italy, owing to her clear and brilliant atmosphere, 
produced the finest specimens. Her photographic landscapes were of great 
beauty, and finished in the perfection of the art. France showed glass transpa¬ 
rencies that were beautiful and exceedingly interesting. England exhibited 
vignettes of nearly two hundred celebrated characters, all fine pictures. While 
the artists of the United States have striven to give faithful pictures in absolute 
truth, the French have reached forward to more tasteful delineations, and their 
success is strongly marked. 

In Industrial and Architectural designs, each country appeared to have a 
particular school of its own, and it is a matter of extreme delicacy to determine 
which was in the advance. In no land did we find the diversity that prevailed 
at home. Our people are curiously mingled in politics, religion, and philosophy. 
While as a country we presented the largest collection of designs, we cannot 
claim for them a national origin, but only claim that the borrowed plumage has 
been developed by an extended examination of the works of others, and by care¬ 
fully directed native talent. The orders of architecture are not always followed, 
and our countrymen deserve much praise for being unconfined by former excel¬ 
lence. Foremost in models of national projects for protecting lands and cities 
from oceanic washings, were the home works of the Netherlands, shown in 
Main Building. These exhibited not only great engineering knowledge, but they 






COMPARATIVE REVIEW. 


711 


represented works that have accomplished the great object for which they were 
designed. They could only be compared with the accurate and highly finished 
models shown by the Russian government. Brazil also presented many admira¬ 
ble drawings of public works, and rich and elaborate church designs. 

In Ceramic Decorations and Mosaic Works the displays were not very ex¬ 
tensive. Of certain ceramics we have already spoken, and of mosaics we found 
few that were truly excellent, with the exception of those from Italy in Memorial 
Hall. These were truly wonderful, and were constantly surrounded by crowds 
of admiring visitors. The inlaid tables that we have described in our notice of 
Memorial Hall, and similar Italian labors in Main Building, gave that country 
the palm in all works of that nature. 

Y.—OF MACHINERY 

the displays were grand and imposing, and it was here that our own country 
was acknowledged by all as leading the world. Of tools for mining purposes, 
the United States showed powerful drills that might be worked at any angle, 
and with great rapidity. In diamond circular saws and adjustable drills our 
own country exceeded all others, as far as presented at the Exhibition. We also 
excelled in small locomotive engines for running in narrow seams, and doing the 
work of twenty men. England came next with her powerful drills and coal¬ 
getting machinery. Belgium showed well-designed and heavy machinery for 
sinking shafts. 

Of machinery for working metals, wood, and stone, the United States earned 
the first rank. The tunnel and diamond drills were wonders of mechanical skill 
and engineering enterprise. The American display of lathes, planers, boring- 
machines, shapers, drills, vises, hammers, etc., attracted continuous and minute 
examination. The power-lathes were models of accuracy—easily adjusted, 
strong, and durable. England displayed heavy anvils and sledges. For work¬ 
ing wood, the tools of the United States were acknowledged as the perfection in 
that line of machinery. The apparatus for bending the heaviest timbers, and 
for making shingles, barrels, etc., were such as no one had before seen. Pre¬ 
cision and rapidity marked all these tools. Our people also exhibited wood¬ 
sawing and turning machines of- superior excellence. Few other countries 
exhibited anything in this line. The drop and trip-hammers of the United 
States were superior to all others, though England showed a most admirable 
power-hammer. 

Of Spinning and Weaving Machinery, England was prominent for magni¬ 
tude of display,* that showed the entire machinery for carding, spinning, weav¬ 
ing, printing, etc., and for keeping the whole in operation. Our people had 
many separate machines in the same line, and of very superior make, but the 
English exhibits comprised several working factories. In complicated looms 
England had a fine exhibit, though the United States excelled in the famous 
Jacquard loom, as also in improved power-looms. The American spinning 



712 


COMPARATIVE REVIEW. 


machinery received general approbation, and the highest praise was given to our 
celebrated ring and traveler. 

Of Sewing Machines, the United States took precedence over all other 
nations. The machines were all neatly made, and were doing every variety of 
work, both plain and ornamental. Canada sent many fine machines, but they 
would not bear a comparison with our own. 

Of Printing Machinery generally, the United States stood most prominent. 
Those intended for book-work were numerous, and of easy management, while 
the register was most perfect, and the presses not liable to get out of order. Of 
what have been styled high-running presses, intended for newspaper work, the 
only countries that showed great advancement were the United States and Great 
Britain. The machines were built on different principles, and were of a high 
order. We are of the opinion that those of American manufacture were superior 
in many points. 

Paper and Book machines were presented by the United States and Great 
Britain only. In these the United States ranked first, though England showed 
wire-screens for water-lining, very neat and clean. Of paper-cutters our own 
land excelled. Of Book-machines the American stands first in ruling, paging, 
perforating, packing, and covering-machines, of new and useful patterns. In 
apparatus for cutting, folding, pasting, and stamping envelopes, different ma¬ 
chines were shown in Machinery Hall and Main Building. In all of these our 
country stood alone and unrivaled. 

The supply of motors was large, and comprised many from foreign coun¬ 
tries, though the merit of superior excellence, power, and economy, was given 
to our home inventors. The great Corliss engine ranked first, and it is safe to 
assert that it has never been equaled. England showed valuable agricultural 
engines. Belgium took next rank for engines of the Corliss pattern. In mak¬ 
ing steam-engines the United States leads the world. The most useful and 
ingenious motors driven by water, air, and electricity, were shown by home 
makers. 

Of Hydraulic and Pneumatic apparatus the United States again stood first. 
The great power and durability of these machines were fully shown during the 
six months of their activity. 

In Railway plant the United States was preeminent. Models of road-bed were 
shown that seemed indestructible. The light and heavy steel rails were unsur¬ 
passed. In cars, baggage, sleeping and drawing-room, the appointments were 
pronounced commodious, and the most comfortable and luxurious of any in the 
world. In car-wheels and atmospheric brakes we stood first. The American 
locomotive is constructed to secure strength, safety, and speed; it would be 
impossible to draw even a comparison between those shown from our own coun¬ 
try and those from abroad. The royal cars built for the Brazilian railways were 
patterns of refined elegance and comfort. Belgium showed fine car-wheels with 
centers of forged iron, and tires of Bessemer steel. The narrow-gauge locomo- 



COMPARATIVE REVIEW. 


713 


tive shown by Sweden was built economically, and yet with great durability and 
strength, and was the only engine that compared favorably with our own. 

Of Ovens, Ranges, Stoves, etc., and of culinary hollow ware, our own land 
offered the largest and most esteemed exhibit. The displays of tin, iron, copper, 
and brass kitchen utensils were mostly from the United States, though Canada 
showed some that were mere copies of American patterns. 

Of Canal, Pneumatic, and Water Transportation the displays w T ere not large, 
though comprehensive. We may safely claim preeminence in this line. Of 
balloons there was but one bold enough to show the world a section of a balloon 
with life-boat attached ; while another American presented a model of a flying 
machine. Of models of yachts, canoes, etc., together with ice-boats, skiffs, and 
boats constructed of paper, the United States took highest rank. England stood 
next with most excellent diving suits, models of racing-boats, and substantial life¬ 
boats. Then Canada exhibited charming canoes, and steamboat models. France 
and Germany showed splendid steam models, as did Sweden, Norway, Italy, and 
Russia, the latter excelling all others in her models of iron-clads. 

The machinery especially adapted to the requirements of the Exhibition 
was, of course, all American. The Corliss engine furnished the power for most 
of the machinery. The railroads through the grounds, and through most of the 
buildings, together with the light, yet strongly made, movable cranes, were of 
first importance in moving and handling the thousands of tons of exhibits. 
The lire apparatus and water supply, and the telegraphic arrangements, were all 
American. 

VI.—AGRICULTURE. 

In Arboriculture and Forest Products several countries contributed. The 
Argentine Republic presented the largest collection of native woods ; Japan the 
most comprehensively arranged, and Brazil the largest collection of valuable 
woods. Canada had a grand display of her noted pines, and the United States, 
of maples, walnuts, pine, ash, etc. 

In Pomology our own country ranked first. As most of these articles were 
perishable, we could not here expect distant lands to participate very largely. 

Of Agricultural Products we must again claim precedence for the extent 
and variety of our displays. Our cotton and corn seemed exhaustless, while the 
quality could not be questioned. Tasmania exhibited wheat that far excelled 
that from any other land. Russia excelled in the quality of her hemp. Brazil 
showed her coffee, though the best display of this article was made by Liberia. 
Canada was next to our own country in the extent of her display of cereals. 

Of Land Animals the United States had the largest display. Our neighbors 
of Canada presented a fine array of beasts and birds, and excelled all in her 
entomological exhibit. The Argentine Republic offered a very comprehensive 

collection of native animals and reptiles. 

Of Water Animals, Fish Culture, and Apparatus, we must again claim first 
rank, both in extent and variety. In the Government Building was the best col¬ 
lection of food fishes, and Alaska seals. Several aquarias and hatching boxes 




714 


COMPARATIVE REVIEW. 


were shown in Agricultural Hall, that drew admiring crowds. Canada showed 
cured fish, and Italy, cured eels, sardines, etc. Several countries displayed fish¬ 
ing tackle; Great Britain, the best in small lines; and the United States, in 
heavy whaling apparatus. 

Of Vegetable and Animal Products the United States stood most promi¬ 
nent. The displays embraced every line of household requisites—butter, cheese, 
preserved meats, condensed food of every description; confections, sauces, 
hides, glues, etc. Canada had a fine assortment of butter, cheese, maple sugar, 
and ales. France had her beautiful kid and calf leather, besides preserved fish 
and fruits, together with a very large display of wines and the finest liquors. 
Brazil had her pelts and coarser tanned leathers. Portugal had by far the 
largest collection of wines and liquors. The United States had the largest col¬ 
lection of malt liquors, and the finest quality of light wines. 

Of Textile Fabrics of Vegetable and Animal origin, the United States had 
the largest display of cotton, hemp, flax, tow, wools, hair, moss, and bristles. 
Russia took first rank in the quality of her hemp and hemp cordage. Brazil 
showed well in the coarser and stronger hemps, and in her fine grass cordage. 
Mexico made a small but very elegant display of her cordage and twine from the 
native agave. The Netherlands, Sweden, and Belgium excelled in flax; Ger¬ 
many, in spun horse-hair. The wools from Australia were of the finest quality 
and longest staple ; South Australia and Queensland taking the lead. Italy 
excelled in elegant straw work, and the East India Provinces produced very 
substantial grass manufactures. The largest display of tobacco in all its forms 
was made by the United States, though the finest quality of cigars came from 
the West Indies. Every country but two or three exhibited tobacco in some 
form. 

Machines, Implements, and Processes of Manufacture. Of machinery for 
tilling the land the United States presented the largest and best array. Axes, 
single and gang plows, horse and steam plows, hoes, harrows, cultivators, drills, 
planters, were shown with the latest improvements, and made of the best mate¬ 
rials. Canada showed some very elegant plows ; while France had well-made 
double plows. England produced agricultural steam-engines that were very 
generally approved. 

Of Harvesting Machines the United States made the largest and best dis¬ 
play. The contests in the field during the season were among our own manu¬ 
facturers, and none others. Even our Canadian friends, who exhibited their 
harvesters, did not engage in the public trials. Our mowers, reapers, binders, 
and rakes, were declared by all to have every advantage necessary for the pur¬ 
poses intended. Of horse-powers, fans, separators, thrashers, gins, and presses, 
our display was the largest and most approved. So also in portable engines, 
though England and Canada exhibited excellent machines in this line. Of boil¬ 
ers, steamers, incubators, and meat-choppers, the United States again took the 
front rank. The windmills of the United States were far superior. France sent 
neat sheep-shearing machinery, and Germany excellent brewing utensils. 




COMPARATIVE REVIEW. 


713 


Of Dairy Fittings the United States had the largest and most approved 
exhibit of churns, butter-workers, cheese-presses, ice-cream freezers, and general 
cedar ware; while Canada came second with a goodly variety, as did Sweden. 

In Agricultural Engineering and Administration the United States showed 
the finest exhibit of ditching machines, road scrapers, straw-stacking machines, 
stump grubbing, fencing, and post hole digging ; Canada came next. Germany 
showed garden plans and models in drainage and irrigation. Italy showed Gari¬ 
baldi’s plan of irrigating from the Tiber. 

Of Fertilizers the United States had the largest and most varied display. 
Canada presented fish and seaweed manure ; Norway, fish guanos; Brazil, the 
the finer guanos; and the Argentine Republic manures from boiled and dried 
blood. 

Of Transportation the United States had the best wagons, carts, and sleds. 
Our country showed the best traction-engine and appliances for road-making. 

Of Farm Buildings, barns, stables, and outhouses in general, the United 
States had the largest and best adapted display. England showed superior bee¬ 
hives and bee-furniture. France displayed the finest agricultural sheds, and 
Sweden the most excellent drawings of farm-houses. 

On Tillage and General Management the Michigan State Agricultural Col¬ 
lege presented systems of planting and cultivating, with an interesting collection 
of soils. Many other States exhibited samples of native soil. 

VII.—HORTICULTURE. 

The United States exhibited seven hundred evergreen trees and shrubs, the 
finest grasses, and preserved leaves and flowers. The Committee on the Library 
of Congress displayed medicinal, tropical, and semi-tropical plants; while the 
Bureau of Agriculture had a similar exhibit, together with garden tools, hot¬ 
houses, etc., ornamental trees and flowers, fountains, fences, etc. The United 
States had one hundred and thirty-nine different exhibits in this line. France 
showed elegant shrubs, flowers, etc. She also exhibited an application of elec¬ 
tricity to germination and fructification. Mexico displayed a variety of the 
famous agave , used for food, clothing, and for making exhilarating liquor. 
Japan had a fine display of native trees and flowers, and an attractive and inge¬ 
nious plan of gardening. 

LIVE STOCK. 

As a necessary result of the difficulty and danger of transporting live stock, 
the displays were mostly confined to the United States, though Canada contrib¬ 
uted generously in certain lines. Of the two hundred and twenty-one horses ex¬ 
hibited, one hundred and forty-four were from the United States, the balance from 
Canada; and it is but justice to say that the smaller number contained the best 
average animals, particularly in thoroughbred stallions. The United States 
showed very superior trotters. Of Dogs the entries were seven hundred and 
twenty-two. The United States had the largest display. There were over 
twenty varieties, to say nothing of the intermixed and ambiguous classes. 




COMPARATIVE REVIEW. 


716 

England had some splendid hunting dogs. Of Neat Cattle the United States 
excelled in numbers; Canada in the quality and purity of breeds. Of Sheep 
and Goats the United States had the most extensive display, and the finest 
Merinos and Angoras. Canada showed very fine breeds, and England a few 
superior Southdowns. The Porcines numbered two hundred and fifty, mostly 
Berk shires, from our own country. 

Of Poultry there were two thousand entries and five thousand birds, all 
from the United States, except about one hundred from Canada that were of 
prime excellence, and a dozen beautiful birds from Great Britain. 

In this review we have endeavored to be impartial; or, if leaning at all, to 
favor most the generous and liberal contributors from abroad. Our people were 
the most interested, and had only their own country in which to exhibit their 
displays. The foreigners had heavy transportation, and many unavoidable 
expenses to meet; and yet they were nobly met. Many came from the antipodes 
and brought their finest and richest manufacturers. 

Our gratitude to these far-off members of the Brotherhood of Nations was the 
broadest; while to all tongues, tribes, and individuals who presented displays, 
our hearts were full of thankfulness. 




IMPOKTANT TO ALL 


WHO ARE 

INCLINED TO PROFIT FROM HINTS OR SUGGESTIONS. 


One of the most important reforms needed by a large portion of Americans 
is in the direction of economy and saving. Not one in a thousand have any idea 
of what little savings will amount to in a lifetime. Not one person in fifty living 
up to seventy or seventy-five years of age leaves as much property as a few 
savings of unnecessary expenses during life would amount to at the age of 
seventy or seventy-five years, if the savings were well taken care of and kept at 
compound interest. 

The following calculations are compounded at seven percent., annually: 

One cigar a day, at five cents, will amount to $252.09 in ten years, $747.97 
in twenty years, $1,723.42 in thirty years, $3,642.31 in forty years, $7,417.06 in 
fifty years. Two cigars a day at five cents each, one drink of liquor at ten 
cents, two glasses of ale or beer at five cents each, will amount to $1,008.36 
in ten years, $2,991.88 in twenty years, $6,893.98 in thirty years, $14,569.24 

in forty yeais, $29,668.24 in fifty years. 

/ 

Young men who spend what would be called very moderate sums for billiard- 
playing, theater-going, pleasure-riding, unnecessary clothing, and numerous 
other trivial expenses aggregating $25.00 per year and keep it up will find it 
amounts to $394.57 in ten years, $1,121.58 in twenty years, $2,551.98 in thirty 
years, $5,364.63 in forty years, $10,908.27 in fifty years. Many spend $50.00 ; 
this amounts to $21,816.54 in fifty years ; $100.00 per year, $43,633.08 in fifty 
years ; $300.00 per year, $131,899.24 in fifty years. 

A span of horses, coach, and coachman, costing $700.00 per year, will amount 
to $11,048.17 in ten years, $31,404.45 in twenty years, $71,445.51 in thirty 
years, $150,209.71 in forty years, $305,431.63 in fifty years. 

A saving in house-rent of $25.00 per year amounts to $394.57 in ten years, 
$1,121.98 in twenty years, $2,551.98 in thirty years, $5,369.63 in forty years, 
$10,908.27 in fifty years. A saving in house-rent of $50.00 per year will 
amount to $789.15 in ten years, $2,243.15 in twenty years, $5,103.46 in thirty 
years, $10,739.26 in forty years, $21,816.54 in fifty years. A saving in house- 
rent of $100.00 per year will amount to $1,578.31 in ten years, $4,486.93 in 
twenty years, $10,206.93 in thirty years, $21,478.53 in forty years, $43,633.09 
in fifty years. A saving of $300.00 per year amounts to $130,899.27 in fifty 
years. 



718 


HINTS OR SUGGESTIONS. 


The difference between living in a 15,000.00 and a $0,000.00 house amounts 
to $1,967.20 in ten years, $3,869.71 in twenty years, $7,612.30 in thirty years, 
$14,874.50 in forty years, $29,457.00 in fifty years. Many live in a $10,000.00 
house when a $5,000.00 one would answer just as well; the difference amounts 
to $9,836.00 in ten years, $19,348.50 in twenty years, $38,061.50 in thirty years, 
$74,372.50 in forty years, $147,285.00 in fifty years. Those living in a $25,- 
000.00 house when a $10,000.00 one would answer very well will find large 
figures, as follows : difference of $29,508.00 in ten years, $58,045.65 in twenty 
years, $114,184.50 in thirty years, $223,117.50 in forty years, $441,855.00 in 
fifty years. We suppose the high priced houses in these cases would be worth 
more than the low priced houses at the end of fifty years, but as we make no 
allowance for extra expense of living, taxes, insurance, repairs, etc., the parties 
would be out the full amount of the figures. 

A servant girl costing $300.00 per year, including board, Tvaste, etc., will 
cost $4,734.93 in ten years, $13,459.05 in twenty years, $30,620.79 in thirty 
years, $64,435.59 in forty years, $130,899.27 in fifty years. Two servants will 
cost $261,798.54; three servants $392,697.81 for fifty years. Who wants any 
more. 

The spending of $500.00 in plumbing for a dwelling and $10.00 per year 
for repairs and water supplies will cost $1,045.00 for ten years, $2,314.00 for 
twenty years, $4,700.00 for thirty years, $9,527.00 for forty years, $18,880.00 for 
fifty years. $1,000.00 spent in plumbing, and $20.00 per year for repairs, 
water supply, etc., will amount to $37,761.00 for fifty years. 

The spending of $500.00 for a piano and $100.00 in learning music, etc., 
will amount to $1,180.32 for ten years, $2,320.20 for twenty years, $4,567.38 
for thirty years, $8,982.29 for forty years, $17,674.20 for fifty years. $250.00 
piano, $50.00 for learning music, $8,837.10 for fifty years. $1,000.00 piano, 
$200.00 for teaching, etc., $35,348.40 for fifty years. 

The saving of $10.00 per year in clothing for a child from birth until 
twenty-one years of age will amount to nearly $12,000.00 at seventy-one years 
of age. 

A baby carriage at $20.00 will amount to $2,452.58 by the time the person 
arrives at the age of seventy-one years. 

A lady saving $10.00 per year in clothing amounts to $157.83 in ten years, 
$448.63 in twenty years, $1,020.69 in thirty years, $2,147.83 in forty years, 
$4,363.30 in fifty years ; $20.00 per year for fifty years $8,726.60 ; $30.00 per 
year for fifty years $12,308.99; $40.00 per year for fifty years $17,453.20; 
$100.00 per year for fifty years $43,633.00. 

The difference between carrying a $50.00 and a $250.00 watch amounts to 
$5,894.40 in fifty years. 

Some claim that it is economy to wear diamond jewelry as its value 
incieases. Diamond jeweliy costing $50.00 costs the owner $193.48 in twenty 
years, $1,472.85 in fifty years; diamond jewelry costing $200.00 will amount to 
$1,522.46 in thirty years, $5,891.40 in fifty years ; $1,000.00 worth will amount to 



HINTS OR SUGGESTIONS. 


719 


$29,457.00 in fifty years. We doubt whether diamonds are advancing at this 
rate. 


There are thousands of business men who run along for twenty, thirty, forty, 
and fifty years, and in the end fail, ostensibly because of many bad debts or fall 
in value of goods. 


Suppose a man doing a comparatively small business spends $500.00 more 
than necessary in family, and $500.00 in business per year. This would amount 
to $15,783.10 in ten years, $44,863.50 in twenty years, $102,069.30 in thirty 
years, $214,785.30 in forty years, $136,330.90 in fifty years. Should he fail in 
twenty years, with liabilities of $40,000.00, assets of $20,000.00, he could, by 
saving, have paid his debts and have $24,863.50 left; fail in forty years, with 
liabilities of $100,000.00, and assets of $50,000.00, pay his debts and have 
$164,785.30 left; fail in fifty years, with liabilities of $300,000.00, and assets 
of $200,000.00, pay his debts and have $336,330.90 left. There are many 
firms in large cities with two to five or more partners. y A firm composed of four, 
each one spending $1,000.00 more than necessary in family expenses, or $4,000.00 
per year, and as much more in business expenses, making $8,000.00 annually. 
This would amount to $126,264.80 in ten years, $358,908.00 in twenty years, 
$816,554.40 in thirty years, $1,718,282.40 in forty years, $3,490,647.20 in fifty 
years. Should such a firm fail in. ten years, with liabilities of $125,000.00, and 
assets at $55,000.00, with the savings they could pay their debts and have 
$56,264.80 left; fail at the end of thirty years, with liabilities of $500,000.00, 
and assets of $225,000.00, pay their debts and have $541,554.40 left; fail at the 
end of fifty years, with liabilities of $2,500,000.00, assets of $1,700,000.00, pay 


their debts and have $2,690,647.20 left. 

The evils of the credit system are numerous ; its tendency is living beyond 
one’s means. The saving of cash payments would result in competence. Sup¬ 
pose a person of small income, say $500.00 per year, should make all purchases 
with his income at five per cent, discount for cash, this will be a saving of 
$25.00 per year. This will amount to $394.57 in ten years, $1,121.98 in twenty 
years, $2,551.98 in thirty years, $5,369.63 in forty years, $10,908.27 in fifty 
vears. On an income of $1,000.00 yearly, cash payments will amount to $50 
saving yearly, or $789.15 in ten years, $2,243.15 in twenty years, $5,103.46 in 
thirty years, $10,739.26 in forty years, $21,816.54 in fifty years. Saving on 
$2,000.00 annual expenses will amount to $43,632.00 in fifty years. 

The merchant who pays cash for all his purchases at a saving of two per cent, 
will save on $50,000.00 yearly purchases as follows: $1,000.00 per year, 
$15,780.00 in ten years, $44,860.00 in twenty years, $102,060.00 in thirty years, 
$214,780.00 in forty years, $436,320.00 in fifty years. In a business of 
$500,000.00 yearly purchases at one per cent, discount for cash, is a saving of 
$5,000.00 yearly, $78,900.00 in ten years, $224,300.00 in twenty years, 
$510,300.00 in thirty years, $1,073,900 in forty years, $2,181,600 in fifty years. 

Money doubles, at compound interest six per cent., in about twcl\c }<_ais. 
The Astor or Vanderbilt estate, supposing it to be $50,000,000.00, would be 



720 


niNTS OR SUGGESTIONS. 


$100,000,000.00 in twelve years, $200,000,000.00 in twenty-four years, 
$400,000,000.00 in thirty-six years, $800,000,000.00 in forty-eight years, 
$1,000,000,000.00 in sixty years, $3,200,000,000.00 in seventy-two years, 
$6,400,000,000.00 in eighty-four years, $12,400,000,000.00 in ninety-six years, 
$25,600,000,000.00 in one hundred and eight years, $51,200,000,000.00 in one 
hundred and twenty years. According to the census of 1870, the total valuation 
of the United States personal and real estate was $30,068,518,507.00. Thus it 
will be seen that either of these estates compounded would amount to more than 
the total value of all the property of the United States in a little over one hun¬ 
dred years. 

The internal revenue for the year 1875, from liquor, beer, etc., cigars, and 
tobacco in various forms, was $105,792,816.00. We estimate the consumers of 
these articles paid at least ten times the amount, or $1,000,000,000.00. Im¬ 
ported liquors do not figure in this account; including this, it must amount to 
the sum named, which the people pay yearly for these articles. 

daily sayings amount to 

5 cents per day, $252 in 10 years; $747 in 20 years; $1,723 in 30 years; $3,642 in 
40 years; $7,417 in 50 years. 

10 cents per day, $504 in 10 years; $1,494 in 20 years; $3,446 in 30 years; $7,284 
in 40 years; $14,834 in 50 years. 

20 cents per day, $1,008 in 10 years; $2,988 in 20 years; $6,892 in 30 years; 
$14,568 in 40 years; $29,668 in 50 years. 

40 cents per day, $2,016 in 10 years; $5,976 in 20 years; $13,784 in 30 years; 
$29,136 in 40 years; $59,336 in 50 years. 

60 cents per day, $3,024 in 10 years; $8,964 in 20 years; $19,676 in 30 years; 
$43,704 m 40 years; $89,004 in 50 years. 

100 cents per day, $5,040 in 10 years; $14,940 in 20 years; $33,460 in 30 years; 
$72,840 m 40 years; $148,340 in. 50 years. 

The relative effects of simple and compound interest may be exhibited in the fol¬ 
lowing manner. Money will double itself at varying rates of interest as follows: 

2 per cent, simple interest in 50 years, compound interest in 35 years. 


3 

a 

a 

a 

a 

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CO 

CO 

a 

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If One Thousand Dollars be put at Compound Interest, its value will increase as 
shown below: 



HINTS OR SUGGESTIONS. 


721 


Rate per cent. 


4 

5 

6 

7 

8 
9 

10 


10 year?. 

20 years. 

30 years. 

40 years. 

$1,480.24 

1,628.89 

1,790.84 

1,967.15 

2,158.92 

2,360.63 

2,594.00 

$2,191.12 

2,653.29 

3,207.13 

3,869.68 

4,660.95 

5,396.01 

6,727.00 

$3,243.39 

4,321.94 

5,743.49 

7,612.25 

10,062.65 

12,774.29 

17,449.00 

$4,801.02 

7,039.98 

10,285.71 

14,974.45 

21,724.52 

30,479.02 

45,259.00 


50 years. 


$7,106.68 
1 1,467.40 
18,420.15 
29.457.02 
46,901.61 
72,154.92 
117,391.00 


We insert these figures, or estimates, mainly as a matter of curiosity, not 
supposing they will amount to much in way of reform. The majority of the 
human race go through life in a slipshod sort of way, having no particular aim 
or p an of life, only to have a good time. When they get into any financial 
trouble, or come short of the necessaries of life, they claim it is in consequence 
of the false or unjust organization of society, and not from any fault of their own 
and want to divide up the good things of life with the prudent and saving class’ 
who in their better days they considered small even to meanness. The truth is, 
that the modern style of living, especially in cities and villages, is so expensive 
that only a small fraction have incomes sufficiently large to pay expenses and 
save anything except from rigid economy. The American idea of everybody 
being as good as everybody else, and of being entitled to all they see others have, 
must prove a delusion. Voting early and often will not produce this result.’ 
The assertion in our Constitution that every one is born free and equal, does not 
mean that persons are equal mentally or physically, or entitled to an equal share 
of property, or elevated positions in society. There are favorable or adverse 
conditions associated with birth, inheritance, etc., but most men are the archi¬ 
tects of their own fortune; but few possess first-class administrative ability in 
matteis of business or state. The truth is, comparatively few persons have 
governed in all ages and countries— have possessed a large share of the property 
of the several countries, and probably will, no matter what the form of govern¬ 
ment may be. The happy days of the millennium so much longed for seems to 
be like the mirage to the thirsty desert traveler—fascinating, but always keeping 
just so far distant. 

Very likely these remarks may give offense to some. They are not intended 
to produce that effect. Every well-wisher cannot but desire the evening up of 
the condition of the human race, especially if the lower strata of mankind could 
be brought up to the higher strata ; but it does not seem to have been the design 
of our Maker. The same diversity seems to pervade the animal and vegetable 
kingdom as well, as we see the weak and strong running through every species 
and variety. If equality in the human race is to come, the process seems about 
as slow as the geologists make of the formation of the earth. For every one to 
strive to make the best of their lot in life, and be content therewith, seems to be 
the part of wisdom. 


Publisher. 





































722 


DATES OF ADMISSION OF STATES-POPULATION AND VALUATION, 


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